One of the scientific methods says that for a deep study of any object, it should be broken, dismembered, split into smaller components. This method is very often used by geographers and economists when comprehensive study large territories. They simply divide them into separate parts - districts.
What is zoning? What are its types? What is the modern zoning of Russia? All this will be discussed in our article.
What is zoning?
Zoning - this is how the term sounds in English literature. However, just the Americans are considered "inventors" this method. So what is zoning? In what areas and areas human activity is it used?
By zoning is meant the division of a territory into separate parts that differ from each other in one way or another. However, it can be not only the territory of the land, but also the water area of the sea or ocean. The components obtained in this process are called differently: districts (most often), regions, microdistricts, zones, regions.
It is important to note that zoning is not only a process, but also the result of dividing a territory into districts. At the same time, before him are placed specific goals. They can be both practical and purely educational.
Today, zoning of the territory is quite widely used in various sciences and areas practical activities human: in geography, economics, landscape studies, urban studies, architecture, urban planning, interior design, etc. This term used in selection. However, there it carries a completely different content.
The essence and meaning of the concept of "district"
We encounter this concept quite frequently in Everyday life. Districts can be residential and working, official and unofficial, bedroom, industrial, recreational and financial and business.
The term itself has french roots(rayon). In the very broad sense The word district is an area that stands out among others with one or more features. There are other definitions of this concept. For example, one of them says that a district is a piece of space that is covered by some action or phenomenon (natural, economic, social).
The region is one of basic units administrative-territorial structure of a number of states of the world (most often of the second order). In particular, it is isolated in many countries (in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and others).
Today, the term "region" is used in a variety of scientific disciplines and spheres of human activity, from botany to military affairs.
Types and directions of zoning
What types of regionalization exist? First of all, it can be cognitive or constructive (transformative). And if in the first case the zoning method is used for the purpose of research, study of the area, then in the second - for the purpose of developing a concept rational use potential of a given area.
Zoning can also be homogeneous or nodal, single or multi-sign. In turn, the features by which districts are distinguished may differ in content, tasks, coverage area, etc.
Based on the signs of the allocation of areas, there are the following types zoning:
- natural;
- geographical;
- climatic;
- demographic;
- military;
- economic;
- recreational;
- tourist, etc.
The main principles of territorial zoning
The scientific and practical method of territorial zoning occurs according to three main principles:
- national;
- administrative;
- economic.
The national zoning principle takes into account ethnic composition population in a particular territory, their traditions and historically developed features of work and life.
The administrative principle implies a certain unity of the economic and political-administrative structure of a country or a particular region. It is used to create favorable conditions for self-development individual regions of the state.
Finally, economic principle zoning treats any area as constituent part unified economic complex countries with a certain set industrial enterprises and infrastructure facilities.
These three principles are fundamental and universally recognized. They are taken into account in all types of territorial zoning.
Essence and levels of economic zoning
Economic zoning is the process of identifying regions or zones of a country (region) that reflect the existing division of labor. the main objective such a process - the creation of conditions for a rational socio-economic policy. In the economic zoning of territories, it is important to take into account many factors. Primarily, we are talking about mineral deposits and fuel resources, climatic conditions, the level of soil fertility, demographic indicators.
Economic zoning is carried out at three levels. It:
- macro level(identification of large economic zones);
- mesolevel(allocation of economic regions within one state or region);
- micro level(selection industrial centers, complexes and nodes economic activity).
Essence and types of geographical zoning
Geographic zoning is the process of singling out individual systems and complexes that differ in their internal unity and a set of specific natural features.
It is customary to single out several types of physical-geographical zoning. So, it can be zonal (latitudinal) or azonal, complex or sectoral. In the case of sectoral (component-by-component) zoning, the division of the area is carried out according to relief, climate, vegetation, etc.
The most elementary part in the hierarchical system of physical-geographical zoning is the facies. it simplest form any landscape that is located within the same biocenosis and is homogeneous geological structure, water regime, microclimate and soil cover.
Modern zoning of Russia
The very first attempts to zoning the territory of the country were made back in pre-revolutionary times. However, the most a prime example The use of this method in practice was the so-called GOELRO plan of 1921 (All-Union plan for electrification). It was based on the principle of unity of the administrative and economic division of the state.
Contemporary geographical division provides for the allocation within Russia of twelve physical and geographical countries. Each of them is distinguished by a homogeneous relief, similar climatic and biogeographical features. These are the countries:
- Russian plain.
- Caucasus.
- Ural.
- Fennoscandia.
- Island Arctic.
- Western Siberia.
