What does Tyutchev see as the error of the Decembrists. "Secondary signs" of the artistic word and meaning

The nineteenth century went down in history as a time important events in life Russian state. On the background Patriotic War 1812, Russian-Turkish wars, attempts liberal reforms the uprising of the Decembrists on December 14, 1825 seems to be an insignificant episode of life big country. But this event shook Russian society, because the conspirators turned out to be representatives of the privileged class and high military ranks.

Tyutchev's poem is the poet's response to the Decembrists' attempt to change the government in the country. At that time, the literary community was dominated by liberal views. Tyutchev is not afraid of condemning his colleagues and takes a difficult position in relation to the events that have taken place. According to his political convictions, the poet was a statesman, a supporter of the monarchical system. He had a negative attitude towards revolutionary trends, considered them destructive for Russia and condemned the Decembrists for their desire for power and pride. It is this attitude that Tyutchev expresses in the first stanza of the poem. Addressing the participants in the uprising, he reproaches them for violating the law, historical traditions Russia and agrees with the fairness of the verdict. The poet reminds the Decembrists that among the Russian people regicide is considered a sin and prophesies to the conspirators the condemnation of posterity and oblivion.

But in the second octave, Tyutchev admits that the Decembrists' uprising was partly provoked by despotic royal authority, which is described by the gloomy epithets "eternal pole", "secular bulk of ice", "iron winter". According to Tyutchev, the uprising was doomed to defeat, and he sympathizes with the Decembrists, who suffered from their own delusions.

Seemingly dual and controversial attitude poet to the events of December 14, is in fact a logical expression of his civic position. Tyutchev condemns autocracy tsarist regime but does not accept lawless ways to change political system countries.

Picture to the poem December 14, 1825

December 14th, 1825 - reading Tyutchev

"You have been corrupted by autocracy." The experience of reading one poem by F. I. Tyutchev
Vladimir VOROPAEV, doctor philological sciences, Professor of the Moscow state university
("Literary Russia"No. 38 of September 17, 2004)
***

V. O. Klyuchevsky

We will talk about the poem by F. I. Tyutchev "December 14, 1825" ("You have been corrupted by Autocracy."), Which was not published during the life of the poet. It was first published in 1881 in the Russian Archive magazine. On an autograph stored in the Russian state archive literature and art (Moscow), in the right upper corner crossed out pagination "9", made in blue pencil by the hand of Prince Ivan Sergeevich Gagarin. On the back of the sheet there is an autograph of the poem "Evening" with the same pagination - "10". Litters of Prince Gagarin, famous political exile, an old acquaintance of Tyutchev, clarify creative history poems "December 14th, 1825". Long time his autograph, along with other manuscripts of the poet, was with him, and then was transferred to Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov. This follows from their correspondence, published in Tyutchev's volume of Literary Heritage.

In a response letter dated November 24 / December 6, 1874, Aksakov wholeheartedly thanks the prince for the promise to give him the manuscript of Tyutchev’s poems: “I see that the interests of Russian literature are still dear to you, which is alive in you Russian feeling that, set by personal fate outside native land, you have not severed your spiritual connection with her. " Here Aksakov also speaks of the poem "December 14, 1825": "Of the two poems you sent, one, I believe, refers to the Decembrists ("You were corrupted by autocracy."), therefore: written in 1826 when he was 23 years old. It is severe in its judgment. Neither Pushkin, nor anyone at that time, for fear of being branded as illiberal, would have dared to say such a thing. independent opinion- and completely sincere, alien to any calculations, because, except for you, so far for almost fifty years it has not been communicated to anyone.

You have been corrupted by self-rule,
And his sword struck you, -
And in incorruptible impartiality
This verdict was confirmed by the Law.
The people, shunning treachery,
Swears your names -
And your memory for posterity,
Like a corpse in the ground, buried.

O victim of reckless thought,
You hoped maybe
What will become scarce of your blood,
To melt the eternal pole!
Barely, smoking, she sparkled
On the age-old mass of ice,
Iron winter died -
And there were no traces left.

V. V. Kozhinov interprets the poem in the same vein: “At first glance, it may seem that Tyutchev is “condemning” the Decembrists here. In fact, his position is complex and ambiguous. Already in the first line, the historical “guilt” is assigned to “Autocracy ", which in the final stanza appears in extremely gloomy tones: "the eternal pole", "the age-old mass of ice", "iron winter". Tyutchev speaks of the deliberate doom of the Decembrists - and in this he is historically right: the uprising narrow circle noble revolutionaries were doomed to defeat. In the same way, he is right when he speaks of the complete isolation of the Decembrists from the people. But Tyutchev was decisively mistaken in one thing: he believed that "descendence" would forget the Decembrists, but in reality they became an example for the next generations of revolutionaries. In the wonderful last lines, the poet captured the selfless, "reckless" heroism of the Decembrists, who gave their "meager blood", which "smoking. sparkled on the centuries-old mass of ice."

