The concept of "health". health criteria. The health of the population is one of the most important criteria for assessing the well-being of society. Rising pollution environment associated with the development of industry and energy. The health status of the population is a generalized integral indicator of the quality of the environment and its impact on human life.

According to the WHO charter, health is understood as a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease as such or physical defects, as is still quite widespread in the public mind. However, this definition cannot be used to assess health at the population (social) and individual levels. According to WHO, in health statistics, health at the individual level refers to the absence of identified disorders and diseases. Public health is characterized by a system of statistical medical and demographic indicators, indicators of morbidity, disability, physical development and mental health of the population.

In biomedical research, indicators of physical development are used to assess health. Body functions are assessed in terms of physical and mental performance, and adaptive reserves - in terms of biochemical, hormonal and immunological status.

The magnitude of health loss is expressed in terms of morbidity and disability, reflects violations in the structures and functions of the body, changes in its adaptive capabilities.

All criteria must be evaluated in dynamics. An important criterion for assessing the health of the population should be considered health index, i.e. the proportion of those who were not ill at the time of the study (for example, during the year).

In sanitary statistics, as a criterion for the state of health, especially at the population level, the indicator is used pain, or morbidity. This indicator reflects the prevalence of diseases and is determined by the ratio of the number of diseases per year, multiplied by 1,000 and divided by the average population size. In general, the indicator of morbidity is a collective designation of negative indicators of health.

The human body reacts in the same way to a variety of influences. Changes similar in severity can be caused in one case by the action of harmful substances, in another by excessive physical or mental stress, in the third case, a lack of motor activity with increased neuro-emotional stress can act as a trigger.

Moreover, factors can have an isolated, combined, complex or cumulative effect on the body.

isolated action harmful substances is rare, usually a person is exposed to the cumulative or combined influence of negative factors.

Under the combined action understand the simultaneous or sequential action on the body of factors of the same nature, more often a number of chemicals, with the same route of entry (for example, with air, water or food).

Complex action manifests itself with the simultaneous entry into the body of negative factors of different nature (physical, chemical) in various ways (for example, through the respiratory system and skin).

Cumulative action observed with simultaneous or sequential action on the human body of factors of various nature (physical, chemical, biological).

Finally, it must be remembered that various environmental contaminants can play a role in the development of a pathological process in the body. risk factors, i.e., factors that are not the direct cause of a particular disease, but which increase the likelihood of its occurrence.

Features of the impact of environmental factors lead to significant changes in the health indicators of the population, which consist in the fact that new patterns are observed in the prevalence and nature of human pathology, otherwise demographic processes proceed. In general terms, these changes can be expressed in the acceleration of the pace of dynamics of indicators characterizing health; manifestation of a new non-epidemiological type of pathology; characteristic demographic changes; the occurrence of previously rare diseases; the growth of infectious diseases; formation of multiple pathologies.

The approximate contribution of various factors to the health of the population is assessed in four positions: lifestyle, human genetics (biology), environment and health care. The materials of the World Health Organization indicate that in the total impact on the health of the population, 50% is given to lifestyle, 20% each to the environment and heredity (genetic factors) and 10% to the quality of health care. It should be noted that these data are, firstly, indicative, and secondly, their influence is interrelated. Environment (air, water, soil pollution; abrupt change atmospheric phenomena; increased cosmic, magnetic and other radiation, etc.) can affect other components. Thus, its impact on health increases significantly, but manifests itself indirectly.

environmental diseases. The technogenic urban environment has a profound impact on the main social quality of a person - his health in the broad sense of the word. Factors such as pollution of the atmosphere and water by emissions from industry and transport, electromagnetic fields, vibration and noise, chemicalization of everyday life, as well as the flow of redundant information, an excessive number of social problems, lack of time, physical inactivity, emotional overload, malnutrition, bad habits, to some extent and in various combinations, they become somatotropic and psychotropic factors in the etiology of prenosological conditions, and then diseases.

High concentrations of pollutants in various components of the environment have led to the emergence of so-called " environmental diseases”, including chemical asthma; Kirishi syndrome (severe allergy associated with emissions from the production of protein and vitamin concentrates); ticker syndrome, which develops in children in the areas of oil refineries; general immune depression during intoxication with heavy metals, dioxides, etc.; Yushko's disease associated with the effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on the child's body; a disease appeared in the Urals, called "potato disease" (a symptom of "squishy foot"); in the Altai Territory, a disease called "yellow children" was discovered.

The main indicators of environmental risk are the following: environmental pathologies: indicator pathology, characterized by a high degree of dependence on environmental pollution (occupational diseases, high rates of cancer, perinatal mortality, congenital pathology, genetic defects, allergies, toxicological lesions); environmentally dependent pathology, characterized by an average degree of dependence on environmental pollution (increased overall infant mortality, secondary immunodeficiencies, exacerbation of major diseases due to deteriorating weather conditions); environmentally conditioned pathology, characterized by a moderate degree of dependence on environmental pollution (higher morbidity with temporary loss of working capacity, chronic bronchitis and pneumonia in adults and children).

The environmental situation in our country remains extremely alarming and is accompanied by a deterioration in the main indicators of public health, including the health of young children, an increase in mortality and a decrease in life expectancy. Suffice it to say that currently more than 100 major cities and regions of the country, including Krasnoyarsk region are characterized by unfavorable environmental conditions for human health.

Currently, in an unstable economic situation, health is also becoming a major economic force. A sick person concentrates only on the problems of his body and completely loses interest in the world around him, cannot work and earn normally. A very difficult demographic situation has developed in our country, which is close to critical: infant mortality has increased (3 times higher than in Europe); life expectancy has decreased, including for men up to 65–67 years, which is 15 years less than in Europe.

An even more difficult situation is observed in our region. Thus, according to federal criteria for assessing birth rates, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the indicator is at a low level (from 10.0 to 14.9 per 1,000 population). Infant mortality in the region is higher than the average for Russia. The total fertility rate does not exceed - 1.33 (1.24 in the city and 1.79 in the countryside). Life expectancy at birth in the region (63.0 years) is lower than the Russian average (65.1 years). The life expectancy of men in the region is less than that of women by 13.1 years due to the high mortality of men of working age. Decline in the birth rate and high mortality of the working-age population have affected the current age composition of the population in the region. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, a regressive type of population has developed, when the proportion of people over 50 years old (27%) exceeds the proportion of people from 0–14 years old (17%). In 2005, the overall incidence of the adult population of the region was 1,274.1 cases per 1,000 population, which is 22.8 percent higher than in 2001. The incidence has also increased. This indicator amounted to 553.4 cases per 1,000 people and exceeded the level of 2001 by 16.8 percent.

Technogenic factors of human impact. The main man-caused factors that have Negative influence on health, are chemical and physical environmental pollution.

Chemical pollution of the environment and human health. Human society is constantly exposed to overt, and most often hidden effects of a variety of potentially harmful factors, including numerous chemicals. The threat to human health and well-being associated with such adverse impacts is a growing concern today, which increases the responsibility for disseminating information about the true extent and levels of environmental danger.

When considering the negative effects that harmful chemicals can cause to humans, one should distinguish between substances that cause direct toxic effect on the human body (acute, chronic toxicity, etc.), as well as indirect influence on living organisms associated with humans in trophic or other ways.

Among toxicants, there are rarely compounds that have acute toxicity, i.e., causing sharp damage (poisoning) of the body, up to death, after a single high dose enters the body. Such situations usually arise during emergency or other rapidly occurring critical situations, which, according to the geographical situation, are classified as infection zones.

More often one has to deal with the so-called chronic toxic effect, which manifests itself gradually, with prolonged exposure to the body of small doses of toxicants that have a cumulative effect. The cumulative effect is insidious, since after a latent period of imperceptible accumulation of a toxic dose, irreversible damage may occur. Toxicants with a cumulative toxic effect include heavy metal compounds (lead, mercury, cadmium, etc.), arsenic, fluorine compounds, halogenated hydrocarbons (polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, etc.). If during the accumulation process the total dose is lower than the damaging one, then the toxic effects will be mild or will be manifested by non-specific symptoms.

Chronic poisonings are quite common, but they are rarely recorded. Statistically significant dependence on chemical pollution atmospheric air established for diseases of bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema, as well as for acute respiratory diseases. Atmospheric air pollution affects the body's resistance, which is manifested in the growth infectious diseases. To the greatest extent, atmospheric air pollution affects health indicators in urban centers, in particular in cities with a developed metallurgical, processing and coal industry. The territory of such cities is affected by both non-specific pollutants (dust, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, soot, nitrogen dioxide) and specific ones (fluorine, phenol, metals, etc.). Non-specific pollutants account for over 95% of the total volume of atmospheric air pollution.

According to a sample survey of 33 Russian cities in cities with increased level pollution, the average number of diseases of the respiratory system increases by 41%, the cardiovascular system - by 132%, skin diseases by 176% and the number of malignant neoplasms - by 35%. Numerous studies conducted in recent years indicate that children living in areas with a high level of air pollution have a low level of physical development, which is often assessed as disharmonious. Observed level lag biological development from passport age indicates a very adverse effect of pollution air environment on the health of the next generation.

Compared to other sources of chemical pollution (food, drinking water, soil), atmospheric air is a particular danger, since there is no chemical barrier in its path. Atmospheric pollution primarily affects the body's resistance, the decrease of which results in increased morbidity, as well as other physiological changes in the body.

According to the nature of the impact on the human body, chemicals (harmful and dangerous) are divided into: general toxic that cause poisoning of the whole organism (mercury, carbon monoxide, toluene, aniline); sensitizing acting as allergens (aldehydes, solvents and varnishes based on nitro compounds); neuro- and psychotropic acting on the nervous system (nicotine); mutagenic leading to a change in hereditary information in germ and somatic cells (lead, radioactive substances, formaldehyde, DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane)); carcinogenic that cause cancer (benzidine, aromatic hydrocarbons, amino compounds, asbestos, DDT); fibrogens, causing benign tumors (titanium dioxide, food colorings, xenobiotics); teratogens causing, when exposed to the body (embryo, growing organism), the occurrence of deformities and other developmental anomalies (nicotine, alcohol-containing products, drugs, thalidomide, antibiotics, etc.); embryotoxins, poisonous to embryos and poisoning them (DDT, zinc salts, copper, a number of drugs); substances that affect reproductive (reproduction of offspring) function (benzene, lead, manganese, nicotine).