- Central Siberia.
- Northeastern Siberia.
- Koryak-Kamchatka-Kuril country.
- Baikal country.
- Altai-Sayan country.
- Amur-Sakhalin country.
Contemporary economic zoning The country also provides for the division of Russia into 12 economic regions. All of them differ in area and their specialization. Let's list all these areas:
- Central.
- Central Black Earth.
- Northern.
- Northwestern.
- North Caucasian.
- East Siberian.
- West Siberian.
- Far Eastern.
- Volga.
- Ural.
- Volga-Vyatka.
- Kaliningrad.
Conclusion
What is zoning? This is the process of dividing a locality into parts (districts), which are distinguished by certain features. Based on the goals and objectives, this process can be cognitive or constructive. Based internal content, it is customary to distinguish geographical, economic, demographic, climatic zoning and its other types.
1
.Suzdal and Saint Petersburg.
2
.
Russia and China.
The rest of the countries are in the same cultural-historical province
The division is based on cultural traditions and religion of the main part of the population in the regions.
For example, in Russia - Orthodoxy, Islam, Buddhism. Therefore, Russia is included in the East European, and in the Caucasus, and in the Siberian region
3
.
One of special types division is the classification. This is a systematic, consistent division of concepts with the distribution of species into an interdependent system, within which the latter are divided into subspecies, subspecies are also divided into division members, etc.
There are classifications of plants, animals, legal classifications. Often the classifications are great amount elements. These elements within the classification are combined into single system, which makes it convenient and quick access to its individual parts and elements. The lack of classification would lead to chaos in a large array of unsystematized information.
Classification can be carried out according to a species-forming feature, or it can be dichotomous. The classification of animals, numbering more than one and a half million species, is obviously based on the use of a species-forming trait. The dichotomous classification is based on the features of the dichotomous division of concepts.
Classification is also natural and auxiliary. The difference between them lies in the fact that the first is carried out on essential grounds, the second - on non-essential ones. natural classification allows you to determine the properties of a separate element of the classification, knowing common features of this classification or other element. Auxiliary classification is needed in order to be able to quickly and correctly solve emerging problems. This requires prompt, quick access to a particular element of the classification. Convenient search and selection desired item often serves as the basis for effective activity. It is the achievement of the goals of efficiency, speed and convenience that determines the use of non-essential grounds. Such a classification does not give us any idea about the properties of the object. We are all familiar with such classifications. There are many of them and they are widely used in human life.
When creating classifications, operations on classes are used. They allow you to reach desired result and obtain such a classification as is necessary in this moment. There are operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and negation.
Addition (union of classes). When using this operation, several groups (classes) are combined into one classification containing all the elements of those classes that are combined.
Subtracting from a larger class highlights individual classes. The result is a class from which the elements of the selected class are removed.
Multiplication (intersection of classes). There is a class of elements that are common to several classes. They are determined using the multiplication operation.
Negation (education, addition). With this operation new class items are derived from more general class and is treated separately as new.
1. Find and show on the map of the country:
a) the Mediterranean region,
b) the countries of the Balkan region;
c) countries of the Caribbean region;
d) countries of Latin America.
a) The Mediterranean region combines the countries of two continents - Eurasia and Africa, such as Italy, France, Spain, Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, etc.
b) Greece, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, etc.
c) Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic etc. d) Venezuela, Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, etc.
2. What terms are used to characterize geographic space?
Region, District, Cultural-Historical Region
3. What does regional geography study?
"Regional Geography" considers the diversity modern world from a regional point of view, i.e. taking into account the individuality of its constituent parts.
4. What are cultural-historical regions? What signs characterize them? Give examples.
Cultural and historical regions are territories whose population, due to the common historical destinies, socio-economic development and mutual influence, have similar cultural and everyday features. Cultural-historical areas are manifested in material culture- types of traditional dwellings, vehicles, food and utensils, clothes, shoes, jewelry, etc., as well as in traditional spiritual culture (calendar rituals and customs, beliefs, folklore, etc.). Unlike ethnic groups with ethnic self-consciousness, cultural-historical regions may not be perceived by people and are distinguished in the course of special ethnographic studies. Examples of cultural and historical regions include Western Europe, the Middle East, the West Indies, Indochina, Tropical Africa.
5. What cultural and historical region can Russia be attributed to?
Russia can be attributed to the Post-Soviet cultural and historical region.