A. L. Ospovat, who devoted a special article to the poem "December 14, 1825", seems to introduce an important clarification: "You were corrupted by autocracy." is by no means equivalent to the judgment: "You were provoked to rebellion by autocracy." According to the researcher, the "political opponent" of the Decembrists and Tyutchev is "not autocracy as such, but "autocracy", that is, despotism."

Meanwhile, for the poet's contemporaries, the meaning of the poem did not contain any duality. According to Ivan Aksakov, "it is severe in its sentence." The memory of the Decembrists is "like a corpse buried in the ground." We still do not know the exact burial place of the executed Decembrists. The publisher of the "Russian Archive" Pyotr Bartenev noted: ". in Yaroslavl, the people threw frozen mud at the Decembrists, which gave F.I. Tyutchev a reason to verse:" The people, shunning treachery, vilify your names.

Comrade, believe: she will rise,
Star of captivating happiness
Russia will wake up from sleep
And on the ruins of autocracy
Write our names!

Domineering Villain!
I hate you, your throne
Your death, the death of children
With cruel joy I see.

Masters! You crown and throne
Gives the Law - not nature;
You stand above the people
But the eternal Law is above you.

And today learn, O kings:
No punishment, no reward
Neither the roof of the dungeons, nor the altars
Fences that are not true for you.
Bow down first head
Under the safe shadow of the Law,
And they will eternal guard throne
Peoples freedom and peace.

The nature of the thirsty steppes
She gave birth to him on the day of wrath,
And green dead branches
And watered the roots with poison.

Not even a bird flies to him,
And the tiger is gone.

human person
And he obediently flowed on the way
And in the morning he returned with poison.

And the king fed that poison
Your obedient arrows
And with them death sent
To neighbors in alien confines.

In the draft, Pushkin's thought is expressed even more clearly: "I sent it to the anchorman autocratically." The source of evil is the autocratic will of man. Pushkin's dictionary of language notes: "Autocratic - at personal discretion, arbitrariness, arbitrarily." In Pushkin, not only a tsar, but also a robber can act autocratically. The dictionary gives an example of such a usage from " captain's daughter": "Gangs of robbers were outrageous everywhere; chiefs individual detachments self-righteously punished and pardoned. "

You carried it all within yourself.

Thus, Tyutchev is trying to determine the spiritual causes of the revolution. Its idea lies in "the autocracy of the human self, elevated to political and social law." It is in this sense that the word "autocracy" is used in the poem "December 14, 1825". Ivan Aksakov, who knew Tyutchev closely and wrote his biography, noted that "in his writings from the very early years a remarkable independence and unity of thought was expressed. " Corrupted by the "autocracy of the human self" ("You were corrupted by Autocracy."), the Decembrists carried punishment in themselves ("And his sword struck you."). According to Tyutchev, the reason for the rebellion and death of the Decembrists in relation to to them is not external - autocracy (autocracy), but internal - the desire to assert the power of one's own "I".

("The desert fathers and the wives are blameless. ", 1836).

December 14, 1825

You have been corrupted by self-rule,
And his sword struck you, -
And in incorruptible impartiality
This verdict was confirmed by the Law.
The people, shunning treachery,
Swears your names
And your memory is from posterity,
Like a corpse in the ground, buried.

O victim of reckless thought,
You hoped maybe
What will become scarce of your blood,
To melt the eternal pole!
Barely, smoking, she sparkled,
On the age-old mass of ice,
Iron winter has died -
And there were no traces left.

1826, not earlier than August

"You have been corrupted by Autocracy." The experience of reading one poem by F.I. Tyutchev

Decembrists - historical accident overgrown with literature.

We will talk about the poem by F. I. Tyutchev "December 14, 1825" ("You were corrupted by autocracy ..."), which was not published during the life of the poet. It was first published in 1881 in the Russian Archive magazine. On the autograph, stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (Moscow), in the upper right corner, the pagination "9" is crossed out, made with a blue pencil by the hand of Prince Ivan Sergeevich Gagarin. On the back of the sheet there is an autograph of the poem "Evening" with the same pagination - "10". The litters of Prince Gagarin, a famous political emigrant, an old acquaintance of Tyutchev, clarify the creative history of the poem "December 14, 1825". For a long time, his autograph, along with other manuscripts of the poet, was with him, and then was transferred to Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov. This follows from their correspondence, published in Tyutchev's volume of Literary Heritage.

On November 14/26, 1874, Prince Gagarin wrote to Ivan Aksakov from Paris: “I value Tyutchev’s manuscripts very much and probably would not give them up to anyone. I can’t refuse you - you have more rights to them than I do, their place in Moscow, in your hands, rather than in Paris with me. In addition, I am very pleased to fulfill the desire of a respected adversary, the publisher of The Day and Moscow. Therefore, all Tyutchev's poems, written by his hand, which are kept by me, belong to you " .

