Our planet is extremely unique. Only on Earth temperature and weather suitable for human life. The climate map of the world is divided into 4 main and 3 additional climatic zones, each of which is unique due to its temperature regime, precipitation rate and wind direction. It is thanks to this diversity of climate that a huge number of plants can grow on our planet: tiny daisies and giant sequoias and eucalyptus trees. Let's see what these climatic zones are remarkable for.

Main Belts

Within these climatic zones, the same conditions prevail throughout the year. air masses. Extends along the equator equatorial belt. Further, from the north and from the south, other belts adjoin it. The Arctic and Antarctic belts close the climatic map of the world. Now a little more about each of them.

Equatorial climate zone

The smallest of all. It reigns in the southern part of the Indochina peninsula, some islands of Indonesia, in the center of Africa and in a small part South America. It rains most of the time here. They are so frequent and plentiful that moisture does not have time to evaporate. Therefore, these areas are often swampy. The temperature stays at around 24-28 degrees all year round.

Impenetrable multi-tiered jungles are an integral part of this climate. They find houses great amount animal species, many of which live only here, and some have not even been studied. It is in this belt that the tallest and most powerful trees in the world grow - 100-meter eucalyptus trees.

tropical belt

This type of climate is varied. So, on land, high atmospheric pressure prevails, and precipitation is extremely rare. The average temperature in summer rises to 40 degrees, and in winter it drops to +10. During the day, the fluctuation can be 35-40 degrees. These temperature fluctuations destroy rocks turning them into sand. That is why on the territory of the mainland tropical zone lies most of the sandy deserts. Sahara - bright to that example. It occupies almost half African mainland. At sea, the tropical climate is very similar to the equatorial one. Only clear skies and small seasonal fluctuations temperatures distinguish it.

Temperate zone

This type of climate can also be divided into maritime and continental. The sea is distinguished by cool summers and mild winters, thanks to the westerly winds that blow all year round. This belt extends along the western coast of America and Eurasia. The temperate continental climate is not so mild, since cyclones rarely pass deep into the mainland. Therefore, it has hot summers and cold winters. For example, in some regions of Siberia, in summer the air warms up to +30, and in winter it cools down to -40 degrees.

polar belt

It dominates the arctic and antarctic regions the globe, forming the belts of the same name all year round here frost. This is where things like Northern Lights, polar day, polar night and eternal Frost. Clear sky, weak winds, ice fields and a terrible cold - this is what this uninhabitable climate is remarkable for. Only penguins can live here.

The geological history of the Earth is hundreds of millions of years. During this period, the face of the planet changed beyond recognition. New continents arose, they united and disintegrated, huge areas of land were swallowed up by the ocean. The ratio between the area of ​​the oceans and the earth's surface has undergone changes that affect the structure heat balance. During this period of active transformation of the face of the planet, geographic zoning had not yet formed. Specialists in the history of the Earth believe that the climate of the "young" planet was warm, there were no glaciers and cold seas, so the temperature difference between the poles and the equator was insignificant. In those distant times, impenetrable forests grew in the Arctic, amphibians and reptiles spread throughout the planet. Scientists believe that thermal zoning was first established in the southern hemisphere, and after some time formed in the northern hemisphere.

The first signs of the emergence of thermal zoning appeared 70 million years ago, and the final stage of formation refers to the Quaternary period cenozoic era. By the time of the appearance Homo sapiens five thermal zones were clearly distinguished on Earth - two cold and temperate, and one hot. Over millions of years, the boundaries between the belts have changed. The border of the cold Arctic belt in ancient times passed through the territory of the modern Moscow region. It was the tundra zone. Greek historians, such as Pliny, wrote about thermal zones in their writings. He believed that the Earth has 6 thermal zones - two cold, temperate, hot. Many travelers also mentioned the planet's thermal zones in their notes. Ancient people associated the magnitude of surface heating at different latitudes with a change in the angle of inclination of the incident sun rays. For example, in high (northern) latitudes, the Sun is low above the horizon, so little heat enters the surface, therefore, it is colder there. This pattern was known for about 3 thousand years and was considered an axiom, but relatively recently this statement was refuted.

