22/05/01
Because it has no basis. imagined themselves great nation and why so one dick will understand. They organized different RNU and LDPR there and they go and show off. In general, there is no concept such as the Great Russians, except that the katsaps are divided into foolish and normal. So "Great Russia" is a dumb-horned invention of foolish katsaps.

Kuzey, 24/10/02
Chauvinism is stupidity, and Great Russian stupidity is triple! In general, this chauvinism will not make me worse or better. The only thing is that he will destroy Russia.

9_1_2 , 25/10/02
We, Belarusians, have always been gentle people and do not understand how one can be so proud of one's nationality, to put it above others, to insult and humiliate others, to fight because of nationality. I think only idiots can do this. Normal people respect all people and never put themselves above others.

UghOnYou, 27/10/02
True Russian chauvinism is wrapped in a wrapper of state authoritarianism... The inability and unwillingness to understand the foundations of democracy and liberalism is simply amazing. Here again, in the euphoria of the victory over terrorism, "Russia demanded(!) from Denmark to ban(!) the holding of a congress of Chechen communities." Note that Russia demanded some abstract territory from Denmark, that is, it simply threatened with a club in the direction "overseas" ... It's good in the "overseas" civilized and tolerant people they explained: de business of the congress is in the hands of private individuals, and if it does not violate the laws, then there are no complaints against it ... like sorry, Russian Bear, we have democracy. Ears grow from this same authoritarian chauvinism" double standards"... well, they don't understand Russian politicians liberalism, they do not accept, and how it is outside the state of some congresses!

UghOnYou, 30/10/02
Here again about state chauvinism! According to "Russia", the solution of the issue Kaliningrad region should take place at the EU-Russia summit, but not in Copenhagen, but in Brussels. It would seem that, approaching European democracy, Russia should show itself from a respectable side, that is, in the face of civilization, it should be ashamed of the fact that it cannot ensure the safety of its citizens. And then Comrade Sharikov, striving for a society of people with a liberal-democratic upbringing, should be silent and listen, be silent and listen ... in no case link terrorism and Kaliningrad! However, having destroyed 100 + 40 of its citizens, the proud Russian calls himself none other than the savior of the whole world, and not only smears the Baltic region with mud, but also tries to change the liberal charter of the Danish kingdom.

UghOnYou, 20/11/02
Russian chauvinism is a ban on the concert "Leningrad", "Rammstien" or bullfighting (Luzhkov didn’t go further than Lukoshenko’s father), this is a hit on the German TV channel ARD, this is obtaining for Kaliningrad "visa-free travel" to Russia, instead of free travel to Europe, this impulse liberal states to the "extradition of terrorists" in violation of the law, this is the very opinion that terrorism is something special, this is uncle Gleb Pavlovsky: "European journalists sometimes do not feel how insulting their comments are ..." - how did they become journalists?

UghOnYou, 24/11/02
Here it is: "Rosbalt, 11/23/2002, MAIN NEWS 16:20 Kaliningraders are offered not to mention the word "Kenigsberg" on the 750th anniversary of the city"

Armenian, 18/07/04
Great Russian chauvinism is bullshit, because. chauvinism is bad, and even more so Great Russian. Ukrainians and Belarusians are not Russians, they have their own culture, and they don't owe Big Brother anything. There is nothing to say about other peoples that are part of the paranoid "Russian Empire"

Adamov, 24/09/04
About 150 years ago, even before the Westerners and Slavophiles, such a question did not arise. They said something like this: "the country has reached necessary development and embarked on the path of enlightenment, common to all mankind." Imperialism was also just emerging then, so something else was meant (including not communism). I am for it.

BlackBagira, 01/05/08
That's for sure, there is nothing to be proud of, except for "nationality". God's chosen people, damn it, forever floating in their own shit. The most mysterious soul, the most beautiful women, spirituality.. Right now! Where is all this, WHERE?! I do not see! Where is the spirituality of these Russian women, who are more like females in heat. There are crap all around. I don't see this spirituality when I walk through dirty streets, when I see drunken men, cursing women and their unfortunate children. Around dirt, stench and darkness. "Russian" - does not sound proud. They can only invent "chips" for themselves and create a new "lure" such as "special warmth, which is not in the West." Wretchedness.

LoveUSA, 08/07/09
Most of all I hate it when they say that Russians are the most "spiritual", "soulful", "mysterious", and women are the most beautiful. Spirituality is that when they drag an icon in a car, go to church 2 times a year at Christmas and Easter, and then get drunk? Or is it "deep" reasoning about the meaning of life, like in Dostoevsky, but this meaning has not been found? Or when "intellectuals", having read books, put themselves above morality? This is not spirituality. And sincerity is eternal complaints "what freaks are all around"? Or Babkin with Kadysheva? Or chanson? Or "do you respect me?" Of course, every country has different people, and in Russia there are truly spiritual ones, but personally, it was in the West that I found the most ardent faith and devotion to God, and the highest patriotism, and the deepest feelings, and the strongest friendship and support, primarily spiritual. And Western girls are pretty, as far as I can tell. Russians have a lot to learn here. And talk about the "mysterious Russian soul" is ordinary chauvinism. You have to be proud of something.

