MINISTRY OF CULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kazan State University culture and arts"
FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
CHAIR OF PHILOSOPHY, CULTUROLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY
"I approve"
Vice-rector
P.P. Terekhov
"____" _______ 2012
TRAINING AND METODOLOGY COMPLEX
for direction 072500.62 Design (code) (name of specialty according to the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education) Profile Qualification Graphic design ...INTRODUCTION
The discipline "Sociology" refers to the cycle of basic disciplines. This discipline studied in the 2nd year by students of direction 072500.62 Design. The form of training for students is full-time.
In accordance with the curriculum of the direction 072500.62 Design discipline is studied by students as a subject of choice.
The study of the discipline "Sociology" of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education 2010 approval of the direction of the direction 072500.62 The design is provided.
2. GOALS AND TASKS OF THE DISCIPLINE, ITS PLACE IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
1. An object studying the discipline "Sociology" - modern society, its functioning and development.
2. Thing studying the discipline "Sociology" - social groups, social communities, social processes and social phenomena and their impact on public consciousness and social behavior.
3. Goals discipline study:
Development of student's sociological thinking;
Formation of the foundation of sociological knowledge based on the study of the achievements of world and domestic sociological thought;
Disclosure of specifics social relations and processes in the Russian Federation;
Formation of a mindset for the practical implementation of the knowledge gained by students in their professional activity and other areas social activity.
4. As a result of studying the discipline, the following tasks:
Provide students with knowledge theoretical foundations sociological science, highlighting its specificity, revealing the principles of correlation between methodology and methods of sociological knowledge;
create a theoretical and methodological foundation for students to master necessary minimum knowledge about society, its institutions, the social processes taking place in it, in the context of basic scientific sociological trends, schools and concepts;
to teach students to practically apply the acquired sociological knowledge to the analysis of modern social processes, including the processes of social inequality, conflicts, social stratification society;
contribute to the training of well-educated, creative and critically thinking specialists capable of analyzing and predicting complex social problems and having scientific presentation on the methods of conducting sociological research.
3. THE PLACE OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE EEP HPE
Previous disciplines
FORMED AS A RESULT OF DISCIPLINE MASTERING
As a result of studying the discipline, the student must: - Know independently explain the main sociological concepts and… To be able to analyze social and socio-cultural processes in Russia and abroad, to use sociological knowledge…Working programm academic discipline
STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE BB.1.1 SOCIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EDUCATIONAL STANDARD
Sociology
WORKING THEMATIC PLAN OF THE DISCIPLINE
The total labor intensity of the discipline, including the student's independent work, is 2 credit units, or 72 hours. No. p / p ...IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE THEMATIC WORK PLAN
Topic 1. Socio-philosophical premises of sociology as a science. Classical sociological theories
The emergence of sociology in Western Europe 19th century. Differences before sociological knowledge from sociological: knowledge of everyday experience, artistic impressions, philosophical reflection.
Classical sociological theories. O. Comte as the founder of sociological science. Foundations of Positive Philosophy by Auguste Comte. Law " three stages". Studies by E. Durkheim (France), M. Weber (Germany). Organic school in G. Spencer's sociology. Biological sociology of W. Sombart. Theory class struggle K. Marx. Formal sociology G. Simmel. The pure sociology of F. Tönnies, the theory of community and society). E. Durkheim's concept of collective consciousness. Concepts of social action, ideal types, bureaucratic state M. Weber. Sociology of culture, theory of social mobility and social stratification P. Sorokina.
Directions for the study of society: naturalism (G. Spencer), positivism (O. Comte), humanism (W. Dilthey and G. Rickert), the concept of the human factor F. Znaniecki and W. Thomas, social engineering of K. Marx.
Sociology and social sciences - philosophy, history, economics, political science, social Psychology, demography, statistics.
Topic 2. Object, subject, methods of sociology
The subject of sociology is a system of functioning and development of social phenomena, social processes and relations mediated by society and real ... Methods of sociological research: quantitative [experiment, observation, ...The theory of structural functionalism by T. Parsons, R. Merton, N. Smelser. Functionalism R. Merton. The theory of social conflict by L. Coser, D. Bell, K. Boulding. Empirical sociology of D. Taylor. Symbolic interactionism (Chicago school - G. Bloomer, A. Strauss, T. Shibutani and Iowa school - M. Kuhn, T. Partland). Theory and method of sociodrama (J. Moreno, K. Burke, I. Hoffman). Psychoanalytic direction in sociology (Z. Freud, K. Horney, G. Sullivan, E. Fromm).
Topic 4. Russian sociological thought
Sociological journalism in the socio-political press of the mid-19th century - the magazines Sovremennik, Russian word”, “Domestic notes” with ... Directions of Russian sociology. Subjective school (P.L. Lavrov, N.K. Mikhailovsky). Populist theories, reflecting the interests of the peasantry, as ...Topic 5. The functioning of society
The functioning of society: constant self-reproduction, a steady process of recreating structures, functional connections that make up the organization ... To function means to maintain the balance of the system with environment.… System characteristic stability - an equilibrium, the ability to maintain a structural and functional organization with ...Topic 6. Modernity, postmodernity, globalization
Modern society as a phenomenon. Modernization as special form development, the transition from the traditional time to the New, from the traditional society to ... post-industrial society. The theory of post-industrial society and the theory ... Globalization in broad sense- the formation of the unity of mankind. Globalization is a process that started from the time... Traditional social institutions (according to M. Weber) - political structures, state, religious communities (church). The institution of the family as a base ... The institution of politics. The political sphere of society is the relationship between ... The institution of economics as a base social institution. Economic sphere- relationships in the process of material ...Topic 8. Social communities. social movements
F. Tönnies and his work "Society and Community". Two types of relations according to Tönnies: communal and public. Community relations: tribal relations, relations ... Types social communities: family, clan, tribe; social classes;… The basis and nature of collective behavior (G. Bloomer). Mass communities (audience, crowd, mass, etc.). Public…Topic 9. Social groups and social organizations
Signs of a social group: presence internal organization; general (group) purpose of activity; group forms social control; patterns… The definition of a social group includes four main points: social interaction - that is, communicative interaction carried out with the help of sign systems…Topic 10. Social inequality and social stratification
Social stratification - social differentiation and inequality based on such criteria as income, social prestige, education, ... The social stratification structure of society is multidimensional, hierarchical ... The basis of the social stratification structure is the natural and social inequality of people. How to organize... Stages and requirements for the study of public opinion: setting the goal of the study; development of tools (questionnaires, questionnaires), preparation… OM structure. Static structure: levels, types and forms mass consciousness.… Mechanism of OM formation: perception of reformation (objective, subjective, tendentious, etc.) at the level of individual… Social role - behavior expected from an individual occupying a certain social position. Plurality of social roles. social status as a position occupied by an individual or a social group in ... Socialization of a person as a process of assimilation by an individual of social norms. Identification as a mechanism of socialization...Topic 13. Social progress. social revolutions. Culture as a factor of social change
Progress as a process of development from the lowest to the highest. social progress- the direction of social change, global, world-historical ...Evolution and revolution, their significance for community development. Social transformation as processes of change in societies or social systems.
Culture, its values, norms and products as mechanisms for the development of society. Subcultures as values and norms that are different from those generally accepted in society and shared individual groups and its impact on social development.
