Words, phrases, phrases and sentences - all this and much more is embedded in the concept of "language". How much is hidden in it, and how little we really know about the language! Every day and even every minute we spend next to him - whether we say our thoughts aloud or lead internal dialogue, read or listen to the radio... Language, our speech is a real art, and it should be beautiful. And its beauty must be genuine. What helps in finding the true beauty of language and speech?
The direct and figurative meaning of words is what enriches our language, develops it and transforms it. How does this happen? Let's understand this endless process, when, as they say, words grow from words.
First of all, you should understand what the direct and figurative meaning of the word is, and what main types they are divided into. Each word can have one or more whole line values. Words with the same meaning are called monosemantic words. In Russian, there are much fewer of them than words with many different meanings. Examples are words such as computer, ash, satin, sleeve. A word that can be used in several meanings, including figuratively, is a polysemantic word, examples: a house can be used in the meaning of a building, a place for people to live, a family way of life, etc.; the sky is the air space above the earth, as well as the location of the visible luminaries, or divine power, conduction.
With ambiguity, a direct and figurative meaning of a word is distinguished. The first meaning of the word, its basis - this is the direct meaning of the word. By the way, the word “direct” in this context is figurative, i.e. the main meaning of the word is “something even, 
without bends” - is transferred to another object or phenomenon with the meaning “literal, unambiguously expressed”. So there is no need to go far - you just need to be more attentive and observant in what words we use, when and how.
From the above example, it already becomes clear that the figurative meaning is the secondary meaning of the word, which arose when the literal meaning of the word was transferred to another object. Depending on what feature of the object was the reason for the transfer of meaning, there are such types of figurative meaning as metonymy, metaphor, synecdoche.
The direct and figurative meaning of a word can overlap with each other based on similarity - this is a metaphor. For example:
ice water - ice hands (by sign);
poisonous mushroom - poisonous character (by sign);
a star in the sky - a star in the hand (according to the location);
chocolate candy - chocolate tan (based on color).
Metonymy is the selection in a phenomenon or object of some property, which, by its nature, can replace the rest. For example:
gold jewelry - she has gold in her ears;
porcelain dishes - there was porcelain on the shelves;
headache - my head is gone.
And, finally, synecdoche is a type of metonymy, when one word is replaced by another on the basis of a constant, really existing ratio of part to whole and vice versa. For example:
He - real head(in the meaning of very smart, the head is the part of the body in which the brain is located).
The whole village sided with him - every inhabitant, that is, the "village" as a whole, which replaces its part.
What can be said in conclusion? Only one thing: if you know the direct and figurative meaning of a word, you will not only be able to use certain words correctly, but also enrich your speech, and learn how to convey your thoughts and feelings beautifully, and maybe one day you will come up with your own metaphor or metonymy ... Who knows?
What is the direct and figurative meaning of the word
The multiplicity of meanings of a word is that aspect of linguistics and linguistics that attracts the close attention of researchers, since each language is a mobile and constantly changing system. Every day new words appear in it, as well as new meanings of words already known. For their competent use in speech, it is necessary to monitor the processes of formation of new semantic shades in the Russian language.
Polysemantic words
These are lexical items that have two or more meanings. One of them is direct, and all the rest are portable.
It is important to note what place in the Russian language is occupied by polysemantic words. Direct and figurative meanings are one of the main aspects of the study of linguistics, since the phenomenon of polysemy covers more than 40% of the vocabulary of the Russian language. This happens because no language in the world is able to give its own specific designation to each specific subject and concept. In this regard, there is a discrepancy between the meanings of one word for several others. it natural process which is influenced by factors such as associative thinking people, metaphor and metonymy.
Aspects of polysemy: relations of meaning
Polysemy implies a certain system of meanings of a word. How does this system come about? How do such two components appear as the direct and figurative meaning of a word? First of all, any lexical unit is formed in the language with the formation of a new concept or phenomenon. Then, due to certain linguistic processes, additional meanings appear, which are called figurative. The main influence on the formation of new meanings is exerted by specific context, which contains the word. Many researchers note that polysemy is often impossible outside the linguistic context.
