Practical work 5 Analysis of maps of anthropogenic landscapes. Identification of continents with the largest areas of such landscapes. (o)
Section 2. The population of the Earth (3 hours)
The population of the Earth. Placement of the population.
Practical work 6. FROM comparative description of the number, density and dynamics of the population of the continents and countries of the world (o)
Peoples and religions of the world.
Practical work 7. Simulation on contour map accommodation largest ethnic groups and small nations, and major cities.(and)
Main types economic activity, Influence at natural complexes. Complex cards. Countries of the world, their classification.
Section 3. Oceans and continents (50 hours)
Topic1. Oceans (2 hours)
Pacific Ocean. Indian Ocean, Atlantic, Arctic
Geographical position. Short story exploration of each of the oceans.
Features of nature, human activity.
Practical work 8 Identification and reflection on the contour map of the transport, commercial, raw materials, recreational and other functions of one of the oceans (optional) (s)
Practical work 9 Description on maps and other sources of information of features geographical location, nature and population of one of the large islands. (o)
Topic 2. Southern continents (1 hour)
Geographical position. General features geographic location. Common features of relief, climate, inland waters. Similarities in the location of natural areas. Soil map of the world . African studies.
Topic 3. Africa (10 hours)
Geographical position. Oceans and seas, their influence on nature. Features of nature. The relief of the mainland. Relief formation under the influence of external and internal factors. Placement of minerals.
Inland waters, their dependence on relief and climate. Main river systems. Lakes. The importance of rivers and lakes in human life.
natural areas. Soils, vegetation and animal world. Reserves and National parks.
Practical work
Peoples and countries. The hypothesis of the African origin of man. racial diversity and ethnic composition mainland population. Placement of the population, its causes. The colonial past of the mainland. Modern political map. The division of the mainland into major regions.
The composition of the territory and countries of the region. Common features and features of nature. Differences between the countries of the region. main characteristics of the population. Big cities.
Practical work 10 Definition by cards natural resources countries of Central Africa. (o)
Practical work 11 Identification from maps of the main types of economic activity of the population of the countries of South Africa. (o)
Practical work 12Assessment of the geographical location, layout and appearance of the largest cities in Africa. (o)
Topic 4. Australia (4 hours)
Australia. Geographical position. Oceans and seas, their influence on nature. Research history.
Climate. Distribution of air temperature, pressure, precipitation. Climatic zones and areas. Inland waters, their dependence on relief and climate. Major river systems. Lakes. The importance of rivers and lakes in human life.
natural areas. Soils, flora and fauna. Changing the nature of man. Reserves and national parks. Natural wealth, their use.
The population of Australia. Features of the culture of the natives and the Anglo-Australians.
Australian Union. Types of economic activity and their differences in different parts mainland.
Practical work 13.Comparative characteristics nature, population and its economic activity of the two regions of Australia. (and)
Topic 5. Oceania(1 hour)
Geographical position. Research history.
Features of nature depending on the origin of the island. The settlement of Oceania, the change of nature by man.
Geographical position. Dimensions, outlines of the mainland. Oceans and seas, their influence on nature. History of discovery and research.
Features of nature. The relief of the mainland. Relief formation under the influence of external and internal factors. Placement of minerals.
Climate. Distribution of air temperature, pressure, precipitation. Climatic zones and regions.
Inland waters, their dependence on relief and climate. Major river systems. Amazon - greatest river planets. Lakes. The importance of rivers and lakes in human life.
originality organic world. natural areas. Soils, flora and fauna. Altitudinal zonality Andes. Changing the nature of man. Amazon problems. Reserves and national parks.
Natural wealth, their use. Spontaneous natural phenomena.
Peoples and countries. The history of the settlement of the mainland. Indigenous and alien population. The diversity of the racial and ethnic composition of the population of the mainland. Placement of the population, its causes. The colonial past of the mainland. Modern political map. The division of the mainland into large regions.
The composition of the territory and countries of the region. Features of the geographical position (Brazil, Argentina, Peru) of their nature and natural wealth. Common features and features of nature. Differences between the countries of the region. main characteristics of the population. Big cities.