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
Teaching technologies are as follows: reading problematic lectures (26 hours), holding seminars with discussions of various problem situations on the topic of the lesson, discussion of students' reports (10 hours), independent work of students (writing an abstract, essay, searching for social research data on the Internet, compiling glossaries).
SEMINAR LESSONS
Curriculum directions 071500.62 Folk art culture seminars in the discipline "Sociology". In the process of conducting seminars, the following teaching technologies are used: discussion of various problem situations on the topic of the lesson, student reports, analysis of the results independent work students - glossaries, abstracts, essays, data from modern social studies.
Seminar 1. Topic 5. Functioning of society
1. Society as a social system 2. Basic elements social system 3. Stability of society and its evolutionSeminar 2. Topic 8. Social communities. social movements
Issues for discussion:
1. The concept of social community
2. F. Tönnies and his work "Society and Community"
3. Types of social communities
The basis and nature of collective behavior (G. Bloomer)
Mass communities
Public (social) movements
Recommended literature: 1. Babosov E.M. General sociology: studies. allowance for universities / E.M. Babosov. - Ed. 2nd, erased; Griffin MO. - Minsk:…Seminar 3. Topic 9. Social groups and social organizations
1. Social group: concept, features 2. Types of groups 3. Functions social groups(according to N. Smelzer)Seminar 4. Topic 10. Social inequality and social stratification
1. The concept of social inequality and social stratification 2. Social status and social mobility 3. Factors of social stratification. "Social elevators"Seminar 5. Topic 12. Personality as a social type
1. The concept of personality. Personality theories 2. The concept of norm and anomie. Manifestations of anomia in Russian society 2. Values and norms: relationship and interdependenceINTERACTIVE FORMS OF LEARNING
Interactive forms of classes are used, among which are a discussion on the problem under study, an analysis of practical situations, writing an essay and defending it at a seminar on the problem under study, searching for social research data on the Internet and presenting them to the study group.
ORGANIZATION OF INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS
- mastering the lecture material and literary sources; - search for information, including using modern information ... - preparation of answers to questions for self-study;Questions for self-study
Based on the results of the implementation of the CDS, the following types control:
Input control (testing),
Current polls at lectures and seminars,
Checking abstracts, essays, homework, lecture notes,
Final control (test).
TEST
Holding control works in the discipline "Sociology" is not provided.
WRITTEN WORK (abstract, essay, etc.)
Writing a written work (abstract, essay, etc.) in the discipline in the discipline "Sociology" is provided for by the program of the discipline.
EXAMPLE TOPICS OF SUMMARY
1. Classical sociological theories and modernity
3. Sociological concepts personality.
4. Socialization of the adult population in an individualized society.
5. Primary and secondary socialization in a polyethnic society.
6. Adaptation of the personality of a teenager to the conditions of a new social stratification.
7. Social functions of culture and leisure.
8. Russian model social stratification as a criterion for the well-being of society
9. social mobility in a market society.
10.Crisis modern family: sociological and demographic analysis.
11. Sociocultural causes of deviation.
12. Youth counterculture: sociological aspect.
13.Social protest movements and the stability of Russian society
14. Duumvirate at the head of Russian society as a model of social management
15. Interethnic and interfaith conflicts in Russian society.
16. "Dual employment" of women and gender relations in Russian society
17. Intergenerational relations in the city and in the countryside
18.New social movements in Russia.
19. Russian youth as a subject of social activity
20.Computer revolution in the system public education: social implications
21.Globalization processes and modern Russian society
EXAMPLE ESSAY TOPICS
1. My idea of the well-being of society
2. Russian politics and Russian politicians on TV and in real life
3. Russian system Education: Traditions and Innovations ( sociological analysis)
4. Modern Russian family: from monogamy to polygamy
5. Modern students: life goals, values, needs
6. My university is my social community
7. Student leader as representative modern youth
8. Public health as a social problem
9. Rich and poor in contemporary Russian society
10. Socialization of the child in creative family as a social problem
11. Social relations of urban and rural students
12. Social control in student life(on the example of the activities of the faculty, hostel, library, student cafe, etc.)
13. Social conflicts in the interethnic environment: causes and consequences
Requirements for written work
Paperwork should be performed in accordance with the rules for the design of scientific papers and, like any treatise, contain ... The maximum volume for a report (abstract) is 15 pages, for an essay - 5 pages ... The language and style of presentation of the material in the report (abstract) is scientific: strict, clear, the phrases are short, understandable to yourself ...ANNOTATED TOPICS OF COURSE WORKS
Writing term paper in the discipline "Sociology" provided.
5.5.4. ANNOTATED TOPICS OF THE FINAL QUALIFICATION WORKS
Writing a final qualifying work in the discipline "Sociology" is not provided.
EVALUATION TOOLS FOR MONITORING PROGRESS AND CERTIFICATION OF STUDENTS
Current control is carried out during the semester, in the process of conducting seminars, individual assignments, provides ... The results of the current control of knowledge are an indicator of the quality of work ... Forms of current control and evaluation of its results in points at each stage intermediate certification at the start of the study...TESTS
CHOOSE ONE CORRECT ANSWER:
1. The object of sociology is:
1 relationship between people
Society
1. people united by a feature invented by a researcher 2. people united by an objectively existing feature that affects them… 3. people united by an objectively existing feature that does not affect them social behaviorInteractionism
3. liberalism
4. totalitarianism
29. E. Durkheim was a supporter of such a methodological direction as:
1. agnosticism
social capitalism
3. social realism
4. socialist realism
30. E. Durkheim suggested considering social facts as:
Processes
3. structures
4. phenomena
31. O. Comte considered the defining method for sociology:
32. The most important characteristic social action according to M. Weber is:
1. care about own benefit
Focus on the actions of others
3. focus on consequences
4. spontaneous behavior
33. G. Simmel interpreted historical truth as:
1. reflection of historical reality
The result of human understanding
3. result of class struggle
4. random result various interactions
34. The most important concept, underlying the theory of T. Parsons:
1. social action
social institution
3. social structure
4. social stratification
35. According to T. Parsons, social subsystem in common system action performs the function:
1. differentiating
Integrative
4. dividing 36. A system of ideas and ideas about right and wrong behavior, ... 1 moral standardSample list of questions for independent work
1. Why and when does sociology arise as a specific branch scientific knowledge?
2. What is sociology and what are its functions?
3. What is the difference between sociology and other social sciences?
4. What are the object and subject of study of sociology?
5. What is the specificity of the definition of the object of sociology, based on the variety of existing theoretical paradigms?
6. How to define the subject area of sociology?
7. Define the concept of "social" and its role in sociological knowledge.
8. Why is sociology called interdisciplinary science?
9. What role does sociology play in social development?
10. What are the sociological views of K. Marx, E. Durkheim, M. Weber?
11. What are the basic principles of positivism?
12. What are the features of Russian sociological thought at the end of the 20th century?
13. What are the main social communities included in the social structure of modern Russian society?
14. How can the concept of "social institution" be defined?
15. What is the socialization of the individual, what institutions are involved in this process?
16. Why are there social control mechanisms in society?
17. What is social nature conflict?
18. Give a classification of social conflicts modern stage development of society.
19. What directions of development exist in modern sociology?
20. What are the main roles sociology can play in modern society?
21. What methods of sociological research are most often used in socio-political and economic practice?
22. How can sociological data be used to make evidence-based management decisions?
Questions for the test
1. Theoretical and social background formation of sociology as a science.
2. Sociology as a science, its subject, structure and functions.
3. O. Comte and G. Spencer - the founders of sociology. Positivism in European and Russian sociology of the 19th century.