LoveUSA, 09/07/09
I remember 1991 well, but I write about what I see in terms of spirituality now, in 2009: people who get drunk on Easter, icons in cars next to porn pictures and other signs of fake "spirituality". Although I am in Belarus, our mentality is very similar. By the way, I don't like the planned unification of my country with Russia, either. our standard of living now, although not too high, is 1.5 times higher than the average Russian (not Moscow), and when united, it will equalize, but this is already offtopic. Piperman, the love of active people for their Fatherland is no longer chauvinism, but patriotism. I also approve of this feeling, not only among Americans, because such a feeling makes people better, but I hate chauvinism, arrogance like “We are the coolest, smartest, spiritual, and everyone else is no match for us,” I hate. PS. I also love my country. I have two of them: Belarus, where I had the honor to be born and... guess which one.

KONSTRUKTOR, 11/07/09
Any chauvinism is disgusting - even Great Russian, even Great American, even Great Mumboyumbovsky. It is impossible in our time to profess the cult of national exclusivity and national superiority of one country, nation or race over another. As you know, Hitler was pushed back on this point, but how did he end up? He led Germany and the Germans to disaster. Other examples can be mentioned, but I won't repeat them.

Thomas Porter, 11/07/09
They made me an enemy of all Russia only because I was born and live in Kyiv, without experiencing any hostile feelings either towards Russia or its inhabitants. In conversations on the train Kyiv-Moscow or Moscow-Kyiv, Russian interlocutors teach me to speak Ukrainian and reproach me for what I have not done and am not going to do. Maybe there are specific media, maybe some topics are pleasing to the ear, but we must not forget that there are other peoples with a history, language, culture and mentality. You need to have your head on your shoulders, and not relay the media.

Gabrielli, 13/07/09
Because the Great Russian chauvinists, without any reason, shower insults on my people! And we don't touch them at all. This is usually aggressive people who do not argue, but are rude! But I know that in Russia not everyone is like that and I treat you well!

Bielarus, 11/10/09
Russians are a great people, but it hurts that they lack even a drop of respect for others. Tired of listening to idle arguments that my people simply DO NOT EXIST.

Converted to Islam, 13/04/10
Because I'm tired of hearing from my compatriots every day such words as "Tatars are evil and bastards", "Chechens are a damned people", "Negroes are monkeys" and so on. We are all equal on this planet Earth. And only God can judge a person.

Meir, 13/07/10
I am Kazakh. I love mathematics, logic and judo wrestling. :) -And imagine, chauvinists, that you would have been born of a different nationality... A contradiction! -And imagine, opponents of chauvinists, that you would have been born of a different nationality ... Everything is fine! Well, who do we prefer, logical people?! I put myself an ippon (a clear victory in judo)!

sattar, 11/09/10
In general, I hate any chauvinism, but I am worried about Russian chauvinism because we are neighbors, I am KAZAKH!. We also have chauvinism, but I think the reasons are the same. Our peoples need to seriously tie up with alcohol and finally learn how to work well!

sattar, 11/09/10
Everything is very simple, when a person or a group of people cannot organize the process of production of material goods in order to satisfy their consumption, they often begin to look for extreme or other culprits. As it happens in school, they strive to humiliate an excellent student! I experienced Russian chauvinism in my childhood in my homeland in Kazakhstan. We were called kalbits, black-assed, small animals, etc. I don’t bear grudges, but it was. I cannot refuse the Russian language, because I grew up with this language and discovered this huge world. But when I visit Russia for work, I always feel some kind of alienation, rejection, arrogance - this is unpleasant. The funny thing is that I could compete with many Russians in the knowledge of Russian culture, Russian history, literature and knowledge of the Russian language! So let's live together!

sekan, 13/12/10
Russian Chauvinism is the death of the whole Russian state! And that's it!

saprawdny belarus, 01/03/11
Because we are completely different nations. But, we are just Russians - Lithuanians (Belarusians) and Ukrainians. The real name of Russians living in Russia is Muscovites and they came from the Finno-Ugric tribe Moskel (hence the name of the city of Moscow) and Tatars. Subsequently, the Muscovites appropriated history Kievan Rus and began to declare that we supposedly fraternal peoples. We and Ukrainians are fraternal peoples, and Muscovites are a separate nation.

Kate McFly, 19/06/12
I wonder where these Russian chauvinists come from? Is everything really so bad in Russia that some individuals have come to this. They spoil the whole impression about the Russian people. They seem to be normal people, but there are enough freaks. And the nonsense that Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians are one people, only Belarusians and Ukrainians are Polonized? This can only be compared with the nonsense of a professor at one of the Lviv universities, Kobylyuk, that all people descended from the ancient Ukrainians and the Chinese.

Bitten Hero, 19/06/12
I'll start from afar. Being a Russian nationalist, I hate "Great Russian chauvinism" as historical phenomenon. I hate this propaganda term invented by the Bolsheviks to create an excuse to suppress the Russian nation. The Bolshevik struggle against "Great Russian chauvinism" resulted in unprecedented suffering and humiliation for my people. About current situation: the fight against the mythical "Russian fascism", ("Great Russian chauvinism") led to an unhealthy situation in the national question: the Russians found themselves in a depressed position, while the authorities systematically indulged national republics, postpones the needs of the Russian regions on the back burner. For multinational state such a policy is a time bomb, fertile ground for the development of separatism. Russian nationalism could restore the Russian people to their former strength, and thereby stop real threat- separatism in the national. republics. Unfortunately, cries of "Great Russian chauvinism" prevent this.