Long-term observations in Antarctica and the Arctic have determined that the amount of energy coming from the Sun per unit area in summer period very little, but given the continuous long polar day, the total amount is significantly greater than at the planet's equator. Why isn't it warm there? After all, the summer temperature in these regions is rarely above + 10 degrees, therefore, the thermal regime depends not only on the incoming solar heat. Modern climatology believes that albedo, the reflectivity of the surface, plays an extremely important role. Ice, snow reflects up to 90% solar energy, and the usual surface, not covered with snow, is only 20%. If, suppose, the snow and ice of the Arctic melts, then the surface albedo will decrease significantly, which will lead to climate change. northern hemisphere and its thermal zones. As soon as the ocean temperature in the Arctic basin increases, forests will appear in the tundra. Scientists believe that after the collapse of Gondwana (an ancient supercontinent), the formation of the climate and thermal zones of the southern hemisphere was realized according to a similar scenario.

Thermal belts are regions of the planet with certain temperature conditions. On Earth, there are five thermal belts located along the parallels.

It is important to know that the formation of thermal belts depends not only on the amount of energy received from the Sun. This process is provided a huge impact and other factors - the distribution of heat over the surface and libido.

Humidification belts

Along with thermal conditions in the processes of climate creation essential role belongs to the conditions of moistening - the intensity of evaporation and the amount of precipitation.

Humidification is the ratio between the total amount of precipitation and the amount of moisture evaporated at a certain temperature.

There is a certain relationship between the distribution of moisture and geographic zoning. When moving from the equator to the poles total moisture is reduced, but certain regions this pattern is violated by the presence of special climatic and geographical conditions in the following order:

• The mountains surrounding the region restrict the free circulation of air masses.
• Powerful ascending or descending air currents.
• Special conditions for the formation of clouds.

Mountain ranges and ranges are located both in the meridional and in the latitudinal direction. It is known that the main amount of precipitation is retained by the windward slopes, while on the other side of the ridges there is very little precipitation, sometimes it is completely absent. In the equatorial regions, warmed light air creates updrafts that reach saturation point and bring generous rainfall. Tropical latitudes are characterized by powerful downdrafts that dry up the air. Therefore, these areas receive very little rainfall. Them practical absence contributes to the formation of dry steppes and semi-deserts. To the north and south of the tropics, the zonality of precipitation is gradually restored and persists to the poles. Besides, great importance acquires a distribution of clouds.

The amount of absorbed solar energy determines the temperature of the environment, which affects evaporation, which determines the conditions of moistening on Earth. The evaporation rate is the amount of moisture evaporated at a certain temperature.

When moving from north to south, the amount of moisture decreases. If in the taiga zone this value is equal to - 1, then in the steppe zone - 2, for deserts the moisture value is more than 3, because the higher the temperature, the more active the evaporation of moisture.

Consider classic example. The land in the steppe can warm up to 70 degrees with dry and hot air. Irrigation dramatically changes the situation. It's getting colder and the humidity is rising. The soil comes to life and is covered with greenery. Before watering, the air was hot due to lack of moisture, and evaporation absorbed some of the heat and became cooler. Consequently, the humidification conditions depend not only on the intensity of evaporation, but also on to a large extent on the amount of precipitation.

Pressure belts

Standard atmospheric pressure the value is considered - 760 mm. Mercury column. This is the pressure measured at a temperature of 0 degrees at a latitude of 45 degrees. If you rise to a height, then the atmospheric pressure decreases, because. the magnitude of the atmospheric "column" decreases. The regions of the planet, located at different altitudes relative to sea level, have their own atmospheric pressure values.

Suppose that city N is located at an altitude of 250 m above sea level. It is known that every 10.5 m of height corresponds to 1 mm of mercury. Dividing 250/10.5 = 23.8 mm or rounded 24 mm. 760 - 24 = 736 mm Hg Art. This means that in the city of N, the normal atmospheric pressure is 736 mm Hg. Art.

During the day, there is a natural change in air temperature, as well as spontaneous movement of air masses, so the atmospheric pressure periodically changes. It rises twice (in the morning and in the evening), and decreases twice (in the afternoon and after midnight). Continents are characterized by maximum pressure in winter, and minimum pressure in summer.

Heat earth's surface uneven, so the pressure has a clearly defined zonal character. The value of atmospheric pressure is inextricably linked with the air temperature in a particular region.

3 belts formed on our planet low pressure and 4 belts dominated by high atmospheric pressure. Low pressure is typical for equatorial and temperate latitudes. In addition, in temperate latitudes, the pressure value depends on the seasons. Constantly high pressure characteristic of tropical and Antarctic and Arctic latitudes.

The formation of characteristic atmospheric pressure belts is associated with the uneven distribution of solar energy and the rotation of the planet. In summer, the hemispheres heat up unevenly, so the pressure belts shift to the north, and in winter they shift to the south.

