On October 4, 1872, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, a Russian doctor, a well-known lexicographer, the author of " explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language. The collection of words became the main work of his whole life, this dictionary is a unique and inimitable monument of literature. Today we decided to talk about the most unusual dictionaries Russian language
Dictionary reversed
An ignorant person, having opened such a reverse dictionary, will not immediately understand what its essence is. Words are aligned to the right, and not as we are used to on the left side. And they are not arranged alphabetically, but in some random order. In fact, everything is not so.
In reverse dictionaries, words are arranged in alphabetical order not initial letters, but final. And they are printed from the other side of the page, so that it is convenient to search for the right word.
Such dictionaries are indispensable in the study of word formation with the help of suffixes. You can also track the peculiarity of the pronunciation of the word.
The first such dictionaries appeared in the XIII-XIV centuries. Arab countries. True, they were not used by linguists, but by poets. The endings of words collected in alphabetical order helped to easily find the necessary rhyme and complete the poem.
The first reverse dictionaries of the Russian language appeared abroad, in the middle of the 20th century. In the USSR, such publications began to be published in the 70s of the last century. One of the pioneers was the Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language (scientific consultants A. A. Zaliznyak, R. V. Bakhturina, E. M. Smorgunova) (M., 1974), it contains about 125,000 words.
Dictionaries rare words
“Here are the pies! Those are cheese pies! it's with urda! and here are those that Afanasy Ivanovich loves very much, with cabbage and buckwheat porridge» With what forgive pies? With urda? A corrosive reader is unlikely to stumble on this word, reading the wonderful work of Nikolai Gogol " old world landowners". For the author and his contemporaries, this seemed to be clearly understandable and used in everyday life.
But what about us, readers from the 21st century, who also want to know what Urdu is? Dictionaries of rare words will come to our aid, of which, fortunately, a sufficient number have now appeared on the network. So, Urda is pomace from poppy seeds, with which pies were baked during the time of Nikolai Vasilyevich. With the help of such dictionaries, you can find out who a chapyzhnik is, where to wear a current, and who was called yellow-eyed.
Dictionaries of names of inhabitants
How to call the inhabitants of Kursk in one word? And Uglich? And Salekhard? Okay, don't worry! Linguists, geographers and historians have already done everything for us, we just have to open the dictionary and find the right city. Such collections are highly valued and are always at hand for an experienced traveler. In order, for example, not to sit in a puddle in front of the inhabitants of Omsk, we recommend that you look into such a dictionary before your trip.
One of the first such publications was "Dictionary of names of the inhabitants of the RSFSR" edited by A. M. Babkin. It was published in 1964 and included about six thousand names of residents of 2000 settlements. Russian Federation. Each title is given with an accent, and some even with illustrations.
Such dictionaries are constantly reprinted, supplemented and updated. So, for example, one of latest editions came out in 2003.
Clueless Dictionaries
To call it a dictionary, to be honest, the language does not turn. Rather, it is a collection of jokes and jokes. The authors of such publications call them stupid dictionaries. Now there are a lot of them both on the Internet and on the bookshelves. Their meaning lies in the funny decoding of familiar words. Both consonance of word forms and simple associations. So, for example, one of the electronic goofy dictionaries offers us the following meanings.
Dolphin - business Finn
Wiring - diluted vodka
Ban - go out with friends in the bath
Such dictionaries can be compiled by anyone, you just need to apply a little imagination and a sense of humor.
Were there Russians? What was the harlot used for? Who is Hertzumsroll? These and other words in the list of the most interesting hapaxes - words used only once in history
hapaxes(in Greek - ἅπαξ λεγόμενον, hapax legomenon, "named once") - these are words that in the entire set of texts on given language meet only once. There should be many such words in every language: statistical law Zipf, frequency dictionary any text and any combination of them contains a long tail of "ones". Most of these hapaxes consist of known roots and suffixes and are understandable even to those who have not heard them before. However, some of these words are of particular interest, especially if we are talking about dead languages or literary classics: their meaning is often mysterious, the origin is unclear, and in some cases they are complete phantoms (ghost words), resulting from an erroneous interpretation of the text.
Rusichi
Old Russian language
From the album "Peoples of Russia". France, 1812-1813 Bibliothèque nationale de FranceThe most famous ancient Russian hapax is the word Russians. True, it occurs not once, but four times, but only in one short text- "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". But few of our contemporaries are unfamiliar with this word: in dozens of popular books and films, residents Ancient Russia that's just what they are called, so now the word "Rusich" has become a popular patriotic name for anything: from a subway car to a cinema. Nevertheless, the Eastern Slavs themselves usually called themselves simply collectively - rus. Not a single ancient monument from Russians more could not be found, except for obvious rough fakes like the Veles book. Even in the medieval imitation of the "Word" - "Zadonshchina" - the words Russians not in any of the lists, but there is Russian sons.