4. Classic Stage in the history of sociology. Sociological concepts of E. Durkheim.
5. Sociological theories of M.Weber
6. Sociological ideas of K. Marx.
7. Modern sociological theories: structural and functional analysis of T. Parsons and R. Merton.
8. Sociology P.A. Sorokin
9. Stages and features of the development of sociological thought in Russia
10. Society as an object of sociology. The concept of "social".
11. The social structure of society, its main elements
12. Sociological theories of conflict
13. Typology of conflicts.
14. Causes, functions and subjects of social conflicts
15. Deviant behavior, its main forms.
16. Society as a socio-cultural system. Signs and typologies of societies.
17. Social personality types.
18. Socialization of the individual. Stages and agents of socialization.
19. Theories of personality socialization
20. Social roles and social statuses of the individual
21. Social institutions: their structure and functions. The value of social institutions in the life of society.
22. Public opinion as a social institution.
23. Family as a social institution.
24. Social processes, their classification.
25. Social groups and communities
26. The main types of communities and social groups.
27. Cultural communities and subcultures. Mechanisms of their formation.
28. Social organizations: concept and theory
29. Types and functions of social organizations.
30. The concept, theories and criteria of social stratification
31. Types of stratification systems.
32. Stratification of Russian society
33. Socio-demographic indicators of the development of society as indicators of the state of the social system
34. Social mobility. Types of social mobility.
35. Social control and its elements.
36. Social actions and interactions. Formation of social relations.
37. Social movements, their nature and typology. Stages of development of social movements.
38. Political, economic and social consequences globalization
39. Concepts of social progress
40. social change, their types
41. Concepts of evolutionary, revolutionary and cyclical changes in society.
42. world system and processes of globalization
43. Place of Russia in the world community.
44. Culture as a factor of social change.
45. Methodology and methodology of specific sociological research.
46. The program of sociological research: purpose, objectives, stages of research.
47. Sampling method in sociology.
48. Types of sociological research (qualitative and quantitative)
49. Processing and analysis sociological information. Methods of sociology.
50. Sociological observation
51. Questionnaire as a method of sociological research. Questionnaire composition.
52. Analysis of documents. Content analysis.
53. Survey as a method of collecting primary sociological information
54. Experiment in sociological research.
55. Case study method, in-depth interview in the study of social problems
56. Focus group, narrative interview in social studies
EDUCATIONAL-METHODOLOGICAL AND INFORMATION SUPPORT OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE
2. Volkov B. S. Conflictology [Text]: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook institutions / B.S. Volkov, N.V. Volkov. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M.: ... 3. Is Russian society ready for modernization? [Text] : scientific publication/ ... 4. Divitsyna N. F. Family science [Text]: textbook. allowance / N.F. Divitsyn. - M. : Publishing house Vlados-Press, 2006. - 325 p. 4… 2. Wallerstein I. End of the familiar world: Sociology of the XXI century. - M., 2004. 3. Weber M. Favorites. Society image. - M., 1994. 4. Dahrendorf R. Modern social conflict. Essay on the politics of freedom. - M, 2002. Sociology - RIN.RU socio.rin.ru Sociology: foundations of sociology, history of sociology, institutions... www.sociology2015.ruGLOSSARY OF TERMS (GLOSSARY)
Topic 1. Socio-philosophical premises of sociology as a science. Object, subject, methods of sociology
The object of sociology: it is a science - about society as an integral social organism; - about social communities and ... - about social processes, social organization;theoretical sociology
Theoretical sociology is a sociology focused on an objective scientific study of society in order to obtain theoretical knowledge.
Sociography
Empirical sociology
Empirical sociology is a complex of sociological research focused on the collection and analysis of social data using methods, techniques, and techniques of sociological research.
Society
INFORMATION SOCIETY is one of the theoretical models used to describe a qualitatively new stage of social development, in which ...Macrosociology
(macrvsociology). The study of groups, organizations or social systems on a large scale.
Microsociology
(microsociology). Study of human behavior in the context of face-to-face interaction.
Methods of sociological research
Methods of sociological research
Methods of sociological research include: - methods of collecting information: observation, survey, analysis of documents, experiment and ... - methods of processing and analyzing data: factorial, latent-structural, correlation, regressive, dispersion ...Survey (survey) (SURVEY)
Method of sociological research using questionnaires to study the population.
Triangulation
(triangulation). The use of several research methods as a way of obtaining more reliable empirical data than the results obtained by applying any one method alone.
empirical research
(empirical investigation). Factual research conducted in any of the fields of sociology.
Research methods (RESEARCH METHODS)
Study methods used to collect empirical (factual) material. In sociology, there are different research methods, but the most commonly used method is internal surveillance and survey methods. To solve problems within one research project it may be useful to use two or more research methods.
Stages of sociological research
Stages of sociological research; Stages of sociological research
- 2- development of data collection methods; -3- collection of information ("field" stage); -4- preparation of data for processing and analysis;Topic 2. Classical sociological theories
Theoretical approaches in sociology
Theoretical approaches in sociology are theoretical approaches to explaining social life. There are three main approaches:
- functional;
- theories of conflict;
- symbolic interactionism.
Structural Functionalism/Functionalism
functionalism
From lat.Functio - performance
Structural functionalism - in sociology - a methodological approach consisting in considering society, its phenomena and processes as social systems that have their own structure and mechanisms of interaction of structural elements, each of which performs own function(role).
middle range theory
Theory of the middle level - according to R. Merton - theory:
- investigating specific forms of interaction between man and society; and
Occupying (by generality of coverage) an intermediate position between general sociological theories and particular theories.
Branches of sociology are formed and developed on the basis of theories of the middle level.
social action theory
The theory of social action is the theory of M. Weber, F. Znanetsky, T. Parsons and others, according to which the action of an individual becomes social only if it is focused on the actions of other individuals and interacts with them.
POSITIVISM- the leading direction in the sociology of the 19th century, the main provisions of which were formulated by O. Comte. Comte proclaimed the need to abandon speculative, speculative reasoning about society and create an exact, "positive" science of society, built on the model natural sciences, which is equally valid and valid. Positivism is characterized by direct borrowing of methods and theoretical models of the natural sciences (biology, human anatomy and physiology, mechanics), based on the understanding public laws as part or extension of natural laws.
formal sociology
Formal sociology is a branch of sociology that emphasizes the concept of social form and opposes it to the content of social processes. According to formal sociology study and classification social forms should become the analytical basis of sociology.
biologism
Biologism
Biological determinism - biological direction in sociology; the tendency to use the concepts and principles of biology to describe and explain social phenomena.
ideal type
(ideal type). A construction that emphasizes the main features of the considered social object, which does not necessarily exist in reality. An example is the ideal type of bureaucratic organization created by Max Weber.
Explicit Functions
(manifest junctions). Functions of sides or views social activities which are known or implied by the individuals included in the this situation social life.
Latent Functions
(latent functions). Functional consequences that are undesirable or unexpected for the members of the social system in which they occur.