The circulation of heat, moisture and the general circulation of the atmosphere shape the weather and climate in geographical envelope. The types of air masses, the peculiarities of their circulation in different latitudes create the conditions for the formation of the Earth's climates. The dominance of one air mass during the year determines the boundaries of climatic zones.

Climatic zones- these are territories that encircle the Earth with a continuous or intermittent strip; they differ from each other in temperature, atmospheric pressure, amount and mode of precipitation, prevailing air masses and winds. The symmetrical placement of climatic zones relative to the equator is a manifestation of the law geographic zoning. Allocate the main and transitional climatic zones. The names of the main climatic zones are given according to the prevailing air masses and the latitudes in which they are formed.

There are 13 climatic zones: seven main and six transitional. The boundaries of each belt are determined by the summer and winter positions of the climatic fronts.

There are seven main climatic zones: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate and two polar (Arctic and Antarctic). In each of the climatic zones, one air mass dominates throughout the year - respectively equatorial, tropical, temperate, arctic (antarctic).

Between the main belts in each hemisphere, transitional climatic zones are formed: two subequatorial, two subtropical and two subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic). In transitional zones there is a seasonal change of air masses. They come from neighboring main belts: in summer, the air mass of the southern main belt, and in winter, the northern one. The proximity of the oceans, warm and cold currents, and relief affect climatic differences within the belts: climatic regions are distinguished with different types climate.

Characteristics of climatic zones

The equatorial belt was formed in the region of the equator by a discontinuous strip, where equatorial air masses predominate. Average monthly temperatures are from +26 to +28 C. Precipitation is 1500-3000 mm evenly throughout the year. The equatorial belt is the most humid part of the earth's surface (the basin of the Congo River, the coast of the Gulf of Guinea of ​​Africa, the basin of the Amazon River in South America, the Sunda Islands).

There are continental and oceanic types of climate, but the difference between them is small.

The subequatorial belts encircling the equatorial belt from the north and south are characterized by monsoon air circulation. A feature of the belts is the seasonal change of air masses. Equatorial air dominates in summer, tropical air dominates in winter. There are two seasons: summer wet and winter dry. In summer, the climate slightly differs from the equatorial one: high humidity, an abundance of precipitation. In the winter season, hot dry weather sets in, grasses burn out, trees shed their leaves. The average air temperature in all months ranges from +20 to +30 °С. The annual rainfall is 1000-2000 mm, with maximum precipitation in summer.

Tropical zones are between 20 and 30 s. and yu. sh. on both sides of the tropics, where trade winds prevail. (Remember why the air sinks and high pressure prevails in tropical latitudes.) During the year, tropical air masses dominate here with high temperatures. The average temperature of the warmest month is +30 ... +35 C, the coldest month is not lower than +10 C. In the center of the continents, the climate is tropical continental (desert). Cloudiness is negligible, precipitation in most parts is less than 250 mm per year. Low rainfall causes the formation of the world's greatest deserts - the Sahara and Kalahari in Africa, deserts Arabian Peninsula, Australia. AT eastern parts continents that are under the influence warm currents and trade winds blowing from the ocean, intensified by monsoons in the summer season, a tropical humid climate is formed. The average monthly temperature in summer is +26 C, in winter +22 C. The average annual rainfall is 1500 mm.

Subtropical belts (25-40 N and S) are formed under the influence of tropical air masses in summer and moderate air masses in winter. The western parts of the continents have a Mediterranean climate: dry, hot summers, the average temperature of the warmest month is +30 C, and winters are humid and warm (up to +5 ... +10 C), but short-term frosts are possible. On the east coasts continents, a subtropical monsoon climate is formed with hot (+25 C) rainy summers and cool (+8 C) dry winters. The amount of precipitation is 1000-1500 mm. Snow rarely falls.

AT central parts continents, the climate is subtropical continental, with hot (+30 C) and dry summers and relatively cold winter(+6…+8 С) with low rainfall (300 mm). The subtropical humid climate is characterized by a more uniform course of temperatures and precipitation. In summer +20 C, in winter +12 C, precipitation is 800-1000 mm. (Determine the differences in the climates of the subtropical zones on the climate map.)

Temperate belts stretch in temperate latitudes from 40 s. and yu. sh. almost to polar circles. Moderate air masses dominate here throughout the year, but arctic and tropical air masses can penetrate. In the Northern Hemisphere, in the west of the continents, westerly winds and cyclonic activity prevail; in the east - monsoons. With advancement inland, the annual amplitude of air temperature increases (the coldest month - from +4 ... +6 °С to -48 °С, and the warmest - from +12 °С to +30 °С).