6. Give examples of countries belonging to two or more cultural and historical regions. What is the reason for this?
Egypt is a North African, Middle Eastern, Middle Eastern and Arab country. Mexico can be attributed both to the Caribbean region and to Latin America. This is due to the fact that most of the large cultural and historical regions have a complex multi-stage (“matryoshka”) structure. In turn, many states have their own cultural and historical centers.
7. Division the globe for individual regions, it is possible different features. Write in a notebook the classifications of the division of the world into regions known to you. What classifications can you offer? What sign do you base them on?
Classifications of the division of the world into regions are possible according to physical-geographical, cultural-historical, economic, political, ideological features. I would suggest dividing the world according to linguistic feature, in which each region would be characterized by the dominant language on its territory (or language family or group).
Zoning of the continental fauna
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL ZONING (zoogeographical zoning) - the division of the territory into separate regions (regions, provinces, districts, etc.), relatively homogeneous in terms of the conditions of existence, composition and structure of the animal world. It is carried out in scientific and practical purposes, allows to carry out differentiated approach to carry out the necessary measures for the protection of animals.
The modern dry land of the globe breaks up into a number of isolated massifs, the fauna of which developed independently of each other over a long geological time. It should be borne in mind that between the continents there were direct continental connections of various antiquity, therefore, on different continents representatives of related taxa of the animal kingdoms may occur (for example, in Africa, Australia and South America or Madagascar and South East Asia and etc.). There also existed and still exist mediated (indirect) links between all the continents. Commonality and differences in the composition of faunas different parts of the globe leads to the necessity of zoogeographic zoning, to the allocation of zoogeographic regions and even to their division into subregions.
The main method of identifying zoogeographic regions is by the relative antiquity of faunas (the fauna of Africa south of the Sahara is Eocene in nature, South Asia is Miocene, etc.).
In addition to antiquity, we take into account historical connections and taxonomic similarity between faunas, a statistically rigorous accounting of the systematic proximity and remoteness of the fauna is provided, the number of species in different groups of animals is compared. At the same time, the number of common and non-common orders, families, genera is taken into account. The smaller the zoogeographic divisions (subregions, provinces, etc.), the more value modern environmental factors.
The fauna of a separate small area can be characterized as complete list its constituent species, and the dominant, dominant species. For economic purposes, the latter is more important. Therefore, in addition to the qualitative characteristics of the fauna of the area (list of species), Special attention given quantitative characteristic(multitude certain types). More numerous species are usually and economically significant: commercial species, pests Agriculture, carriers of diseases, etc.
The identification of the boundaries of zoogeographic regions is to a certain extent conditional. It should only be borne in mind that zoogeographical boundaries can be drawn strictly linear only in cases where they have remained constant for a long geological time and now separate two sharply different landscapes. Good example the Himalayas represent one of the sharpest boundaries separating the fauna of one continent. This is explained both by the relative antiquity of this border, and abrupt change here landscape. In territories where there are no such boundaries, one fauna gradually passes into another. If the boundaries between regions are not clear, wide transitional bands can be distinguished.
Modern faunal zoning is diverse (Geptner, 1936; Puzanov, 1938; Bobrinsky, 1951; Bobrinsky and Gladkov, 1961; Vtorov and Drozdov, 1979, 2001; Lopatin, 1986, etc.).
Zoological division of the Earth (according to Prof. Geptner V.G.)
| Areas | Subdomains |
| I. Holarctic | 1. Arctic |
| 2. Canadian | |
| 3. Sonoran (USA) | |
| 4.European-Siberian (RB) | |
| 5. Mediterranean | |
| 6. Central Asian | |
| 7. Manjuro-Chinese | |
| P. neotropical | 1. Brazilian |
| 2. Patagonian | |
| 3. Central American | |
| 4. Antillean | |
| III. Ethiopian | 1. West African |
| 2. East African | |
| 3. South African | |
| 4. Madagascar | |
| I.Y. Indomalayan | 1. Indian |
| 2. Indo-Chinese | |
| 3. Malay | |
| Y. Australian | 1. Australian |
| 2. New Guinean | |
| 3. New Zealand | |
| 4. Polynesian | |
| 5. Hawaiian |
Faunal zoning of land
The specifics of the composition of the fauna of various geographical regions and continents has been obvious to naturalists since ancient times. However, it took centuries of accumulation of knowledge about the fauna of the world, the era geographical discoveries, hundreds scientific expeditions to the most remote corners of the globe in order to have an idea and a real opportunity to implement faunal zoning on a global scale.
The first such attempt was made by the English ornithologist F. Skleter in 1858. He singled out six zoogeographic regions. Subsequently, the Scleterian regions were united into higher categories - kingdoms, and in each of the regions sub-regions, districts, provinces, and sections were identified.
