total area Tropical Africa - more than 20 million km 2, a population of 600 million people. It is also called Black Africa, since the vast majority of the population of the subregion belongs to the equatorial (Negroid) race. But on - ethnic composition individual parts of Tropical Africa differ quite a lot. It is most complex in West and East Africa, where at the junction different races and language families, the largest "pattern" of ethnic and political boundaries. The population of Central and South Africa speaks numerous (with dialects up to 600), but closely related languages ​​of the Bantu family (this word means "people"). Swahili is the most widely spoken language. And the population of Madagascar speaks the languages ​​​​of the Austronesian family. .

There is also much in common in the economy and settlement of the population of the countries of Tropical Africa. Tropical Africa is the most backward part of the developing world, within its limits there are 29 least developed countries. Now it is the only major region world, where the main sphere of material production is agriculture.

About half of the rural residents are engaged in natural Agriculture, the rest - low-commodity. Hoe tillage prevails with almost total absence plow; it is no coincidence that the hoe, as a symbol of agricultural labor, is included in the image of the state emblems of a number African countries. All major agricultural work is done by women and children. They cultivate root and tuber crops (cassava or cassava, yams, sweet potatoes), from which they make flour, cereals, cereals, flat cakes, as well as millet, copgo, rice, corn, bananas, and vegetables. Animal husbandry is much less developed, including because of the tsetse fly, and if it plays a significant role (Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia), it is carried out extremely extensively. In the equatorial forests there are tribes and even peoples who still live by hunting, fishing and gathering. In the savannah and wet rainforest The fallow slash-and-burn system serves as the basis for consumer agriculture.

On the general background areas of commercial crop production stand out sharply with a predominance of perennial plantations - cocoa, coffee, peanuts, hevea, oil palm, tea, sisal, spices. Some of these crops are cultivated on plantations, and some - on peasant farms. It is they who primarily determine the monocultural specialization of a number of countries.

According to the main occupation, the majority of the population of Tropical Africa lives in countryside. The savannahs are dominated by large riverside villages, while the tropical forests are dominated by small villages.

The life of the villagers is closely connected with subsistence farming which they lead. Local traditional beliefs are widespread among them: the cult of ancestors, fetishism, belief in the spirits of nature, magic, witchcraft, and various talismans. Africans believe. that the spirits of the dead remain on earth, that the spirits of the ancestors strictly monitor the deeds of the living and can harm them if any traditional commandment is violated. Christianity and Islam brought from Europe and Asia also became quite widespread in Tropical Africa. .

Tropical Africa is the least industrialized (apart from Oceania) region of the world. Here there is only one pretty large area Mining Copper Belt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. This industry also forms several smaller areas, which you already know.

Tropical Africa is the least urbanized region peace(See Figure 18). Only eight of its countries have millionaire cities, which usually rise like lone giants above numerous provincial towns. Examples of this kind are Dakar in Senegal, Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nairobi in Kenya, Luanda in Angola.

Tropical Africa also lags far behind in the development of the transport network. Its pattern is determined by the "penetration lines" isolated from each other, leading from the ports to the hinterland. In many countries railways are generally absent. It is customary to carry small loads on the head, and at a distance of up to 30-40 km.

Finally, in T tropical Africa is deteriorating rapidly environment . Desertification, deforestation, depletion of flora and fauna have assumed the most menacing proportions here.

Example. main area drought and desertification - the Sahel zone, stretching along the southern borders of the Sahara from Mauritania to Ethiopia across ten countries. In 1968-1974. not a single rain fell here, and the Sahel turned into a scorched earth zone. In the first half and in the middle of the 80s. catastrophic droughts have recurred. They took millions human lives. The number of livestock has been greatly reduced.

What happened in the area came to be called the "Sahelian tragedy". But it is not only nature that is to blame. The onset of the Sahara is facilitated by overgrazing, the destruction of forests, primarily for firewood. .

In some countries of Tropical Africa, measures are being taken to protect flora and fauna, National parks. First of all, this applies to Kenya, where international tourism in terms of income is second only to coffee exports. . ( Creative task 8.)

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SUBREGIONS OF AFRICA

The economic zoning of Africa has not yet taken shape. In the classroom, and in scientific literature it is usually divided into two large natural and cultural-historical sub-regions: North Africa and Tropical Africa (or "Sub-Saharan Africa"). As part of Tropical Africa, in turn, it is customary to single out West, Central, East and South Africa.