Topic 3. Modern sociological theories
humanist sociology
Humanistic sociology - theoretical and methodological orientations in sociology, the object of study of which is a reflective individual in Everyday life. Special attention in humanistic sociology is given to acts of consciousness and the meaning of everyday life.
Humanistic sociology is subdivided into understanding sociology, phenomenological sociology, cognitive sociology, symbolic interactionism, ethnomethodology, etc.
Symbolic interactionism
(symbolic interactionism). Theoretical approach, used in sociology, proposed by J. G. Mead. It emphasizes the role of language and symbols as the main elements of interpersonal interaction.
Structuralism
(structuralism). A theoretical approach that arose in the study of language, aimed at clarifying the structure of social or cultural systems.
Ethnomethodology
POSTMODERNISM is a special attitude characteristic of a person of the postmodern era. Postmodernism emerged in the mid-1950s. 20th century in the USA as...Topic 4. Russian sociological thought
The main directions in the development of Russian sociology
Marxist: In the second half of the 19th century, significant influence in Europe acquired ... Anarchist:Topic 5. Social institutions of economy, politics, family, religion, education
SOCIAL INSTITUTE - relatively stable and long-term forms social practice that are authorized and supported by…Education (EDUCATION)
The transfer of knowledge from one generation to another through direct teaching. Although educational processes exist in all societies, but only in modern era education has taken a mass form - training in a special educational environment in which individuals spend several years.
Education system
(educational system). System providing educational training within this society.
Family (FAMILY)
group of individuals, bound by ties consanguinity, marriage or adoption relationship. These people lead common household and adults are responsible for raising children. In all societies there is an institution of the family, although the nature of family relations in each of them is very different. Although the main form in modern societies is the nuclear family, there are also many variants of the extended family.
Open ancestral family
(open lineage family). The family form inherent in traditional Europe, in which family relationships are closely intertwined within the local community.
reproductive family
(family of procreation). A family that is formed when an individual is married or has children.
parent family
(family of orientation). The family into which the individual was born.
step family
(step-family). A family in which at least one of the spouses has children from a previous marriage living together in this family or nearby.
Kinship Relations (KINSHIP)
Religion
Beliefs held by members of a community, including symbols held in awe and worship, as well as ritual acts. Not all religions have belief in supernatural entities. Although it is difficult to distinguish between religion and magic, it is often assumed that magic is practiced by individuals rather than being the focus of social rituals.
Topic 6. The functioning of society. Socialization and social control
VALUES
Perceptions of individuals or groups of people about what is desirable, acceptable, good or bad. Differences in values are the key to understanding cultures. On the individual values strong influence renders the specificity of this culture
Socialization (SOCIALIZATION)
Agents of socialization (AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION) - groups or social contexts within which critical processes socialization.Anomie (ANOMIE) - for the first time the concept was introduced into sociology by Durkheim. This is a situation in which social norms no longer determine the behavior of the individual.
Norms (NORMS)
Rules of conduct adopted in a certain social community. Regulations prescribe or forbid certain type behavior. All social groups have their own norms, which are always reinforced various types sanctions ranging from informal disapproval to physical punishment or death.
Deviation
SOCIAL CONTROL is a set of means by which society ensures the reproduction of the dominant type public relations,…Sanction
(sanction). Types of rewards or punishments that reinforce socially acceptable norms of behavior.
Informal relations (INFORMAL RELATIONS)
CONFORMISM - opportunism, passive acceptance of the existing social order, dominant opinions, etc. Conformity should be distinguished from ...Topic 7. Modernity, postmodernity, globalization
Modern society:
A modernized society that is opposed traditional society in the basic sociological typology "tradition - modernity".
Theories of industrial society
Theories of industrial society
Theories of industrial society - theories of social development, stating that technical progress and the growth of large-scale machine production are the basis for the creation of an industrial society as a common development model for all countries.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY- a society in which industrialization took place, which created new technological foundations its development. The term belongs to Saint-Simon, was used by Comte to oppose the new, emerging economic and social order to the former, pre-industrial one. Modern theories industrial society are a kind of technological determinism.
Modernization theories
Theories of modernization
There are: - technological, functional and global modernization according to K. Levi-Strauss, N. Smelser and P. Wiener, respectively; - various…Globalization
Growing interdependence between different people, regions and countries in the world
Post-industrial society (POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY)
A concept used by those who believe that processes social change that are currently taking place have crossed the line of the industrial era. Post-industrial society is based in more in the production of information than in the material production of goods. According to the advocates of this concept, our society is undergoing the same profound social changes today as it was at the beginning of the industrial era two centuries ago.
Topic 8. Types of communities. social movements
communities various types- these are forms of joint life activity of people, forms of human hostel. They develop on a different basis and ... Types of social communities: communities based on family ties, -…Social Movement (SOCIAL MOVEMENT)
A large grouping of people involved in actions to bring about or hinder the process of social change. Typically, social movements come into conflict with organizations that often have opposing goals and worldviews. However, in the case of institutionalization, movements can develop within the organization.
Topic 9. Social groups and social organizations
Theory of small groups
Primary group theory; small group theory
Theory of small groups - sociological theory, the subject of which is the place and functions of small groups in the system of the social organism, their specificity as elements of the social structure. Small groups are considered:
- as independent subjects of public relations;
- as a level of primary sociality or primary social structure; and
- as a social microenvironment of the individual.
Social groups (SOCIAL GROUPS)
Groups of individuals interacting with each other in a systematic way. The range of groups is wide, from very small associations to large-scale organizations or societies. Regardless of the size of the group, its distinguishing feature is the awareness of group members of their common identity. Most we spend our lives in group contacts; in modern societies, most people belong to a huge number different groups.
formal group
Management group
formal group
Formal group - a social group whose structure and activities are rationally organized and standardized in accordance with precisely prescribed group rules, goals and role functions.
In formal groups, social relations are impersonal in nature and are carried out through preliminary certain roles. These roles tend to be formalized according to norms. external environment and culture.
Primary group
(primary group). A group of individuals who are in personal relationship with each other.
Organization
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION - a closed and hierarchical structure created under certain goals and having an internal formal status-role and ...Topic 10. Social inequality and social stratification
Social inequality- a form of social differentiation in which individual individuals, social groups, strata, classes are at different levels of the vertical social hierarchy and have unequal life chances and opportunities to meet needs.
In the very general view inequality means that people live in conditions in which they have unequal access to limited resources of material and spiritual consumption.
Social stratification (SOCIAL STRATIFICATION)
The existence of structured inequalities between groups in society regarding access to material or other benefits. Although some form of stratification exists in all societies, with the development of the state system, differences in wealth and power are especially intensified. In modern societies, the most characteristic form stratification is a class division.
Social position (SOCIAL POSITION)
The social identity of an individual within a given group or society. Social positions can be very general in nature (eg positions associated with gender roles) or much more specific (eg professional positions).
Social mobility (SOCIAL MOBILITY)
The transition of individuals or groups between different social positions. Vertical mobility is movement down or up in a hierarchical system of social stratification. Horizontal mobility is the physical movement of an individual or group from one region to another. In the analysis of vertical mobility, sociologists study both the mobility of the individual within his own career and the differences in the social position of the individual and his parents.
Vertical mobility (VERTICAL MOBILITY)
Moving up and down in the hierarchical system of social stratification
Horizontal mobility
(lateral mobility). The movement of individuals from one region of a country to another, or from one country to another.