In the middle of the XX century. huge contribution V.G. contributed to the improvement and justification of the zoning system. Geptner, I.I. Puzanov, N.A. Bobrinsky, F. Darlington. All these scientists relied mainly on materials on the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates. In the second half of the XX century. zoogeographers began to increasingly draw on data on invertebrates, primarily on molluscs and insects, mainly on beetles (beetles). Information about the history of the settlement of these undoubtedly more ancient groups of animals made it possible to analyze even more deeply the volume, rank and boundaries of the already accepted kingdoms, regions and subregions. O.L. Kryzhanovsky (1976) and I.K. Lopatin (1989).
With a wider coverage of different groups of fauna, there is a convergence of the categories of faunal zoning with those of floristic zoning (Takhtadzhyan, 1970). This trend led to the idea that a complex - flora-faunistic, or biotic, zoning is also possible. The first scheme of biotic zoning of land was proposed by P.P. Vtorov and N.N. Drozdov (1978). Thus, despite the differences in the history of the emergence and settlement of the globe between different groups animals and between the animals and plants themselves, there are general patterns, defining the main foci and migration routes, barriers, refugia and other features of geographical specificity for both flora and fauna, i.e. for the biota as a whole.
Drozdov N.N. offers an original faunal zoning scheme based on an analysis of the history of the formation of the fauna of all sufficiently studied groups of terrestrial animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, terrestrial vertebrates (animals, birds, reptiles, amphibians) are much better known to students at the level of families and many characteristic species than species, families, and even orders in the classes of insects, gastropods, or arachnids. Therefore, the presentation of the proposed zoning scheme is carried out using terrestrial vertebrates as the most familiar and recognizable objects.
The division of categories of different faunal zoning is carried out mainly according to the level and depth of endemism, i.e., according to the number of endemic groups and their rank. So, kingdoms are determined by the presence (or absence) of endemic orders, regions - by the nature of the distribution of endemic families, subregions - by the distribution of endemic genera, sometimes families.
Kingdoms are higher categories faunal zoning. Currently most scientists distinguish four kingdoms. it Notogaea, Neogaea, Paleogea and Arctogea. They are determined mainly by the degree of antiquity of the mammalian fauna.
The kingdom of Notogea includes two regions - Australian and Antarctic. Notogea is distinguished by its antiquity and significant depletion of the fauna. Antiquity is due to the existence of a southern parameter that united Australia, Antarctica and the south of South America, and the poverty of the modern fauna of Notogea is due to geographical isolation and the processes of glaciation and aridization in different regions kingdoms. Characteristics fauna - the presence of monotremes (endemic to this kingdom), the dominance of marsupials and the almost complete absence of placental, with the exception of rodents, bats and thin-legged.
AT the kingdom of Neogaea includes only one area - Neotropical. This kingdom is characterized by the absence of monotremes, the presence of two families of marsupials, a detachment of edentulous (families of armadillos, anteaters and sloths) and almost total absence insectivorous mammals,
The kingdom of Paleogea includes two regions - Ethiopian and Indo-Malayska. In this kingdom, orders of lizards (pangolins), lady aardvarks, proboscis (elephants), a suborder of semi-monkeys (lemurs, L tarsiers) are endemic.
The kingdom of Arctogay includes only one region - the Holarctic, but occupies a vast space: the entire northern extratropical part of the globe. Here, marsupial mammals are almost completely absent; various orders of placental mammals dominate, but among them there is not a single endemic one. This is explained by the comparative history and youth of the faunal complexes that have developed on this territory. Endemism is manifested at the level of orders (or suborders) of birds - loons and auks. Mammals are represented by endemic families of desman, beaver, jerboa, vinium, pika, aplodont and pronghorn, three of which are monotypic, that is, they contain only one species each (selevinia, or hawk dormouse, aplodontia and pronghorn antelope). From reptiles, the family of lizards of gila-tooths is endemic, from tailed amphibians - families of salamanders, giant cryptogills, ambistomes, salamanders, proteus and new ones (not to be confused with the order of sirens in the class of mammals).
Let's move on to more detailed description faunal regions and subregions of the globe.
Applying for a secondary education and corresponding erudition, we need to get acquainted with the names and locations of all modern countries. However, we do not have enough strength or time to study the geography of the world through the characteristics of each country. In addition, such a study is inefficient due to the constantly changing number of countries and their different, incomparable sizes. This is also not necessary, because we will not be able to visit all countries, and by the end of our life their number will change anyway.