North Africa. total area North Africa- about 10 million km 2, population - 170 million people. The position of the subregion is primarily determined by its Mediterranean "facade", thanks to which North Africa actually neighbors with South Europe and Southwest Asia and gets access to the main sea ​​route from Europe to Asia. The "rear" of the region is formed by the sparsely inhabited spaces of the Sahara.

North Africa is the cradle of ancient Egyptian civilization, whose contribution to world culture you already know. AT antique time Mediterranean Africa was considered the breadbasket of Rome; traces of underground drainage galleries and other structures can still be found among lifeless sea sand and stone. Many coastal towns trace their origins to ancient Roman and Carthaginian settlements. A huge impact the ethnic composition of the population, its culture, religion and way of life was influenced by the Arab colonization of the 7th-12th centuries. North Africa is still called Arab today: almost all of its population speaks Arabic and professes Islam.

The economic life of North Africa is concentrated in the coastal zone. Here are the main centers of the manufacturing industry, the main areas of subtropical agriculture, including those on irrigated lands. Naturally, almost the entire population of the region is concentrated in this zone. The countryside is dominated by adobe houses with flat roofs and earthen floors. Cities also have a very characteristic appearance. Therefore, geographers and ethnographers distinguish a special, Arabic type of city, for which, as well as for others Eastern cities, characteristically divided into two parts - the old and the new.

The core of the old part of the city is usually a kasbah - a fortification (citadel) located on an elevated place. The Kasbah is surrounded by a close ring of other quarters of the old city, built up with low houses with flat roofs and blank fences of yards. Their main attraction is the colorful oriental bazaars. All this Old city, often surrounded by protective walls, is called medina, which in Arabic means "city". Already outside the medina is a new one, modern part cities.

All these contrasts are most pronounced in the largest cities, the appearance of which acquires not only national, but also cosmopolitan features. Probably, first of all, this applies to Cairo - the capital and most big city Egypt, an important political, cultural and religious center of the entire Arab world. Cairo is exceptionally well located at the point where the narrow Nile valley merges into the fertile Delta, the premier cotton-growing region where the world's finest long-staple cotton is grown. This region was called delta by Herodotus, who noticed that in configuration it resembles the ancient Greek letter delta. In 1969, Cairo celebrated its 1000th anniversary.

The southern part of the subregion is very sparsely populated. The agricultural population is concentrated in the oases, where the main consumer and commercial crop is the date palm. On the rest of the territory, and even then not on the whole, only nomadic camel breeders live, and in the Algerian and Libyan parts of the Sahara there are oil and gas fields.

Only along the Nile valley does a narrow "band of life" wedged into the realm of the desert far to the south. Highly great importance for the development of everything Upper Egypt had the construction of the Aswan hydroelectric complex on the Nile with the economic and technical assistance of the USSR.

Tropical Africa. The total area of ​​Tropical Africa is more than 20 million km2, the population is 650 million people. It is also called "black Africa", since the population of the subregion in its overwhelming part belongs to the equatorial (Negroid) race. But in terms of ethnic composition, individual parts of Tropical Africa differ quite strongly. It is most complex in West and East Africa, where at the junction of different races and language families the greatest "pattern" of ethnic and political boundaries arose. The population of Central and South Africa speaks numerous (with dialects up to 600), but closely related languages ​​of the Bantu family (this word means "people"). Swahili is the most widely spoken language. And the population of Madagascar speaks the languages ​​​​of the Austronesian family.

There is also much in common in the economy and settlement of the population of the countries of Tropical Africa. Tropical Africa is the most backward part of the entire developing world; it contains 29 least developed countries. Now it's the only one major region world, where agriculture remains the main sphere of material production.

About half of the rural residents are engaged in subsistence agriculture, the rest - low-commodity. Hoe tillage prevails with the almost complete absence of a plow; It is no coincidence that the hoe, as a symbol of agricultural labor, is included in the image of the state emblems of a number of African countries. All major agricultural work is done by women and children. They cultivate root and tuber crops (cassava or cassava, yame, sweet potato), from which they make flour, cereals, cereals, flat cakes, as well as millet, sorghum, rice, corn, bananas, and vegetables. Animal husbandry is much less developed, including because of the tsetse fly, and if it plays a significant role (Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia), it is carried out extremely extensively. In the equatorial forests there are tribes, and even peoples, who still live by hunting, fishing and gathering. In the zone of savannahs and tropical rainforests, the basis of consumer agriculture is the slash-and-burn system of the fallow type.