Intergenerational mobility
(intergenerational mobility). Movements up and down in the system of social stratification, traceable from one generation to the next.
Intragenerational mobility
(intragenerational mobility). Moving up and down in the system of social stratification within an individual career.
social distance
The degree of spatial separation of individuals maintained when interacting with others who are not well acquainted.
Statistical grouping individuals who have common characteristic, for example, a certain level of income.
lower class
(underclass). The class of individuals at the very bottom of the class pyramid. Usually consists of people representing ethnic minorities.
ELITE SOCIAL- the highest layers in the social hierarchy, having power over other groups and influence in society.
In classical sociology, developed different approaches to the study of the elite. The most common understanding of the elite as a minority that has a monopoly on power and decision-making (K. Mannheim, A. Etzioni and others).
Public opinion
(public opinion). General Views members of the society on current issues.
Politics (POLITICS)
The means by which power influences the essence and content of government activity. The sphere of politics includes the actions not only of those who exercise direct rule, but also of many other groups of individuals. Exist various ways through which people outside the administration can influence policy.
(political party). An organization created to achieve state power and use this power to implement a specific program.
Topic 12. Personality as a social type
Ways of becoming a person: mastering social roles, the corresponding value-normative system, gaining social identity, passing ... Personality is a product and subject of social systems, their changes and development. ...Sociological concepts of personality
Sociological concepts of personality are a number of theories that recognize the human personality as a specific formation, directly derived from certain social factors. These theories include:
- The theory of the mirror "I";
- role theory;
- Separate branches of neobehaviorism in sociology;
- theories of the reference group, attitudes and some others.
Social role (SOCIAL ROLE)
The behavior expected of an individual occupying a particular social position. The idea of a social role is initially associated with the role of an actor performed on the theater stage. In any society, the individual performs various social roles related to their various fields of activity.
Status
Social status - the position occupied by an individual or a social group in society or a separate subsystem of society. Determined by… Social Recruitment - Introduced American sociologist Robert Merton. В… Types of statuses: born status - the status received by a person at birth (sex, race, nationality). AT…Topic 13. Social progress. social revolutions. Culture as a factor of social change.
Progress (lat. progressus - forward movement, success) - the direction of development from the lowest to the highest, forward movement forward, for the better.…Social progress is a global, world-historical process of ascent human societies from primitive states (savagery) to the heights of a civilized state based on the highest scientific, technical, political, legal, moral and ethical achievements.
Evolution
(evolution). Development biological organisms through the adaptation of species to environmental conditions.
Revolution
social transformation
(social transformation). Processes of change in societies or social systems.
Culture
Values, norms and products of material production characteristic of a given society. The concept of "culture", as well as the concept of "society", is extremely widely used in sociology and other social sciences (especially in anthropology). Culture is one of the most characteristic properties inherent in any social association of people.
Subculture
(subculture). Values and norms that are different from those generally accepted in society, shared by individual groups.
"Melting Pot"
(melting pot). Expresses the idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new rules of conduct based on different cultural sources.
- LOGISTICS
EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE
Teaching the discipline "Sociology" involves:
Availability of an audience for lectures, demonstration of video slides;
Availability of an audience for conducting seminars with a whiteboard.
| 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………3 |
| 2. Goals and objectives of the discipline, its place in the educational process……………………………….3 |
| 3. The place of the academic discipline in the structure of the OOP……………………………………………….3 |
| 3.1. Previous disciplines ……………………………………………………........3 |
| 3.2. Subsequent disciplines ………………………………………………………..…….4 |
| 4. Competences of the student, formed as a result of mastering the discipline ...... .4 |
| 5.Working program of the discipline ………………………………………………..……..5 |
| 5.1. The structure and content of the academic discipline in accordance with the educational standard…………………………………………………………………………………………...5 |
| 3.2. Worker thematic plan disciplines ……………………………………..…….....5 |
| 5.3. The content of the discipline in accordance with the working thematic plan…………..7 |
| 5.4. Educational technologies……………………………………………………………..15 |
| 5.4.1. Seminars……………………………………………………………….15 |
| 5.4.2. Laboratory- workshops……………………………………………. .18 |
| 5.4.3. interactive forms training………………………………………………… 18 |
| 5.5. Organization of independent work of students…………………………………….18 |
| 5.5.1 Control work……………………………………………………………….19 |
| 5.5.2. Written work (abstract, essay, etc.)………………………………………..19 |
| 5.5.3. Annotated topics of term papers……………………………………...20 |
| 5.5.4. Annotated Graduation Themes qualifying works …………….20 |
| 5.6. Evaluation tools control of progress and certification of students………………20 |
| 5.6.1. Current progress control…………………………………………………….....20 5.6.2. Tests ……………………………………………………………………………..….21 5.6.3. test questions to prepare for the intermediate certification / exam..25 |
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Sociology is a special complex of scientific knowledge with its own object and subject of study, which in general do not coincide with the objects and subjects of others. scientific disciplines.
The object of sociology is society taken as a whole, as well as its individual parts, large enough to show the patterns characteristic of society.
Its subject is the interaction between the people who make up this society.
The object of sociology (part of reality outlined by the boundaries of scientific research) is the Society
The subject of sociology (defining aspect, side of a part of reality that is an object) is social structures, institutions, groups
When defining the subject of sociology, the concept of "social" is key. It expresses all the variety of connections and relationships that arise in the process of interaction between people and form social life. The study of this reality determines the specifics of the subject of sociology.
Summing up different points view of the subject of sociology, it can be characterized as follows. Sociology is the science of society as an integral social system, its subsystems (economic, political, cultural) and individual elements - individuals, communities and social institutions.
Since society is studied through a person and his social behavior, assessments, opinions, interests, etc., some scientists consider the personality in its social interactions, the social life of people, to be the subject area of sociology.
So, the object of sociology are large-scale associations of people, regardless of what the purpose of their creation. Such associations can be, for example, the population of an entire country or even a group of countries at a certain stage of development.
The subject of sociology is the relationship that develops between people or groups of people included in such associations. As Sorokin defines it, "sociology studies the phenomena of interaction of people with each other, on the one hand, and the phenomena arising from this interaction, on the other"
3. Place of sociology among other sciences
The theoretical basis, the foundation of sociology is philosophy, within the framework of which sociological problems were solved for 2.5 thousand years, until in the 19th century. did not become an independent science. It is from philosophy that sociology draws paradigms, concepts, approaches, individual ideas, methods, and terminology. History, ethics, and legal science have had and continue to have a great influence on the development of sociology. The sciences closest to sociology both in terms of age and historical development, and in relation to philosophy as a progenitor, psychology and political science can be considered. Sociology has very close ties with such sciences as economics, ethnography, and anthropology. Less close, although no less significant for its development, links between sociology and physiology, mathematics, statistics, geography and other sciences (Fig. 1).
Sociology - social philosophy The similarity in the object lies in the fact that both sciences comprehend the uniqueness of society, its difference from nature, and follow the goal of its existence and development. The subject of social philosophy, in contrast to sociology, is the study of social life from the point of view, worldview problems, the main of which are meaning-forming. If for philosophy the main method of cognition is a speculative analysis based on a chain of logical conclusions, then for sociology it is empirical methods data of statistics, demography and other disciplines.