Raskolnikov95, 29/08/14
Great Russian chauvinism is the national ideology of Russians as a nationality. Give the Russian a choice, or little Russia (Rus) with borders from Voronezh region to Murmansk, good salary and quiet life or the mighty Empire, the enslaver of peoples, the Great Russian chauvinist will choose the latter without question. Great Russian chauvinism did not arise just like that. Russians have been infected with it since the beginning of the 1500s, and especially after 1552, when a terrible massacre was committed in Kazan (the population of "Rus" and the Kazakh Khanate was then equal to 8 million each, now there are 140 Rusni, Tatars-7), after that massacre to Russians have stuck with the contemptuous nickname "kassap" (butcher), which is now used by Ukrainians and other peoples to refer to the occupier. That is, for more than 450 years, the Russians have grown in number by 17 (!!!) times, while the Tatars have even become less by a million. About small peoples like Karelians, Vepsians and a hundred more, I generally keep quiet. The Russians have long since dissolved them in themselves.

Raskolnikov95, 29/08/14
Absolutely all Russian tsars, starting from Ivan 4, were bloodthirsty in one way or another, they dreamed of conquests, their task was to kill, destroy, bring the Russian world. The Soviet tsar-Lenin-Blank, Stalin-DzhUgashvili, even the stupid collective farmer Brezhnev tried to seize everything, to enslave. Lenin nevertheless occupied Ukraine, Belarus and a number of other states, Stalin shamelessly sawed Poland along with Hitler, annexed the Baltic States in a completely brazen fascist way (the same pseudo-referendum as in the Donbass now) plus was unsuccessful attempt the occupation of Finland, where the Katsaps were bent so that the ratio of losses reached 1 to 6 for those killed. Brezhnev, by the way, an ethnic Ukrainian, was haunted by the laurels of other Russian occupiers, and he decided to bring "ruzgei peace" to Afghanistan, and then to India. It didn’t work, and with more than 100,000 two hundredths (officially 15), the occupying troops were expelled from the territory of freedom-loving Afghanistan.

Our contemporaries often use "chauvinism" as a synonym for the words "nationalism" and "patriotism". Are they wrong? We will answer this question by telling where it came from. this term and what it means.

Chauvinism: definition and concept

Chauvinism is a worldview based on the allocation of an exclusive, that is, the main, nation, whose interests are placed above other ethnic groups. Chauvinism underlies the idea of ​​colonization, when the dominant nation enslaved and exploited other peoples, opposing themselves to them and putting their own interests above others.

Let us recall the colonial policy of England, as a result of which the largest state in the history of mankind was formed - british empire, which had colonies on all continents. The subjugation of peoples whom the British considered to be at the lowest stage of development - Hindus, Algerians, Indians, etc. - is a manifestation of chauvinism. And in this case great-power chauvinism took place, as a result of which one nation deprived other peoples of the right to state sovereignty.

AT late XIX centuries, the ambitions of the British, striving for dominance on the continent, caused a repeated surge of chauvinistic sentiments. The extreme English chauvinism, which has been present since then in British politics and society, was called jingoism, after the word "jingo" - the people endowed such a nickname with ardent champions of the idea of ​​​​the superiority of the British nation.

History of the term

The concept of chauvinism came to us from French. Investigating the origin of the word, scientists came to the conclusion that the term was based on the surname of the 19th-century vaudeville hero Nicolas Chauvin, a soldier in the army of Bonaparte. Historians cannot find documentary evidence of the existence of this person, he is known only from literary works. The writers of that time claimed that their character was written off from real person, who was devoted to Napoleon to fanaticism and zealously supported the idea of ​​​​imperial nationalism.

By volunteering and joining the ranks French army at the age of 18, Chauvin received seventeen wounds and only 200 francs of a pension, which, however, did not shake the soldier's devotion to his emperor. Blind admiration of Chauvin before Napoleon began to be called chauvinism. Later, the semantics of the term underwent changes, acquiring contemporary meaning: today this is how national swagger and superiority are called.

Nationalism and chauvinism: what's the difference?

Chauvinism is an extreme example of nationalism. Consider the differences between these concepts in practice. The inhabitants of Scotland, which is part of the United Kingdom, have been fighting for sovereignty for centuries, defending the right of their nation to self-determination. Before us is an example of the manifestation of nationalism. But the actions of the British, who considered themselves dominant nation and the rights of the peoples of Scotland and Ireland asserting themselves through discrimination can be regarded as chauvinism.

In other words, nationalism implies the desire of a nation to protect its sovereignty, cultural and spiritual heritage. Chauvinism is called aggressive national dominance, achieved through the infringement of the rights and freedoms of other peoples.