Practical work 14 Compilation of a description of the nature, population, geographical location of major cities in Brazil and Argentina. (o)
Practical work 15 Characteristics of the main types of economic activities of the population of the Andean countries (s)
Topic 6. Antarctica (1 hour)
Geographical position. Arctic and Antarctic. History of discovery and research.
Features of nature. Climate. The peculiarity of the organic world. Modern research.
Practical work 16 Determination of the objectives of the study of the southern polar region of the Earth. Drawing up a project for the use of the natural resources of the mainland in the future. (o)
Topic 7. Northern continents (1 hour)
Geographical position. General features of the geographical location. Common features of relief, climate, inland waters. Similarities in the location of natural areas.
Topic 8. North America (7 hours)
Geographical position. Dimensions, outlines of the mainland. Oceans and seas, their influence on nature. History of discovery and research.
Features of nature. The relief of the mainland. Relief formation under the influence of external and internal factors. Placement of minerals.
Climate. Factors of its formation. The influence of the underlying surface. Distribution of air temperature, pressure, precipitation. Climatic zones and regions.
Inland waters, their dependence on relief and climate. Major river systems. Lakes. The importance of rivers and lakes in human life
Features of the manifestation of zonality on the mainland; the main features of the nature of the tundra zone, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, steppes. Altitudinal zonality in the Cordillera.
Changing the nature of man. Reserves and national parks.
Natural wealth, their use. Natural phenomena
Peoples and countries. The history of the settlement of the mainland. The main peoples .. Placement of the population, its causes. Modern political map. The division of the mainland into large regions. a brief description of Canada and USA
Practical work 17 X characteristics according to the maps of the main types natural resources Canada, USA, Mexico. (and)
Practical work 18. Identification of the features of the distribution of the population, as well as the geographical location, layout and external appearance of the largest cities in Canada, the USA and Mexico. (about)
Topic 9. Eurasia (16 hours)
Geographical position. Dimensions, outlines, dimensions of the mainland. Oceans and seas, their influence on nature. Research history. Features of nature. The relief of the mainland. Relief formation under the influence of external and internal factors. Placement of minerals. Climates versus climate North America. Distribution of air temperature, pressure, precipitation. Climatic zones and regions.
Influence of climate on human economic activity. Inland waters, their dependence on relief and climate. Major river systems. modern glaciation. Lakes. The importance of rivers and lakes in human life. Manifestation latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonality in the Alps and the Himalayas. natural areas. Soils, flora and fauna. Altitude zonation of the Andes. Changing the nature of man. Reserves and national parks.
Peoples and countries.
The diversity of the racial and ethnic composition of the population of the mainland. Largest nations Eurasia. Placement of the population, its causes. Stages of formation of modern political map. main characteristics of the population. The division of the mainland into large regions. Economic activity of the population.
Practical work 19. Compilation of a “catalog” of the peoples of Eurasia by language groups (o)
Countries Western Europe, Northern Europe. Eastern European countries. Countries Southern Europe(Italy)
Practical work 20. Oscripture types of economic activities of the population of the Nordic countries associated with the ocean. ()
Practical work 21. Comparative characteristics of Great Britain, France and Germany. (and)
Foreign Asia. Southwest Asia. Countries Central Asia. Countries East Asia. South Asian countries.
Practical work 22.Grouping the countries of Southwest Asia according to various criteria (o)Practical work 23.Сleaving a description of the geographical location of major cities in China, marking them on a contour map. (and)
Practical work 24.Modeling on the contour map of the distribution of the natural resources of India. (s)
Section 3 The geographical envelope is our home (2 hours)
patterns geographical envelope. The most important regularities of the geographical shell. Historical and modern factors of PC formation. Interaction of nature and society. The value of natural resources for man. Types of natural resources. The influence of nature on the living conditions of people. Changing the nature of man. The need for cooperation to protect nature.
National composition population distribution of people according to ethnicity. An ethnos (or people) is a historically established stable community of people, united by the unity of language, territory, economic life and culture, national identity. Forms ethnic community change and become more complex in the course of development human society- from tribal and tribal associations with primitive order, nationalities in early class societies to independent nations - in the conditions of the merging of local markets into a single national market. If, for example, the formation of nations has long been completed, then in some underdeveloped, and (, etc.) tribal associations are widely represented.