For philosophy, the starting point of research is a person, and for sociology it is society. If philosophy studies the essence of a person, a person, then sociology is a person as social type.
Sociology and psychology The field of psychology is the study of the individual "I", i.e. identification of individual psychological characteristics (instincts, desires, temperament), the human psyche as a unique unique world and the irrational unconscious. The sphere of sociology is the problem of interpersonal interactions, the interaction of an individual and groups; in the personality of a sociologist, he is interested in orientation values, his social positions, role expectations.
Sociology and history
Sociology, like history, has the object and subject of its study of society and its patterns in their concrete manifestations. Both of them reproduce social reality in the unity of the necessary and the accidental. One way or another, each of them bases its knowledge on the study of specific facts of social life. There are many points of contact and interaction between these sciences, despite this, there are differences. If history tries to reconstruct the past activities of people, paying the main attention to its originality and individuality, then for sociology the socially typical, the process of transforming the individual into the special and universal, is more important. If history mainly reproduces (describes and explains) the social process post factum, then sociology is in factum, that is, it is better able, more adequately to reveal the laws of functioning of an already established social system. If historical science studies only what has happened and entered history, then sociology directs its main attention to the present, while engaging in social planning and forecasting.
Sociology and Political Science
The close relationship between sociology and political science is determined by the fact that, firstly, social communities, social organizations and institutions are the most important subjects and objects of politics; secondly, political activity is one of the main forms of life of an individual and communities, which directly affects social changes in society; thirdly, it is possible to identify the patterns of political life only by taking into account the characteristics of society as a whole as a social system; fourthly, politics is a very broad, complex and multifaceted phenomenon, in this regard, it finds its manifestation in all spheres of public life ( social politics, economic policy, cultural policy, etc.), while largely determining the development of society as a whole; fifthly, society cannot be understood and changed without knowledge of the influence that the political structures and various political regimes that exist in it have on it.
Despite this, sociology and political science are completely different sciences. Sociology studies social reality, social life society, studies people and communities as objects and subjects of activity, relationships and behavior. Political science studies the political reality, the political life of society. Therefore, there is an interaction between these two sciences, and it is not by chance that a new special discipline arose at their junction - the sociology of politics.
Political science studies political sphere, political structure, regimes, the influence of the state on society. Sociology explores the political sphere through the prism of relations between people and believes that it is possible to identify the patterns of political life only by taking into account the characteristics of society as a social system.
Economics and sociology What these sciences have in common is the understanding that material production and human economic activity are the main forms of social activity. Economics studies the forms of mathematical production and its means. Sociology studies the position of man in these economic conditions; what are the relations between people in different economic conditions.
Interaction of sociology with literature, art
Sociology as a science has significant differences, as well as much in common with other sciences. So, unlike literature, art, reflecting social processes through the prism of a single perception, sociology studies society using knowledge of objective social patterns and relationships.
Interaction of sociology with demography, statistics, anthropology, psychology
Sociology has much in common with such sciences as demography, statistics, anthropology, psychology, etc. This commonality lies in the fact that they use common methods to gain knowledge. After all, polls and observations are used not only by sociology, but also by psychology, statistics, journalism, medicine, etc. Experiment as a method finds its own wide application and in psychology, economics and the natural sciences. Content analysis is carried out in literature, history and jurisprudence.
Interaction of sociology with natural and exact sciences
Of particular note is the connection between sociology and natural and exact sciences. For example, as a result of its interaction with biology, a systematic approach found its specific expression, social ecology and social medicine began to develop. The relationship with mathematics is growing and strengthening; it is currently difficult to imagine sociology without special mathematical methods that make it possible to ensure the high efficiency and reliability of empirical research.
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
FEDERAL STATE BUDGET
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "DON STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"
Faculty of Social and Humanitarian
Department of Philosophy and World Religions
Abstract on discipline: Sociology and political science
On the topic: Sociology as a science and academic discipline.
Rostov-on-Don
Introduction
Sociology today is the recognized leader of scientific disciplines that study real social processes in all their diversity. In a short period of time for science, sociology has turned into a widely branched multilevel knowledge, which largely determines both the ideas of our contemporary about himself and the surrounding social reality, and his culture. social thinking, the desire for evidence, concreteness of social ideas and theories.
In ordinary consciousness, sociology is associated with public opinion polls and election forecasts, which rarely come true. Facilities mass media with extraordinary ease operate with the data of the so-called "sociological studies". Became in recent times especially popular are surveys of the population that find out people's opinions on various issues, do not so much add to the popularity of sociology as create a false impression of it.
In fact, sociology is serious science. Even when studying sociology in universities, it is far from always possible to discern behind the academic dryness of textbooks, difficult language presentations that wrap the most simple concepts into pseudoscientific terminology, live content this science, its focus on solving urgent life problems.
Sociological knowledge is universal knowledge enabling people to fully consider the social consequences of any action, improve performance and reduce the possibility of errors. With direct access to all types human activity, sociological knowledge can help a person realize his abilities, show business qualities and take their rightful place in the social organization.
The profound changes that have taken place in Russian society in recent years are making more and more high requirements to the ability of a person to adapt to the new realities of life. The society we live in is a complex system social connections, interactions and relations of individuals and their groups. Each individual is included in various groups and in its life depends on the attitude and behavior of other people. The effective functioning of a person in society requires knowledge of the laws and patterns that are called social. Of course, success can be achieved without special training, based on life experience, on the commonness of knowledge about the world of people around us, because the acquisition of such knowledge requires, firstly, a lot of time, and secondly, it is fraught with serious troubles, because it is acquired by trial and error. That is why information about how social norms, ties and relations, according to which modern society is built and functions, is formed and affects our lives, is of the same importance as a map for a traveler. sociological personality epistemological society
To understand what sociology is as an independent field of human knowledge, let us first of all define its subject and method.
1. The subject of sociology and its place in the system of social science
1.1 Subject of sociology
Ideas about the subject of sociology have changed throughout the history of its existence. The name of this science was proposed by the French scientist Auguste Comte in 1838. Sociology (French sociologos, from Latin cocietas - society and Greek logos - theory, doctrine) is the study of society. The uncertainty of the subject of sociology was associated, firstly, with a change in ideas about the object of science, since sociology in different countries formed and developed in various social conditions that predetermined social order”, i.e. demand for the study of well-defined aspects of social reality; secondly, with the development of new paradigms and changes in general methodological principles sociological research. Therefore, before considering how sociology defines its subject, it is necessary to clarify what is the object of study of sociology.
The object of sociological knowledge is society. But singling out the concept of "society" as a starting point for defining the subject matter of sociology is not enough. Society is the object of study for all social and humanities. The same can be said about the concept of "social reality". Key to understanding scientific status sociology lies in the difference between its object and subject.
The object of cognition is everything that the researcher's activity is aimed at, which opposes it as an objective reality. difference various sciences from each other lies in the fact that even at one object they explore their own specific laws and patterns, which are subject to the development and functioning of this object. Thus, the development and functioning, and the development of society is determined by the requirements of economic, social, demographic, psychological and other laws and patterns that are the subject of the relevant sciences. Each of them has its own area, a range of problems studied by these particular sciences, i.e. thing.