The mechanisms of action of chemical pollutants on the body are also different. They secrete irritating substances that affect the mucous membrane, nerve endings(hydrogen sulfide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ammonia, chlorine, acid and alkali vapors); substances that change the ratio of oxidative and reduction reactions in the body (ozone, ionizing radiation, dioxins); substances that irreversibly bind to organic or inorganic compounds of the body (heavy metals, arsenic, nicotine, selenium); fat-soluble substances that disrupt the function of biological membranes (benzene, turpentine, dichloroethane, acetone, etc.); substances that replace chemical elements or compounds in the cell (strontium, cesium, beryllium, etc.).

In this case, the same substance or factor can affect several organs and tissues.

Physical pollution of the environment and human health. The main physical environmental factors that have a negative impact on human health include acoustic vibrations, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, electric current .

Acoustic vibrations include noise, infrasound, ultrasound and their effects on humans.

The physical concept of acoustic vibrations covers both audible and inaudible vibrations of elastic media. Acoustic vibrations in the range of 16-20 kHz, perceived by a person with normal hearing, are called sound. Acoustic vibrations with a frequency of less than 16 Hz are called infrasonic, above 20 kHz - ultrasonic. Propagating in space, sound vibrations create an acoustic field. Acoustic vibrations are audible and inaudible vibrations of elastic media.

Noise is a random combination of sounds of different frequency and intensity (strength) that occurs during mechanical vibrations in media. From a physiological point of view, noise is any unfavorably perceived sound.

The main sources of noise include transport, primarily road, air and rail, as well as various industrial and agricultural enterprises. Sources of noise in production: machines, presses, internal transport, ventilation systems, electrified tools, etc.

Noise with a sound pressure level of up to 30-35 dB is familiar to a person and does not bother him. An increase in this level to 40-70 dB in the environment creates a significant load on the nervous system, causing a deterioration in well-being, and with prolonged action can be the cause of neurosis. Exposure to noise levels above 75 dB can cause hearing loss. Under the action of noise at high levels (more than 140 dB), tympanic membrane rupture, contusion, and at even higher levels (more than 160 dB) and death are possible.

In most large industrial cities, there is noise pollution, which is much higher than the permissible norms. For example, in cities such as Yekaterinburg and Krasnoyarsk, on urban highways, sound levels are 73–95 dB, in residential buildings located on major highways, noise levels reach 62–77 dB, i.e., 1.5–2 times higher than the maximum permissible noise level (40–50 dB).

Biologically, noise is a noticeable stress factor for a person that can cause a breakdown in adaptive reactions. Acoustic stress can lead to various manifestations: changes in the rate of respiration and heart rate, disturbances in the regulation of the central nervous system and metabolism, the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and the occurrence of occupational diseases. The degree of noise pathology depends on the intensity and duration of exposure and, which is very important, on the individual sensitivity of the organism to an acoustic stimulus. Prolonged exposure to noise causes a change in physiological reactions, sleep disturbance, mental and physical health, performance and auditory perception. Individual human sensitivity to noise is 4-17%. It is estimated that 30% of people are hypersensitive to noise pollution, 60% have normal sensitivity and only 10% are noise insensitive. Women and children are especially sensitive to noise exposure. High individual sensitivity can be one of the reasons for increased fatigue and the development of various neuroses.

Infrasonic vibrations- these are invisible and inaudible waves that cause a person to feel a deep depression. The sources of infrasound in industrial enterprises are fans, compressor units, all slowly rotating machines and mechanisms. The most powerful sources of infrasound are jet engines. Under normal conditions of the urban and industrial environment, the levels of infrasound are low, but even weak infrasound from urban transport is included in the general noise background of the city and is one of the reasons for the nervous fatigue of residents.

Infrasound - vibrations with a frequency below 20 Hz. The vast majority of modern people do not hear acoustic vibrations with a frequency below 40 Hz. The maximum levels of low-frequency acoustic oscillations from industrial and transport sources reach 100-110 dB. At a level of 110 to 150 dB or more, it can cause unpleasant subjective sensations and numerous reactive changes in people, which include changes in the central nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and the vestibular analyzer.

Infrasound is harmful to humans in all cases - weak infrasound acts on the inner ear and causes symptoms of seasickness, strong infrasound causes damage to internal organs due to their strong vibration. Infrasonic exposure of medium strength can cause blindness. Infrasound can "shift" the tuning frequencies of internal organs, instill in a person a feeling of melancholy, panic fear, cold sensations, anxiety, trembling in the spine. Getting into resonance with human biorhythms, infrasound of especially high intensity can cause instant death.

Ultrasound. Powerful ultrasonic vibrations of low frequency and high intensity are used in production for technological purposes: cleaning parts, welding, drilling, soldering metals. Weaker ultrasonic vibrations are used in diagnostics, for research purposes.

In the field of ultrasonic vibrations in living tissues, ultrasound has a mechanical, thermal, physical and chemical effect (micromassage of cells and tissues). At the same time, metabolic processes are activated, the immune properties of the body increase. Ultrasound has a pronounced analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and general tonic effect, stimulates blood and lymph circulation, accelerates regenerative processes, and improves tissue trophism.

Ultrasound has mainly a local effect on the body, since it is transmitted by direct contact with a source of ultrasonic vibrations. Ultrasonic vibrations generated by low-frequency industrial equipment have an adverse effect on the human body. Long-term systematic exposure to airborne ultrasound causes changes in the nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems, auditory and vestibular analyzers. The most characteristic is the presence of vegetative-vascular dystonia and asthenic syndrome. The degree of severity of changes in the human body depends on the intensity and duration of exposure to ultrasound and increases in the presence of high-frequency noise in the spectrum, while a pronounced hearing loss is added. In the case of continued contact with ultrasound, these disorders become more persistent. Under the action of local ultrasound, there are phenomena of vegetative polyneuritis of the hands (less often of the legs) of varying severity, up to the development of paresis of the hands and forearms, vegetative-vascular dysfunction. Ultrasonic vibrations, penetrating into the body, can cause inflammation, hemorrhage, necrosis (death of cells and tissues) in tissues.

The nature of changes in the body depends on the dose of exposure to ultrasound. Small doses - sound level 80-90 dB - give a stimulating effect - micromassage, acceleration of metabolic processes. Large doses - a sound level of 120 dB or more - give a striking effect.

Vibration is a complex oscillatory process with a wide frequency range that occurs in elastic bodies or bodies as a result of the transfer vibrational energy from some mechanical source. In cities, vibration sources are primarily transport, as well as some industries.

Vibration is one of the factors with high biological activity. The severity of the body's responses is determined mainly by the force of the mechanical impact on it and the biomechanical properties of the human body. The action of vibration depends on the frequency and amplitude of vibrations, the duration of exposure, the place of application, etc.

The impact of vibration on a person is classified: according to the method of transmitting vibrations to a person (general vibration is transmitted through the supporting surfaces to the body of a sitting or standing person; local - through the hands); in the direction of action (vertical, horizontal from the right shoulder to the left, from the back to the chest); according to the time characteristic (constant, non-constant).

Power oscillatory process in the contact zone and the time of this contact are the main parameters that determine the development of human vibrational pathologies. Currently, vibration pathology is in second place (after dust) among occupational diseases.

Three types of vibrational pathology are distinguished from the impact of general, local and jerky vibrations. When the body is affected by general vibrations, the nervous system, the musculoskeletal system, as well as analyzers: vestibular, visual, tactile, suffer first of all. The general low-frequency vibration has an impact on metabolic processes, manifested by a change in carbohydrate, protein, enzyme, vitamin and cholesterol metabolism, blood biochemical parameters. Local vibration causes spasms of the vessels of the hand, forearms, disrupting the supply of blood to the extremities, deforms and reduces the mobility of the joints. Especially dangerous is the jerky vibration, which causes microtrauma of various tissues with subsequent reactive changes. Vibrodisease can develop in 8–15 years.

Persons exposed to environmental vibration are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular and nervous diseases and usually complain of poor health.

electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the environment are created by power lines, electrical equipment, electrical appliances - all technical systems that generate, transmit and use electromagnetic energy. Prolonged exposure of a person to an EMF of industrial frequency (50 Hz) causes headaches, lethargy, memory loss, sleep disturbance, increased irritability, pain in the heart, etc. The effect on the human body of an EMF is determined by the frequency of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), its intensity, duration, individual characteristics of the organism. Most The spectrum of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation is made up of radio waves, the smaller part - fluctuations in the optical range: infrared radiation (IR), visible ultraviolet radiation (UV).

Electromagnetic radiation of radio frequencies is widely used in communications, television and radio broadcasting, medicine, radar, flaw detection, etc.

The impact of EMR radio frequencies on the body is determined by the energy flux density, radiation frequency, duration of exposure, the size of the irradiated surface, the individual characteristics of the body, etc. The absorption of EMR energy by the human body results in an increase in the temperature of organs. EMP exposure is particularly harmful to the eyes and skin. So, irradiation of the eyes can lead to clouding of the lens (cataract), burns of the cornea are possible. With prolonged exposure to EMR, disorders in the central nervous system, cardiovascular and endocrine systems are possible; changes in metabolism and blood composition; hair loss, brittle nails, weight loss can be observed. When emergencies exposure to EMR is accompanied by cardiovascular disorders with fainting, increased heart rate and a decrease in blood pressure.

The impact of EMR in the optical range: infrared, visible (light), ultraviolet radiation on a person has no fundamental difference. When exposed to infrared radiation (with chronic exposure), there is a sharp expansion of capillaries, increased skin pigmentation - a red complexion. In case of acute damage, skin burns and eye damage are possible. UV radiation is a vital factor that has a beneficial stimulating effect on the body. Optimal doses of UV radiation activate the activity of the heart and metabolism. The most vulnerable to UV radiation is the eye. The effect on the skin is expressed in inflammation with redness, blistering, fever, chills, headache.

Laser radiation (LI) is a special kind of EMP. The degree of impact of LI on the body depends on the intensity of radiation, the time of exposure. When the eyes are irradiated, the cornea and lens are easily damaged (heating the lens leads to the formation of cataracts). Skin damage can vary from redness to charring.

Electric field industrial frequency is a biologically active environmental factor. With the systematic impact of an electric field, the intensity of which exceeds the maximum permissible level, a person may experience changes in the functional state of the nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems, as well as some metabolic processes, the immunological reactivity of the body and its reproductive function.