Against the general background, areas of commercial crop production stand out sharply with a predominance of perennial plantations - cocoa, coffee, peanuts, hevea, oil palm, tea, sisal, spices. Some of these crops are cultivated on plantations, and some on peasant farms. It is they who primarily determine the monocultural specialization of a number of countries.

According to the main occupation, the majority of the population of Tropical Africa lives in rural areas. The savannas are dominated by large villages along the rivers, while the tropical forests are dominated by small villages.

The life of the villagers is closely connected with the subsistence farming they lead. Local traditional beliefs are widespread among them: the cult of ancestors, fetishism, belief in the spirits of nature, magic, witchcraft, and various talismans. Africans believe that the spirits of the dead remain on earth, that the spirits of the ancestors strictly monitor the deeds of the living and can harm them if any traditional commandment is violated. Christianity and Islam brought from Europe and Asia also became quite widespread in Tropical Africa.

Tropical Africa is the least industrialized (apart from Oceania) region of the world. Only one fairly large mining area has developed here - the Copper Belt in the Congo (formerly Zaire) and Zambia.

Tropical Africa is the least urbanized region in the world. Only in eight of its countries there are "millionaire" cities, which usually rise like lone giants above numerous provincial towns. Examples of this kind are Dakar in Senegal, Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nairobi in Kenya, Luanda in Angola.

Tropical Africa also lags far behind in the development of the transport network. Its pattern is determined by "penetration lines" isolated from each other, leading from the ports to the hinterland. In many countries there are no railways at all. It is customary to carry small loads on the head, and at a distance of up to 30-40 km.

Finally, in sub-Saharan Africa, the quality of the environment is rapidly deteriorating. It was here that desertification, deforestation, and depletion of flora and fauna assumed the most menacing proportions. Example. The main area of ​​drought and desertification is the Sahel zone, stretching along the southern borders of the Sahara from Mauritania to Ethiopia across ten countries. In 1968-1974. not a single rain fell here, and the Sahel turned into a scorched earth zone. In the first half and in the middle of the 80s. catastrophic droughts have recurred. They claimed millions of human lives. The number of livestock has been greatly reduced.

What happened in the area came to be called the "Sahelian tragedy". But it is not only nature that is to blame. The onset of the Sahara is facilitated by overgrazing, the destruction of forests, primarily for firewood.

In some countries of Tropical Africa, measures are being taken to protect flora and fauna, and national parks are being created. First of all, this applies to Kenya, where international tourism in terms of income is second only to coffee exports.

Tasks and tests on the topic "Subregions of Africa"

• States of Africa - Africa Grade 7

  Lessons: 3 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1

• Tests: 1

Leading ideas: show diversity cultural worlds, models of economic and political development, interrelation and interdependence of the countries of the world; as well as to ensure the need for a deep understanding of the patterns community development and the processes that take place in the world.

Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port industrial complex, "axis of development", metropolitan region, industrial zone, " false urbanization", latifundia, shipstations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type branch structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.

Skills and abilities: be able to assess the impact of EGP and GWP, the history of settlement and development, the characteristics of the population and labor resources region, country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level economic development, role in the MGRT of the region, country; identify problems and predict the prospects for the development of the region, country; highlight the specific, defining features of individual countries and give them an explanation; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give them an explanation, compile and analyze maps and cartograms.

Includes a territory (about 10 million square kilometers with a population of 170 million) adjacent to the Mediterranean, populated mainly by Muslim Arabs. The countries located on this territory (, Western Sahara,), due to their geographical location (coastal, neighboring in relation to the countries and) and a higher (in comparison with the states of Tropical Africa) level of economic and industrial development, are more involved in (export of oil, gas, phosphorites, etc.).

The economic life of North Africa is concentrated in the coastal zone. Almost the entire population of the region is concentrated in the same band.

Tropical Africa includes the territory located south of, within which, in turn, they distinguish, and. The vast majority located on their territory belongs to the equatorial (Negroid) race. It is distinguished by great diversity (there are more than 200 peoples), multinational states predominate.

The main area of ​​activity of the population is agriculture (with the exception of the countries of South Africa, in whose economy industry and the service sector play a decisive role). Tropical Africa is the most backward in economic terms, the least industrialized and least urbanized part of the developing world. Of the 49 countries within its borders, 32 belong to the group of "least developed countries in the world". Per capita GNP in Eastern, Western and Central Africa several times (5-7 or more times) less than in the countries of North and South Africa.

Among the countries located south of the Sahara, it occupies a special place.