To date, there are 2200 - 2400 ethnic groups in the world. Their numbers vary greatly - from a few dozen people to hundreds of millions. The largest nations include (in million people):
- Chinese - 11 70,
- Hindustanis (the main people of India) - 265,
- Bengalis (in India and) - 225,
- Americans - 200,
- Brazilians - 175,
- Russians - 150,
- Japanese - 130,
- Punjabis (the main people) - 115,
- Mexicans - 115,
- Biharis - 105.
Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century, 10 ethnic groups account for about 45% of all mankind.
In many states and regions of the world, different ethnic groups are represented differently. Therefore, the main peoples are usually singled out, that is, the ethnic groups that make up the bulk of the population, and national minorities.
According to its origin and social position National minorities are usually divided into two types:
autochthonous, i.e., indigenous peoples, ethnic groups born of immigration.
So, the following proportions are typical for the national composition of the modern. The main ethnic group - the British - make up 77% of the total population; autochthonous ethnic groups, including Scots, Irish, etc. - 14% and immigrants from different countries – 9 %.
Constantly evolving as a result of territorial heterogeneity natural movement population, migration, as well as the processes of consolidation and assimilation of ethnic groups.
The consolidation of ethnic groups is the merging of several related ethnic groups into one, larger ethnic community.
Assimilation of ethnic groups is the loss of nations mother tongue and national identity as a result of prolonged communication with other ethnic groups, i.e., a kind of dissolution of ethnic groups in a multinational environment. This process is especially widespread in countries of immigration, which include the United States, Australia, and many countries in Europe. As a result of the processes of consolidation and assimilation of ethnic groups, the total number of peoples is gradually decreasing.
One of the main signs of ethnic unity is colloquial. On this basis, all the peoples of the world are divided into 15 language families and more than 45 language groups, which, in turn, are divided into language branches. In addition, there isolated languages, which are not included in any language family. These include, for example, Japanese, Korean, the Basque language, and some others.
More than 40% of the world's population speaks the languages of the Indo-European family, which includes 11 language groups: Romance (French, Italians, Spaniards, Moldavians, Romanians, Latin Americans); Germanic (Germans, British, Swedes, Danes, Americans); Slavic (Russians, Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Slovenes); Baltic ( , ); Iranian (, Kurds, Afghans, Tatars, etc.).
About 20% of the world's population speaks Sino-Tibetan or Sino-Tibetan family. Its weight is determined by the Chinese language group. The distribution of these languages is almost completely localized by the Asian continent.
About 8% of humanity uses the languages of the Niger-Kordofenian family, which are represented exclusively in Africa. Within this family, the main language group is the Niger-Congo group.
Another 5 - 7% of the world's population speaks the languages of the Afro-Asiatic (or Semitic-Hamitic) family, which have become widespread mainly in Africa and Asia. The main language of this family is Arabic.
Thus, the languages of these four families are spoken by almost 4/5 of all mankind.
The exact number of languages in the world has not been determined. Some experts believe that there are about 3 thousand of them, others - more than 5 thousand. This discrepancy is explained by the fact that some linguists consider the same dialects as different languages, and the other part of scientists recognizes them as dialects of the same language. The problem of classifying ethnic groups and languages is greatly complicated by the fact that many peoples speak the same languages. So, for example, English is spoken not only by the British, but also by many Australians, New Zealanders, US Americans, Canadians, many peoples of the Caribbean, etc. Spanish is native not only to the Spaniards, but to most of the peoples Latin America. The same language is spoken by Germans, Austrians, part of the population of Switzerland. These most common languages serve as a means of interethnic communication.
Some languages develop, become more and more widespread, others die, lose their former meaning. For example, in Africa, the Swahili, Hausa, and Yoruba languages are becoming more widespread, which are used as a means of communication for many tribes and nationalities, gradually crowding out the languages of the colonialists that have taken root here. The highest concentration of languages \u200b\u200b(up to 1 thousand) is on Novaya Island, where a large number of original tribes.
A significant part of all languages of the world does not have a written language. In order to facilitate communication between representatives of different ethnic groups, the number of attempts to create an artificial international language. The most famous of them is Esperanto.