The action of electric current on living tissue is versatile. Passing through the human body, the electric current produces thermal, electrolytic, mechanical and biological effects. Thermal action is manifested by burns of individual parts of the body, heating to a high temperature of organs located on the current path. The electrolytic effect is expressed in the violation of the physico-chemical composition and properties of various body fluids (blood, lymph). The mechanical action of the current leads to rupture of body tissues as a result of the electrodynamic effect. The biological effect is manifested by convulsive muscle contraction, as well as a violation of internal biological processes. From electric shock, a person receives electrical injuries (local and general). Common disorders from electric shock - convulsions, respiratory arrest, cardiac activity. Local injuries include: burns, metallization of the skin (penetration of various metal particles into it when it is melted), mechanical damage, electrical signs (compacted areas of gray or pale yellow, painless and quickly pass).

The outcome of an electric shock to a person depends on many factors: the strength of the current, the time it takes to pass through the body, etc. The physical and mental state of a person also affects the body's resistance to electric current: ill health, fatigue, hunger, intoxication, emotional arousal, leading to a decrease in resistance. Unfavorable climate (elevated temperature and humidity) increase the risk of electric shock.

A current is considered permissible at which a person can independently free himself from the electrical circuit.

Environmental factors and health of the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The state of health of the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory over the past decade has caused justified concern not only for specialists, but also for state institutions and the general public. To beginning of XXI in. indicators by which the state of health of the population is traditionally assessed (medical and demographic indicators, morbidity, disability, physical development) have deteriorated sharply. Demographic situation with which we entered the new century, carries a threat national security. The problems of maintaining the health of the region's population urgently require the development of a development strategy for our region. The ongoing public health crisis is due not only to biological and environmental, but also to socio-economic factors.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the sources of atmospheric air pollution are diverse, the composition of emissions is multicomponent, and this leads to a deterioration in the quality of the air environment in populated areas. Dynamics of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air in the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory during 2005–2009 characterized by a high chemical load (2,446.4 thousand tons/year). A significant share in the total volume of gross emissions of pollutants from all sources of anthropogenic atmospheric air pollution in populated areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is emissions from vehicles, and in some cities and regions they are decisive.

The level of air pollution in terms of the air pollution index in large industrial cities of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2009 was characterized as “high” and “very high” and ranged from 7.2 in Kansk to 18.56 in Krasnoyarsk. The main substances that create "very high" and "high" levels of pollution are: in Krasnoyarsk - benz (a) pyrene, formaldehyde, suspended solids, nitrogen dioxide and oxide, in Minusinsk and Nazarovo - benz ( a) pyrene, formaldehyde; in Lesosibirsk - benzo(a)pyrene, formaldehyde, phenol, suspended solids; in Achinsk - formaldehyde, benzo(a)pyrene, suspended solids; in Kansk – benzo(a)pyrene, nitrogen dioxide; in Norilsk – copper and nickel oxides, sulfur dioxide, suspended solids.

Drinking water is an essential element of life support for the population; the state of people's health, their level of sanitary and epidemiological well-being, and the degree of improvement of the housing stock depend on its quality, quantity and uninterrupted supply. Providing the population with drinking water that is safe for health is an urgent hygienic problem.

The population of certain territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory uses drinking water, which is characterized by high rates of sanitary-chemical and microbial contamination. A high proportion of water samples that did not meet hygienic standards in terms of sanitary and chemical indicators was recorded in the water supply network: Tyukhtetsky (85.7%), Pirovsky (84.0%), Kozulsky (78.9%), Bolsheuluysky (68.9 %), Dzerzhinsky (46.7%), Nizhneingashsky (46.1%), Achinsk (42.6%), Karatuzsky (40.0%) districts.

Unfavorable territories in terms of microbiological indicators of drinking water quality are: Motyginsky (73.6% of samples do not meet hygienic standards); Evenki (47.5%); Idrinsky (29.3%); Ermakovsky (27.3%); Krasnoturansky (26.8%); Boguchansky (20.3%); Balakhtinsky (17.5%); Uzhur (16.7%); Rybinsky (16.6%); Sayan (16.3%) districts.

The totality of environmental factors (natural, socio-economic, household, anthropogenic) can affect the entire population, its individual groups and each person both unidirectionally and in different directions. Therefore, the quality of the environment can be judged by such a complex criterion as the health of the population.

During 2005–2009 The level of morbidity of the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory as a whole with newly diagnosed diseases caused by environmental factors tends to increase in the class of diseases of the nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory organs, complications of pregnancy and childbirth, malignant neoplasms. The dynamics of the increase in the incidence of diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, the endocrine system in the population from 2005 to 2008 was replaced in 2009 by a decrease in incidence rates.

In 2009, three outbreaks of enterovirus infection were registered in the region among the population of Achinsk; outbreaks of acute intestinal infections caused by opportunistic flora among the children of the Bolsheungutskaya secondary school in the Mansky district and among shift workers at SMP-2 CJSC STPS-Gasification in the Turukhansky district.

Ranking the territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory according to the average long-term incidence of the population (1992–2009), due to the influence of environmental factors, showed that the incidence rate is significantly higher for malignant neoplasms in 17 territories of the region; in the class "Diseases of the nervous system" - at 16; "Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs" - at 15; "Diseases of the circulatory system" - at 16; "Diseases endocrine system" - at 6; "Diseases of the respiratory system" - in 11; "Complications of pregnancy and childbirth" - in 9 territories of the region.

Assessment and comparison of the level of risk to health of the population of urban districts and municipal districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory on the basis of the calculated integral indicator indicate that if in 2009 in 12 territories (4 cities - Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk, Divnogorsk, Lesosibirsk and 8 districts: Tyukhtetsky, Uzhursky , Shushensky, Sharypovsky, Turukhansky, Dzerzhinsky, Taseevsky, Berezovsky), and this is 51.7% of the population of the region (1,492,589 people), there was an "increased" degree of health risk, then in 2010, according to forecast data, the population is decreasing with both “minimal” and “increased” health risks. At the same time, an increase in the proportion of residents of the region who fall into the group with a “moderate” degree of risk is expected, and the appearance on the territory of the region of municipalities with “high” (Birilyussky, Tyukhtetsky, Uzhursky, Shushensky districts) levels of health risk.

The negative impact on human health of unfavorable environmental situation, measures for the improvement of which should be an integral part of the Territorial Development Programs, can be mitigated or completely leveled by good socio-ecological conditions.

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REMEMBER

Question 1. What is health?

Health is the state of any living organism in which it as a whole and all its organs are able to fully perform their functions; absence of sickness, disease. The sciences that study health include: dietetics, pharmacology, biology, epidemiology, psychology, and others.

QUESTIONS TO THE PARAGRAPH

Question 1. What determines human health?

Human health depends on lifestyle, food, compliance with the regime of work and rest, physical activity and psycho-emotional state.

Question 2. What is the influence of natural and social environment on human health?

Health disorders are often caused by the ingestion of chemicals and compounds that are alien to its normal metabolism into the body in volumes exceeding the protective capabilities. immune system. The routes of entry of such substances into the human body are different. In some cases, they may not depend much on a particular person, for example, the effect of artificial radiation. In other cases, some of the harmful substances pathogenic bacteria or viruses enters the body due to non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards or accidentally. These are poisoning caused by poor-quality products, poisonous mushrooms, and the consumption of poor-quality water, as well as neglect of hygiene requirements. All this can lead to severe infectious and venereal diseases (amebiasis, hepatitis, chlamydia, AIDS, etc.).

Question 3. What are environmental pollutants?

Environmental pollutants are new, usually not characteristic physical, chemical or biological properties, substances that lead to negative impacts on the environment.

Describe the rules of human behavior in dangerous and emergency situations.

people's behavior in extreme situations is divided into two categories. Cases of rational, adaptive behavior of people are characterized by calmness and the implementation of measures of protection and mutual assistance, the organization of events that restore the disturbed order of life. This behavior is the result of the exact implementation of the instructions and orders of the leaders (management). It should be remembered that the implementation of orders and instructions prevents the spread of anxiety and anxiety and at the same time does not prevent the manifestation of the initiative in the field of one's protection.

Cases of a negative, pathological nature are characterized by a lack of adaptation to the situation, when people, with their irrational behavior and dangerous actions around them, increase the number of victims and disorganize public order. In this case, either a manifestation of a state of general lethargy occurs, when a mass of people becomes confused and lack of initiative, or, conversely, simply distraught. A special case of the manifestation of severe anxiety is panic, when the fear of danger takes possession of a person or group of people. Panic usually manifests itself as a wild, erratic flight of people driven by fear. It can be accompanied by real fury, especially if there are obstacles along the way, the overcoming of which usually ends in a large number of human victims.

THINK!

What is the main cause of environmental degradation that acutely affects human health?

The influence of the environment on human health is quite significant. Many diseases arise from air pollution, poor drinking water, consumption of chemically processed food. Health is 50% dependent on lifestyle, 20% on the impact of the environment and the development of technology, 20% is affected by poor heredity, and only 10% is dependent on the level of health care.

Nowadays, a huge amount of pollutants enter the environment from industrial sources, whether it be the pipes of factories, waste products of production that are discharged into rivers, or huge garbage dumps. Industrial toxic emissions enter the atmosphere and return to the surface of the earth with rain and dust, gradually accumulating in the soil. Great amount substances hazardous to health: arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel, copper, cobalt with groundwater enter drinking water sources. Together with water, these elements enter our body, slowly poisoning it and provoking serious diseases such as cancer, asthma, different kinds allergies.

Questions for the lesson
1. Modern environment and public health. 2. Organizational structure Federal Service on supervision in the field of consumer protection and human well-being. 3. Tasks of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare. 4. Structure of the Federal State Health Institution "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Yaroslavl region". 5. What tasks do the departments solve: hygiene of children and adolescents; communal hygiene; food hygiene; anti-epidemic. 6. Rights of the sanitary doctor. 2

Modern environment and public health
The data of ecologists and the results of hygienic research indicate significant changes in the state of the Earth's biosphere in recent years. They are caused by changes in the chemical composition of atmospheric air in the form of an increase in the content of carbon dioxide and a decrease in the content of ozone in the atmosphere, entering the biosphere a large number various chemical pollutants (sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, dust, organic substances, salts of heavy metals - mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, manganese, copper, zinc, etc., synthetic surfactants, dioxins, fertilizers, pesticides ), i.e. substances, many of which did not exist in nature before. This means that more and more alien substances appear in the environment, the so-called xenobiotics, which are often very toxic to living organisms. At the same time, it is important to know that some of them are not included in the natural circulation of substances and accumulate in the biosphere, representing a danger to all living organisms inhabiting our planet.
The biological pollution of the natural environment with waste products of human and animal organisms, as well as the biotechnology and petrochemical industries, which gravitate towards each other, is also growing.
For 40 years of nuclear testing, the radiation situation on the planet has also changed in the form of a 2% increase in natural radiation background Earth. Accidents at nuclear power plants and nuclear submarines contribute to the deterioration of the radiation situation.