In a response letter dated November 24 / December 6, 1874, Aksakov wholeheartedly thanks the prince for the promise to give him the manuscript of Tyutchev’s poems: “I see that the interests of Russian literature are still dear to you, that the Russian feeling is alive in you, that, set by personal fate outside your native land, you have not severed your spiritual connection with her." Here Aksakov also speaks about the poem “December 14, 1825”: “Of the two poems you sent, one, I believe, refers to the Decembrists (“You were corrupted by autocracy ...”), therefore: it was written in 1826, when he was 23 years old "It is severe in its verdict. Neither Pushkin, nor anyone at that time, for fear of being branded illiberal, would dare to express such an independent opinion - and completely sincere, devoid of any calculations, because, except for you, until now for almost fifty years it has not been communicated to anyone."

So, the poem dates from the second half of 1826. The reason for writing it was the promulgation of the verdict in the case of the Decembrists. Here it is.

You have been corrupted by self-rule,

And his sword struck you, -

And in incorruptible impartiality

This verdict was confirmed by the Law.

The people, shunning treachery,

Swears your names -

And your memory for posterity,

Like a corpse in the ground, buried.

O victim of reckless thought,

You hoped maybe

What will become scarce of your blood,

To melt the eternal pole!

Barely, smoking, she sparkled

On the age-old mass of ice,

Iron winter died -

And there were no traces left.

The commentators of the poem are unanimous in their understanding of its meaning. K. V. Pigarev writes: “It would seem that Tyutchev is entirely on the side of the government: the Decembrists for the poet are “victims of a reckless thought”, who dared to encroach on the historically established system. However, Tyutchev blames not only the Decembrists for what happened, but also arbitrariness “autocracy.” And for the system itself, he did not find other poetic images, except for the "eternal pole", "secular bulk of ice" and "iron winter".

V. V. Kozhinov interprets the poem in the same vein: “At first glance, it may seem that Tyutchev is “condemning” the Decembrists here. In fact, his position is complex and ambiguous. Already in the first line, the historical “guilt” is assigned to “Autocracy ", which in the final stanza appears in extremely gloomy tones: "eternal pole", "secular mass of ice", "iron winter". Tyutchev speaks of the deliberate doom of the Decembrists - and in this he is historically right: the uprising of a narrow circle of noble revolutionaries was doomed to defeat. In the same way, he is right when he speaks of the complete isolation of the Decembrists from the people ... But Tyutchev was decisively mistaken in one thing: he believed that "descendence" would forget the Decembrists, but in reality they became an example for the next generations of revolutionaries. In the wonderful last lines, the poet captured selfless, "reckless" heroism of the Decembrists, who gave their "meager blood", which "smoking ... sparkled on the centuries-old mass of ice."

In fact, the meaning of the poem is interpreted in the same way in the new the full assembly writings and letters of Tyutchev. In the commentary by V. N. Kasatkina, “the duality of the author’s position in relation to the Decembrists” is noted: “Autocracy” is a corrupting force, it is an “eternal pole”, “an age-old mass of ice”, but the efforts of the figures on December 14 are fruitless and historically unpromising because of their smallness ("meager blood") and ethical impermissibility ("treachery"), the poet appeals to the objectivity ("incorruptibility") of the law.

It is not difficult to see that in such interpretations of the poem, "autocracy" (or the arbitrariness of autocracy, which is the same thing) is identical to the historically established system, in other words, to autocracy. At the same time, it remains incomprehensible how Tyutchev, a convinced monarchist, an opponent of all revolutions, could lay at least part of the blame on the autocracy, sympathize with the December riot. The political views of the poet are well known. As the same Ivan Aksakov testified, autocracy was recognized by Tyutchev as "that national form government, outside of which Russia is still unable to invent any other, without descending from the national historical form without a final, disastrous rupture of society with the people.

A. L. Ospovat, who devoted a special article to the poem "December 14, 1825", seems to introduce an important clarification: "You were corrupted by autocracy ..." is by no means equivalent to the judgment: "You were provoked to rebellion by autocracy." According to the researcher, the "political opponent" of the Decembrists and Tyutchev is "not autocracy as such, but "autocracy", that is, despotism."

However, such a clarification does not bring anything new to the understanding of the meaning of the poem. "Corrupting" autocracy (arbitrariness of autocracy) - prompted the Decembrists to revolt. And the "sword" of this autocracy struck down the rebels. There remains the same "duality" in Tyutchev's attitude towards the Decembrists. I. Nepomniachtchi in a recent work on literary sources poem, comes to the conclusion: "The historical thinker, Tyutchev, while agreeing with the Decembrist criticism of the autocratic-feudal reality, cannot agree with those lawless means of changing the political system that the conspirators have chosen."