Firstly, by its geographical position, it no longer belongs to Tropical Africa.

Secondly, in terms of socio-economic development, it does not apply to developing countries. This is a country of “settlement capitalism”. It accounts for: 5.5% of the territory, 7% but 2/3 of its GDP, more than 50% of the manufacturing industry and the car park.

In Africa, the largest industrial region of the Witwatersrand has formed with a center in, which plays the role of the "economic capital" of the country.

In the MGRT, the face of South Africa is represented by the mining industry (gold, platinum, diamonds, uranium, iron, manganese ore, coal), some manufacturing industries (as well as the production of certain types of agricultural products (cereals, subtropical crops, fine-wool sheep breeding, cattle cattle).

South Africa has the continent's thickest transport network, major seaports.

However, the effects of the apartheid policy are still being felt in the country's economy. There are big differences between "whites" on one side and "blacks" and "coloreds" on the other. Therefore, South Africa is often called a country with a dual economy. It has features of economically developed and developing states.

Africa is a part of the world with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bwith islands of 30.3 million km 2, this is the second place after Eurasia, 6% of the entire surface of our planet and 20% of the land.

Geographical position

Africa is located in North and Eastern hemisphere (most of), a small part in the South and West. Like all large fragments of the ancient Gondwana mainland, it has a massive outline, large peninsulas and there are no deep bays. The length of the continent from north to south is 8 thousand km, from west to east - 7.5 thousand km. In the north it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, in the northeast by the Red Sea, in the southeast by the Indian Ocean, in the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Africa is separated from Asia by the Suez Canal, from Europe by the Strait of Gibraltar.

Main geographical features

Africa lies on ancient platform, which causes it flat surface, which in some places is dissected by deep river valleys. On the coast of the mainland there are few lowlands, the northwest is the location of the Atlas Mountains, the northern part, almost completely occupied by the Sahara desert, is the Ahaggar and Tibetsi highlands, the east is the Ethiopian highlands, the southeast is the East African plateau, the extreme south is the Cape and Draconian mountains The highest point in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro (5895 m, Masai plateau), the lowest is 157 meters below sea level in Lake Assal. Along the Red Sea, in the Ethiopian Highlands and to the mouth of the Zambezi River, the world's largest fault stretches earth's crust, which is characterized by frequent seismic activity.

Rivers flow through Africa: Congo (Central Africa), Niger ( West Africa), Limpopo, Orange, Zambezi ( South Africa), as well as one of the deepest and longest rivers in the world - the Nile (6852 km), flowing from south to north (its sources are on the East African Plateau, and it flows, forming a delta, into the Mediterranean Sea). Rivers are rich in water only in equatorial belt, thanks to the fallout there a large number precipitation, most of them are characterized by a high flow rate, have many rapids and waterfalls. In lithospheric faults filled with water, lakes formed - Nyasa, Tanganyika, the largest freshwater lake in Africa and the second largest after Lake Superior ( North America) - Victoria (its area is 68.8 thousand km 2, length 337 km, max depth - 83 m), the largest saline drainless lake - Chad (its area is 1.35 thousand km 2, located on the southern outskirts of the world's greatest desert Sahara).

Due to Africa's location between two tropical belts, it is characterized by high total solar radiation, which gives the right to call Africa the hottest continent on Earth (the most heat on our planet was registered in 1922 in El-Azizia (Libya) - +58 C 0 in the shade).

On the territory of Africa, such natural zones are distinguished as evergreen equatorial forests (the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, the Congo depression), in the north and south turning into mixed deciduous-evergreen forests, then there is a natural zone of savannahs and light forests, extending to Sudan, East and South Africa, to Sevre and southern Africa savannas are replaced by semi-deserts and deserts (Sahara, Kalahari, Namib). In the southeastern part of Africa there is a small zone of mixed coniferous-deciduous forests, on the slopes of the Atlas Mountains - a zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs. natural areas mountains and plateaus are subject to the laws of altitudinal zonation.

African countries

The territory of Africa is divided between 62 countries, 54 - independent, sovereign states, 10 dependent territories belonging to Spain, Portugal, Great Britain and France, the rest are unrecognized, self-proclaimed states - Galmudug, Puntland, Somaliland, Saharan Arab Democratic Republic(SADR). Long time Asian countries were foreign colonies of various European states and only by the middle of the last century gained independence. Depending on the geographical location Africa is divided into five regions such as North, Central, West, East and South Africa.