Great Russian chauvinism

Great Russian chauvinism, also called great-power chauvinism, existed in Russian Empire, and in the Soviet Union, its manifestations remained in Russian Federation. During the period of monarchical rule in Russia, the Russian nation played the leading role: the main cash flows flowed into Central Russia, the countries that make up the empire were, in fact, its appendages that did not have the right to vote.

In the Soviet Union, Russian chauvinism was opposed to internationalism. However, only in words. In fact, the ideologists of socialism elevated the Russian people to the rank of "elder brother", thereby assigning them the leading role in the life of the state and leaving the rest of the nationalities to stand one step lower.

Russian chauvinism still exists today. Nowadays, this ideology has been adopted by many public organizations and political parties. Among them are skinheads, the order " Great Russia”, Russian national-patriotic movement, OD “National Socialist Initiative”, OOPD “Russian National Unity”, People's National Party.

Gender chauvinism

Gender chauvinism, which is also called sexism, is a worldview based on the principle of gender discrimination. This kind of chauvinism has nothing to do with politics, but is no less relevant than national chauvinism.

Machismo

A chauvinist man emphasizes his superiority over a woman by his actions and behavior.

1. The woman is given the role of a housewife, whose duties include serving her husband and raising children. There is a rule: "The word is not given to Baba."
2. Adultery for a man is the norm, but the presence of lovers in a woman is condemned.
3. A man should dominate everything: occupy leadership positions, determine the fate of the state, have a final say in the family. A woman is content with the role of a subordinate, she is paid less, even if she occupies a position equivalent to a man, and there are only a few representatives of the weak half of humanity in government bodies.

In opposition to male chauvinism, feminism arose - a movement for equal rights for women and men. However, in addition to it, there is another phenomenon of sexism - female chauvinism.

Female chauvinism

Men claim that their rights are also infringed, and women in some cases are in a more advantageous position compared to the representatives of the stronger sex. The descendants of Adam see the discrimination of their rights in:

• different retirement age. Women have the right to retire earlier, and men want the same;

• the need to serve in the draft army. Why should the defense of the Motherland be only our duty, the great-great-great-grandchildren of Russian heroes ask;

• the right of women to decide whether or not to have an abortion;

• established lower standards physical activity for women, especially pregnant women. Why expectant mother not work on an equal footing with a male colleague? Or maybe the men who have a beer belly weighing 15 kg should be transferred to a shorter working day?

• the need to take off their hats when women remain in headscarves and hats. For example, in a church, theater, during the performance of a hymn.

Chauvinism, regardless of the sphere of manifestation, is a negative phenomenon, generated by the eternal desire of a person to suppress and rule, but this can lead to a third world war. Therefore, you need to be wiser, not being led by your desires and ambitions, but making decisions that your descendants will not have to pay for.

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(Great Russian chauvinism). In some cases, it is applied to other peoples.

History of the term

Early 20th century - 1930s

The term was widely used in the liberal and revolutionary environment of the late nineteenth and early twentieth.

Great power was especially felt when creating national authorities local management. People's Commissar for Agriculture Yakovlev complained that "the vile great-power Russian chauvinism penetrates through the apparatus."
In all Stalin's speeches on the national question at party congresses from the 10th to the 16th, he was declared the main danger to the state. Stalin proclaimed: A decisive struggle against the remnants of Great Russian chauvinism is the first immediate task of our Party.» . But over time, yielding to the requirements of the super-centralized nationwide structures being created, the thesis was forgotten and national languages were pushed back out of state apparatus where the Russian became common language office work. So in the future this term was not publicly used, remaining only in the Soviet officialdom; Here, for example, is the definition of TSB:

V. sh., as well as other forms of bourgeois nationalism, Marxist parties counterpose consistent proletarian internationalism. socialist revolution liquidates social causes V. sh., nationalism. In the course of socialist construction, equality, friendship, and fraternal mutual assistance arise and develop among peoples. When deciding national question in the USSR, during the transitional period to socialism, there were manifestations of a bias towards the Higher Highway. Its social base was the remnants of the exploiting classes, some revival of capitalist elements during the NEP period. Expressed by V. sh. in ignoring national characteristics, non-recognition in practice of the principle of national equality, etc. At the 10th (1921), 12th (1923), 16th (1930) Party Congresses, this deviation was exposed and overcome. Ideology and politics V. sh. alien Soviet society. According to the Constitution of the USSR (Article 123), any direct or indirect manifestation of them is punishable by law.

The Communist and Workers' Parties, which come out under the banner of Marxism-Leninism, wage a resolute, uncompromising struggle against all manifestations of higher education and educate the working people in the spirit of proletarian internationalism and socialist patriotism.

perestroika

Modern usage

Now the expression is used much less frequently than in the 20s, but it has not disappeared anywhere. President of Russia V. V. Putin, speaking on June 18 at international conference“Eurasian Integration: Trends in Modern Development and Challenges of Globalization”, said about the problems hindering integration: “If I were allowed to take part in the work of this section, I would say that these problems can be formulated very simply. This is great-power chauvinism, this is nationalism, these are the personal ambitions of those on whom political decisions depend, and, finally, this is just stupidity - ordinary cave stupidity. On July 24, 2007, at a meeting with members of youth movements in Zavidovo, V.V. Putin said in response to a remark regarding the problem of migration: “ This, of course, is the ground for inciting nationalism within the country. But in any development of events, great-power chauvinism is unacceptable» .