For a long time, a minority of scholars defended the view that the Lay, whose only manuscript burned down in 1812, is a forgery. Of course, the name of the inhabitants of Russia, which is not found anywhere else, served these authors as one of the arguments in favor of the falsification of the monument. Now it is shown that this word does not actually contradict the old Russian norms; rare options for -ichi were in most of the names of peoples and meant "children common ancestor". In addition, a similar word was found in Ukrainian folklore Russovichi. "Word" is a poetic text, so unusual name could well have been used.
Blood cutter
Old Russian language
In one Old Russian text, the list of property mentions bledorez forged. The "Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries" includes the word "fornication" with the indication "the meaning is unclear." The imagination draws some kind of forged metal tool, the purpose of which is better not to think about.
Linguist Vadim Krysko solved the riddle of the "fornication cutter". This word simply does not exist: the letter “yus” (ѫ) is read not as most often - “y”, but as “yu”, and we have before us simply “a dish - a forged cut”, that is, a dish with a forged carved pattern. Nominative case in such cases, it happens modern language: for example, in the inscription on the price tag “gloves leather”.
Dzheregelya
Ukrainian language
The father of Ukrainian literature, Ivan Kotlyarevsky, wrote in his poem "Aeneid":
Here the dzheregeli were wedded,
Crushes on the heads.
In the Ukrainian-Russian glossary attached to the "Aeneid", he explained that these are "braids, finely braided and set out in a wreath on the head." Since then, this word has been included in various dictionaries. Ukrainian language, including a small dictionary compiled by the young N.V. Gogol; but all its uses ultimately go back to Kotlyarevsky. Where he got the word from and whether it exactly means what the glossary says is unclear. AT " Etymological Dictionary» 1985, he is associated with the Polish ceregiela("ceremony"), but the meaning Polish word completely different. For a while, the Russian Wikipedia had an article called Dzheregeli, illustrated with a photograph of Yulia Timoshenko, but then it (the article) was deleted.
Gertsum-roll
Belarusian language
Cab driver in Vilna www.oldurbanphotos.com In the classic play by Yanka Kupala "Tuteishya" ("Local" or "Local"), one hero meets another, carrying a cart with all sorts of junk, and tells him:
“Smoke what’s with you? Qi didn’t you write free men’s hertzum-srolik? - like a wheelbarrow yaki, drumming this brychka with himself.
More belarusian texts with the word gertsum-srolik no. But he managed to find it in the essays in Russian “Journey through Polesye and the Belarusian Territory” by Pavel Shpilevsky, where, when describing the Nemiga floods, it says:
“Since this channel is sometimes quite large, bridges are arranged to cross it: however, fast water demolishes the footbridges on the same day as they are arranged, and then you have to move in hired cab carts (in the genus Viennese Zeiselwagen) of the so-called Hertzumsrollers-Jews, flying to the shores of Novaya Nemiga in countless numbers and collecting pennies from riders for transportation.
As you can conclude, this word means a Minsk Jew, moonlighting as a cab driver, a kind of "bomb", a "free" non-professional. It is logical to look for its etymology in the Yiddish language. Linguist Alexandra Polyan suggested that it consists of her cu- “hey, you” and “Srolik” (in Ukrainian Yiddish Srul) is a common Jewish name, a diminutive of Israel.
ΣАΣТНР
Ancient Greek
"Chersonese oath" - a monument from the territory of the Crimea (under the present Sevastopol), found on central square ancient city Chersonese Tauride in the 1890s. Dated beginning III century BC e. This is a marble slab long text oath of a Chersonese citizen. Among the understandable oaths (“I will not betray anything to anyone, neither the Greeks nor the barbarian”, “I will not violate democracy”, “I will not plot a conspiracy”, “I will be an enemy to intruders”) there is also this: “I will protect the saster (ΣАΣТНР) for the people”.
None more Greek text There is no such word as Old or New. The literature on the saster is enormous. There are many hypotheses, including very eccentric ones. Max Vasmer and Lev Elnitsky, for example, believed that the saster was the Scythian governor of Chersonese, S. A. Zhebelev believed that this was some kind of sacred object, for example, an idol; V. V. Latyshev (the first publisher of the inscription) - that this is some legal concept such as the civil oath. Parallels were searched for this word in Iranian and other languages. Historical novels appeared, where the sacred saster towering above the Chersonese coast appears; in Sevastopol, a festival called "Saster of Chersonese" was held. On the Internet, you can listen to a song with the words “And I will find a magical saster” (with an emphasis on “a”) and read verses with the line “An unknown saster melting from us” (with an emphasis on “e”).
But what is or who is the “saster”, which (whom) the Chersonesos had to protect for the people, no one knows for sure. It will be possible to solve this problem only if someday in the Black Sea region there is another inscription with this word.