Words with direct and figurative meanings become such by linking to the context, and their use depends on the choice of meaning in each specific situation.
Aspects of polysemy: semantic relations
It is very important to distinguish between such concepts as polysemy and homonymy. Polysemy is a polysemy, a system of meanings embedded in one and the same word, bound friend with a friend. Homonymy is a phenomenon of linguistics, covering words that are identical in form (spelling) and sound design (pronunciation). At the same time, such lexical units are not related in meaning and do not have common origin from a single concept or phenomenon.
The direct and figurative meaning of a word in the light of the semantic relationships between the various meanings attached to a particular word are the object of study by many scientists. The difficulty of studying this group of lexical units is that it is often difficult to find a common initial meaning for polysemantic words. It is also difficult to separate completely unrelated meanings that have many common features, but they are only examples of homonymy.
Aspects of polysemy: categorical connection
Of particular importance for scientists in the aspect of the study of the topic "Direct and figurative meaning of the word" is the explanation of polysemy in terms of cognitive categorization. This theory suggests that the language system is an extremely flexible structure that can change due to the acquisition of new concepts about a phenomenon or object in the human mind.
Many researchers are inclined to believe that polysemy appears and develops according to certain laws, and is not due to spontaneous and unsystematic processes in the language. All the meanings of this or that word are initially in the mind of a person, and are also a priori embedded in the structure of the language. This theory already affects not only aspects of linguistics, but also psycholinguistics.
Direct value characteristic
All people have an intuitive idea of what the direct and figurative meaning of the word is. Speaking in the language of the inhabitants, the direct meaning is the most common meaning that is embedded in a word; it can be used in any context, directly pointing to a specific concept. In dictionaries, the direct meaning always comes first. The numbers are followed by figurative values.
All lexical units, as mentioned above, can be divided into single-valued and multi-valued. Single-valued words are those that have only a direct meaning. This group includes terms, words with a narrow subject relatedness, new, not yet very common words, proper names. Perhaps, under the influence of the processes of development of the language system, the words of these categories may acquire additional meanings. In other words, lexical units, representatives of these groups, will not necessarily always be unambiguous.
Portable value characteristic
This topic will definitely be chosen by any teacher of the Russian language at school for certification. “The direct and figurative meaning of the word” is a section that occupies a very important place in the structure of the study of Russian speech, so it is worth talking about it in more detail.
Consider the figurative meaning of lexical units. Portable is called additional value words that appeared as a result of an indirect or direct nomination. All additional meanings are associated with the main meaning metonymically, metaphorically or associatively. For figurative meanings, blurring of meanings and boundaries of usage is characteristic. It all depends on the context and style of speech in which the additional meaning is used.
Particularly interesting are cases when a figurative meaning takes the place of the main one, displacing it from use. An example is the word "balda", which originally meant a heavy hammer, and now - a stupid, narrow-minded person.
Metaphor as a way of transferring meaning
Scientists distinguish different types of figurative meanings of a word depending on the way they are formed. The first one is a metaphor. The main meaning can be transferred by the similarity of features.
So, they distinguish similarities in shape, color, size, actions, feelings and emotional state. Naturally, this classification is conditional, since similar concepts can be metaphorically subdivided into the categories listed earlier.
This classification is not the only possible one. Other researchers distinguish metaphorical transfer by similarity, depending on the animation of the subject. Thus, the transfer of the properties of an animate object to an inanimate one, and vice versa, is described; animate to animate, inanimate to inanimate.
There are also certain models according to which metaphorical transfer occurs. Most often, this phenomenon refers to household items (a rag as a tool for washing the floor and a rag as a weak-willed, weak-willed person), professions (a clown as a circus performer and a clown as someone who behaves stupidly, trying to seem like the soul of the company), sounds characteristic of animals (mooing like a sound that a cow makes, and like a slurred speech of a person), diseases (an ulcer as a disease and as satire and evil irony in human behavior).