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• V. I. Lenin

An excerpt characterizing Great Power Chauvinism

- What decision would you like to make? he said, catching up with him.
Rostov stopped and, clenching his fists, suddenly moved menacingly towards Alpatych.
– Decision? What's the solution? Old bastard! he shouted at him. - What were you watching? BUT? The men are rioting, and you can't handle it? You yourself are a traitor. I know you, I'll skin everyone... - And, as if afraid to waste his ardor in vain, he left Alpatych and quickly went forward. Alpatych, suppressing the feeling of insult, kept up with Rostov with a floating step and continued to tell him his thoughts. He said that the peasants were stagnant, that at the present moment it was imprudent to fight them without having a military team, that it would not be better to send for a team first.
“I will give them a military command ... I will oppose them,” Nikolai said senselessly, choking on unreasonable animal malice and the need to vent this anger. Without realizing what he will do, unconsciously, quickly, decisive step he moved towards the crowd. And the closer he moved to her, the more Alpatych felt that his imprudent act could produce good results. The peasants of the crowd felt the same way, looking at his quick and firm gait and his determined, frowning face.
After the hussars entered the village and Rostov went to the princess, confusion and discord occurred in the crowd. Some peasants began to say that these newcomers were Russians and no matter how offended they were by not letting the young lady out. Drone was of the same opinion; but as soon as he expressed it, Karp and other peasants attacked the former headman.
- How many years have you eaten the world? Karp shouted at him. - You don't care! You will dig a little egg, take it away, what do you want, ruin our houses, or not?
- It is said that there should be order, no one should go from the houses, so as not to take out a blue gunpowder - that's it! shouted another.
“There was a queue for your son, and you must have felt sorry for your baldness,” the little old man suddenly spoke quickly, attacking Dron, “but he shaved my Vanka. Oh, let's die!
- Then we will die!
“I am not a refuser from the world,” said Dron.
- That’s not a refuser, he has grown a belly! ..
Two long men were talking. As soon as Rostov, accompanied by Ilyin, Lavrushka and Alpatych, approached the crowd, Karp, putting his fingers behind his sash, smiling slightly, stepped forward. The drone, on the contrary, went into the back rows, and the crowd moved closer.
- Hey! who is your elder here? - shouted Rostov, quickly approaching the crowd.
- Is that the elder? What do you want? .. – asked Karp. But before he had time to finish, his hat fell off him and his head jerked to one side from a strong blow.
- Hats off, traitors! Rostov's full-blooded voice shouted. - Where is the elder? he shouted in a furious voice.
“The headman, the headman is calling ... Dron Zakharych, you,” hurriedly submissive voices were heard somewhere, and hats began to be removed from their heads.
“We can’t rebel, we observe the rules,” said Karp, and at the same moment several voices from behind suddenly began to speak:
- As the old men murmured, there are a lot of you bosses ...
- Talk? .. Riot! .. Robbers! Traitors! Rostov yelled senselessly, in a voice not his own, grabbing Karp by Yurot. - Knit him, knit him! he shouted, although there was no one to knit him, except for Lavrushka and Alpatych.
Lavrushka, however, ran up to Karp and grabbed him by the arms from behind.
- Will you order ours from under the mountain to call? he shouted.
Alpatych turned to the peasants, calling two by name to knit Karp. The men obediently left the crowd and began to unbelt.
- Where is the elder? shouted Rostov.
Drone, with a frown and pale face, stepped out of the crowd.
- Are you an elder? Knit, Lavrushka! - shouted Rostov, as if this order could not meet obstacles. And indeed, two more peasants began to knit Dron, who, as if helping them, took off his kushan and gave it to them.
- And you all listen to me, - Rostov turned to the peasants: - Now the march to the houses, and so that I don’t hear your voice.
“Well, we didn’t make any offense. We are just being stupid. They’ve only done nonsense… I told you it was disorder,” voices were heard reproaching each other.
“So I told you,” Alpatych said, coming into his own. - It's not good, guys!
“Our stupidity, Yakov Alpatych,” voices answered, and the crowd immediately began to disperse and scatter around the village.
The bound two peasants were taken to the manor's yard. Two drunk men followed them.
- Oh, I'll look at you! - said one of them, referring to Karp.
“Is it possible to speak to gentlemen like that?” What did you think?
“Fool,” another confirmed, “really, fool!”
Two hours later the carts were in the courtyard of Bogucharov's house. The peasants were eagerly carrying out and stacking the master's things on the carts, and Dron, at the request of Princess Mary, released from the locker where he was locked up, standing in the yard, disposed of the peasants.
“Don’t put it down so badly,” one of the peasants said, A tall man with a round smiling face, accepting the casket from the hands of the maid. She's worth the money too. Why are you throwing it like that or half a rope - and it will rub. I don't like that. And to be honest, according to the law. That's how it is under the matting, but cover it with a curtain, that's important. Love!
“Look for books, books,” said another peasant, who was carrying out the library cabinets of Prince Andrei. - You do not cling! And it’s heavy, guys, the books are healthy!
- Yes, they wrote, they didn’t walk! - a tall chubby man said with a significant wink, pointing to the thick lexicons lying on top.