The climate in the Southern Hemisphere is mostly oceanic. There are 5 types of climate in the Northern Hemisphere: maritime, temperate continental, continental, sharply continental, monsoon.

The maritime climate is formed under the influence of westerly winds blowing from the ocean (Northern and Central Europe, west North America, Patagonian Andes of South America). In summer the temperature is about +15…+17 °С, in winter - +5 °С. Precipitation falls throughout the year and reaches 1000-2000 mm per year. In the southern hemisphere, the temperate zone is dominated by oceanic climate with cool summers, mild winters, heavy rainfall, westerly winds, unstable weather (“roaring” forties latitudes).

Continental climate is typical for inland regions large continents. In Eurasia, a temperate continental, continental, sharply continental climate is formed, in North America - temperate continental and continental. On average, the temperature in July varies from +10 °С in the north to +24 °С in the south. In a temperate continental climate, the January temperature drops from west to east from -5° to -10°C, in a sharply continental climate - to -35 ... -40°C, and in Yakutia below -40°C. The annual amount of precipitation in the temperate continental climate is about 500-600 mm, in the sharply continental climate - about 300-400 mm. In winter, moving eastward, the duration of stable snow cover increases from 4 to 9 months, and the annual temperature amplitude also increases.

The monsoon climate is best expressed in Eurasia. In summer, a stable monsoon from the ocean prevails, the temperature is +18 ... +22 °С, in winter - -25 °С. In late summer - early autumn, typhoons from the sea are frequent with gusty winds and heavy rainfall. Winters are relatively dry as the winter monsoon blows in from the land. Precipitation in the form of rains prevails in summer (800-1200 mm).

Subpolar belts (subarctic and subantarctic) are located north and south of temperate zone. They are characterized by a change in air masses by season: moderate air masses dominate in summer, arctic (antarctic) in winter. The continental subarctic climate is characteristic of the northern outskirts of North America and Eurasia. Summer is relatively warm (+5…+10 °С), short. Winter is severe (up to -55 °С). Here is the pole of cold in Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk (-71 °C).

A small amount of precipitation - 200 mm. common permafrost, excessive moisture, large areas are swampy. The oceanic climate in the Northern Hemisphere is formed in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas, in the Southern Hemisphere - around Antarctica. Cyclonic activity is developed throughout the year. Cool summer (+3…+5 °С), floating sea and continental ice, relatively mild winter (-10 ... -15 ° С). Winter precipitation - up to 500 mm, fogs are constant.

The polar belts (Arctic and Antarctic) are located around the poles. continental climate prevails in Antarctica, in Greenland, on the islands of the Canadian Arctic archipelago. Freezing temperatures throughout the year.

The oceanic climate is observed mainly in the Arctic. The temperatures here are negative, but during the polar day they can reach +2 °C. Precipitation - 100-150 mm (Fig. 16).

Climatic zones differ from each other in air temperature, atmospheric pressure, air masses and precipitation. The climate of the temperate zone from west to east changes from maritime to temperate continental, continental, sharply continental, monsoon.

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Climatic zones are continuous or discontinuous areas that are parallel to the latitudes of the planet. Between themselves, they differ in the circulation of air currents and the amount of solar energy. The terrain, proximity to or are also important climate-forming factors.

According to the classification of the Soviet climatologist B.P. Alisov, there are seven main types of Earth's climate: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate and two polar (one each in the hemispheres). In addition, Alisov identified six intermediate belts, three in each hemisphere: two subequatorial, two subtropical, as well as subarctic and subantarctic.

Arctic and Antarctic climate zone

Arctic and Antarctic climate zone on the world map

The polar region adjacent to North Pole called the Arctic. It includes the North Arctic Ocean, outskirts and Eurasia. The belt is represented by icy and, which are characterized by long severe winters. The maximum summer temperature is +5°C. arctic ice affect the climate of the Earth as a whole, preventing it from overheating.

The Antarctic belt is located in the very south of the planet. Nearby islands are also under his influence. The cold pole is located on the mainland, so winter temperatures average -60°C. Summer figures do not rise above -20°C. The territory is in the zone Arctic deserts. The mainland is almost completely covered with ice. Land areas are found only in the coastal zone.

Subarctic and Subantarctic climate zone

Subarctic and Subantarctic climate zone on the world map

The subarctic zone includes northern Canada, southern Greenland, Alaska, northern Scandinavia, northern regions Siberia and Far East. The average winter temperature is -30°C. With coming short summer the mark rises to +20°C. In the north of this climatic zone dominates, which is characterized by high humidity, swampiness and frequent winds. The south is located in the forest-tundra zone. The soil has time to warm up during the summer, so bushes and woodlands grow here.