List of African countries

Nature

Mountains and plains of Africa

Most of African continent is a plain. Available mountain systems, uplands and plateaus. They are presented:

• the Atlas Mountains in the northwestern part of the continent;
• the Tibesti and Ahaggar uplands in the Sahara desert;
• Ethiopian highlands in the eastern part of the mainland;
• Dragon Mountains in the south.

The most high point countries - this is the Kilimanjaro volcano, 5,895 m high, belonging to the East African plateau in the southeastern part of the mainland ...

Deserts and savannas

The largest desert zone of the African continent is located in the northern part. This is the Sahara desert. On the southwestern side of the continent is another smaller desert, the Namib, and from it, inland to the east, is the Kalahari Desert.

The territory of the savanna occupies the main part of Central Africa. In terms of area, it is much larger than the northern and southern parts of the mainland. The territory is characterized by the presence of pastures typical for savannahs, low shrubs and trees. The height of grassy vegetation varies depending on the amount of precipitation. It can be almost desert savannas or tall grasses, with grass cover from 1 to 5 m in height...

Rivers

On the territory of the African continent is the longest river in the world - the Nile. Its direction of flow is from south to north.

In the list of major water systems of the mainland, Limpopo, Zambezi and the Orange River, as well as the Congo, which flows through the territory of Central Africa.

On the Zambezi River is the famous Victoria Falls, 120 meters high and 1,800 meters wide...

lakes

The list of large lakes of the African continent includes Lake Victoria, which is the second largest freshwater reservoir in the world. Its depth reaches 80 m, and its area is 68,000 square kilometers. Two more large lakes continents: Tanganyika and Nyasa. They are located in the faults of the lithospheric plates.

There is Lake Chad in Africa, which is one of the world's largest endorheic relict lakes that have no connection with the oceans ...

Seas and oceans

The African continent is washed by the waters of two oceans at once: the Indian and the Atlantic. Also off its coast are the Red and Mediterranean Seas. From the side Atlantic Ocean in the southwestern part of the water form the deep Gulf of Guinea.

Despite the location of the African continent, coastal waters are cool. This is influenced by the cold currents of the Atlantic Ocean: the Canary in the north and the Bengal in the southwest. From the Indian Ocean, the currents are warm. The largest are Mozambique, in northern waters, and Igolnoye - in the southern ...

Forests of Africa

Forests from the entire territory of the African continent make up a little more than a quarter. Here are subtropical forests growing on the slopes of the Atlas Mountains and the valleys of the ridge. Here you can find holm oak, pistachio, strawberry tree, etc. Coniferous plants grow high in the mountains, represented by Aleppo pine, Atlas cedar, juniper and other types of trees.

Closer to the coast there are cork oak forests, in the tropical area evergreen equatorial plants are common, for example, mahogany, sandalwood, ebony, etc...

Nature, plants and animals of Africa

Vegetation equatorial forests is diverse, there are about 1000 species of various tree species: ficus, ceiba, wine tree, oil palm, wine palm, banana palm, tree ferns, sandalwood, mahogany, rubber trees, Liberian coffee tree, etc. It is home to many species of animals, rodents, birds and insects living right on the trees. Live on earth: bush pigs, leopards, African deer - a relative of the okapi giraffe, large great apes- gorillas...

40% of the territory of Africa is occupied by savannas, which are huge steppe areas covered with forbs, low, thorny shrubs, milkweed, and stand-alone trees (tree-like acacias, baobabs).

Here there is the largest accumulation of such large animals as: rhinoceros, giraffe, elephant, hippopotamus, zebra, buffalo, hyena, lion, leopard, cheetah, jackal, crocodile, hyena dog. The most numerous animals of the savanna are such herbivores as: bubal (antelope family), giraffe, impala or black-footed antelope, different kinds gazelles (Thomson, Grant), blue wildebeest, in some places there are still rare jumping antelopes - springboks.

The vegetation of deserts and semi-deserts is characterized by poverty and unpretentiousness, these are small thorny shrubs, separately growing bunches of herbs. In the oases, the unique Erg Chebbi date palm grows, as well as plants that are resistant to drought conditions and the formation of salts. AT Namib desert unique velvichia and nara plants grow, the fruits of which feed on porcupines, elephants and other desert animals.

Of the animals, various species of antelopes and gazelles live here, adapted to the hot climate and capable of traveling great distances in search of food, many species of rodents, snakes, and turtles. Lizards. Among mammals: spotted hyena, common jackal, maned sheep, Cape hare, Ethiopian hedgehog, gazelle dorcas, saber-horned antelope, Anubis baboon, wild Nubian donkey, cheetah, jackal, fox, mouflon, there are permanently living and migratory birds.