Celtis
Latin language
The Vulgate (the Latin translation of the Bible made by Saint Jerome) in most editions contains the following redaction of verses 23-24 of chapter 19 of the Book of Job:
Quis mihi tribuat ut scribantur sermones mei? Quis mihi det ut exarentur in libro stylo ferreo et plumbi lamina, vel celte sculpantur in silice?
(“Oh, if my words were written down! If they were inscribed in a book with an iron chisel and tin, they would be carved on a stone for eternity!”)
Where the Russian translation of the word "for eternity" (they are in both the Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible; Jerome missed them for some reason), is the Latin word celte- it can only be an ablative (in this case, an analogue of the Russian instrumental case) from the word Celtis, meaning, judging by the context, some kind of stone carving tool, such as "chisel" or "chisel". Word Celtis not found, except for the translation of the Bible, in any ancient text; all of its medieval examples depend on the Vulgate. The word has hit many Latin dictionaries, and in the Renaissance it was taken as a name by the humanist Konrad Celtis, whose real name Bikel means in German "pick, pick, ice ax."
In many of the oldest lists of the Vulgate, in place of the word celte worth the well-known certificate- "exactly" ( vel certe Jerome means something like "or"). A number of researchers considered that celte- a complete phantom, the result of a typo instead of certificate. The philologist Max Niedermann rehabilitated this word, showed that there is no reason to consider it a secondary reading, and led to it a number of interesting Indo-European parallels. That the word for instrument did not find its way into the bulk of Latin texts, only a small part of which is devoted to technical topics, is not surprising.
Ambivalence- the duality of experience, expressed in the fact that one object evokes two opposite feelings in a person at the same time.
Ambigram- graphically depicted words or phrases - flippers, i.e. readable from both sides. A simple example, the year is 1961 (if the units are sans-serif). Complex A. - words in the form of a complex symmetrical calligraphic pattern.
Anagram- a word or phrase formed by a permutation of letters or components, for example, "orange" and "spaniel".
Aneurysm- extension. In medicine, a local expansion of, for example, a blood vessel.
Apology- exorbitant praise, biased, biased position due to special interest in relation to a phenomenon, object or person.
Authenticity- authenticity.
Outsourcing- transfer by one organization of some business processes and production functions to another organization. For example, bookkeeping, maintenance of equipment, transport services etc.
bulimia- insatiable constant hunger, a painful condition, it is also sometimes the cause of obesity.
Burime - composing poems to given rhymes, or just playing rhymes.
Validity- full compliance with certain standards or compliance of the result with the initially set tasks.
Virality- the effect of "viral" dissemination of information by the persons for whom this information was intended.
Grooming- taking care of pets. Now predominantly used to describe the cosmetic care of dogs and cats.
Downshifting- voluntary rejection of the benefits of civilization in favor of a simple and free life. For example, the transition from an urban lifestyle to a rural one.
deja vu- the feeling that what is being experienced this moment, has already happened before.
Decoupage- decorative technique in decoration and design: cutting out any patterns from flat materials (leather, fabric, wood) and then gluing onto the surface to be decorated.
Dumping- dumping goods or services at a substantially lower price as a means of competition.
Divergence- discrepancy of any signs and properties as a result of certain processes or external factors.
Identification- establishment of correspondence on a number of lines and indirect signs, identification or self-identification.
impress- to make a positive impression, inspire respect, like.
indifference- indifference, indifference.
Insurgent- rebel.
Hypochondria- painfully depressed state, painful suspiciousness.
Carving- artistic cutting, usually for vegetables and fruits. Also in hairdressing - a long-term perm.
Customization- Orientation to the consumer, following the direct needs of the buyer, in the production of goods or the provision of services.
Quintessence- the most important thing, the essence.
Cognitiveness- the ability of consciousness to perceive information and assimilate it.
comme il faut- something decent, fitting into generally accepted norms.
Convergence- convergence and acquisition of similarity in a number of characteristics of initially different systems.
Congenialitysimilarity in spirit, similarity of thought.
Conglomeration- connection of heterogeneous objects into one whole while maintaining their original properties and features.
Consensus- agreement on a controversial issue, achieved as a result of convergence of positions.
Constant- constant, a constant parameter.
Credo - life principles worldview beliefs.
Lability- instability, volatility.
Latency- secrecy, a dim manifestation of an existing feature.
Leasing- long-term lease of equipment, etc., in which the tenant gradually pays its cost, thereby acquiring the leased item.
Marginal- located on the edge or outside the main. The opposite of the establishment.
Misalliance- unequal marriage with a person of a lower position, union with an unequal partner.
Memorandum- a reference document that fixes some facts, circumstances and more.
commercialism- pettiness, following selfish interests.
Metabolism- metabolism, as well as a direction in architecture characterized by dynamic variability: long-term buildings are combined with temporary ones.
mise-en-scene- the location of the actors on the stage. AT broad sense- placement of actors.