The most widely spoken languages in the world are:
- Chinese - more than 1 billion people,
- English - 400 - 500 million people,
- Hindi - more than 350,
- Spanish - about 300,
- Russian - about 200,
- Bengali - about 170,
- Indonesian - about 170,
- Arabic - 160,
- Portuguese - 140,
- Japanese - 125,
- German - about 100,
- French - more than 100 million people.
Thus, only 12 languages are spoken practically by 2/3 of all mankind. Of these most widely spoken languages, six are official and working languages of the UN (English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese).
In accordance with the nature of the national (ethnic) composition of the population, five types of states can be distinguished.
1 type. These are uninational states. There are most of these states in Europe, the Middle East and Latin America.
And Russia, Although it can also be attributed, some countries of West and South Africa.
In recent years, inter-ethnic contradictions have become aggravated in countries with a complex national composition.
The concept of "ethnos" includes a historically established set of people who have a certain number of common subjective or objective characteristics. Ethnographers refer to these features as origin, language, cultural and economic features, mentality and self-awareness, phenotypic and genotypic data, as well as the territory of long-term residence.
The word "ethnos" Greek roots and literally translates as "the people". The word "nationality" can be considered a synonym for this definition in Russian. The term "ethnos" was introduced in scientific terminology in 1923, the Russian scientist S.M. Shirokogorov. He gave the first definition of this word.
How is the formation of an ethnic group
Among the ancient Greeks, the word "ethnos" was adopted refer to other nations who were not Greeks. long time in Russian, the word “people” was used as an analogue. Definition of S.M. Shirokogorov made it possible to emphasize the commonality of culture, relationships, traditions, way of life and language.
modern science allows you to interpret this concept from 2 points of view:
The origin and formation of any ethnic group implies a large length in time. Most often, this formation occurs around specific language or religious beliefs. Based on this, we often pronounce such phrases as “Christian culture”, “ Islamic world», « roman group languages".
The main conditions for the emergence of an ethnic group are the presence common territory and language. These same factors are further supporting factors and the main distinguishing features of a particular ethnic group.
From additional factors that influence the formation of an ethnic group, it can be noted:
- General religious beliefs.
- Proximity from a racial point of view.
- The presence of transitional interracial groups (mestizo).
The factors that unite an ethnic group include:
- Specific Features material and spiritual culture.
- Community of life.
- Group psychological characteristics.
- A common awareness of oneself and an idea of a common origin.
- The presence of an ethnonym - a self-name.
Ethnos is essentially a complex dynamic system, which is constantly undergoing transformation processes and at the same time maintains its stability.
The culture of each ethnic group retains a certain constancy and simultaneously changes over time from one era to another. Peculiarities national culture and self-knowledge, religious and spiritual and moral values leave an imprint on the nature of the biological self-reproduction of the ethnos.
Features of the existence of ethnic groups and their patterns
The historically formed ethnos acts as an integral social organism and has the following ethnic relations:
- Self-reproduction occurs through repeated homogeneous marriages and the transmission from generation to generation of traditions, self-consciousness, cultural property, language and religious characteristics.
- In the course of their existence, all ethnic groups undergo a number of processes within themselves - assimilation, consolidation, etc.
- In order to strengthen their existence, most ethnic groups strive to create their own state, which allows them to regulate relations both within themselves and with other groups of peoples.
The patterns of peoples can be considered behavioral models of relationships, which are typical for individual representatives. This also includes behavioral models that characterize individual social groups that are formed within the nation.
Ethnos can be simultaneously considered as a natural-territorial and socio-cultural phenomenon. As a kind of link that supports the existence of a particular ethnic group, some researchers suggest considering the hereditary factor and endogamy. However, one cannot but admit that the quality of the nation's gene pool is affected significant influence and conquests, and the standard of living, and historical and cultural traditions.
The hereditary factor is tracked primarily in anthropometric and phenotypic data. However, anthropometric indicators do not always completely coincide with ethnicity. According to another group of researchers, the constancy of the ethnic group is due to national identity. However, such self-awareness can simultaneously act as an indicator collective activity.