Metonymy as a way of transferring meaning
Another aspect that is important for studying the topic “Direct and figurative meaning of a word” is metonymic transfer by adjacency. It is a kind of substitution of concepts depending on the meanings embedded in them. For example, documents are often called papers, a group of children at school is called a class, and so on.
The reasons for this transfer of value can be as follows. Firstly, this is done for the convenience of the speaker, who seeks to shorten his speech as much as possible. Secondly, the use of such metonymic constructions in speech may be unconscious, because in Russian the expression "eat a bowl of soup" implies a figurative meaning, which is realized with the help of metonymy.
The use of words in a figurative sense
On the practical exercises in Russian, any teacher will certainly require examples to be given to the section being studied. “Polysemantic words: direct and figurative meanings” is a topic that is replete with visual illustrations.
Take the word "burdock". direct meaning this concept- a plant with large leaves. This word can also be used in relation to a person in the meaning of "narrow", "stupid", "simple". This example is a classic use of metaphor to convey meaning. Adjacency transfer is also easily illustrated by the phrase "drink a glass of water." Naturally, we do not drink the glass itself, but its contents.
So, the topic of figurative meanings is intuitively clear to everyone. It is only important to understand how the direct meaning of the word is transformed.
Direct and figurative meaning of the word. What examples can you give?
The direct meaning of the word strictly correlates with a certain thing, attribute, action, quality, etc. A word may have a figurative meaning at points of contact, similarity with another object in form, function, color, purpose, etc.
Examples of the meaning of words:
table (furniture) - address table, table No. 9 (diet);
black color - back door (auxiliary), black thoughts (cheerless);
bright room - bright mind, bright head;
dirty rag - dirty thoughts;
cold wind - cold heart;
golden cross - golden hands, golden heart;
heavy burden - heavy look;
heart valve - cardiac reception;
gray mouse - gray man.
Zolotynka
A large number of words and figures of speech in Russian can be used both in the direct and figurative (figurative) sense.
The direct meaning usually completely coincides with the original meaning, the narrator means exactly what he says.
We use words in a figurative sense in order to give figurativeness to our speech, to emphasize some quality or action.
The examples below will help you "feel the difference":
The language is in constant development, those words that a few decades ago were used only in the literal sense, can begin to be used figuratively - a birdhouse - a starling's house, a birdhouse - a traffic police post, a zebra - an animal, a zebra - a pedestrian crossing.
Nelli4ka
The direct is the primary meaning of a word, the figurative is the secondary. Here are some examples:
Golden earrings - direct meaning.
My husband has golden hands - figurative meaning.
Rain worm- direct.
Book worm- portable.
Silver ring - straight.
Silver century - portable.
Burning in the sky star- direct.
Star screen - portable.
Icy sculpture - direct.
Icy smile is portable.
Sugar buns - straight.
Mouth sugar- portable.
Woolen blanket- direct.
Winter covered everything around with snow blanket- portable.
mink fur coat- direct.
Herring under fur coat- portable.
Marble plate - straight.
Marble cupcake - portable.
Black suit - direct.
Leave for black day - portable.
Any word in Russian initially has one or more direct meanings. That is, the word Key can mean how we close the lock on the front door and can mean water spouting from the ground. In both cases, this is the direct meaning of a polysemantic word. But almost every word in Russian can be given a figurative meaning. For example, in the expression key to all doors, not a word key, not a word doors are not used in their direct meaning. Here the key is the possibility of solving the problem, and the doors are the very problem. The figurative meaning of words is often used by poets, for example, in famous poem Pushkin, every word is a figurative meaning:
Or here is the famous young man at Bryusov, who had a burning eye, of course, burning in figuratively.
There are a lot of words with direct and figurative meaning in Russian. And as a rule, all these meanings are reflected in dictionaries. Periodically it is very useful to look there.
Examples of words and phrases with a figurative meaning:
- to step on a rake, figuratively - to get a negative experience.