Mysophobia- fear of dirt, obsessive fear of pollution.
Moveton- bad tone, bad manners.
nyctophobia- fear of the night and insomnia.
Oxymoron- a combination of incongruous. Stylistic figure - a combination of words with the opposite meaning, for example, " hot Snow". Or colloquial: “Would you like some tea?” “Yes, no, perhaps…”
Ontogenesis - individual development organism.
Offer- an offer to make a deal.
Paradigm- the basic conceptual scheme, characteristic of a certain period of time, underlying the definition and evaluation of problems, and their solution, a complex of dominant currents in science.
Perturbation- an unexpected and sudden change in the course of events in a problematic direction.
perfectionism- striving for perfection, following inflated ideals, increased demands on oneself and others. Can be seen as a positive personality trait, but can also be seen as a pathological form of neurotic disorder.
Pleonasm- use in speech or text extra words, which do not add meaning, but enhance expressiveness, for example, “path-road”.
Pluralism- diversity or plurality, both in a mundane and in a philosophical context. Monism - when on the contrary - one thing. Dualism recognizes only duality.
Postulate- Truth accepted without evidence.
Preamble - introductory part some large text justifying it.
Presumption- an assumption based on probability. In a legal context, the recognition of a fact as reliable until proven otherwise. For example, the presumption of innocence and, conversely, guilt.
Prerogative- advantage, exclusive right by virtue of the position held, the right of the first priority.
Prolongation- extension of the term of the contract beyond the stipulated one.
Prostration- exhaustion, loss of strength, accompanied by indifference to the surrounding reality.
Reduction- the transition from complex to simple, the weakening of something.
Resonance- in physics, an increase in the amplitude of oscillations when it coincides with external harmonic influences. In a general sense, a reaction to a certain phenomenon, an echo of something. To resonate is to be in a state of resonance.
reincarnation- rebirth of the soul.
raiding- « free hunting”, actions with the aim of seizing, and sometimes destroying, someone else's property.
Repair- Compensation by the defeated party of material damage as a result of hostilities to the winner.
Representativeness- representativeness, exponentiality.
Retardation - compositional technique, consisting in delaying the narrative with the help of digressions, reasoning, spatial descriptions, introductory scenes. Also, a later laying of the organ and its slow development.
Reference- characterization or review of someone or something.
Reflection- thinking about your inner state, introspection.
Simulacrum- an image or explanation of something that does not exist in reality. A copy that does not have an original.
Synopsis- a presentation of a certain topic in a highly compressed and generalized form.
Sociopathy- antisocial personality disorder. Mental deviation, which is characterized by ignoring (impossibility of compliance) with social norms, aggressiveness, inappropriate behavior on people.
Status quo- the actual state of affairs.
Sublimation- release of affective energy through creativity and active social or other activities.
Substance- objective reality: matter or spirit, to choose from.
Tautology- a combination of words that are identical or close in meaning (for example, “butter oil”), also the use of some concept in the interpretation verbal forms the same concept (for example, "astronomer - a scientist who studies astronomy").
Tactile- tactile.
Transliteration- writing words of one alphabet, letters of another. For example, "for example". There are corresponding standards for translating Russian words into Latin.
Transcendental- the most generalized, originally inherent in the mind, but not acquired.
trend- the current trend, the "highlight of the season."
Trolling- provocative behavior in Internet communication aimed at changing the topic of conversation and inciting conflicts. The term is actively entering real life. A troll is a person who performs provocative actions.
Utility- exceptional practicality.
Fetish- the object of blind unconscious worship.
Physiognomy- the doctrine of the correspondence of facial features and appearance of a person to his character and thoughts. In a broad sense, a description of hidden internal features in appearance.
filigree- professionalism, accuracy in trifles.
Franchise(franchising) - commercial concession, i.e. the right to use one party's capabilities and resources of the other party, in the most simplified and general sense - the lease of a trademark.
frappe- unpleasant surprise.
frustration- a state of depression, anxiety resulting from the collapse of hopes, the impossibility of achieving goals.
Hipster- representative of modern youth subculture with characteristic elitist ostentatious behavior and emphasized intellectual predilections in cinema, music, fine arts etc.
Happening- a certain action, as a work of art.
Cheating, cheater- a very fresh borrowing from the English language, denoting a circumvention or violation of some rules. Accordingly, cheating is a process, a cheater is a person who performs it.
Euthanasia- the intentional killing of a terminally ill patient in order to end his suffering.
Heuristic- a field of knowledge that explores creative activity.
Euphemism- decent and acceptable expression instead of rude or obscene.
Egalitarianism- the concept of total equalization in society, in the economy, etc. - “universal equality”, leveling. Contradicts the basic laws of nature.
Exaltation- Excited state, unhealthy activity.