The unique self-consciousness and perception of the world of one or another ethnic group may directly depend on what its development activity is. environment. The same type of activity can be perceived and evaluated differently in the minds of different ethnic groups.
Most sustainable mechanism, allowing to preserve the uniqueness, integrity and stability of the ethnic group - this is its culture and common historical destiny.
Ethnos and its types
Traditionally, ethnicity is considered primarily as a generic concept. Based on this idea, it is customary to distinguish three types of ethnic groups:
- Genus-tribe (a species characteristic of primitive society).
- Nationality ( characteristic type in slavery and feudal centuries).
- For capitalist society characteristic concept of the nation.
There are basic factors that unite representatives of one nation:
Clans and tribes were historically the very first types of ethnic groups. Their existence lasted several tens of thousands of years. As way of life and the structure of mankind developed and became more complicated, the concept of nationality appeared. Their appearance is associated with the formation tribal unions in the common area of residence.
Factors in the development of peoples
Today in the world there are several thousand ethnic groups. All of them differ in the level of development, mentality, population, culture and language. There may be significant differences in racial and external criteria.
For example, the number of ethnic groups such as Chinese, Russians, Brazilians exceeds 100 million people. Along with such gigantic peoples, there are varieties in the world, the number of which does not always reach ten people. The level of development of different groups can also vary from the most highly developed to those living according to primitive communal principles. Every nation has own language
, however, there are ethnic groups that simultaneously use several languages.
In the process of interethnic interactions, processes of assimilation and consolidation are launched, as a result of which a new ethnic group may gradually form. The socialization of an ethnos proceeds due to the development of such social institutions like family, religion, school, etc.
The following factors can be attributed to unfavorable factors for the development of the nation:
- High level mortality among the population, especially in childhood.
- High prevalence of respiratory infections.
- Alcoholic and drug addiction.
- The destruction of the institution of the family - a high number of single-parent families, divorces, abortions, parents abandoning children.
- Low quality life.
- High unemployment.
- High crime rate.
- Social passivity of the population.
Classification and examples of ethnos
The classification is carried out according to different parameters, the simplest of which is the number. This indicator not only characterizes the state of the ethnic group at the current moment, but also reflects the nature of its historical development. Usually, formation of large and small ethnic groups proceeds in completely different ways. The level and nature of interethnic interactions depend on the number of one or another ethnic group.
Examples of the largest ethnic groups include the following (according to data from 1993):
The total number of these peoples is 40% of total strength the entire population the globe. There is also a group of ethnic groups with a population of 1 to 5 million people. They make up about 8% of the total population.
Most small ethnic groups may number several hundred people. An example is the Yukagiru, an ethnic group living in Yakutia, and the Izhors, a Finnish ethnic group inhabiting territories in Leningrad region.
Another classification criterion is population dynamics in ethnic groups. The minimum population growth is observed in Western European ethnic groups. Max Height celebrated in Africa, Asia, Latin America.
>> The largest nations of the world
§ 5. The largest nations of the world
In total, there are 5-5.5 thousand peoples or ethnic groups in the world, that is, established stable communities of people. The vast majority of peoples are extremely small.
There are 330 nations in the world with more than 1 million people, but they cover 96% of the total population of the Earth. There are only 11 nations in the world with more than 100 million people each (Table 20), but they cover almost 45% of all population Earth.
Table 20
Largest nations and most spoken languages
| The largest nations of the world | Million people | Most Common Languages | Million people |
| 1. Chinese | 1170 | 1. Chinese | 1200 |
| 2. Hindustanis | 265 | 2. English | 520 |
| 3. Bengalis | 225 | 3. Spanish | 400 |
| 4. Americans USA | 200 | 4. Hindi | 360 |
| 5. Brazilians | 175 | 5. Arabic | 250 |
| 6. Russians | 140 | 6. Bengali | 225 |
| 7. Japanese | 125 | 7. Portuguese | 210 |
| 8. Punjabis | 115 | 8. Russian | 200 |
| 9. Biharis | 115 | 9. Indonesian | 190 |
| 10. Mexicans | 105 | 10. Japanese | 127 |
| 11. Javanese | 105 | 11. French | 120 |
| | | 12. German | 100 |