- prick up your ears - become very attentive,
- reel fishing rods - leave, and not necessarily from fishing,
- stone heart - an insensitive person,
- sour mine - a displeased expression.
- work hard - work hard
- sharp tongue - the ability to formulate accurate, well-aimed and even caustic information.
Here, I remembered.
Moreljuba
But in fact, the fact is very interesting that words can have not only a direct meaning, but also a figurative one.
If we talk about the direct meaning, then in the text we mean exactly the lexical meaning of a particular word. But the figurative meaning means the transfer of the meaning of the lexical initial in the consequence with comparison
And here are some examples:
Eugenie001
In Russian, words can have both direct and figurative meanings. Under direct meaning understand words that name an object of reality or its property. At the same time, the meaning of such words does not depend on the context, we immediately imagine what they call. For example:
Based on the direct meaning, the word may have additional lexical meanings, which are called portable. The figurative meaning is based on the similarity of objects or phenomena according to appearance, properties, or actions to perform.
Compare: "stone house" and "stone face". In the phrase "stone house", the adjective "stone" is used in the literal sense (solid, motionless, strong), and in the phrase "stone face", the same adjective is used in a figurative sense (insensitive, unkind, harsh).
Here are some examples of the direct and figurative meaning of words:
On the basis of figurative meaning, many stylistic figures or literary tropes(metonymy, personification, metaphor, synecdoche, allegory, epithet, hyperbole).
Sayans
Examples of words and expressions with a figurative meaning:
As we can see, words acquire a figurative meaning when used together with certain words(for which this quality is not typical in literally). For example, nerves cannot literally be made of iron, so this is a figurative meaning, but iron ore just consists of iron (the phrase has a direct meaning).
virgin virginia
Sweet tea - sweet kitty, sweet music.
Crying in pain - the prison is crying (for someone).
Soft plasticine - soft light, soft heart.
Sunny day - sunny soul, sunny smile.
A plastic bag is a social package (about vacations, sick leave).
Wolverine skin is a venal skin.
Garden flowers - flowers of life (about children).
Green fruits - green generation.
Woodpecker (bird) - woodpecker (informer).
To poison with pills - to poison with moral violence.
Marlena
The direct meaning of a word is when the word is used in the sense it originally was. For example: sweet porridge.
The figurative meaning of the word is when the word is not used in the literal sense, such as sweet deception.
Need to give examples of words with a figurative meaning .. help?
give examples please
Diana Klimova
Portable (indirect) meanings of words are those meanings that arise as a result of the conscious transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another based on the similarity, commonality of their features, functions, etc.
So, the word table is used in several figurative meanings: 1. An item of special equipment or part of a cold-form machine (operating table, raise the machine table); 2. Food, food (rent a room with a table); 3. Department in an institution in charge of a special range of cases (reference desk).
The word black has the following figurative meanings: 1. Dark, as opposed to something lighter, called white (black bread); 2. Took on a dark color, darkened (black from sunburn); 3. In the old days: chicken (black hut); 4. Gloomy, bleak, heavy (black thoughts); 5. Criminal, malicious (black treason); 6. Not the main one, auxiliary (back door in the house); 7. Physically difficult and unskilled (menial work).
The word boil has the following figurative meanings:
1. Manifest in strong degree(work is in full swing) ; 2. Show something with force, to a strong degree (boil with indignation); 3. Randomly move (the river was seething with fish).
As you can see, when transferring the meaning, words are used to name phenomena that do not serve as a constant, ordinary object of designation, but come close to another concept through various associations that are obvious to speakers.
Figurative meanings can retain figurativeness (black thoughts, black betrayal). However, these figurative meanings are fixed in the language; they are given in dictionaries when interpreting words. In this figurative-figurative meanings differ from the metaphors that are created by writers.
In most cases, when transferring meanings, imagery is lost. For example: a pipe elbow, a teapot spout, a carrot tail, a clock. In such cases, one speaks of extinct figurativeness in the lexical meaning of the word.