Excess- an extreme form of manifestation of something, the exit of the process beyond the boundaries of its normal course.
empathy- the ability to put oneself in the place of another person, understanding the other person “through oneself”.
Epicureanism- the desire to satisfy sensual instincts, easy life and wealth (see hedonism).
Escapism- the desire to hide from reality in a fictional world.
In this article, we will look at some Clever words and their meaning. Many of them are probably familiar to you. However, not everyone knows what they mean. The most taken by us from various areas human knowledge.
Quintessence
Quintessence - in medieval and ancient alchemy and natural philosophy - the fifth element, ether, the fifth element. He is like lightning. This is one of the main elements (elements), the most accurate and subtle. In modern cosmology, the quintessence is a model dark energy(its hypothetical form, which has a negative pressure and fills evenly the space of the Universe). Quintessence in figurative meaning- this is the most important, essential, main essence, the purest and most subtle essence, extract.
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a word that is an onomatopoeia resulting from phonetic assimilation various non-speech complexes. Onomatopoeic most often is vocabulary that is directly related to objects and creatures - sources of sound. These are, for example, such verbs as "meow", "croak", "rumble", "crow", and nouns derived from them.
Singularity
Singularity - which is a certain point at which the considered mathematical function tends to infinity or has some other irregular behavior.
There is also a gravitational singularity. This is a region of space-time where the curvature of the continuum turns into infinity or suffers a break, or the metric has other pathological properties that do not allow physical interpretation. - a short period of rapid technological progress, assumed by researchers. The singularity of consciousness is a globally generalizing, expanded state of consciousness. In cosmology, this is the state of the universe in which it was at the beginning big bang, it is characterized by infinite temperature and density of matter. In biology, this concept is used mainly to generalize the evolutionary process.
transcendence
The term "transcendence" (the adjective - "transcendent") comes from a Latin word meaning "to cross over". This is the term of philosophy, which characterizes something inaccessible to experimental knowledge. B was used together with the term "transcendental" to refer to God, the soul, and other concepts. Immanent is its opposite.
Catharsis
"Catharsis" is a term from modern psychoanalysis denoting the process of removing or reducing anxiety, frustration, conflict with the help of emotional release and their verbalizations. In ancient Greek aesthetics, this concept was used to express in a word the impact on a person of art. The term "catharsis" in ancient philosophy was used to denote the result and process of ennobling, cleansing, facilitating the impact various factors per person.
Continuum
What buzzwords do you need to know? For example, the continuum. This is a set equivalent to the set of all real numbers, or a class of such sets. In philosophy this term was used by the ancient Greeks, as well as in the writings of the scholastics of the Middle Ages. In modern works, in connection with a change in the "continuum" itself, they often replace the noun "duration", "continuity", "continuity".
Nigredo
"Nigredo" is an alchemy term for complete decomposition or the first stage of the creation of the so-called philosopher's stone. This is a formation from a homogeneous black mass of components. The next stages after the nigredo are the albedo (a white stage, which produces a lesser elixir that turns metals into silver) and rubedo (a red one, after which a great elixir is obtained).
Entropy
"Entropy" is a concept that was introduced by the German mathematician and physicist Clausius. It is used in thermodynamics to determine the degree of deviation from the ideal real process, the degree of energy dissipation. Entropy, defined as the sum of reduced heats, is a state function. It is constant in various reversible processes, and in irreversible processes its change is always positive. It can be distinguished, in particular, This is a measure of the uncertainty of a certain source of messages, which is determined by the probabilities of occurrence during the transmission of certain characters.
empathy
In psychology, buzzwords are often found, and their designations sometimes cause difficulties in defining them. One of the most popular is the word "empathy". This is the ability to empathize, the ability to put yourself in the place of another (object or person). Also, empathy is the ability to accurately identify a particular person, based on actions, facial reactions, gestures, etc.
Behaviorism
Smart words and expressions from psychology also include such a direction in this science that explains human behavior. It studies the direct connections between reactions (reflexes) and stimuli. Behaviorism directs the attention of psychologists to the study of experience, skills, as opposed to psychoanalysis and associationism.
enduro
Enduro is a style of riding on special trails or off-road, racing over long distances over rough terrain. They differ from motocross in that the race takes place on a closed track, and the lap length is from 15 to 60 km. Racers cover several laps per day, the total distance is from 200 to 300 km. The route is mainly laid in highlands and rather impassable due to the abundance of streams, fords, descents, ascents, etc. Enduro is also a mixture of city and motocross bikes.
They are easy to operate, like road vehicles, have increased cross-country ability. Enduro is close in a number of characteristics to cross-country. You can call them motorcycle-jeeps. One of their main qualities is unpretentiousness.
Other buzzwords and their meaning
Existentialism (in other words, the philosophy of existence) is a trend in philosophy in the 20th century that viewed man as a spiritual being capable of choosing his own destiny.