Rostov, not wanting to impose his acquaintance on the princess, did not go to her, but remained in the village, waiting for her to leave. Having waited for Princess Mary's carriages to leave the house, Rostov mounted on horseback and accompanied her on horseback to the path occupied by our troops, twelve miles from Bogucharov. In Jankovo, at the inn, he took leave of her respectfully, for the first time allowing himself to kiss her hand.

The term "Great Russian chauvinism" first came into use at the beginning of the twentieth century in a revolutionary environment, both Bolshevik and liberal, bourgeois. With the coming of the Bolsheviks to power, Great Russian chauvinism was opposed to internationalism. Lenin's slogan appeared: "Fight against great-power chauvinism!" After the Great patriotic war 1941-1945 great-power chauvinism was forgotten.
On May 24, 1945, at a reception in the St. George Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace in honor of the commanders of the Red Army, I.V. Stalin, during a drinking speech, delivered his famous toast dedicated to the Russian people. “Comrades, allow me to raise one more, last toast.
I'd like to raise a toast to our health Soviet people and, above all, the Russian people. (Stormy, prolonged applause, shouts of "Hurrah").
I drink, first of all, for the health of the Russian people, because it is the most outstanding nation of all the nations that make up the Soviet Union.
They remembered Great Russian chauvinism during perestroika and after it. So V.V. Putin, speaking on June 18, 2004 at the international conference "Eurasian Integration: Trends in Modern Development and Challenges of Globalization", said: "Great-power chauvinism is nationalism, it's just stupidity - ordinary cave stupidity."
(http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/836838)
Trying to understand what Great Russian chauvinism is, we can turn to the phenomenon of European chauvinism.
It turned out that European chauvinism is identical to European cosmopolitanism and vice versa. This was proved by one of the founders of Eurasianism, the Russian philosopher, Prince N.S. Trubetskoy in his work "Europe and Humanity". In it, he wrote: "If we now take a European cosmopolitan, we will see that, in essence, he is no different from a chauvinist."
"The chauvinist wants other peoples to merge with his people, losing their national physiognomy." “Cosmopolitan denies differences between nationalities. If such differences exist, they must be eliminated.”
“Ancient cosmopolitan ideas,” writes Trubetskoy, “became the basis of education in Europe. They gave rise to the theoretical foundations of the so-called European "cosmopolitanism", which would be more correctly called frankly pan-Romano-Germanic chauvinism. The only difference is that the chauvinist takes a closer ethnic group than cosmopolitan. So the difference is only in degree, not in principle.
Theoretical Foundations compelled Europeans to turn to history. Well, and "collision with the monuments of the Roman and Greek culture brought to the surface the idea of ​​a supra-national, world civilization, an idea characteristic of the Greco-Roman world.
The fact is that in the 1st century BC - the 1st century AD, the Greeks of Hellas, Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, Epirus, Macedonia, Asia Minor, Pontus, Cappadocia, Syria and Egypt received the status of citizens of the Roman state and began to be called "Romeans" or Romeo-Hellenes, literally "Romans".
(https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/)
In general, history European culture takes us back to ancient roots, to the time of the birth of Christianity.
“Christianity, according to its cultural and historical precedents, is generally a synthesis of two currents, Judaic (Semitic) and Hellenistic (Aryan). But the synthesis is radical, transformative, and not a mechanical amalgam. And even more than synthesis - a completely new revelation.
Now it should be noted, “whether the Roman Empire was monotonously Latin or Hellenic in race, language and culture, the face of the history of the church would be one. Now, in fact, it is different, bifurcated. It's about split christian church into Orthodox and Catholic and about the adoption of Orthodoxy by Russia.
Simply put, in terms of religious culture Great Russian chauvinism and European chauvinism are two branches of Greco-Roman, Romeo-Hellenic cosmopolitanism. Great Russian chauvinism specific option cosmopolitanism, globalism.
The Great Russian branch of Greco-Roman, Romeo-Hellenic cosmopolitanism was formed as a result of the baptism of Russia - the introduction by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich in 988 in Ancient Russia of Christianity as the state religion.
The baptism of Russia took place before the final schism of the Western and Eastern churches, but at a time when it had already fully matured and received its expression both in dogma and in the relationship between church and church. secular authorities. The adoption of Christianity contributed to the penetration into Ancient Russia Byzantine culture as the successor of the ancient tradition.
Another significant event that influenced the formation of Great Russian chauvinism is that after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Russia becomes the successor of the second Rome, Byzantium. Moscow is declared the Third Rome, the Russians are the people chosen by God.
Previously, the Jews considered themselves God's chosen people. As mentioned in the Book of Exodus, the Jewish people are God's chosen people from which the Messiah, or savior of the world, will emerge.
(https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki)
It turns out that the culture, which, according to cosmopolitans, should dominate the world, having abolished all other cultures, is the culture of God's chosen people, the savior of the world, the Messiah.
It should be noted that Karl Marx thought of the proletariat as the Messiah, the savior of the world from capitalism. The proletariat was the bearer of proletarian culture in the USSR. idea of ​​the world proletarian revolution tells us that the proletarian culture was to dominate the world, abolishing all other cultures. In addition, the Russian people were considered the Savior of the world from fascism in the USSR.
Since in the 1920s and 1930s, during the destruction of Great Russian chauvinism by the Bolsheviks in the name of establishing internationalism or proletarian cosmopolitanism, Eurasianism appeared, it can be seen as a temporary compromise between Great Russian cosmopolitanism and proletarian cosmopolitanism.
Eurasianism is a geopolitical concept that appeared in the early twenties of the twentieth century among Russian emigrants living in Europe. Its founders and leaders were young and talented Russian scientists: linguist N. S. Trubetskoy, geographer P. N. Savitsky, philosopher-theologian G. V. Florovsky, historians G. V. Vernadsky and L. P. Karsavin, jurists V. N. Ilyin and N. N. Alekseev. The beginning of the Eurasian movement is usually called 1921, when the first collection of articles by Eurasians, Exodus to the East, was published in Sofia.