The transfer of names occurs on the basis of the similarity in something of objects, signs, actions. The figurative meaning of a word can be attached to an object (sign, action) and become its direct meaning: a teapot spout, a door handle, a table leg, a book spine, etc.
Anton Maslov
The direct (or main, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. For example, the word table has the following basic meaning: “a piece of furniture in the form of a wide horizontal board on high supports, legs.
The figurative (indirect) meanings of words arise as a result of the transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another based on the similarity, commonality of their features, functions, etc. Thus, the word table has several figurative meanings: 1. An item of special equipment or a part of a machine of similar shape (operating table, raise the machine table). 2. Food, food (to rent a room with a table). 3. Department in an institution in charge of some special range of affairs (reference desk).
Depending on the basis and on what grounds the name of one object is transferred to another, there are three types of transfer of word meanings: metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche. Some linguists also distinguish transfer by the similarity of functions.
Topic "When the word is used in a figurative sense."
Target: achieve a conscious assimilation of the figurative and expressive possibilities of the word.
Tasks :
- to organize the activities of students to continue studying the lexical meaning and figurative and expressive possibilities of the word: to show how metaphors, personifications, epithets are created on the basis of the figurative meaning of words;
- to promote the development of the ability to find words with a figurative meaning (paths) in the text, to interpret words used in a figurative meaning, to establish a figurative and pictorial function words, thereby contributing to the enrichment of students' vocabulary;
- create favorable conditions to cultivate a sense of respect for the masters of the word and the formation of cognitive interest in the study of the Russian language.
Lesson type : combined.
Lesson plan
I. Organizational moment.
Greetings
Here comes the bell
We start our lesson.
Don't yawn in class
But work and write.
Open notebooks, write down the date and classwork.slide 1
II. Checking homework.
Warm-up "Pick the camomile".
(a chamomile is attached to the board, students optionally pluck the flower petals and answer questions from the topic of the last lesson).
What is vocabulary? (Vocabulary of the language)
In what branch of the science of language is studied vocabulary language? (Lexicology)
What is the lexical meaning of a word? ( main meaning the words)
How many lexical meanings does a word have? (one or more)
How are words called depending on the number of lexical meanings? (Single-valued and multi-valued) For example:
What is a portable value? (which transfers the name of an item to another item) For example:
What is one of the secrets of the amazing imagery and expressiveness of the Russian language? (There are a lot of words in it that are used not only literally, but also figuratively)
III. Setting the topic and objectives of the lesson.
1. Teacher's word(Slide 2)
Pay attention to the theme written on the screen: "When the word is used in a figurative sense. Are you familiar with this topic? Why then do we return to it again? (Maybe we should learn something new on this topic)
That's right, we will continue to study the meaning and figurative and expressive possibilities of words. But first, I suggest you take a “short walk to the river” together with the poetess Irina Tokmakova to unravel the mystery of one tree. The answer will be the key to the topic of our lesson.
2. Reading a poem by Irina Tokmakova "Willow" by a student:
By the river, by the cliff
The willow is crying, the willow is crying.
Maybe,she feels sorry for someone?
Maybeshe's hot in the sun?
Maybe,windplayful
Pulled the willow by the pigtail?
Maybe,willow is thirsty?
Maybe we should go ask?
(Handout)
Did you like the poem?
What do you find unusual about this poem?
What words indicate that the willow is alive? Name them.
Read these words carefully again. What kind of willow do they draw in the poem? (Crying like a girl)
3. Teacher's word
Poetess I. Tokmakova saw the similarity between willow and crying girl. However, see the similarities between different items- not an easy task. In our lesson, we will learn to observe from poets, writers, who have a special gift to notice what they do not see a common person. Writers and poets constantly use words with figurative meaning in their works.
This is how special means of expression - trails (Slide 3) - a word or figure of speech in a figurative sense, which can "come to life, grow stronger, be filled with expressive power."
Write it down in a dictionary.