But when studying socio-economic geography by continents, it is impossible to understand and comprehend (remember grades 7-8) the patterns and main features of the territorial organization of the world, because the size of the continents is too large. Given that nearby countries, especially small ones, are usually similar to each other, it is convenient to study the world by dividing it into groups of neighboring countries - regions. Remembering the “parameters” of two dozen regions is much easier than remembering several hundred countries. This knowledge can be successfully used throughout life, since only the number of countries and separate sections borders, but each region forever remains a separate geographical and ethno-cultural area of the world with a pronounced individuality.
Region - a group of neighboring countries characterized by a common natural conditions, physical and economic-geographical position, living conditions and economic activities of people, the history and culture of the peoples living in it, the proximity of the levels of socio-economic development and economic structures of the countries located in them.
The number of major regions of the world and their composition are defined differently by different scientists. Therefore, it is reasonable to use the most common regional division grid, which should be considered as adopted in the United Nations. Before the collapse of the USSR, the UN allocated and maintained international statistics for 21 regions.
The validity of such a division does not cause any the slightest doubt. The disadvantage is only the union in one region of the western (Brazilian Guiana) and eastern (Andean) parts of the tropical climate zone of South America; this region should be divided into two.
Thus, it turns out 23 main regions. It is very convenient and easy to study the geography of the world, its territorial organization, patterns and features of development. The composition and boundaries of the regions must be firmly remembered - this is knowledge that you will have to use all your life.
1. Northern Europe- the territory separated from the mainland by the English Channel, the Northern and the Baltic Seas. Includes British Isles(Great Britain and Ireland), Scandinavia (Denmark with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, Norway with Svalbard, Sweden, Iceland), the Baltic States (Finland, Estonia, Latvia).
2. Western Europe includes Germany with France and small German states- Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein.
3. Southern Europe- countries lying on northern shores mediterranean sea: Portugal, Spain, Malta, Italy, former Yugoslavia(Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia with Montenegro, Macedonia), Albania, Greece and Cyprus.
4. Eastern Europe- Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria.
5. Russia - separate region, a whole subcontinent occupying the territory of Northern Eurasia.
6. Western or Western Asia includes Turkey, Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine), Iraq and Arabia ( Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain).
7. central Asia- this is modern Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, or historical Iran(Ariana) and Turan (Turkestan).
8. South Asia- the countries of Hindustan, or modern India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives.
9. South- East Asia includes Indochina (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam) and island lands (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines).
10. East Asia, or Far East is Japan, North and South Korea, China, Mongolia, Taiwan, Macau.
11. North Africa - Arab countries located on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and in the Nile River valley, separated from the rest of Africa by the Sahara desert. These are Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Sudan.
12. West Africa- countries located west of Lake Chad between the Sahara Desert and Atlantic Ocean: Cape Verde, Gambia, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania.
13. Central Africa- countries in the center of the mainland from the Sahara desert in the north to the Kalahari desert in the south: Chad, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, Angola.
14. East Africa- countries occupying the Ethiopian and East African highlands: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Comoros and Seychelles.
15. South Africa- South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands (Mauritius and Reunion)
16. North America- Canada and USA.
17. Central America- countries on the "isthmus" between North and South America: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama.
18. Caribbean America - islands in the Caribbean. Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico are located in the Greater Antilles. There are 18 small states and possessions in the archipelago of the Lesser Antilles (Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Grenada, etc.).
19. Andean America - five countries located in the North and Central Andes: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
20. Tropical South America are Brazil, Paraguay, French Guiana, Suriname and Guyana. The definition "tropical" means that the climate here is hot.
21. Temperate South America - Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Falkland Islands. The definition of "temperate" means that the climate here is not tropical, and bananas do not grow.
22. Australia - includes settled by European colonists Australian Union(on the mainland and the island of Tasmania) and New Zealand(on the islands of the same name). We say: "Australia", we also mean New Zealand.
23. Oceania. Includes the Aboriginal settled islands of Melanesia ( Papua New Guinea, Solomon, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji), Polynesia (Tonga, Eastern Samoa, Western Samoa, Tuvalu, Kiribati, French Polynesia) and Micronesia (Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau).
Each region has a country with largest number population. According to the weighted average rule, the relative quantitative indicators of such a country quite accurately characterize the region as a whole. We will call such countries key, because by studying them, you can get an idea of the entire region. Knowledge of key countries is also important because their political and economic condition affects the entire region; cooperation with them becomes vital necessity not only for neighbors, but for the whole world. Key countries are most often mentioned in the text and assignments, and the characteristics of the regions are compiled from them.