Meanwhile, for the poet's contemporaries, the meaning of the poem did not contain any duality. According to Ivan Aksakov, "it is severe in its sentence." The memory of the Decembrists is "like a corpse buried in the ground." We still do not know the exact burial place of the executed Decembrists. The publisher of the "Russian Archive" Pyotr Bartenev noted: "... in Yaroslavl, the people threw frozen mud at the Decembrists, which gave F. I. Tyutchev a reason to verse:" The people, shunning treachery, vilify your names.

It seems that the main idea poem is contained in its first line, more precisely, in the word "autocracy". In modern academic dictionary Russian language, two meanings of this word are given: 1. "one-man, unlimited power (ruler, sovereign), as well as a system government controlled based on such power; autocracy". 2. "the tendency to dominate, command, subordinate everything to one's will, lust for power, dominance." Approximately the same was understood given word and in the era of Tyutchev. Take, for example, Pushkin's dictionary of language. There it is noted: "Autocracy - unlimited power, despotism." An example of such usage is famous lines from the poem "To Chaadaev" (1818):

Comrade, believe: she will rise,

Star of captivating happiness

Russia will wake up from sleep

And on the ruins of autocracy

Write our names!

AT this case the word "autocracy" is close in meaning to the concept of "autocracy". But in the ode "Liberty" (1817), Pushkin does not speak about autocracy, but just about autocracy (despotism), the personification of which is Napoleon.

I hate you, your throne

Your death, the death of children

With cruel joy I see.

Pushkin, as you know, had a negative attitude to the French Revolution (see the elegy "Andrei Chenier"), as well as to rebellion in general ("God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless"). According to the poet, power should be based on the Law.

Masters! You crown and throne

Gives the Law - not nature;

You stand above the people

But the eternal Law is above you.

The king, the first monarch must bow before the eternal Law, have humility before the Providence of God. If he becomes an autocratic tyrant, then he violates the legitimacy of his autocracy, blessed by God at his coronation. This brings misfortune to those over whom he is placed, and to himself. He becomes a victim of an uprising, a conspiracy.

And today learn, O kings:

No punishment, no reward

Neither the roof of the dungeons, nor the altars

Fences that are not true for you.

Bow down first head

Under the safe shadow of the Law,

And become the eternal guardian of the throne

Peoples freedom and peace.

Pushkin, even in his early "freedom-loving" lyrics (paying tribute to his time) had very moderate views. In the ode "Liberty" there is nothing revolutionary, seditious. Similar thoughts were expressed by Emperor Alexander I himself. The question, however, is how to understand the Law. The Age of Enlightenment put forward the idea of a law that was not related to God's destiny. This is Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract. According to the French philosopher-enlightener, people conclude an agreement among themselves and obey it. And everything seems to be fine. Such a materialistic understanding of the law is unacceptable for a Russian person who has an Orthodox dispensation of the soul. The law is only then firm and unshakable when it is established from above, not by people. Then it is not dangerous to obey such a law and the monarch. For in this law he is subject to the will of God. On the other side, French revolution showed how vulnerable the social contract is, which is created by people intoxicated with autocracy, striving to subordinate others to their will.

This understanding of "autocracy" finds confirmation in Pushkin's poem"Anchar" (1828). Anchar - the tree of poison, the source of death, the curse of nature.

The nature of the thirsty steppes

She gave birth to him on the day of wrath,

And green dead branches

And watered the roots with poison.

But the tree itself cannot be blamed for the fact that it carries evil. This is allowed by the Creator of nature. Anchar does not threaten anyone except a person with trouble:

Not even a bird flies to him,

Man is a being, although created by God, but endowed with autocracy, that is, free will. I. I. Sreznevsky in the dictionary Old Russian language points out: "Autocracy - free will". In Orthodox asceticism, "autocracy" means human as a rational being ability conscious choice between good and evil. If he still has power over other people, then he does not always pass this test with honor.

He sent to the Anchar with an imperious look,

And he obediently flowed on the way

And in the morning he returned with poison.

And the king fed that poison

Your obedient arrows

And with them death sent

To neighbors in alien confines.

In the draft, Pushkin's thought is expressed even more clearly: "I sent it to the anchorman autocratically." The source of evil is the autocratic will of man. Pushkin's dictionary of language notes: "Autocratic - at personal discretion, arbitrariness, arbitrarily." In Pushkin, not only a tsar, but also a robber can act autocratically. The dictionary gives an example of such word usage from The Captain's Daughter: "Gangs of robbers acted atrociously everywhere; the heads of individual detachments arbitrarily punished and pardoned ..."

In this - Pushkin - context, it seems to us that the meaning of the poem "December 14, 1825" should also be understood. Tyutchev's article "Russia and Revolution", written in French and first published in Paris in 1849, helps to clarify it. Here, in particular, it says: “The human self, which wants to depend only on itself, does not recognize and does not accept any other law than its own will, in a word, the human self, which replaces God, of course, is not something new among people. The autocracy of the human self becomes new, elevated to political and social law and striving to master society with its help. This innovation received the name of the French Revolution in 1789.