“Eurasians give a new geographical and historical understanding of Russia,” P.N.Savitsky believed. The fact is that, according to Savitsky, “East European, “White Sea-Caucasian”, as the Eurasians call it, the plain along geographical nature much closer to the West Siberian and Turkestan plains, which lie to the east of it, than to Western Europe.
"The named three plains, together with the heights separating them from each other ( Ural mountains and the so-called "Aral-Irtysh" watershed) and bordering them from the east, southeast and south (mountains of the Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia, Central Asia, Persia, the Caucasus, Asia Minor), are special world, one in itself and geographically distinct both from the countries lying to the west and from the countries lying to the southeast and south of it.
And if you associate the name of “Europe” with the first, and the name of “Asia” with the second, then the name of “Eurasia” will be fitting for the world just named, as the middle and mediating one.
(http://pandia.ru/text/77/387/97096.php)
“Russia occupies the main space of the lands of Eurasia. Since we also ascribe some cultural and historical content to the concepts of "Europe" and "Asia", the designation "Eurasia" acquires the meaning of a concise cultural and historical characteristic.
This designation indicates that the cultural life of Russia, in commensurate shares, included elements of various cultures.
The influences of the South, East and West, interspersed, consistently dominated the world of Russian culture. The south in these processes is revealed mainly in the image of Byzantine culture. The East in this case appears mainly in the guise of a "steppe" civilization, usually regarded as one of the characteristically "Asian" civilizations. Since the end of the twentieth century, the influence of European culture has gone to profit.
(http://pandia.ru/text/77/387/97096.php)
It turns out that the Eurasianists are striving to give not only a new geographical and historical understanding of Russia. This is not only a geopolitical, but also a geocultural concept, in which certain place occupies not only the origin of Great Russian culture, its roots, but also the location folk cultures in the cultural and geographical space of Eurasia and Russia. In addition, it is important to choose a philosophical direction for the foundation of the Great Russian, Eurasian concept, since pluralism leads to multiculturalism, monism to monoculturalism, and monopluralism to monomulticulturalism.
Choosing cultural monism, one can pay attention to what monoculturalism led Ukraine to in 2013-2016. Attention should also be paid to the migration crisis as a consequence of European pluralism, multiculturalism in 2015-2016.
Not wanting similar events for Eurasia and Russia, the only option philosophy of the Eurasian concept remains pluralistic monism. Its essence lies in the recognition that all cultures of Eurasia and Russia have both common - cosmopolitan, and special - chauvinistic features. Cosmopolitanism unites many cultures into one cultural system. Previously, it was called Great Russian, then Soviet, now Eurasian. Another has not yet been found.
New cosmopolitan culture new person in her. That is, the idea of ​​Eurasianism requires the formation of a Eurasian as a common cultural type of a person who settled Eurasia, which is not yet the case. Well, the Soviet cultural type man fell apart during the collapse of the USSR. It is necessary to oppose the European to the Eurasianist, European cosmopolitanism, globalism, Eurasian cosmopolitanism, globalism.
Now it must be said that the philosophy of pluralistic monism changes the content of chauvinism and cosmopolitanism. In it, the chauvinist ceases to wish "for other peoples to merge with his people, having lost their national physiognomy", and the cosmopolitan ceases to deny the differences between nationalities and strive for their destruction.
That is, Eurasian globalism is different in content than European, based on pluralism, multiculturalism. It is full, double-sided, and not half-sided, one-sided, as in Europe.

Sources
1. Kartashev A.V. Ecumenical Councils.- M.: Respublika, 1994.- 542 p.

Plan
Introduction
1 History of the use of the term
1.1 Early 20th century - 1930s
1.2 Rebuilding
1.3 Modern usage

Bibliography

Introduction

Great power chauvinism is an expression used primarily in socialist, communist and liberal literature to denote the dominant attitude of the imperialist powers and their state power to the rest of the peoples [for example, Great Britain, France to the peoples of the colonies], and then to the [USSR] (German chauvinism). In some cases, it is applied to other peoples.