Usually, according to the established tradition, when defining the subject of sociological knowledge, this or that social phenomenon is singled out as a “key” one. These phenomena include: group interaction, social relations, social organizations, systems of social action, social groups and communities, social processes and social life.
And although the question of the subject of sociology still remains unresolved, its defining property is that it is a set of properties, connections and relations that are called social. Since these connections and relations in each specific social object are always organized in a certain way, the object of sociology acts as complete system. The task of sociology is the typology of these systems, the study of the connections and relationships of each social object at the level of regularities, and the purposeful management of people's behavior. So, the concepts of social, social phenomena and processes, social connections and relations, the way they are organized are the starting points for understanding the subject of sociology, and social patterns - for understanding its essence. social regularity- an objectively existing, repetitive connection of social phenomena, expressing the emergence, functioning and development of society as an integral social system or its individual subsystems.
The central category of sociology is - a social phenomenon, i.e. a set of certain properties and features of social relations integrated by people and communities in the process joint activities in specific conditions, manifested in their relationship to each other, to their position in society, to the phenomena and processes of social life. In other words, it is a manifestation of social relations at the interpersonal level of social interaction.
A social phenomenon or process occurs when the behavior of one individual is influenced by another individual or their group (community), regardless of whether this individual or community is present. It is in the process of interaction that individuals influence each other, contributing to the fact that each of them becomes the bearer and spokesman of any social qualities. So, the social, being the result of interactions, reflecting their content and nature, is a property inherent in individuals and communities, formed as a result of the processes of socialization and integration of a person into society, into social relations.
At the same time, the social can be considered at several levels: at individual level(at the level of interaction between two individuals), at the level of microcommunities (family, team of workers, etc.), at the level of large communities (ethnic, territorial and other communities), at the level of communities - societies ( social level) and at the level of the global (world) community.
1.2 Sociology in the system of social science
Modern social science is quite complex system, including philosophy, ideology and science. How does sociology differ from other forms of knowledge about society?
Sociology and Philosophy. Sociology emerged from the depths of philosophy. In our country these forms of social thought long time were closely intertwined. Now they are splitting up. These are truly independent forms of knowledge. If sociology produces scientific knowledge, then philosophy produces ideological knowledge. Philosophy is strong in its universality and conceptuality. It is the core of a person's worldview. In this sense, philosophy is more than science. Sociologist, contemplating life together people, usually relies on some philosophical idea, which determines the initial approaches to the problem under study.
At the same time, philosophy, due to its speculative nature, is capable of solving only “eternal” questions. human being, i.e. questions that don't have an answer. When it is required to consider a specific issue, then attempts to speculatively solve it demonstrate their limitations.
Sociology using a variety of methods scientific knowledge, comprehends social life not as a general abstraction, but as a reality. When analyzing any social phenomenon, she seeks to explore specific mechanisms, dependencies, relationships that affect the subject under study. All this allows sociology not only to overcome speculation, but also to significantly narrow the possibilities of manifestation of subjectivism in understanding social phenomena, to increase the level of evidence of the acquired knowledge.
Sociology and ideology. Ideology, being a theoretical expression social interest any large group people, is a speculative model of society, on the basis of which it evaluates real events. Sociology studies them. If ideology is oriented toward interest, then sociology is oriented toward truth. The task of sociology is to prove, not to convince. Therefore, it cannot directly influence the masses. But called to the service of propaganda, sociology is able to improve its practice.
Sociology and Social sciencies. Unlike anthropology and psychology, political and economics, ethnography, etc., sociology studies society as a whole, in the unity of all its aspects. What does it mean?
For sociology there is no special area of social life. It is characterized by the desire to know the nature of social ties between people, no matter what they arise: politics, economics, law, etc. It's about about the study of universal social properties, regardless of the individual spheres of the life of a social organism.
A competent doctor, before diagnosing a specific disease of a patient, as a rule, gets acquainted with the history of his life, examines the whole organism as a whole. It is this role that sociology performs in the system of social science. She analyzes all particular phenomena and processes from the point of view of their place and significance in the integration of an integral social organism. When a sociologist takes a look at the economy, he will not be interested in profit, but in what role it plays in the functioning of society as a whole.
Exploring a specific sphere of social life, a sociologist seeks to find out how general social properties, connections, and mechanisms are refracted here. Moreover, he does this from the point of view of people's interests, their needs, preferences, and expectations. This is achieved through the widespread use of concepts developed by the system of social science. From philosophy such concepts as society, values, progress came to sociology; from economic science - capital, goods, profit; from jurisprudence - institution, status, etc.
2. Sociology as an academic discipline
2.1 The structure of the sociologicalknowledge
The structure of sociological knowledge is usually divided into three main levels: universal (categorical), medium (conceptual) and empirical, or applied.
1. Universal, highest level sociological knowledge represent general sociological theories. At this level, the subject areas of sociology are distinguished from other social sciences(philosophy, political science, economics, etc.), general sociological theories necessary for the study and understanding of social phenomena are developed, directions are determined scientific research, general approaches are developed for the interpretation of empirical facts. The general sociological level is characterized by high degree theoretical generalizations inherent, as a rule, in all social sciences.
2. Middle level sociological knowledge is a kind of link between theoretical sociology and sociological research. It closely interacts empirical research and theoretical generalization received data. At this level, social institutions, social phenomena, spheres of people's life activities that require theoretical substantiation and related analysis.
3. At the empirical, or applied, level of sociological knowledge, the motives of behavior in small groups are studied, the degree of social tension in work collective, people's opinions on a particular problem are revealed, etc., i.e., studies are carried out that do not require a comprehensive theoretical justification.
Emerging as a science, investigating primarily social sphere society, sociology in the course of its development expands the area of scientific research. At the intersection of various scientific disciplines, such structural elements sociology, like the sociology of politics, economic sociology, sociology of culture, family, education, etc. Feature of sociological research various areas life is that in each object (politics, economics, etc.) sociology finds its own "sociological" subject: human needs, interests, values, motives of behavior, social structure and social relations. Such a substantive approach makes it possible to distinguish between sectoral sociology and other related sciences.
2.2 Functions, principles, methodsodes, the main laws of sociology
Function (from lat. functio) -- execution, purpose, implementation. social function- this is the role that this or that element of the social system performs (social institution, social process, social action etc.) in society or social community. For example, the function of the institution of the family is to regulate marriage and family relations in society; the function of applied sociological research is to identify and resolve specific social problems.
The main functions of sociology are:
1) cognitive function -- certain way knowledge of a social object in order to transform it;
2) predictive function -- development of scientifically sound forecasts about tendencies (prospects) of development of society, social community, personality;
3) the function of social design and construction -- model development specific organization(social process) with the optimal parameters of its functioning;
4) organizational and technological function - the creation social technologies defining the order and rules practical action to improve social organization (social structure, social relations, etc.);
5) managerial function - the use of the results of sociological research for the development and adoption of managerial decisions;
6) instrumental function - improving existing and developing new methods for studying social reality;
7) ideological function - the use of sociological research in promoting their ideas and criticizing others. Sociology is an objective and impartial science, but unscrupulous politicians and entrepreneurs, through corrupt "sociologists", can use the results of sociological research to manipulate public consciousness.
In the study of society, sociologists proceed from a system of principles, the main of which are the principle of integrity, the principle of universality and the principle of concreteness.
The principle of integrity is manifested in the study of private social phenomena and processes as elements of a fundamentally systemic society.