The same idea sounds in Tyutchev's poem "Napoleon":

Son of the Revolution, you are with a terrible mother

He bravely entered the battle - and was exhausted in the struggle.

Your autocratic genius did not overcome her.

The fight is impossible, the work is in vain.

You carried it all within yourself.

Thus, Tyutchev is trying to determine the spiritual causes of the revolution. Its idea lies in "the autocracy of the human self, elevated to political and social law." It is in this sense that the word "autocracy" is used in the poem "December 14, 1825". Ivan Aksakov, who knew Tyutchev closely and wrote his biography, noted that "in his writings, from the earliest years, a remarkable independence and unity of thought was expressed." Corrupted by the "autocracy of the human self" ("You were corrupted by autocracy ..."), the Decembrists carried punishment in themselves ("And his sword struck you ..."). According to Tyutchev, the reason for the rebellion and death of the Decembrists in relation to them is not external - autocracy (autocracy), but internal - the desire to assert the power of one's own "I".

"Autocracy" in Tyutchev is largely understood as "arrogance" - the desire to rule. Here again it is appropriate to recall Pushkin:

Lord of my days! the spirit of idleness is dull,

Love of command, this hidden serpent,

And do not give idle talk to my soul

(“The Hermit Fathers and Immaculate Wives…”, 1836).

In Pushkin's language dictionary, only one meaning of the word "arrogance" is given - "lust for power, the desire to rule over others." But the passion of arrogance is manifold. This is not only lust for power, but also exaltation and pride. It (arrogance) directly contradicts the gospel commandment: "Whoever wants to be great among you, let him be your servant; and whoever wants to be first among you, let him be your slave" (Matthew 20:26-27). Adam and Eve's violation of God's prohibition was not simple disobedience. "And you will be like gods," the serpent said to them in temptation (Genesis 3:5). This is where the source of the autocracy of the rebellious Decembrists lies.

As for the second stanza of the poem, its images - "the eternal pole", "the age-old bulk of ice", "iron winter" - are associated with the symbolism of Russian statehood. On the contrary, the melting of snow and ice symbolized revolution in that era. According to Tyutchev, the Decembrists encroached on the fundamental laws of Russian life, on which rested Russian empire, and therefore their reckless rebellion was doomed: "And there were no traces left."

"Secondary Signs"
artistic word and meaning

Continuation. For the beginning, see No. 20 /2009

II. About poetry

It is important that our students understand: a metaphor or comparison is not just a decoration of a poem, only having perceived and comprehended everything language features poetic work, we will come closer to understanding it. Now, no one seems to dispute this. Nevertheless, a well-known literary critic can write in his article: “It seems that the main idea of the poem lies in its first line.” It's about about one poem by Tyutchev.

Consider, using his example, how tropes can actually influence the meaning of a poetic statement.

You have been corrupted by autonomy,
And his sword struck you,
And in incorruptible impartiality
This verdict was sealed by the law.
The people, shunning treachery,
Swears your names -
And your memory is from posterity,
Like a corpse in the ground, buried.

O victim of reckless thought,
You hoped maybe
What will become scarce of your blood,
To melt the eternal pole.
Barely smoking, she sparkled
On the age-old mass of ice,
Iron winter died -
And there were no traces left.

Tyutchev's poem is addressed to the participants in the uprising of 1825 and was written immediately after the Decembrists were sentenced - in 1826. This is an example of civil lyrics, with a solemn oratorical intonation, with a clearly formulated position. The first line can be understood differently: it is not clear how guilty autocracy in what happened, most likely it means that it was too long indulgent towards the conspirators, did not take decisive measures. But for the rest, the assessment contained in the first octave is obvious: the participants in the uprising corrupted their behavior is named treachery. they are condemned and supreme authority, and the law that issued the conclusion in incorruptible impartiality. that is, objectively and justly, and by a people who vilifies names traitors, recoiled from them. (Note that this poem shows the agreement of three forces, the ideal hierarchy of which is indicated in Pushkin's ode "Liberty":

Masters! You crown and throne
The law gives, not nature.
You stand above the people
But the eternal law is above you.)

Except for the words autocracy and law, which can be perceived as personification or metonymy traditional for the political lyrics of this era (autocracy as a way of government = king, law = statesmen, lawyers), there are only two paths in the octagon. This is a familiar metaphor for state punishment. sword. struck and the final comparison: the descendants will not know about the rebels, the memory of them, like a corpse in the ground, buried.

At a cursory glance, the second octave repeats what was said in the first. New heroes and events did not appear - in the center of the second part, power and those to whom the poem is addressed show the unconditional victory of power. You can write matches:

you - you, victims of thought reckless;

autocracy - the eternal pole, the age-old mass of ice, iron winter;

his sword<самовластья>struck - the iron winter died;

memory. like a corpse in the ground, buried - no traces left.