1. History of the use of the term

1.1. Early 20th century - 1930s

First came into use at the beginning of the 20th century in a liberal and revolutionary environment; say, Zinaida Gippius during the First World War violently protested against "Russian chauvinism", for example, against the renaming of St. Petersburg to Petrograd.

With the coming of the Bolsheviks to power, the term came into use and became one of the most negatively colored ideological clichés; great-power chauvinism was opposed to internationalism. Lenin, criticizing Stalinist plan autonomization, wrote about the future central government of the USSR, in which "an insignificant percentage of Soviet and Sovietized workers will drown in the sea of ​​Great Russian chauvinist trash." Lenin proclaimed the slogan: "Great-power chauvinism - fight!" Zinoviev called for "cutting off the head of our Russian chauvinism", "burning with a red-hot iron wherever there is even a hint of great-power chauvinism ...". Bukharin explained to his compatriots: “We, as a former great-power nation, must put ourselves in an unequal position in the sense of even greater concessions to national trends” and demanded that the Russians be placed “in a position lower than others.” People's Commissar for Agriculture Yakovlev complained that "the vile great-power Russian chauvinism penetrates through the apparatus." In all Stalin's speeches on the national question at party congresses from the 10th to the 16th, he was declared the main danger to the state. Stalin proclaimed: A decisive struggle against the remnants of Great Russian chauvinism is the first immediate task of our Party. ».

In the future, this term was not used publicly, remaining only in the Soviet officialdom; Here, for example, is the definition of TSB:

V. sh., as well as other forms of bourgeois nationalism, Marxist parties counterpose consistent proletarian internationalism. The socialist revolution eliminates the social causes of high school and nationalism. In the course of socialist construction, equality, friendship, and fraternal mutual assistance arise and develop among peoples. In the solution of the national question in the USSR during the transitional period to socialism, there were manifestations of a bias towards the Higher Highway. Its social base was the remnants of the exploiting classes, some revival of capitalist elements during the NEP period. Expressed by V. sh. in ignoring national peculiarities, in practice not recognizing the principle of national equality, etc. At the 10th (1921), 12th (1923), 16th (1930) Party Congresses, this deviation was exposed and overcome. Ideology and politics V. sh. alien to Soviet society. According to the Constitution of the USSR (Article 123), any direct or indirect manifestation of them is punishable by law. The Communist and Workers' Parties, which come out under the banner of Marxism-Leninism, wage a resolute, uncompromising struggle against all manifestations of higher education and educate the working people in the spirit of proletarian internationalism and socialist patriotism.

1.2. perestroika

The term was common in the liberal press of the era of perestroika (as well as, earlier, in liberal samizdat works). The meaning remained close to the previous one (although without the Marxist component). According to I. R. Shafarevich in the book “Russophobia”, ““great-power chauvinism” as the main danger is literally preserved, as if borrowed by the literature of the “Lesser People” from the reports of Stalin and Zinoviev.”

1.3. Modern usage

Now the expression is used much less frequently than in the 20s, but it has not disappeared anywhere. Russian President V.V. Putin, speaking on June 18, 2004 at the international conference "Eurasian Integration: Trends in Modern Development and Challenges of Globalization", said about the problems hindering integration: "If I were allowed to take part in the work of this section, I would said that these problems can be formulated very simply. This is great-power chauvinism, this is nationalism, these are the personal ambitions of those on whom political decisions depend, and, finally, this is just stupidity - ordinary cave stupidity. On July 24, 2007, at a meeting with members of youth movements in Zavidovo, Vladimir Putin said in response to a remark regarding the problem of migration: “ This, of course, is the ground for inciting nationalism within the country. But in any development of events, great-power chauvinism is unacceptable". The executive director of the extremist "Russian-Chechen Friendship Society" banned by the court, Stanislav Dmitrievsky (sentenced to two years probation for extremist activity), believes that "as long as there is propaganda great power chauvinism, all prescriptions for preventing events in Kondopoga are meaningless.”

Also, the expression is used in the comedy-farce "Shirley-myrli" (1995) by one of the heroes, a gypsy by nationality:

I refuse any negotiations until you stop discriminating against gypsy citizens.
- Yes, who the hell needs them, your gypsies.
- Here it is, great-power chauvinism in action. Have you forgotten who won the Battle of Kulikovo for you?

Bibliography:

1. See the article "Great power chauvinism" in the TSB.

2. http://lib.chistopol.ru/read.php?id=913 Brachev V. S. Masons in Russia: from Peter I to the present day

3. " Independent newspaper", 12/18/1997.

4. WHY DID THE SOVIET UNION COLLAPSE?

5. National moments in the party and state building// Pravda No. 65, March 24, 1923

6. RUSSOPHOBIA

7. http://www.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=46438

8. Putin declared the inadmissibility of great-power chauvinism (RIA Novosti, 07/24/2007)

9. Supreme Court finally liquidated the Russian-Chechen Friendship Society (Lenta.ru, 01/23/2007

10. Stanislav Dmitrievsky was sentenced to two years of imprisonment on probation (“ Caucasian knot", 03.02.2006

11. Stanislav Dmitrievsky: As long as there is propaganda of great-power chauvinism, it is impossible to prevent the events in Kondopoga