There have been unfavorable changes in the nature and structure of the nutrition of the population of our country in recent years:
- the quality of food has deteriorated due to contamination with xenobiotics (residual amounts of pesticides, nitrates, aflatoxins, preservatives, antibiotics, salts of heavy metals and other foreign substances); - decreased per capita consumption of animal products

Walking, providing the body with vital essential amino acids, calcium and iron salts, as well as vegetables and fruits - suppliers of vitamins (primarily ascorbic acid and provitamin A - .-carotene), dietary fiber, minerals such as selenium, copper and cobalt.
A new environmental and hygienic problem is on the agenda - transgenic foods and their impact on human health. This problem is very young, and the opinions of scientists about the danger of these products to public health are diametrically opposed, which directly indicates the need for its most serious study in the near future, while life itself has not yet had time to experiment on large contingents of the population, since there is clear trend. There are already transgenic potatoes, tomatoes, corn, soybeans that are not damaged by common pests (after tasting them, the pests die!) and therefore maintain high yields. They acquired these properties artificially, through genetic engineering. A legitimate question arises: will not these products be just as dangerous for the human body, being included in its metabolic processes? The answer to this question can only be given by independent studies of scientists in different countries with an eye on long-term effects, bearing in mind the infamous DDT, the dizzying success of which in the 50s of the XX century brought its creator, the Basel chemist Paul Hermann Müller, the Nobel Prize in Physiology and medicine.
The reason for the award was the fact that with the help of this extremely effective insecticide, for the first time, it was possible to successfully control the vectors of malaria and typhus, as a result of which these diseases were eradicated in a number of regions of the planet. However, the modern generation of people knows more about the fact that this drug is banned for use in most countries of the world due to the enormous harm caused to the environment and the animal world.
According to the WHO, these environmental factors can cause an average of about 25% of human pathology.
Indicators of ecological trouble in populated areas and regions are:
- increase in the frequency of genetic changes in human cells; - an increase in the number of congenital malformations; - growth of infant (up to 1 year) and child (aged 1-4 years) mortality; - lagging behind the physical development of children and adolescents; - an increase in the incidence of children chronic diseases; - the presence of toxic chemicals in the biological environment of the human body; - Deterioration of reproductive health of the population; - decrease in the proportion of practically healthy people; - an increase in the incidence of chronic diseases of the respiratory tract and lungs, diseases of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, and oncological diseases in the adult population; - decrease in average life expectancy. Depending on the intensity of the influence of negative environmental factors on the health of the population, zones of ecological emergency and ecological disaster zones are distinguished.
Favorable ecological situation - the absence of anthropogenic sources of adverse effects on the environment and human health and natural, but anomalous for a given area (region), natural-climatic, biogeochemical and other phenomena.
Changes in the favorable ecological situation in many regions of the planet have become possible because modern man, armed with the most powerful equipment and high technologies, has become capable of competing with the forces of nature, defeating it. In a short time, he is able to tear down a mountain with minerals, exhaust a mineral deposit,
laid underground, which can lead to changes in the microclimate of the area and local earthquakes, reverse the rivers, the negative consequences of which are quite predictable; create an artificial sea by flooding fertile lands, destroy many representatives of the animal and plant world, and that's not all.
Scientific and technological revolution for some 50 years of the XX century. led in a number of regions of the globe to environmental degradation, which in our country was to a large extent a consequence of the infamous popular expression that existed at the beginning of the era of scientific and technological progress: “We cannot expect favors from nature. It is our task to take them from her.”
Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare

Our country provides a wide preventive focus all measures to improve working and living conditions of the population and prevent diseases.
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Disease prevention is the key to public health. Prevention, as the basis of our health care, is a set of state, social and medical measures aimed at creating the most favorable living conditions for a person that meet his physical needs.
The preventive measures taken by the sanitary service are based on the protection of the health of a healthy team and an individual. In this they differ from preventive measures carried out in medical institutions, where they prevent diseases or complications of diseases in sick people.
The reconstruction of three branches carried out in our country in recent years state power also touched upon the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation. By merging the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation, the Antimonopoly Committee and the State Trade Inspectorate, a new service was created - the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare. The regulation on the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2004 No. 322.
The Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor) is part of the Ministry of Health and social development Russian Federation.
The Service is headed by the head of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, who is also the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation.

The work of the Service is managed by the Central Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, which consists of seven departments:
1. sanitary supervision 2. epidemiological supervision 3. supervision in transport and sanitary protection of territories 4. organization of supervision and control in the field of consumer rights protection and human well-being 5. state registration and licensing in the field of ensuring human well-being 6. legal support of activities in the field of protection consumer rights and human welfare 7. case management In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare is represented by two bodies:
1. Territorial administration of the Federal Service for the subject of the Federation. 2. Federal State Health Institution "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology" in the subject of the Federation. The service is not subordinate to local authorities. Territorial administrations carry out the following main functions:
State supervision and control over the fulfillment of mandatory requirements

of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of providing sleds

The epidemiological department carries out all work on the organization of preventive and anti-epidemic measures aimed at reducing infectious diseases.
The department provides methodological guidance to medical institutions in the preparation and implementation of plans for sanitary and anti-epidemic enterprises, monitors all sanitary and anti-epidemic work of medical institutions. For example, an epidemiologist, together with an infectious disease doctor, instructs local general practitioners and pediatricians, drawing their attention to the early detection of infectious patients, the widespread use various methods diagnostics, modern alarm system to the center, organization of consultations in the infectious disease cabinet.
In the polyclinic, the epidemiologist controls the registration of newly identified infectious patients, the correctness of their registration, the organization of work to identify infectious diseases among long-term febrile patients, and the state of monitoring contacts. Much attention is paid to professional development medical workers on clinical issues, diagnosis and prevention of infectious diseases. The epidemiologist constantly participates in medical conferences, where he informs the staff about the epidemic situation that has developed over a given period of time, analyzes cases of late signaling of a detected infectious patient, timely diagnosis and hospitalization.
In the infectious department (hospital), the epidemiologist constantly monitors compliance with the established anti-epidemic regimen. At the same time, the issues of profiling departments, the use of boxes, as well as ensuring the anti-epidemic regime in emergency departments are being resolved. Particular importance is attached to monitoring the timely and complete laboratory examination of patients and the correctness of the discharge of convalescents. The interrelationships of hospitals and offices of infectious diseases are checked.
The anti-epidemic work of an epidemiologist in children's institutions consists of carrying out planned prevention aimed at preventing the introduction of infectious diseases into the children's team and organizing anti-epidemic measures when they occur. The epidemiologist controls the correctness of the staffing of the groups of the children's institution, compliance with the established procedure for receiving newly arriving children, as well as children who have returned after an illness. Constantly monitors the organization of the work of the "filter" during the morning reception of children, controls the work of the group isolator. Organizes specific preventive measures.
Rights of civil servants (officials and managers) of the Territorial Administration of "Rospotrebnadzor":
1. Unhindered control of enterprises and institutions 2. Give instructions to officials 3. Taking samples for laboratory control 4. A set of legal norms on pre-surveillance (since 1991, all projects have been subject to examination) 5. Elements of a warning: - the right to close an object or part of it, including if its operation can lead to serious damage to the health of the population; - the right to terminate the financing of the enterprise (through a bank); - a fine for an official, for entity; - there are three articles in the criminal code that provide for

punishment for violation of sanitary and hygienic norms.
6. Measures of public influence 7. Suspension from work of sick persons, bacteria carriers 8. Establishment of quarantine 9. Mandatory hospitalization (for example: diphtheria, typhoid, syphilis, followed by disinfection) 10. Vaccination. 17

The sanitary doctor's tactics in to a large extent depends on the breadth of his outlook, the ability of the state to comprehend events and facts, to find optimal solutions. That is why we should not forget that a doctor must constantly learn everything: diplomacy, economics, and management. Requirements, doctor's decisions must be reasoned.
It is impossible to consider the external environment and the way of life of a person from only one angle of view. It is important to identify not only the adverse effects on the body, but also to reveal the positive environmental factors that promote health, to promote them. further development.
Structure of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare

Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare Central office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare: Directorates: protection of territories 4. organization of supervision and control in the field of consumer rights protection and human well-being 5. state registration and licensing in the field of human well-being 6. legal support of activities in the field of consumer rights protection and human well-being 7. case management 18

Territorial authorities of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare Territorial authorities of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare Federal State Health Institution - Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Yaroslavl Region, Yaroslavl, st. Chkalova, 4 Territorial Administration of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Yaroslavl Region Yaroslavl, st. Voinova, 1 Federal State Institution of Health - Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Yaroslavl Region Yaroslavl, st. Chkalova, 4

INTRODUCTION

A person is nothing but the sum of the following factors: parents and nurse, place and time, air and weather, light and sound, food and clothing; his will is the necessary consequence of all these causes.

I. Moleshot

Health… Since ancient times, people have associated and continue to associate their well-being, happiness, the ability to fully live and work, raise healthy children with this concept.

Numerous definitions of this concept boil down to the fact that health is the natural state of the body, which allows a person to fully realize his abilities, without limitation to carry out labor activity while maintaining the maximum duration. active life. A healthy person has a harmonious physical and mental development, quickly and adequately adapts to the continuously changing natural and social environment, it does not have any painful changes in the body, it has a high working capacity. Subjectively, health is manifested by a sense of general well-being, the joy of life. It is in such broad sense World Health Organization (WHO) experts have succinctly defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of infirmity or disease.

To find out how the environment affects human health, it is necessary to start by defining the concepts of "nature" and "environment".

In a broad sense, nature is the entire material, energy and information world of the Universe. Nature is a set of natural conditions for the existence of human society, which is directly or indirectly affected by humanity, with which it is connected in economic activity. The interaction of man with nature is an eternal and at the same time modern problem: humanity is connected by its origin with the natural environment, existence and future. Man, as an element of nature, is part of a complex system "nature - society". Due to nature, mankind satisfies many of its needs.

All elements of nature are the environment. The concept of "environment" does not include man-made objects (buildings, cars, etc.), as they surround individual people and not society as a whole. However, areas of nature modified by human activities (cities, agricultural lands, reservoirs, forest belts) are included in the environment, as they create a social environment.