It turns out that the whole poem ends with the same thought as the first part. Why was the second written, what is new in it? The answer is revealed by the same table of correspondences: the same thing is said differently, which means that something else is said.

Only the first lines are written in the usual way - the treatment with a solemn "O", abstract vocabulary. But already here we are talking about the feelings of the conspirators - trusted that is, they hoped, - and the word sounded victims, whose emotional strength will be supported by the word blood. They were ready to shed their blood to reach their goal. And then the unequal duel of victims and power is conveyed by a grandiose metaphor of confrontation: on the one hand, something huge, cold ( eternal pole. possibly reminiscent of permafrost), centuries old and unshakable, and in the penultimate line also monstrous, fantastic ( iron winter), terrible, capable die and destroy, on the other - small ( meager blood), warm, smoking, light ( flashed), probably bright red. There is no direct assessment in the second part, except for the epithet reckless.

F.I. Tyutchev. Unknown artist.
1825

Reason, indeed, should have stopped a hopeless enterprise. Impartiality and objectivity, calmness and measuredness (two lines each about power, law, people and memory, two compound sentences of equal size) reign in the first half of the poem. But is it natural for a person to always be on the side of a sober mind and condemn those who enter into an unequal and hopeless battle?

In the second part, the same story is told as if from the inside - we learn about the hopes and sacrifice of the conspirators, and the last quatrain contains not a logical conclusion, but a very bright one. visual image, which contradicts what was said in the first part: it calls powerful emotions and forces the reader to experience what is described as a tragedy. At the end of the poem, shock and sorrow sound, and not the triumph of justice. This is how the poem is perceived, despite the fact that the political views of F.I. Tyutchev would be more accurately expressed if it consisted only of the first eight lines.

However, the presence of comparisons, metaphors, metonyms is not at all necessary for a real poem. Here are the poems of our contemporary Igor Kholin.

Today is Saturday,
Today's salary
Get drunk today
Guys in the bar.

Today is Saturday,
Today, however,
Guys don't drink
They don't walk in barracks.

The guys are making noise
At the gates of the plant -
Today again
Delayed wages.

V.A. Zhukovsky.
Hood. Peter Sokolov. 1820

This poem was written without a single trope, and only in unpoetic, defiantly “prosaic” words, moreover, there are few of these words, the same ones are repeated several times. The poem has 12 lines, 2 each significant words in each, there are only 23 (“however”, we will not count), and at the same time, the time of action is indicated 6 times - “today”, 2 times - “Saturday”, the characters are called “guys” three times, the barrack is mentioned twice; there is no appraisal emotional word, not a single adjective - there is a clear poverty of the dictionary. And this unusual poverty itself becomes very strong poetic device- allows you to feel the hopelessness of the wretched life of the "guys" flowing between the barracks and the plant - a life whose main event is a weekly salary followed by revelry or discontent, "clamor" when this salary is delayed. The feeling of monotony is reinforced by sound - in all rhyming words, stressed [a] and one or two unstressed ones: salary, guys, however, in the barracks, combine, salary; note also the words roar and again.

But not everything is so poor in the poem. Rich and varied intonations - in the first stanza with an expressive anaphora (three times "today") - either a festive expectation, or a depressing statement of the inevitable; in the second stanza there is an intriguing turning point: exactly in the middle of the poem is “however”, and only in the last line of the third stanza does an explanation appear. The two halves of the poem are also contrasted rhythmically. In the first half, complete balance reigns - in each line there are two three-syllable words with an emphasis on the second; every word is a foot of amphibrach. In the second, as if emphasizing the violation of the children's life order, the rhythmic order is also violated, a regular shift appears: odd lines end with a stressed syllable ( drink, roar, again), and an unstressed syllable is added to the beginnings of even ones.

V.A. Zhukovsky.
Peter Sokolov. 1820

Let's continue with rhythm. Since only odd lines rhyme, quatrains can be heard by ear as couplets written in four-foot amphibrach. Such a size evokes the memory of a ballad, a plot-driven and mysterious poem (remember, for example, Goethe's The Forest Tsar in Zhukovsky's translation: Who gallops, who rushes under the cold haze? / / A belated rider, with him a young son- or Ryleev's thought "Ivan Susanin": "Where did you take us? You can't see a damn thing!") (“The meter of the poem,” wrote M.L. Gasparov, “carries ... semantic load bequeathed by other poems of other poets and epochs”).

It turns out that the rhythm and intonation set the expectation of something significant and mysterious, and an insignificant content is invested in this form. “This is what intrigue, riddle, poetry is for people from the barracks…”, as if these funny or hopelessly bitter verses tell us.

As we have seen, attention to the poetic meter plays an important role in understanding the poem.