Synergetics is an interdisciplinary area of research in science, the task of which is to study natural processes and phenomena based on the principles of self-organization of various systems that consist of subsystems.
Annihilation is the reaction of the transformation of an antiparticle and a particle upon collision into some particles different from the original particles.
A priori (literal translation from Latin - "from the previous one") is knowledge that is obtained independently of experience and before it.
Modern smart words are not clear to everyone. For example, "metanoia" (from Greek word, meaning "rethinking", "after the mind") - a term that means repentance (especially in psychotherapy and psychology), regret about what happened.
Compilation (in other words, programming) is the transformation by some compiler program of text written in difficult language, into a machine, close to it, or objective module.
Rasterization is the translation of an image, which is described by a vector format, into dots or pixels for output to a printer or display. This is a process that is the inverse of vectorization.
The next term is intubation. It comes from the Latin words for "in" and "pipe". This is the introduction of a special tube into the larynx when it narrows, which threatens to suffocate (with swelling of the larynx, for example), as well as into the trachea in order to carry out anesthesia.
Vivisection is the performance of surgical operations on a living animal in order to examine the functions of the body or individual extracted organs, to study the effects of various drugs, to develop surgical methods of treatment, or for educational purposes.
The list of "Smart words and their meaning", of course, can be continued. There are many such words in various industries knowledge. We have identified only a few that are quite widespread today. Knowing buzzwords and their meaning is useful. This develops erudition, allows you to better navigate the world. Therefore, it would be nice to remember what buzzwords are called.
Clever words, borrowed from other languages, are designed to strike those around you with the intellect of the speaker or writer. And after all, many people want to know abstruse words for communication and their meaning, but they are too lazy to just look for them on the Internet and use them in simple speech. It's time to finally compile a dictionary of the most incomprehensible words in Russian and their meanings and memorize them! Where and how will it help you? For example, in reviews of new films, plays and books, in conversations with colleagues, in talk shows on TV and the blogosphere, here and there flicker with important view"insight", "kurtosis", "existential" and, of course, trendy " the cognitive dissonance". And you do not understand a word, and no one wants to feel "close-minded" and ignorant.
Remember the proverb “The word is not a sparrow, it will fly out - you won’t catch it”? Of course, we cannot give a complete list of the smartest words in the world that can be used for conversation, and their meaning, but we offer you a list of literate smart words for communicating with people (and their meaning) - a sort of mini-dictionary of popular smart expressions .
smart nouns
The most useful intricate words with meanings that everyone should know are nouns, because they are the basis of our speech. All these clever words, such as "insight", "collaboration", "frustration" ... So, replenish vocabulary long smart words that you need to know by heart.
ADDITION
The English word addiction characterizes addiction, an addiction, a way of escaping from reality. Addictions are not only alcoholism, gambling, drug addiction, smoking. Psychologists assure: a similar addiction mechanism in those who overeat, live and burn at work, love extreme sport, hangs out on the Internet for days, loves creativity and ... falls in love. Another thing is that the forms of addiction are divided into acceptable by society, like the same workaholism or falling in love, and unacceptable, like excessive craving for alcohol.
AMPHIBOLICITY
Amphibolism is the ambiguity of a concept, its contradictory interpretation. As a rule, this word is rarely used - in dissertations, at court hearings, or in biochemical papers. But it’s not bad at all to understand if someone says “this is amphibolic” or “the amphibolic nature of this concept baffles me, because I adhered strictly to one line,” and you understand that it’s all just about the ambiguity of the concept you are discussing.
vis-a-vis
"Frenchman" vis-a-vis in Russian can be both an adverb ("sit vis-a-vis", that is, opposite each other), and a noun, moreover, masculine and female(“my smart counterpart”, “your beautiful counterpart”). You have every right to call your counterpart the one who is opposite you, with whom you are sitting face to face.
IDIOSYNCRASY
What did Stirlitz mean when he said: “I have an idiosyncrasy for rhyme”? The fact that he is completely devoid of a poetic gift. He was modest, of course ... A word with ancient Greek roots (idos - "separate, special"; synkrasis - "mixing") for a long time was known only to physicians, but came into wide use as a synonym for the words "allergy", "rejection": "Yes, he has an idiosyncrasy for everything new!", "I have an idiosyncrasy for empty talk."
INSIGHT
Translated from English, "insight" (insight) literally means insight, insight. This concept is used in philosophy and psychology to convey insight, a sudden understanding of something that is not inferred from past experience. So someone will say: “And then it dawned on me!” – and someone will proudly say: “I had an insight!”
COLLABORATION
The association of several equal, independent participants in order to achieve common goals in fashion, art, business, science and education is called (from English collaboration - cooperation). For example, at the end of March in honor of the 50th anniversary of the fantastic franchise " Star Trek The cosmetics company MAS has announced the release of the Star Trek beauty collection. The make-up options will be borrowed from the movie characters of the franchise and brought to life with 25 limited-edition products for lips, eyes and face. The start of sales is in August 2016.