Human health should be considered as a complex, as health single organism, which depends on the health of all its parts. In order to live a long, full and capable life, naturally, one must be born from healthy parents, receive from them, as part of the gene pool, a high resistance of inherited immunity to various harmful environmental factors and a good organization of vital morphofunctional structures. Hereditarily acquired biological properties of an organism are an important, but not the only link that determines human health and well-being. Man is a social being. He lives in a complex web of laws, rules of conduct, various restrictions and dependencies. The structure of society becomes immeasurably more complex every year and the share of the social component in the comprehensive assessment of the health of a modern person, population, and society increases. For the use of the benefits of a civilized society, a person must live in rigid dependence on the way of life accepted in society, pay with a part of his freedom. And an unfree, dependent person cannot be considered completely healthy and happy. Some part of the freedom of the individual, given to society in exchange for the advantages of a civilized life, constantly keeps a person in a state of neuropsychic stress. In certain unfavorable stressful situations, such mental stress arising from social factors can exceed the resistance of reserve adaptive capabilities, primarily the human nervous system, and lead to a breakdown, a serious morbid condition.

And, finally, in the presence of a good social environment and rich biological properties, the state of human health may be dependent on another factor - on the natural and climatic conditions of the habitat. A healthy person can lose his physical, mental and social well-being even if the region of his permanent residence is in the zone of ecological disaster. The most serious consequence of pollution of the biosphere lies in the genetic consequences. After all, the biosphere is not only the most important element of an integral natural complex, but also a unique bank of genetic resources.

The purpose of my work is to determine how the environment affects human health.

FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH

We have already defined what the term "environment" means. The category "environment" includes a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. The latter are factors generated by a person and his economic activity and have a predominantly negative impact on a person. Changes in the state of health of the population, caused by the influence of environmental factors, are methodologically difficult to study, since this requires the use of multivariate analysis.

The structure of the environment can be conditionally divided into natural (mechanical, physical, chemical and biological) and social elements environment (work, life, socio-economic structure, information). The conditionality of such a division is explained by the fact that natural factors act on a person in certain social conditions and are often significantly changed as a result of the production and economic activities of people. The properties of environmental factors determine the specifics of the impact on a person.

Natural elements influence their physical properties: hypobaria, hypoxia; strengthening of the wind regime; solar and ultraviolet radiation; change in ionizing radiation, electrostatic voltage of air and its ionization; fluctuations of electromagnetic and gravitational fields; increased climate rigidity, etc. Natural geochemical factors affect a person by anomalies in the qualitative and quantitative ratio of microelements in soil, water, air, and, consequently, a decrease in diversity and anomalies in the ratios of chemical elements in agricultural products of local production. The action of natural biological factors manifests itself in changes in macrofauna, flora and microorganisms, the presence of endemic foci of diseases of the animal and plant worlds, as well as in the emergence of new allergens of natural origin.

The group of social factors also has certain properties that can affect the living conditions of a person and his state of health. So, for example, socio-economic factors are decisive and are determined industrial relations. These include regulatory and legal factors (labor legislation and the practice of state and public control over its observance); socio-psychological factors that can be characterized by the employee's attitude to work, specialty and its prestige, psychological climate in the team; economic factors (material incentives, a system of benefits and compensation for work in adverse conditions). Technical and organizational factors have an impact on the creation of material and material conditions of labor (means, objects and tools of labor, technological processes, organization of production, etc.). Natural factors characterize the impact on workers of climatic, geological and biological features of the area where work takes place. AT real conditions this complex set of factors that shape working conditions is united by diverse mutual relationships. Life has an impact through housing, clothing, food, water supply, the development of the infrastructure of the service sector, the provision of recreation and the conditions for its implementation, etc. The socio-economic structure affects a person through the social and legal status, material security, level of culture and education.

The above structure of factors that shape the environment clearly shows that a change in the levels of exposure to any of the listed factors can lead to health problems.

A person throughout his life is under the constant influence of a whole range of environmental factors - from environmental to social. The approximate contribution of various factors to the health of the population is assessed in four positions: lifestyle, genetics (biology) of a person, the external environment and healthcare (Appendix 1). The data presented in the table show that lifestyle has the greatest impact on health. Almost half of all cases of diseases depend on it. The second place in terms of impact on health is occupied by the state of the human environment (at least one third of diseases are determined by adverse environmental influences). Heredity causes about 20% of diseases.

A healthy body constantly provides optimal functioning all of its systems in response to any changes in the environment, such as temperature fluctuations, atmospheric pressure, changes in the oxygen content in the air, humidity, etc. Preservation of optimal human life when interacting with the environment is determined by the fact that for his body there is a certain physiological limit of endurance in relation to any environmental factor, and beyond the limit, this factor will inevitably have a depressing effect on human health. For example, as tests have shown, five main groups of factors influence human health in urban conditions: living environment, production factors, social, biological and individual lifestyle (Appendix 2).

Undoubtedly, both scientific and practical interest are the estimates published in the United States of the reduction in life expectancy from various environmental and lifestyle factors (Appendix 3).

IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS

FOR HUMAN HEALTH

Types of anthropogenic pollution of the natural environment as a result of human activities are diverse. They cause chemical, physical, mechanical, acoustic, thermal, aromatic and visual changes in the quality of the natural environment that exceed the established standards for harmful effects. As a result, a threat is created to the health of the population, as well as to the state of flora and fauna and accumulated material values.

Numerous anthropogenic environmental pollutants are always potentially dangerous for humans. Experimental and field studies have established that the ecopathogenic impact depends on the level and quality of the pollutant, its exposure - the so-called "dose-substance-time" effect. Changes in health status depend on the age of people, their professional activity, the initial level of health, as well as on individual behavioral orientation and social and hygienic living conditions.

Chemical contaminants. The impact of environmental chemical factors on human health has been most studied - about 80 chemical elements are necessary for the construction of certain components of one's own cells, the construction of hormones, enzymes, to maintain normal metabolism, etc. The problem of chemical pollution of biosphere objects is considered as a manifestation of the global ecological crisis. The list of known chemical compounds is close to 20 million items, of which tens of thousands are highly toxic, and the modern generation of people has not developed a mechanism to protect themselves from their aggressive effects on the body. The annual technogenic load on all objects of the biosphere is hundreds of millions of tons of chemicals that are waste from industrial, agricultural and transport activities. The most dangerous for human health are chemical compounds that are ubiquitous, stably persist in environmental objects, migrate along ecological chains entering the body with air, water, food. The list of such substances includes the main pollutants of the atmospheric air of a large city (nitrogen, sulfur, carbon oxides, particulate matter), heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, poly aromatic hydrocarbons and many others. Most of them are highly toxic (hazard classes 1-2), have a polytropic and specific effect on the human body, causing the most severe and delayed mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.

Oxides, suspended particles. In the atmospheric air everywhere there are solid suspended particles, oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, phenol, formaldehyde. Sulfur oxides SO 2 , SO 3 , nitrogen NO, NO 2 , carbon monoxide CO are "acidic" gases with a specific, relatively uniform nature of the effect on the respiratory system. Due to education weak acids in contact with the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, they irritate and cauterize the mucous membranes, thereby causing initial morphological damage to the epithelium and suppression of local immunity. The less soluble gases are, the deeper they penetrate into the respiratory tract. Oxides, primarily sulfur dioxide, are adsorbed on solid suspended particles, the depth of penetration of which into the body depends on their size: finer particles, the more they enter the bronchi and alveoli. Irritation is accompanied by the release of histamines, which can lead to bronchospasm, and in the future - to the formation of asthmatic bronchitis and bronchial asthma.

Acid aerosols damage not only the respiratory system. A thin epithelial film of the respiratory mucosa with abundant blood supply does not prevent the rapid absorption of pollutants into the blood and their distribution within the body. The widespread pollution of atmospheric air with oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon is one of the causes of hypoxia of the body, since pollutants quickly combine with blood hemoglobin, forming sulfhemoglobin, methemoglobin, carbohemoglobin, thereby blocking the delivery of oxygen to organs and tissues. Against the background of hypoxia, redox processes in the brain, internal organs (heart, liver), body muscles are inhibited. Almost all of these oxides have a polymorphic adverse effect on the morphofunctional state of the nervous, cardiovascular systems, digestive organs, organs of vision and hearing, they also have a gonadotropic and embryotoxic effect.

Nitrites and nitrates, entering the body, have an expanding effect on blood vessels, causing a decrease in blood pressure. The pronounced neurotropic effect of carbon monoxide during chronic exposure causes asthenic-vegetative phenomena, mental disorders, toxic damage to the thyroid tissue, and can contribute to its hyperplasia. The constant exposure of the population to carbon oxides, sulfur, nitrogen and other pollutants creates the preconditions for a decrease in overall resistance, efficiency and, in general, to chronic population fatigue, especially in large industrial cities.

Dioxins. This is a large group of highly toxic polychlorinated compounds, persistent and widespread environmental pollutants. Many sectors of the national economy are sources of dioxins: chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper, metallurgical industries, production of transformers, capacitors, heat exchangers, pesticides, etc. Dioxins are formed during high-temperature processing of chlorine-containing products. They are characterized by thermal stability, resistance to chemical decomposition, low solubility in water. The expansion of the scale of production of a number of chemical compounds, their use for military purposes is accompanied by the danger of exposure to dioxins not only for persons professionally in contact with them, but also for the population.

The main depot for the accumulation of dioxins is the upper layers of the soil, where their half-life exceeds 10 years; in the aquatic environment, this period is more than a year; in the air - 24 days. The long-term preservation of dioxins in all objects of the natural environment contributes to the fact that they are actively transferred along the food chains and, thus, constantly act on living organisms. The mobility of dioxins in the natural environment is increased by organic solvents, oil products and other organic substances contained in its objects.

Dioxins are the most powerful synthetic poisons, in relation to which humans have not evolved natural defense mechanisms. The main target of dioxin exposure is the liver, where not only cumulation occurs, but also the neutralization of dioxins by enzymes of the liver monooxygenase system; derivatives of this metabolism are excreted from the body with bile and urine. As a result of the toxic effect of poisons, degeneration of parenchymal liver cells, fibrotic changes occur, which manifests itself through biochemical parameters and various liver dysfunctions.