The principle of universality, or necessity, for sociologists means the requirement to identify objective regularities in individual facts of social reality.
The principle of concreteness lies in the fact that social processes and facts are studied in their concrete historical manifestation (national, age, regional, temporal).
The problems that interest the sociologist are not necessarily problems for other people. A distinction must be made between social and sociological problems. Social problems solution oriented practical tasks especially those in positions of power. A sociological problem always has a scientific, theoretical, methodological character and is solved by sociologists.
The methods of cognition of social reality inherent in sociology give a specific appearance. Some of these methods were borrowed by sociology from ethnographers, psychologists, and statisticians, while others were developed independently. But to all these methods sociology has given its own specific character.
The main methods of collecting the necessary social information are: survey (questionnaire and interviewing); analysis of documents (qualitative and quantitative); observation (not included and included); experiment (controlled and uncontrolled).
The art of questioning is correct wording and location of questions. Questions are asked not only by sociologists. First thought about scientific setting questions of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. He, talking with the inhabitants of Athens, asked those who wished such questions that baffled them. Today, the survey method is used not only by sociologists, but by journalists, doctors, investigators, and teachers. How then is a sociological survey different?
First distinguishing feature-- the number of respondents. When one person is asked, they get personal opinion. A sociologist who interviews many people is interested in public opinion. Subjective prejudices, prejudices, intentional distortions, if processed statistically, cancel each other out. As a result, the sociologist gets an average picture of reality.
The second distinguishing feature is reliability and objectivity. It is closely related to the first: by interviewing hundreds of people, a sociologist averages a variety of opinions and, as a result, gets much more reliable information than, for example, a journalist. It can even be called objective if all scientific and methodological requirements are strictly observed. Although it was obtained on the basis of subjective opinions.
The third distinguishing feature is the purpose of the survey. A journalist or doctor needs to disclose individual characteristics and deviations. The sociologist's survey is aimed at expanding scientific knowledge, obtaining scientific fact. The survey is usually conducted in the form of an interview or questionnaire. The questionnaire method is effective tool knowledge of social reality based on facts. It combines, on the one hand, mass character, which allows fixing typical non-random social phenomena, on the other hand, mathematical accuracy and expressiveness of the results, the possibility of their comparison and statistical processing.
Questionnaire survey allows you to largely preserve the anonymity, independence of the respondent, limit the possibility of direct influence of the researcher. At the same time, the results of mass surveys not only record public opinion, but also to a large extent capable of influencing it, being published in newspapers, magazines or announced on radio and television.
This circumstance necessitates compliance with certain and sufficient strict rules mass opinion polls and, especially, the order in which they are made public, which we will discuss later.
When analyzing documents, documents can be written sources, sound and video recordings, information recorded on various computer media, etc.
Observation is carried out in accordance with a certain procedure, from the formation of a hypothesis to the actual observation of an object of interest to the researcher (for example, the process of forming microcollectives in student group, becoming an informal leader, etc.). If a sociologist studies the behavior of strikers, a group of teenagers, or a team of workers from outside, then he conducts non-participant observation.
Recently, the so-called participant observation has been especially popular among sociologists. By realizing it, the researcher-sociologist directly (and, as a rule, incognito) takes root in the environment he is studying.
The application of experiment in sociology is extremely limited. The methodology and methodology of the experiment came to sociology from psychology. When the goal of the study is set (for example, to study the effect of the new wages on workers) and the program is prepared, two groups are created - experimental and control. In the experimental work in a new way, and in the control in the old way. What is it for? New system wages may not affect the increase in labor productivity. Control group serves as a benchmark for comparison. A comparison of the two groups reveals the difference and makes it possible to judge whether the expected changes have occurred or not.
Conclusion
sociology observation survey questioning
Summing up the above, sociology is the science of the laws of formation, functioning, development of society as a whole, various social communities and social relations between them.
I think that sociology is very important, because sociology helps to correctly navigate the social reality, in the labyrinth of problems that they face in everyday life. Many people think that these problems do not concern them. But after all, we all live in society, each of us is a small particle that makes up society, it is impossible to separate one from the other. An analysis of modern society shows that the number of problems facing humanity is increasing every year, which means that knowledge of the basics of sociology is necessary for everyone. In addition, the science in question helps a person to find himself as a person, to understand his place and role in modern society, to clearly understand its structure, which is also very important, because social structures are made up of human actions and relationships.
List of used literature
1. Sociology and political science: textbook / T.A. Bondarenko, T.L. Konchanin, D.K. Kulikov and others; under total ed. Bondarenko T.A. - Rostov n / D .: DSTU, 2014. - 293 p.
2. Kravchenko A.I. "Sociology". - M., 2003
3. General sociology: Tutorial/ Under the total. ed. prof. A.G. Effendiev. - M.: INFRA, 2005. - 654 p. - (Higher education)
4. Sociology: Textbook / Ed. ed. P.D. Pavleniuk. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M .: Publishing and bookselling center "Marketing", 2002. - 1036s
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Sociology as a science and academic discipline. The difference between the subject of sociology and the subjects of other social sciences. Structure (levels) of sociological knowledge. Basic functions, laws and categories of sociology. Specificity research method sociology.
abstract, added 10/29/2011
The sociology of law is one of the branches of sociological science designed to explore the phenomenon of law from the standpoint of sociology. Sociology of law as a science and academic discipline. The history of the formation of the sociology of law. Main scientific schools sociology of law.
abstract, added 06/17/2008
Prerequisites for the emergence of sociology. Classical sociology of the 19th century. "Understanding" non-classical sociology of Germany. American sociology of the XIX-XX centuries. Modernism and postmodernism. Russian sociology of the XIX-XX centuries. Sociology is a science and academic discipline.
lecture, added 12/03/2007
The subject and methods of sociology, its functions in modern world, the structure of sociological knowledge and the basic principles scientific research implemented in sociology. Relationship of sociology with philosophy, history, psychology, political economy and law.
test, added 09/16/2010
Sociology as a science and as an academic discipline. Object and subject of sociological science. Development of positivist methodology and empirical sociology. The concept of society and its typology, the classification of social groups. Types and mechanism of crowd formation.
course of lectures, added 02/02/2011
The subject of sociological science. Structure of sociology. The place of sociology in the system of modern scientific knowledge. Functions of sociology, its role in the transformation of society. Sociology is a relatively young science. It arose only in the first half of the nineteenth century.
abstract, added 11/24/2005
The history of the formation and development of sociology as independent science; its relationship with other disciplines. The life and work of the great sociologist Auguste Kant. Description of the empirical, theoretical, prognostic and applied functions of sociology.
report, added 09/24/2013
The development of sociology as a science, its object and subject. Structure of sociological knowledge. Methods of sociology: biographical, axiomatic, method of ideal types and generalization of characteristics. The place of sociology in the system of the humanities and its specificity.
test, added 04/03/2012
Prerequisites for the formation and features of the development of the sociology of entrepreneurship. Object, subject area and tasks of the sociology of entrepreneurship. The sociology of entrepreneurship is a special sociological theory that is extremely relevant today.
abstract, added 12/29/2004
Object and subject of sociology. The place of sociology in the system of sciences, its structure and functions. Main modern approaches to the analysis of society. Sociology and philosophy, history, economics, political science, law and religious studies. Personality and social group.