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To practice distinguishing poetic sizes and move from one to another, we use couplets composed specifically for this occasion. Let the students check whether each of them is really written in the size that is named in it, and by adding, replacing or subtracting words, correct the “mistakes”. There are four options here.

Find couplets with meter errors and correct them.

When everyone wrote iambs,
There would be fewer holes in the garden.

I write with amphibrach. Scary.

Anapest is very different:

Who studies geography
Who composes amphibrachs.

Dactyls are waltzing,
Songs fall on the soul.

I will write a letter in trochee,
For it to arrive sooner.

That's when everyone would write iambs,

I write with amphibrach. Scary.
But I rush like a hand-to-hand fight.

Anapest is very different:
Either sad, or somehow impudent.

One to study geography,
Others compose amphibrachs.

Dactyls are waltzing,
Songs fall on the soul.

I will write a letter in trochee,
For it to arrive sooner.

That's when everyone would write iambs,
Then there would be fewer holes in the garden.

I write with amphibrach. Scary.
I rush into hand-to-hand combat.

Who studies geography
Who composes amphibrachs.

Dactyls are waltzing,
Songs fall on the soul.

I will write a letter in trochee,
Then it will come sooner.

When everyone wrote iambs,
There would be fewer holes in the garden.

I write with amphibrach. Scary.
I rush into hand-to-hand combat.

Yes, anapaest is very different:
Either he is sad, or somehow impudent.

Who studies geography
Who composes amphibrachs.

And the dactyls are circling in a waltz
And the song falls on the soul.

I will write a letter in trochee,
For it to arrive sooner.

Themes of neighboring essays

Picture for composition analysis of the poem December 14, 1825

You have been corrupted by self-rule,
And his sword struck you, -
And in incorruptible impartiality
This verdict was confirmed by the Law.
The people, shunning treachery,
Swears your names -
And your memory for posterity,
Like a corpse in the ground, buried.

O victim of reckless thought,
You hoped maybe
What will become scarce of your blood,
To melt the eternal pole!
Barely, smoking, she sparkled
On the age-old mass of ice,
Iron winter died -
And there were no traces left.

Analysis of Tyutchev's poem "December 14, 1825"

A poetic response to the December Uprising appeared in 1826, but was first published 55 years after it was written. Being a model of civil lyrics, the poem reflects the political convictions of the author. Monarchy and Orthodoxy, according to Tyutchev, are the basis of Russian statehood, the guarantor of its development and prosperity. The poet considered the revolution a product of Western tradition, destructive for the Fatherland. Under the influence of foreign ideas, the personality of an individual person also changes for the worse: he may not withstand the temptation and put his opinion above the law and historical traditions. The category of autocracy, interpreted as a combination of lust for power and pride, is associated with such a transformation. Tyutchev's interpretation of autocracy has nothing to do with the characterization of the Russian monarchy.

In the finale, a detailed metaphor appears, in an allegorical form representing the senselessness of the confrontation between the opposition and the state system. The latter is symbolized by images with the semantics of immortality, burning cold and greatness. The outcome of the confrontation between the fantastic ice giant and the "meager blood" of the revolutionaries is a foregone conclusion. The sacrifice is in vain: the traces of the futile attempts of the defeated side are erased with one exhalation of the cold colossus.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

You have been corrupted by self-rule,
And his sword struck you,
And in incorruptible impartiality
This verdict was confirmed by the Law.
The people, shunning treachery,
Swears your names -
And your memory for posterity,
Like a corpse in the ground, buried.

Decembrist revolt

"The autocratic genius" of Napoleon from the poem of the same name by Tyutchev has common features with the images of the Decembrists. The author calls the French emperor "the son of the Revolution": he was endowed with inspiration and "daring riot", but deprived of the "God's flame" of true faith.

Reflections on two famous poems.

Russian history is rich in events that cannot be unequivocally assessed even after decades, or even centuries. They talk about them, argue, write poems, make films, but they cannot give a specific assessment. The uprising of the Decembrists in 1825 was such an event. I would call it a romantic impulse the best people of that time, but their intentions were very serious, and the consequences were too tragic to consider it only a romantic act, so admiration for their feat was often replaced by regret for the lives and destinies wasted in vain.

Two poems about the Decembrists... Both were written by Russian poets. Pushkin wrote his own in 1827, and F.I. Tyutchev’s poem was created in 1826, when the massacre Nicholas I over the Decembrists. Both are on the same topic: the Decembrist uprising on Senate Square. Not a single sane contemporary remained indifferent to this event, everyone created his own opinion, gave an assessment. Some condemned, others fully supported, but there were also those who did not take an active part in the discussion, remained neutral. At the time of writing the poem, Tyutchev was almost twenty-three years old - the age at which the young chamber junker, an official of the Russian diplomatic mission had an established political outlook. Pushkin was in 1827 much older than Tyutchev, and, naturally, this suggests that Pushkin had his own assessment of what happened on Senate Square. This is not in doubt, because. Pushkin expressed his opinion about autocracy in own works. And the poet's social circle speaks for itself. But the positions of Tyutchev and Pushkin differed significantly, which is clearly expressed in the poems.