Specific dioxin diseases are chloracne and Yusho-Yu-Cheng oil disease. Chloracne (chlorine acne) is a recurrent inflammation of the sebaceous glands of the skin. The disease lasts for years, is practically not amenable to drug treatment, leads to the formation of scars on the skin, its disfigurement and pigmentation. Oil disease Yusho-Yu-Cheng - mass food poisoning with dioxins of the population of the Japanese province of Yusho in 1968 and Taiwan's Yu-Cheng in 1979. Thousands of residents suffered due to the consumption of rice contaminated with several compounds from the group of dioxins. In addition to skin manifestations, the victims had severe lesions liver, internal organs, nervous system.

Dioxin poisoning is characterized by slow development and is manifested by severe fatigue, irritability, sleep disorders and headaches, digestive and endocrine system disorders, muscle and joint pain, weakness in the lower extremities, and weight loss. With the suppression of the immune-enzyme systems of the body, as well as the pronounced activation of lipid peroxidation by dioxins, the accelerated aging of the body of people exposed to dioxins, the early onset of diseases characteristic of the elderly, and premature death are associated. In the list of dangerous effects caused by dioxins, there is a violation of reproductive function. Dioxins 2,4D and 2,4,5T cause abortions, stillbirths and neonatal pathology. Most dioxins, once in the mother's body, can penetrate the placenta and cause fetal death, malformation of newborns, stunting, mental underdevelopment of infants, and the appearance of tumors.

Heavy metals. Out of 108 elements Periodic system D.I. Mendeleev, more than three-quarters are metals that play important role in the life of not only humans, but also the entire biota. Light metals include metals with a density of less than 4.5 g / cm 3 - the density of iron, which is taken as an equivalent. These are potassium, sodium, aluminum, beryllium, etc. Heavy metals are zinc, copper, chromium, lead, cadmium, mercury, thallium, selenium and many others. Arsenic (semimetal) is usually classified as a heavy metal.

Most metals are essential, i.e. vital. They are not synthesized in the body and must come from the environment. Many essential metals are needed in small doses - these are trace elements that act as coordinators of enzymes and vitamins in the body: cobalt is vitamin B 12, chromium ensures glucose tolerance, iron and copper are involved in the formation of hemoglobin, zinc is a component of many enzymes. Elements used by the body in relatively large quantities are called macronutrients: sodium, calcium, phosphorus, etc.

Some metals (zinc, chromium, nickel, copper, iron, manganese, etc.) exhibit not only essential, but also toxic effects on the body, depending on the concentration. Lead, cadmium, mercury, thallium, aluminum are elements toxic to the body, although the possibility of their use by the body in microdoses during life is not ruled out, but there is no convincing evidence for this (Appendix 4).

The entry of heavy metals into the environment is associated with active human activity. Their main sources are industry, vehicles, boiler houses, waste incinerators and agricultural production. The industries that pollute the environment with heavy metals include ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the extraction of solid and liquid fuels, mining and processing complexes, glass, ceramic, electrical production, etc. Lead is widely used in the production of batteries, electrical cable sheaths, medical equipment, crystal, optical glass, paints, numerous alloys, etc., not to mention the production associated with its production. In agricultural production, soil contamination with heavy metals is associated with the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Transport is the source of more than half of all emissions into the atmosphere. Boilers operating on solid and liquid fuels pollute the environment not only with heavy metals, but also with various oxides. Waste burning is accompanied by the entry into the biosphere of a number of heavy metals: cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, etc. Heavy metal compounds that have entered the environment pollute the atmospheric air, water, soil, and enter plants and animal organisms inhabiting the area. Heavy metal compounds enter the body mainly through the gastrointestinal tract with food, water, medicines, and to a lesser extent through the respiratory system.

Heavy metals affect almost all body systems, exerting toxic, allergic, carcinogenic, gonadotropic effects. The embryotoxic effect of heavy metals through the fetoplacental system, as well as their mutagenic effect, has been proven. Many heavy metals are tropic - selectively accumulate in certain organs and tissues, structurally and functionally disrupting them. The choice of a tropic organ also depends on the dose and route of entry of heavy metals into the body.

Mutagenic and carcinogenic substances. Numerous epidemiological, laboratory and clinical observations indicate the presence of causal relationships between environmental pollution and damage to the genetic information of the human body.

A mutagen is an environmental or endogenous factor that can disrupt the genetic programs of cells and cause changes in hereditary properties in the body. Numerous and widespread pollutants of chemical and physical nature, as well as viruses, bacteria, etc., have mutagenic activity. An extensive group of hereditary diseases is caused either by deviations from the normal content of chromosomes or by genetic defects as a result of mutations in separate sections chromosomes.

Danger for the genetic apparatus of sex and somatic cells are radionuclides that can provoke hereditary diseases and malignant neoplasms. To date, radiation is the most fully studied mutagenic risk factor for human health. The model of the subthreshold effect of mutagens on the body is gaining increasing recognition, especially during the period of active growth and maturation. One trillionth of a gram of dioxin is enough to disrupt the functioning of the human immune system, to distort its genetic apparatus. Low subthreshold doses of radiation pollutants also have mutagenic activity. Mutagens, acting in minimal sub-threshold doses and concentrations of the pollutant, reduce the overall resistance of the organism, which causes a variety of biological effects.

By origin, chemical mutagens can be divided into three main groups:

organic and inorganic compounds natural origin (nitrogen oxides, nitrites, nitrates, alkaloids, etc.);

· products of processing of natural compounds in energy-intensive industries (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, salts of heavy metals, etc.);

· products of chemical synthesis that have not been found in nature before, and therefore are very dangerous to health, since natural evolutionary defense mechanisms have not been developed for them: pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and some drugs. In particular, the infamous thalidomide, as a result of massive use by pregnant women, caused severe congenital malformations in newborns. (hygiene, 105)

A substance (factor) is called carcinogenic, the impact of which significantly increases the incidence of benign and / or malignant tumors in the human population and / or reduces the period of development of these tumors. The main criterion for the carcinogenic hazard of a substance to humans is the presence of contact with this substance, experimentally obtained data on its carcinogenicity, the results of epidemiological studies conducted according to the "case-control" method, or cohort studies.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) ranks the studied compounds into 4 groups:

Group 1 - substances, the role of which in the occurrence of tumors in humans has been unconditionally proven. This group includes 66 substances, including arsenic, nickel, asbestos, chromium, vinyl chloride, benzene, radon and its decay products.

Group 2 is divided into two subgroups:

subgroup 2A includes 60 substances, the carcinogenic effect of which for animals has a high degree of evidence, and for humans - limited evidence (for example, benzapyrene, beryllium and its compounds, formaldehyde, cadmium);

subgroup 2B includes more than 230 substances that cause cancer in humans with a certain degree of probability, i.e. their carcinogenicity to humans has not been convincingly proven in the absence of evidence obtained from animal experiments (cobalt, acetaldehyde, gasoline, carbon tetrachloride, etc.).

Group 3 includes substances that cannot be classified with respect to their tumorigenic activity in humans.

Group 4 includes non-carcinogenic substances for humans.

Numerous studies indicate a high level of carcinogenic substances of a chemical nature in environmental objects. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines and their precursors, heavy metals, vinyl chloride, formaldehyde, benzene and other carcinogenic compounds are the main air pollutants in cities with developed chemical and petrochemical industries. In these territories, high anthropogenic loads of actual concentrations of carcinogenic substances on different groups of the population are determined, taking into account the characteristics of the place of residence, professional factors harmfulness, bad habits.

NATURAL GEOCHEMICAL ANOMALIES AS A CAUSE OF POPULATION HEALTH DISTURBANCES

Natural-anthropogenic biogeochemical cycles of chemicals are the cause of numerous changes in the health status of the population, leading to the development of endemic, i.e. mass, diseases specific to a certain area. Cause-and-effect relationships between the incidence of the population and deficiencies in nature of iodine, selenium, and fluorine have been convincingly proven. These deficits are accompanied by an imbalance of many other vital chemical elements in the natural environment, which in turn enhances adverse trends in the health of the population.

About 70 chemical elements have been found in the human and animal body using modern analytical methods. These elements, depending on their biological significance, are conditionally divided into the following groups:

Essential elements that make up enzymes, hormones and vitamins: O, C, H, Ca, P, K, S, Cl, Na, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, I, Mn, V, Mo, Co, Se ;

Elements that are constantly determined in animal organisms, biological significance which are still insufficiently studied: Sr, Cd, F, Br, B, Si, Cr, Be, Ni, Li, Cs, Sn, Al, Ba, Rb, Ti, Ag, Ga, Ge, As, Hg, Pb, Bi , Sb, U, Th, Ra;

Elements found in the body of animals and humans, for which there are no data on the quantitative content in tissues, organs and their biological role: Nb, La, Pr, Sm, Tb, W, Re, Au.

Humans and animals obtain trace elements from food, water and atmospheric air. Trace elements are exogenous chemical factors, which play a significant role in such vital important processes, as growth, reproduction, hematopoiesis, cellular respiration, metabolism, etc. Trace elements form specific organometallic complex compounds with body proteins, which are chemical regulators biochemical reactions. As part of enzymes, hormones and vitamins, microelements act as catalysts for biochemical processes. In case of abnormal content or disturbed ratio of microelements in the environment (in water, food products) disorders with characteristic clinical symptoms can develop in the human body (Appendix 5).

WATER AS A HEALTH FACTOR

The importance of water in maintaining the health of the population at a high level is due to the role it plays in satisfying physiological and hygienic needs, as well as for recreational purposes. The main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere are industrial wastewater, drainage water from irrigated lands, organized and unorganized runoff from the territories of settlements and industrial sites, agricultural fields and large livestock complexes, as well as water transport.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS

Impact of noise on human health. One of the most common and significant environmental factors that negatively affect human health is noise, which is mainly due to the growth of industrial production, the development of urban construction, traffic, etc. Noise discomfort in everyday life is experienced by more than half of the residents of large cities in many countries, which allows us to consider acoustic loads as global factor public health risk.

Noise is a random combination of sounds of different strength and frequency. Airborne noise always occurs when any elastic medium (solid, liquid, air) is subjected to perturbation due to some kind of influence. When a sound wave propagates in air, acoustic energy is transferred, the amount of which determines the strength of the sound. The strength, or intensity, of sound is the amount of energy passing per unit of time through a unit area of ​​a surface located perpendicular to the direction of propagation of a sound wave. The unit of sound intensity is watts per square meter (W / m 2). The unit of sound frequency is hertz (Hz) - 1 vibration in 1 s. The human ear perceives sounds in the frequency range of 16…20000 Hz. Least strength sound, at which the sound is perceived by the ear, is 10 -12 W / m 2 at a frequency of 1000 Hz (hearing threshold or hearing threshold). The upper threshold of perceived sound (pain threshold) is 10 2 W/m 2 . Between the minimum and pain thresholds lies the area of ​​​​auditory perception. A large range of noise perception led to the use of not a linear, but a decimal logarithmic scale by A. Bell (Appendix 6).