CARRYLISM
A phenomenon in which the interlocutor asks you a question again, although he heard it perfectly. Why is he doing this? Scientists say that a person does this consciously or subconsciously in order to have more time to formulate an answer. They (or their colleagues) are still arguing about the origin of the word. Many associate him with the American politician John Kerry, who at the end of 2015 could not immediately answer the question Russian schoolchild and asked him several times. If someone wants to accuse you of being slow to respond, tell him that this is nothing more than carrilism, and you need a couple of seconds to formulate an answer.
LIPOPHRENIC
Remember this: "Do not touch me, old woman, I am in sorrow." It was not Ivan the Terrible who said this, but a lipophrenic. In more detail, a lipophrenic is a person who feels irresistible sadness, melancholy and does not know the reasons for the appearance of this condition. Lipophrenia, which is also called apathy, depression, melancholy, usually appears from being alone for a long time, from routine activities or insufficient activity (which is relevant for today's youth), as well as from a lack of positive emotions. If you don’t want to wear the not-so-proud name “lipophrenic”, do what you love more often, virtual communication prefer live, walk more in the fresh air.
NATIFORM
Have you seen stones in the form of a heart or a tomato with a nose? If yes, then you are halfway to understanding the word “natiform”. But here more special case, because natiform is natural formation, resembling the outlines of a female body or part of it. It could be a tree that you looked at from a certain angle and saw shoulders, chest, waist, hips… Or rocks in a rock looking so bizarre that it reminded you of your ex. These are all natiforms.
palynphrasia
Have you noticed for some people that they repeat one word or phrase in almost every sentence? If not, you are lucky, and if you have met with this, congratulate your friend: he has palinphrasia. It is not contagious, but it is absolutely unpleasant when in every sentence you will be told "sir" or "I told you that ...". And so in a circle. As a result, you will not hear other words, lose the essence of the narrative and generally lose any interest in the conversation.
SYNERGY
When this word is called, they usually remember its arithmetic “formula”: 1 + 1 = 3. The ancient Greek synergeia is translated as “cooperation, commonwealth”. It means an amazing effect that occurs when several subjects or objects interact. This summed effect exceeds the return from the actions of each participant in the process separately. An example of synergy: you have mastered a few secrets of applying concealer, and your friend knows all the intricacies of mascara. By sharing life hacks, both of you, without losing your previous experience, will gain a new one, that is, you will grow up in the art of makeup.
SOPHISTRY
Philosophical movement in Ancient Greece, whose followers were famous for their ability to cunningly conduct scientific disputes, gave the name to verbal statements based on the juggling of facts, simplifications, and violations of logic. Another sophist (from the ancient Greek sophia - "skill, ability, clever invention, trick, wisdom, knowledge") is brilliantly capable of proving sheer absurdity: "Half-empty is the same as half-full. If the halves are equal, then the whole ones are equal. Therefore, the empty is the same as the full. Therefore, sophistry in a figurative sense is called any speech that is built on false conclusions, but disguises itself as correct, logical.
TOCHE
Borrowed from the sports sphere, the word “touché” (touchér in French - touch) draws a line to a certain dispute, when one of the interlocutors recognizes the correctness, superiority of the other after a decisive argument or a verbal injection - what if you competed not in knowledge of the topic, but in wit? Touche, the argument is counted, as fencing injections or throws on the back of wrestlers, performed in accordance with all the rules, are counted.
FRUSTRATION
To fall into a state of frustration (Latin frustratio - deceit, failure, futile expectation) means to experience a whole range of negative feelings due to the inability to achieve what you want. For example, you were planning a vacation at sea, you had already packed your suitcase, and suddenly your boss postpones your vacation a month later because of an important project that you cannot do without. Naturally, you feel anger, despair, anxiety, irritation, disappointment and hopelessness ... Frequent experience of such states, psychologists say, spoils the character, strikes at self-esteem.
EGOCENTRIC
The namesake of the egoist, the egocentric (from the Latin words ego - "I" - and centrum - "center") is still not similar to him. The egocentric is self-centered inner world, point of view, their interests, needs and does not notice others, but is able to "move", help others, hear them if asked for support. Egocentrism in one way or another is inherent in everyone. The egoist sees other people's interests, but deliberately ignores them, opposes himself to others, always putting his person in the first place.
EXCESS
Latin excessus means "exit, evasion". In Russian, the word consonant with “process” has two meanings. The first is an extreme manifestation of something: “This is not literature, but graphomaniac excess!” The second is an emergency, a violation of the normal course of events: "Her gossip caused a real excess in the team."