Yes, the poems are completely different, despite the same theme, common era, but the authors were too different. In Pushkin's message there are feelings, vivid feelings, while Tyutchev has some kind of "desert", colorless, harsh. Pushkin's work shines through with hope, it is literally saturated with it. And this is the hope for a better future, which the rebellious poet so wants to see. Tyutchev's verse is dry matter. Between the two works there is a huge gulf, the same as between poets. Tyutchev is talking about the uprising itself, its meaning, the actions of the Decembrists, and the results of the uprising. Pushkin has a link, hopes for a better future. But this is not the main thing, the main thing is what the authors themselves think, and they have very few points of contact. “You have been corrupted by Autocracy…”. "Debauched" is simply an unacceptable word, it is completely wrong, unnecessary. This is not true after all. Are the Decembrists corrupt?! But how much this word expresses, it constitutes for us definite opinion about Tyutchev.

It seems to me that Pushkin would also be indignant at such a characterization of the Decembrists. Further: “And his sword struck you ...” (Tyutchev) and “And the brothers will give you the sword.” (Pushkin). Again, the dissimilarity: Tyutchev has the sword of power, the primacy of the views and orders of the autocracy, while Pushkin should have it with the Decembrists in the future, but still he admits that the autocracy still has the sword. But Tyutchev does not foretell the Decembrists to become owners of the sword in the future either. “And in incorruptible impartiality, this sentence was sealed by the Law.” The word "incorruptible" in relation to the law would never have found a place in Pushkin. What is law for Pushkin? A weapon against goodness and truth, but for Tyutchev it is something unshakable, necessary. Yes, and with capital letter writes as a sign of respect! “And your memory is from posterity, like a corpse buried in the ground,” Tyutchev writes. This is about the memory of the Decembrists. But Pushkin, judging by the poem, is not so, the Decembrists are waiting for a much better lot. "And there was no trace left." (Tyutchev) and "And the brothers will give you the sword." (Pushkin). These are the last lines of the poems, but how far apart they are. Pushkin's poem says that the work of the Decembrists will be continued by others, he calls them "brothers" of the Decembrists. But the restless Tyutchev is again on his own: the Decembrists have passed without a trace, they are gone. But in some ways the opinions of Tyutchev and Pushkin still coincide. This is the opinion of the people. “Graze peaceful peoples, the cry of honor will not wake you up ...” (“Freedom sower of the desert ...”), “The people ... blaspheme your names” (Tyutchev). Describing the Decembrists, Tyutchev writes: "About the sacrifice of a reckless thought ...". He believes that everything they have done is recklessness, i.e. stupidity. And in Pushkin, their deed is romantically lofty (“And the thought is a lofty aspiration”). And it is immediately clear: nothing to do with Tyutchev. Pushkin believes that the Decembrists did everything right, their thoughts were the thoughts of an advanced person, he is completely on their side. Tyutchev's attitude, in my opinion, is rather dismissive. Further, the discrepancies are even more obvious. Pushkin hopes that the autocracy will collapse under the weight of unclean deeds: "Heavy fetters will fall, dungeons will collapse - and freedom will joyfully accept you at the entrance, and the brothers will give you the sword." There is not a shadow of a doubt in these lines, the future seems clear and pure, but suddenly: “As soon as, smoking, it sparkled on the age-old mass of ice, the iron winter died - and there were no traces left.” Tyutchev destroys all hopes, denies everything, he believes that the autocracy is eternal, "the age-old mass of ice." I think, correct comparison. The mass is cold, heartless, indifferent to the grief of others; and autocracy is also an "iron winter", but the winter passes, the thaw comes, which Pushkin is waiting for. But Tyutchev is far from this optimistic attitude.

To compare these poems is to compare white with black. In my opinion it's better golden mean". That striking dissimilarity that we saw when comparing poems was possible thanks to the masterful use of figurative and expressive means. Here, I think, the poets are worth each other, although the sparkling, optimistic Pushkin is closer to me.

The differences we have seen in the assessment of what the Decembrists committed are just an expression of the difference political views and civic positions of poets. Someone shared the point of view of Pushkin, I think they were a minority, someone Tyutchev. Who is right in assessing what the Decembrists did? I think both are...wrong. For me something in the middle is better.

Although Pushkin is closer to the truth. We remember the Decembrists, although hardly any of us today would support them. But Pushkin is too amused by unrealizable hopes, although there is nothing wrong with them. Tyutchev does not like too sharp skepticism. But, perhaps, many would agree with his assessment even today. Apparently, this is the case when history did not judge.

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