Noise sources can be natural (natural) and artificial (anthropogenic) origin. In the natural habitat, airborne noise, as a rule, does not have a special ecological importance. Man has created many sources of anthropogenic constant and intermittent noise:

stationary (industrial enterprises);

mobile, or mobile (aviation, road, rail transport, metro, underground metro lines);

Intra-quarter (public service establishments, shops, markets, playgrounds, etc.);

Intra-house (household noises).

Noise has become a public scourge and a danger to the physical and mental health of the population. Being a general biological irritant, noise affects all organs and systems of the body. Constant and intense noise is the cause of numerous painful disorders in the human body. Noise-induced pain is associated with mechanical displacement in the middle ear system and indicates that the tympanic membrane has been strengthened. Noise has an extremely strong effect on mental activity, requiring concentration and associated with the synthesis and analysis of information. Noise can have an adverse effect on any kind of human activity, be it mental or physical work. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that noise, being one of the irritants of the environment, in combination with other external and internal factors can cause chronic fatigue disturb rest and sleep. Noise exposure causes a generalized reaction in the cortex and subcortical structures of the brain, which disrupts the regulatory activity of the central and autonomic nervous system.

Problems of increased natural background radiation. All life on Earth has been exposed to natural radiation for thousands of years, formed by radiation emanating from outer space and from natural radionuclides. earth's crust scattered in rocks, soils, air, water, as well as in food and in the human body. Stars are huge natural thermonuclear reactors, which are a powerful source of cosmic radiation that reaches our planet. Radionuclides of terrestrial origin have appeared since the formation of the Earth and are represented by the radioactive families of uranium, radium, and thorium. The natural radioactivity of environmental objects varies widely depending on the specific physical and geographical conditions, the nature of the underlying surface (water, land), the type of rocks, soils, geochemical, climatic and other features of the territories. The natural radiation background of the biosphere is on average 2 mSv per year (Appendix 7). Over the past few decades, the natural radiation background, which was formed over millions of years, began to increase due to radiation as a result of human activities. It is created either artificially (new radionuclides unusual for the Earth's biosphere), or formed as a result of anthropogenic disturbances of the earth's shell, accompanied by the redistribution and concentration of natural radionuclides, as well as other changes in the environment and habitation patterns that have developed over centuries. Technogenically modified natural radiation background of the biosphere consists of radioactive contamination due to combustion natural fuel, use atomic energy, mineral fertilizers, building materials, consumer goods (eg televisions). The fundamental role in raising its level is played by medical procedures, nuclear explosions, etc. This technogenically modified background is no longer 2 mSv, but 3 mSv per year, and in some regions it is significantly higher.

Modern scientific data confirm the existence of mechanisms that ensure the adaptation of the body to natural levels of radiation exposure. However, if the level of natural radiation background (NRF) is exceeded, adaptation will be defective with one or another probability of developing a pathological condition. The long-term influence of an increased background leads to a decrease in radioresistance, to disturbances in immunological reactivity, and morbidity is associated with the latter. The main biological effect of radiation is damage to the cell genome, which is manifested by the growth of neoplasms and hereditary diseases. Weak doses of radiation increase the likelihood of cancer in humans. It is assumed that about 10% of cancers per year are due to natural radiation.

electromagnetic radiation. Life on Earth arose, developed and continues under the influence of relatively weak electromagnetic fields of natural origin, the sources of which are the radiation of the sun and space, the magnetic properties of the Earth, lightning discharges, etc. These fields with varying intensity levels, being a constantly acting environmental factor, have a certain impact on the life of humans, animals and plants. The connection between solar activity and the frequency of myocardial infarctions, strokes, some epidemic, mental and other diseases of people is noted. AT recent decades The intensity of electromagnetic fields of anthropogenic origin in various parts of the earth's surface has increased millions of times compared to the natural background. The development of radio wave emitting equipment (in science, industry, military affairs, in everyday life) goes along the line of not only improving its reliability, but also increasing power and resolution over long distances: powerful generators for radar and communications, the widespread use of radio wave equipment in medicine, televisions, mobile phones, personal computers, microwave ovens, etc. Radio wave generators are located near cities and towns, on the roofs of houses, they work around the clock, penetrate buildings, acting on people. Sources of electromagnetic fields in laboratories, hospitals, apartments can give "leaks". All this inevitably entails an expansion of the contingents of people exposed to electromagnetic radiation, and increasing levels of radiation. Electromagnetic pollution (“electromagnetic smog”) poses an ecological hazard to the environment, as it directly or indirectly damages or threatens flora, fauna and human health.

Under the influence of thermal electromagnetic radiation, organs containing a large number of liquids and with poorly developed vascular network. These include the lens, the vitreous body of the eye, parenchymal organs (liver, pancreas), hollow organs containing fluid (urinary and gallbladder, stomach), gonads.

The non-thermal effect of electromagnetic radiation manifests itself in the form of a variety of biochemical, metabolic, immunological changes, disorders of the central nervous system, cardiovascular, autonomic nervous systems. AT clinical picture three non-specific leading syndromes are revealed: asthenic, asthenic-vegetative and hypothalamic. Patients are highly excitable, emotionally labile. In some cases, signs of early atherosclerosis are found, coronary disease heart, hypertension.

CONCLUSION

No society has been able to completely eliminate the dangers to human health arising from age-old and new environmental conditions. The most advanced modern societies have already markedly reduced the damage from traditional deadly diseases, but they have also created a lifestyle and technology that poses new threats to health.

All forms of life arose as a result natural evolution, and their maintenance is determined by biological, geological and chemical cycles. However Homo sapiens- the first species, able and willing to significantly change the natural systems of life support and striving to become the dominant evolutionary force acting in its own interests. By mining, producing and burning natural substances, we disrupt the flow of elements through soils, oceans, flora, fauna and atmosphere; we are changing the biological and geological face of the Earth; we are changing the climate more and more, faster and faster we are depriving plant and animal species of their familiar environment. Humanity is now creating new elements and compounds; new discoveries in genetics and technology make it possible to bring to life new dangerous agents.

Many changes in the environment have made it possible to create favorable conditions conducive to an increase in life expectancy. But mankind has not conquered the forces of nature and has not come to their full understanding: many inventions and interventions in nature occur without considering the possible consequences. Some of them have already caused disastrous returns.

The surest way to avoid insidious environmental changes is to reduce ecosystem changes and human intervention in nature, taking into account the state of his knowledge of the world around him.

Caring for human health involves the improvement of the surrounding nature - living and inanimate. And only we can decide in what environment our children and grandchildren will live.

Attachment 1

Grouping risk factors according to their share of influence on health

Factors affecting health	Approximate share of the factor, %	Groups of risk factors
Lifestyle	49-53	Smoking, alcohol consumption, unbalanced, malnutrition, harmful working conditions, stressful situations (distress), adynamia, physical inactivity, poor material and living conditions, drug use, drug abuse, fragility of families, loneliness, low educational and cultural level, excessively high level urbanization
Human Genetics (Biology)	18-22	Predisposition to hereditary diseases
External environment, natural and climatic conditions	17-20	Air, water, soil pollution; a sharp change in atmospheric phenomena; increased cosmic, magnetic and other radiations
Health*	8-10	Inefficiency of preventive measures, poor quality of medical care, untimely provision of it

* In Russia, this factor may be somewhat higher due to the deterioration of free treatment, the fabulous rise in prices for medicines, the unavailability of treatment in rest homes, sanatoriums, etc. for pensioners.

Appendix 2

The influence of various environmental factors on human health

Factors	Accounted indicators	Degree of influence, %
Living environment	Living space Distance to forest park Chemical air pollution Duration of travel by public transport The total impact of the living environment
Production	Contact with chemicals Professional experience Shift and nature of work The total influence of production factors
Social	Education Family status per capita income The total impact of social factors
Lifestyle	Sleep duration duration of homework Physical education and sports outdoor activities Vacationing in the city The total impact of lifestyle
Biological	The total influence of biological factors

* In Russia, the degree of influence of the factor is more significant, especially with the start of “economic” reforms since 1991, which led to a low quality of life for Russians.

Annex 3

Estimates of life expectancy reduction due to various causes

The reasons		The reasons	Reducing life expectancy, days
The bachelor life of men	3500	Accidents at work	74
Smoking cigarettes (men)	2250	sleeping pills	41
Heart diseases	2100	Working with radiation sources	40
The unmarried life of women	1600	Falls	39
30% overweight	1300	Accidents with pedestrians	37
Work in coal mines	1100	Accidents at the "safest" job	30
Malignant tumors	980	fires	27
Overweight by 20%	900	Energy production	24
Short educational level(below grade 8)	850	Drug use (average)	18
Cigarette smoking (woman)	800	poisoning	17
Low socio-economic level	700	suffocation	13
Paralysis	520	accidents with firearms	11
Living in the "unfortunate" region of the country	500	natural radiation	8
Military service in Vietnam	400	Medical x-ray diagnostics	6
smoking cigars	330	Poison gases	7
Dangerous job	300	coffee consumption	6
pipe smoking	220	Bicycle accidents	5
Dietary intake of more than 100 calories per day	210	Natural disasters	3,5
Car crashes	207	Fluid intake	2
Pneumonia/flu	141	Nuclear accidents (according to the Anti-Nuclear Society of Concerned Scientists)	2
Alcohol consumption (average)	130	Accident at a nuclear power plant (according to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission)	0,2
Accidents at home	95	Radiation exposure nuclear power	0,2