Climatic conditions

Seasons, weather and climate of African countries

The central part of Africa, through which the equator line passes, is located in the region low pressure and gets sufficient hydration, the territories north and south of the equator are in the subequatorial climate zone, this is a zone of seasonal (monsoonal) moisture and an arid desert climate. Far North and the south are in the subtropical climate zone, the south receives precipitation brought air masses from the Indian Ocean, here is the Kalahari Desert, north - minimal amount precipitation, due to the formation of the area high pressure and the peculiarities of the movement of the trade winds, the largest desert in the world is the Sahara, where the amount of precipitation is minimal, in some areas it does not fall at all ...

Resources

African Natural Resources

By reserves water resources Africa is considered one of the least wealthy continents in the world. The average annual volume of water is only enough to meet primary needs, but this does not apply to all regions.

Land resources are represented by large areas with fertile land. Only 20% of all possible land is cultivated. The reason for this is the lack of the proper volume of water, soil erosion, etc.

The forests of Africa are a source of timber, including species of valuable varieties. The countries in which they grow, the raw materials are exported. Resources are misused and ecosystems are slowly being destroyed.

In the bowels of Africa there are deposits of minerals. Among those sent for export: gold, diamonds, uranium, phosphorus, manganese ores. There are significant reserves of oil and natural gas.

Energy-intensive resources are widely represented on the continent, but they are not used due to the lack of proper investments...

Among the developed industrial sectors of the countries of the African continent, one can note:

• the mining industry that exports minerals and fuels;
• the oil refining industry, distributed mainly in South Africa and North Africa;
• chemical industry specializing in the production of mineral fertilizers;
• as well as the metallurgical and engineering industries.

main products Agriculture are cocoa beans, coffee, corn, rice and wheat. In the tropical regions of Africa, oil palm is grown.

Fishing is poorly developed and accounts for only 1-2% of the total volume of agriculture. The indicators of animal husbandry are also not high, and the reason for this is the infection of livestock with tsetse flies ...

culture

The peoples of Africa: culture and traditions

About 8,000 peoples live on the territory of 62 African countries and ethnic groups, which in total is about 1.1 billion people. Africa is considered the cradle and ancestral home human civilization, it was here that the remains of ancient primates (hominids) were found, which, according to scientists, are considered the ancestors of people.

Most of the peoples in Africa may number from several thousand people to several hundred living in one or two villages. 90% of the population are representatives of 120 peoples, their number is more than 1 million people, 2/3 of them are peoples with more than 5 million people, 1/3 - peoples with more than 10 million people (this is 50% of the total population of Africa) - Arabs , Hausa, Fulbe, Yoruba, Igbo, Amhara, Oromo, Rwanda, Malagasy, Zulu...

There are two historical and ethnographic provinces: North African (the predominance of the Indo-European race) and Tropical-African (the majority of the population - negroid race), it is divided into such areas as:

• West Africa. The peoples who speak Mande (Susu, Maninka, Mende, Wai), Chadian (Hausa), Nilo-Saharan (Songhai, Kanuri, Tubu, Zagawa, Mawa, etc.), Niger-Congo languages ​​(Yoruba, Igbo, Bini, nupe, gbari, igala and idoma, ibibio, efik, kambari, birom and jukun, etc.);
• Equatorial Africa. Inhabited by Buanto-speaking peoples: Duala, Fang, Bubi (Fernandese), Mpongwe, Teke, Mboshi, Ngala, Komo, Mongo, Tetela, Cuba, Kongo, Ambundu, Ovimbundu, Chokwe, Luena, Tonga, Pygmies, etc.;
• South Africa. Rebellious-speaking peoples, and speaking Khoisan languages: Bushmen and Hottentots;
• East Africa . Bantu, Nilotic and Sudanese groups of peoples;
• North East Africa. Peoples speaking Ethio-Semitic (Amhara, Tigre, Tigra.), Cushitic (Oromo, Somalis, Sidamo, Agau, Afar, Konso, etc.) and Omotian languages ​​(Ometo, Gimirra, etc.);
• Madagascar. Malagasy and Creoles.

In the North African province, the main peoples are considered to be Arabs and Berbers, belonging to the South Caucasian minor race, mainly practicing Sunni Islam. There is also an ethno-religious group of Copts, who are direct descendants of the Ancient Egyptians, they are Monophysite Christians.