ESCAPADE
A daring, shocking, provocative, headstrong stunt in the style of Salvador Dali, Lady Gaga or Miley Cyrus, for example, a rotten herring on a hat or a dress made of raw meat - this is an escapade. The French word escapade also has a second meaning - a trip with adventures - which is not in demand in our language.
Smart adjectives
After nouns, it's time to see a dictionary of smart adjectives for every day and their meanings, because it is the presence of adjectives in your speech that will distinguish you from other interlocutors. Decorate your speech with little-known smart words, believe me: this will help you in all areas of life. Such unfamiliar intelligent words (and their meanings) will help raise your status both among friends and among colleagues.
UPSCALING
Formed from English adjective upscale - "high-quality, first-class, exclusive." Characterizes the absolute embodiment of the desired properties in any subject, object: upscale interior design, upscale sound, upscale image.
VERBAL
This adjective has nothing to do with a tree with fluffy buds, but very much so with our speech. Latin verbum is translated as "word", so "verbal" is verbal, oral. For example, verbal thinking, verbal intelligence, verbal method. There is also the adjective "non-verbal" - not having verbal expression: non-verbal communication, non-verbal signals.
DEVIANT
What do they mean when they talk about deviant behavior? The French word deviation characterizes a deviation from the norm, whether it be the position of a compass needle, the course of an aircraft or a sea vessel, as well as a feature of the human psyche. In other words, deviant behavior destroys the personality and health of someone who prefers an asocial lifestyle, and also causes moral and material harm to others.
COGNITIVE
Translated from Latin, cognitio is knowledge, knowledge. The adjective "cognitive" describes a person's ability to acquire knowledge, to know the world around him and himself. This psychological term would not have been so popular without his “Frenchman” companion: dissonance means “discord, disharmony, inconsistency”.
It turns out a kind of situation “you don’t understand mine”, when previous experience, already accumulated knowledge conflicts with new information, new circumstances. There are two opposite ideas about the same thing in your head at once. Let's say your friend emphasizes that he really appreciates punctuality, you like it, and at the same time you do not remember a single meeting when he would not be late. So consider him punctual, organized, true to his word and justify his behavior as accidents or not? The need to choose one thing, evaluate and interpret the newly received picture becomes a cause of mental discomfort.
A synonym for "cognitive dissonance" can be called another stable phrase, the meaning of which not everyone knows. This is a pattern break. This is a broader concept, but the essence is the same: you had some kind of scheme in your head regarding a person, concept, phenomenon, and overnight this scheme collapses due to new knowledge. It turns out that twice two is not always four. Like this?..
SMART
FROM English word"Smart" is translated as "smart", "smart". It is this meaning of the word "smart" that is now used in Russia. It cannot be said that it is firmly planted in the minds of Russians, but if you do not know what a “smart watch” or “smart television”, and even more so a “smartphone”, is shame and shame on you. Simply put, the prefix (or part of the word) “smart” means “smart”: smartphone = smart phone, smart watch = smart watch, etc. As you probably noticed, the word "smart" is used specifically with high-tech items, so when using it, follow the context.
TRANSPARENT
An adjective with English roots (transparent - transparent) is held in high esteem by politicians, bloggers and even cosmetologists. The former conclude transparent agreements and voice transparent positions without secrets or omissions, while the latter swear to be as open and sincere with the audience as possible. And transparent, that is, transparent powder does not look like a mask on the face and at the same time perfectly mattifies it. Yes, she can’t hide skin imperfections, but that’s another topic for conversation.
TRANSCENDENTAL
There is good understandable word"incomprehensible". And when, outside of philosophical debate, one wants to give speeches intellectual depth, some flaunt the Latin "transcendent" (transcendentis) with the same meaning. And now the speaker or writer and his audience begin to search for and discuss transcendental meanings, connections, feelings...
TRIVIAL
Banal, boring, ordinary, primitive, ordinary - that's how many synonyms the adjective "trivial" has. It has French ancestry, and in the native language trivial means the same thing - something ordinary. Fewer interlocutors for you with trivial thoughts and anecdotes, theatrical productions and a movie premiere with a trivial plot!
EXISTENTIAL
Another philosophical concept associated with being, human life. The Latin word existentia is translated as "existence". There are many things that influence our days, but the use of the epithet "existential" adds to these "agents of influence" of universal scale. Existential problems, crises, experiences are phenomena that exist at the heart of the world, manifest in reality and are often beyond the control of human will.
Conclusion
In general, if not all new words could immediately fit into your head, we advise you to compile a dictionary of complex intellectual words for conversation that few people know, with their meaning, of course, and use them as often as possible - in correspondence, when writing in a diary, in a conversation . Only in this way it will not become empty information that you will forget about when you close this page. And by the way: do not think that this is shameful or feigned. It is not at all shameful to look for and memorize tricky words with definitions in order to seem smart. After all, the request Difficult words with explanations for smart people” is very common in Runet. Note that for already “smart people”, stupid people will not even look for this.