Appendix 4

Effects of exposure to certain heavy metals

on human health

Elements	Consequences of exposure to the elements
	Elevated concentrations
Lead	Destruction of bone tissue, delayed protein synthesis in the blood (anemia), disorders of the nervous system (encephalopathy and neuropathy), sensory organs, kidneys (nephropathy), digestive and cardiovascular systems, decreased immune system response to foreign antigens
Mercury	Nervous disorders (Minamata disease); dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys; change in chromosomes
Arsenic	Cancer diseases skin, intoxication, peripheral neuritis
Nickel	Cancers of the lungs, kidneys, sarcoma, dermatitis, eczema, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, astheno-neurotic disorders, impaired protein, DNA and RNA synthesis
Copper	Organic changes in tissues, bone tissue breakdown, hepatitis
Cadmium	Cirrhosis of the liver, impaired renal function, rhinitis with loss of smell, nephropathy with typical proteinuria, osteomalacia (itai-itai disease), neurotoxic syndrome, obstructive processes in the lungs with the development of pulmonary insufficiency, lung cancer. The emryotoxic effect is enhanced by lead, a summing effect is manifested.
Chromium	Skin lesions (dermatitis and eczema), asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, lung cancer, gastritis, hepatitis, astheno-neurotic disorders

Annex 5

Consequences of excess or lack of certain trace elements

on human health

trace elements	Consequences of excess	Consequences of lack
Fluorine	endemic fluorosis, damage to the teeth (mottled enamel), impaired skeletal ossification processes (generalized osteosclerosis or diffusion osteoporosis, bone deposits on the ribs, tubular bones, pelvic bones, ossification of the ligaments and ossification of the joints), exhaustion of the body	dental caries, which contributes to the development of various diseases (tonsillitis, digestive disorders, etc.)
Cobalt		decreased absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Manganese	has a pathogenic effect, disruption of calcification processes, internal structure bones	slowing down the growth process, impaired skeletal formation (thickening or shortening of the bones of the lower extremities, deformity of the joints)
Molybdenum	development of diarrhea, anemia, joint damage, osteoporosis, endemic molybdenum "gout"
Zinc		growth retardation and sexual development (dwarfism and hypogonadism syndrome), hepatosplenomegaly and anemia
Iodine		insufficiency of thyroid function, endomic goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism, etc.
Selenium	chronic selenosis (loss of nails, hair, liver damage)	endemic Keshan disease, Kashin-Beck disease - endemic osteoarthropathy, malignant neoplasms, diseases of the heart, blood vessels, joints, etc.

Appendix 6

Intensity of various noises

Noise levels, dB

150			Launch of a space rocket Damage to the organ of hearing and lungs
140			Jet Airplane Takeoff Pain Threshold
130			Thunder
120			The level above which pain is felt Rock music
110			crusher machine
100			Heavy trucks, rail transport
			Jackhammer, motorcycle Danger of hearing damage
80			Pneumatic drill Heavy traffic
70			Loud speech, car (interior noise)
60			Normal speech, footstep noise
50			Noise of tap water
40			Quiet apartment during the day, reading room
30			Countryside
20			The whisper, the ticking of the clock
10			rustle of leaves, winter forest in calm weather
0			Barely audible sounds Threshold of hearing

Annex 7

Equivalent dose of radiation received by the population per year

Sources of exposure	Dose (mSv)	Share of a specific source in the total dose, %
Natural
earthly origin	1,67	84,13	54,63
Including:
internal exposure	1,32	66,5	43,18
including radon.	0,97	48,87	31,73
external exposure	0,35	17,63	11,45
cosmic origin	0,315	15,87	10,3
Including:
internal exposure	0,015	0,76	0,49
external exposure	0,3	15,11	9,81
Anthropogenic
The medicine	1,0	93,28	32,71
Nuclear power	0,001	0,09	0,03
Nuclear tests	0,02	1,87	0,65
Combustion of fossil fuel	0,001	0,09	0,03
Consumer goods	0,05	4,66	1,64

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Hygiene and human ecology: A textbook for students. Avg. Prof. Proc. Institutions / N.A. Matveeva, A.V. Leonov, M.P. Gracheva and others; Ed. N.A. Matveeva. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2005. - 304 p.

2. Protasov V.F. Ecology, health and environmental protection in Russia: Educational and reference guide. - 3rd ed. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2001. - 672 p.

3. Stepanovskikh A.S. Applied Ecology: Environmental Protection: Textbook for High Schools. – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2003. – 751 p.

Or other diseases, but also existing long time a rigid normative approach in practical hygiene, which puts emphasis on the study of environmental factors, and not on human health and not on the analysis of the relationship between health and environmental quality. Identification of causal relationships between exposure to environmental factors and possible changes in the state of human health is ...

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INTRODUCTION

A person is nothing but the sum of the following factors: parents and nurse, place and time, air and weather, light and sound, food and clothing; his will is the necessary consequence of all these causes.

I. Moleshot

Health… Since ancient times, people have associated and continue to associate their well-being, happiness, the ability to fully live and work, raise healthy children with this concept.

Numerous definitions of this concept boil down to the fact that health is the natural state of the body, which allows a person to fully realize his abilities, carry out labor activity without restriction, while maintaining the maximum duration of an active life. A healthy person has a harmonious physical and mental development, quickly and adequately adapts to a constantly changing natural and social environment, he does not have any painful changes in the body, he has a high working capacity. Subjectively, health is manifested by a sense of general well-being, the joy of life. It is in this broad sense that experts from the World Health Organization (WHO) have briefly defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of physical defects or disease.

To find out how the environment affects human health, it is necessary to start by defining the concepts of "nature" and "environment".

In a broad sense, nature is the entire material, energy and information world of the Universe. Nature is a set of natural conditions for the existence of human society, which is directly or indirectly affected by humanity, with which it is connected in economic activity. The interaction of man with nature is an eternal and at the same time modern problem: humanity is connected by its origin with the natural environment, existence and future. Man, as an element of nature, is part of a complex system "nature - society". Due to nature, mankind satisfies many of its needs.

All elements of nature are the environment. The concept of "environment" does not include man-made objects (buildings, cars, etc.), since they surround individuals, and not society as a whole. However, areas of nature modified by human activities (cities, agricultural lands, reservoirs, forest belts) are included in the environment, as they create a social environment.

Human health should be considered as a whole, as the health of a single organism, which depends on the health of all its parts. In order to live a long, full and capable life, naturally, one must be born from healthy parents, receive from them, as part of the gene pool, a high resistance of inherited immunity to various harmful environmental factors and a good organization of vital morphofunctional structures. Hereditarily acquired biological properties of an organism are an important, but not the only link that determines human health and well-being. Man is a social being. He lives in a complex web of laws, rules of conduct, various restrictions and dependencies. The structure of society becomes immeasurably more complex every year and the share of the social component in the comprehensive assessment of the health of a modern person, population, and society increases. For the use of the benefits of a civilized society, a person must live in rigid dependence on the way of life accepted in society, pay with a part of his freedom. And an unfree, dependent person cannot be considered completely healthy and happy. Some part of the freedom of the individual, given to society in exchange for the advantages of a civilized life, constantly keeps a person in a state of neuropsychic tension. In certain unfavorable stressful situations, such mental stress arising from social factors can exceed the resistance of reserve adaptive capabilities, primarily the human nervous system, and lead to a breakdown, a serious morbid condition.

And, finally, in the presence of a good social environment and rich biological properties, the state of human health may be dependent on another factor - on the natural and climatic conditions of the habitat. A healthy person can lose his physical, mental and social well-being even if the region of his permanent residence is in the zone of ecological disaster. The most serious consequence of pollution of the biosphere lies in the genetic consequences. After all, the biosphere is not only the most important element of an integral natural complex, but also a unique bank of genetic resources.

The purpose of my work is to determine how the environment affects human health.

FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH

We have already defined what the term "environment" means. The category "environment" includes a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. The latter are factors generated by a person and his economic activity and have a predominantly negative impact on a person. Changes in the state of health of the population, caused by the influence of environmental factors, are methodologically difficult to study, since this requires the use of multivariate analysis.

The structure of the environment can be conditionally divided into natural (mechanical, physical, chemical and biological) and social elements of the environment (work, life, socio-economic structure, information). The conditionality of such a division is explained by the fact that natural factors act on a person in certain social conditions and are often significantly changed as a result of the production and economic activities of people. The properties of environmental factors determine the specifics of the impact on a person.

Natural elements influence their physical properties: hypobaria, hypoxia; strengthening of the wind regime; solar and ultraviolet radiation; change in ionizing radiation, electrostatic voltage of air and its ionization; fluctuations of electromagnetic and gravitational fields; increased climate rigidity, etc. Natural geochemical factors affect a person by anomalies in the qualitative and quantitative ratio of microelements in soil, water, air, and, consequently, a decrease in diversity and anomalies in the ratios of chemical elements in agricultural products of local production. The action of natural biological factors is manifested in changes in macrofauna, flora and microorganisms, the presence of endemic foci of diseases of the animal and plant worlds, as well as in the emergence of new allergens of natural origin.

The group of social factors also has certain properties that can affect the living conditions of a person and his state of health. So, for example, socio-economic factors are decisive and are determined by production relations. These include regulatory and legal factors (labor legislation and the practice of state and public control over its observance); socio-psychological factors that can be characterized by the employee's attitude to work, specialty and its prestige, psychological climate in the team; economic factors (material incentives, a system of benefits and compensation for work in adverse conditions). Technical and organizational factors have an impact on the creation of material and material conditions of labor (means, objects and tools of labor, technological processes, organization of production, etc.). Natural factors characterize the impact on workers of climatic, geological and biological features of the area where work takes place. In real conditions, this complex set of factors that shape working conditions is united by diverse mutual links. Life has an impact through housing, clothing, food, water supply, the development of the infrastructure of the service sector, the provision of recreation and the conditions for its implementation, etc. The socio-economic structure affects a person through the social and legal status, material security, level of culture and education.

The above structure of factors that shape the environment clearly shows that a change in the levels of exposure to any of the listed factors can lead to health problems.

A person throughout his life is under the constant influence of a whole range of environmental factors - from environmental to social. The approximate contribution of various factors to the health of the population is assessed in four positions: lifestyle, genetics (biology) of a person, the external environment and healthcare (Appendix 1). The data presented in the table show that lifestyle has the greatest impact on health. Almost half of all cases of diseases depend on it. The second place in terms of impact on health is occupied by the state of the human environment (at least one third of diseases are determined by adverse environmental influences). Heredity causes about 20% of diseases.

A healthy body constantly ensures the optimal functioning of all its systems in response to any changes in the environment, such as changes in temperature, atmospheric pressure, changes in the oxygen content in the air, humidity, etc. Preservation of optimal human life when interacting with the environment is determined by the fact that for his body there is a certain physiological limit of endurance in relation to any environmental factor, and beyond the limit, this factor will inevitably have a depressing effect on human health. For example, as tests have shown, five main groups of factors influence human health in urban conditions: living environment, production factors, social, biological and individual lifestyle (Appendix 2).