Within the subantarctic belt are the islands of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. The zone is subject to the seasonal influence of air masses. In winter, arctic air dominates here, and in summer masses come from the temperate zone. The average temperature in winter is -15°C. Storms, fogs and snowfalls often occur on the islands. In the cold season, the entire water area is occupied by ice, but with the onset of summer, they melt. Warm months average -2°C. The climate can hardly be called favorable. Vegetable world represented by algae, lichens, mosses and herbs.

temperate climate zone

Temperate climate zone on the world map

In the temperate zone lies a quarter of the entire surface of the planet: North America, and. Its main feature is a clear expression of the seasons of the year. The prevailing air masses give high humidity and low pressure. The average winter temperature is 0°C. In summer, the mark rises above fifteen degrees. Cyclones prevailing in the northern part of the zone provoke snow and rain. Most of precipitation falls in the form of summer rain.

Territories deep into the continents are prone to droughts. represented by an alternation of forests and arid regions. In the north grows, the flora of which is adapted to low temperatures and high humidity. Gradually it is replaced by a zone of mixed broad-leaved forests. The strip of steppes in the south encircles all the continents. The zone of semi-deserts and deserts covers western part North America and Asia.

Temperate climates are subdivided into the following subtypes:

• nautical;
• temperate continental;
• sharply continental;
• monsoon.

Subtropical climate zone

Subtropical climate zone on the world map

Part of the subtropical zone is Black Sea coast, southwest and , south North and . In winter, the territories are influenced by air moving from the temperate zone. The thermometer rarely drops below zero. In summer, the climate zone is influenced by subtropical cyclones, which warm the earth well. Humid air prevails in the eastern part of the continents. There are long summers and mild winters without frost. West coasts characterized by dry summers and warm winters.

Temperatures are much higher in the interior regions of the climate zone. The weather is almost always clear. Most of the precipitation falls in cold period when the air masses move to the side. On the coasts, hard-leaved forests grow with an undergrowth of evergreen shrubs. In the northern hemisphere, they are replaced by a zone of subtropical steppes, smoothly flowing into the desert. In the southern hemisphere, the steppes turn into broad-leaved and deciduous forests. mountainous areas represented by forest-meadow zones.

In the subtropical climate zone The following subtypes of climate are distinguished:

• subtropical oceanic climate and Mediterranean climate;
• subtropical inland climate;
• subtropical monsoon climate;
• climate of high subtropical highlands.

Tropical climate zone

Tropical climate zone on the world map

Tropical climate zone covers separate territories on all but Antarctica. All year round region dominates the oceans high blood pressure. Because of this, there is little rainfall in the climate zone. Summer temperatures in both hemispheres exceed +35°C. Average winter temperatures are +10°C. The average daily temperature fluctuation is felt in the interior of the continents.

Most of the time the weather is clear and dry. The bulk of the precipitation falls on winter months. Significant temperature fluctuations cause dust storms. On the coasts, the climate is much milder: winters are warm, and summers are mild and humid. Strong winds practically absent, precipitation falls in the calendar summer. dominant natural areas are rainforests, deserts and semi-deserts.

The tropical climate zone includes the following climate subtypes:

• trade wind climate;
• tropical dry climate;
• tropical monsoon climate;
• monsoon climate on tropical plateaus.

Subequatorial climate zone

Subequatorial climatic zone on the world map

The subequatorial climatic zone affects both hemispheres of the Earth. AT summer time the zone is under the influence of equatorial moist winds. In winter, the trade winds dominate. The average annual temperature is +28°C. Daily temperature fluctuations are insignificant. Most of the precipitation falls during the warm season under the influence of the summer monsoons. The closer to the equator, the more abundant it rains. In summer, most of the rivers overflow their banks, and in the winter they dry up completely.

The flora is represented by monsoon mixed forests and woodlands. The foliage on the trees turns yellow and falls during the drought period. With the arrival of rains, it is restored. In the open spaces of the savannas, cereals and herbs grow. The plant world adapted to periods of rain and drought. some distant woodlands has not yet been studied by man.

Equatorial climate zone

Equatorial climate zone on the world map

The belt is located on both sides of the equator. Constant flow solar radiation shapes hot climate. Weather conditions are affected by air masses coming from the equator. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is only 3°C. Unlike other climatic zones, the equatorial climate remains virtually unchanged throughout the year. Temperatures do not fall below +27°C. Due to heavy rainfall, high humidity, fogs and clouds are formed. Strong winds are practically absent, which favorably affects the flora.

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