IV. Mastering new material.
What are the trails, find out by completing
Exercise 1
Open your textbooks to page 92, read aloud the linguistic text of ex. 259.
What words are unfamiliar to you?
Task 2
(Slide 4)
There are many means of figurativeness and expressiveness in the Russian language. Meaning of the wordwarm (look)isportable . species figurative use are: metaphor, personification, epithet.(Dictionary)
Explain their meaning with the help of a dictionary entry.
(Slide 5 impersonation
slide 6 metaphor
Slide 7 epithet)
v. Fizkultminutka.
Are you tired?
Well, then everyone stood up together,
They stomped their feet,
They clapped their hands.
Twisted, turned
And everyone sat down at the desks.
We close our eyes tightly
We count up to 5 together.
We open - we blink
And we continue to work. (Performing movements after the teacher)
VI. Primary consolidation of new material.
Exercise 1(Slide 8)
Write down the sentences and underline the means of expression in the proposed passages -trails - metaphors, epithets, personifications.
What pictures do you “see” behind these words?
1) It was heard howwas leavingat night from the forestfreezing. Heknockedstickthe trees are quieter, farther and farther away.
2) Long agoa thunderstorm swept, but on birches from leaf to leafjumpmischievousraindrops. hanging at the tip,trembling with fearand, flashing desperately,jumpinto a puddle.
Task 2(Slide 9)
Guess the riddles
Riddle 1. Red maidenRiddle 2. For a curly tuft
Sitting in the darkDragged a fox from a mink.
And the spit is on the street. Feels very smooth to the touch
Tastes like sugar, sweet.
(folk riddle) (E.Blaginina)
What words say that you guessed the riddle correctly?
Find words that are used in a figurative sense.
Based on what signs did the value transfer occur in the first (humanization) and in the second (comparison)riddles?
What is the name of the technique of "humanizing" the plant in the first riddle? (Incarnation).
Why is the carrot compared to the fox in the second riddle?
What kind common signs foxes and carrots?
What is this kind of comparison called? (Metaphor).
In which riddle do you find the description of the carrot most poetic?
Task 3
Metaphors, epithets, personifications are found not only in riddles. They also meet in works of art. Listen to D. Zuev's miniature "Melody of Spring".
Every season has its own music. The snow has faded. In a bursting stream, silver balls hastily roll down from the roofs. Melodiously sings, loudly ticks drops. Quietly the beating icicles call back and shatter into smithereens, like dropped crystal. And in the bushes, like a silver bell rings. It is filled with icicles. The violins of frost fell silent, and only yesterday they spoke in full voice.A sunbeam starts the music of spring, and birds and water sing along with it.( Handout ).
What sounds of spring have you heard?
How do you understand the meaning of the word melody?
Is it used directly or figuratively in the title of the miniature?
Find metaphors, personifications, epithets in the text.
Epithets:“own music” (intonational expressiveness), “discontinuous”, “silver”, “beating”, “dropped”, “full”, “quiet”.
Metaphors: “music ... of the season”, “silver balls, shatter to smithereens”, “frost violins”, “spoke in a full voice”.
Personifications: "the snow has faded”, “drops are singing”, “the violins were talking”, “icicles are pouring”, “ Sunshine turns on the music."
VII. Self-test of knowledge.
1. Solve the test
I. Determine in which row it ismetaphor . Slide 10
1. The nose of a ship, the wing of an airplane.
2. Sweet memories, sunny mood.
3. The wind howls, frost heals.
II. Choose which row ispersonification. slide 11
1. Emerald eyes, golden hands.
2. A mountain of gifts, a lot of wishes.
3 . Angry winter, the forest slumbers.
III. Think what line they are in.epithets . slide 12
1. The crescent of the moon, the river of time.
2 . A heated argument, a heavy feeling, fiery hair.
3. Evil wind, cheerful sun.
(1,3,2) ( Handout).
2. Rate your work: 3b. - "5", 2b. - "4", 1b. - "3".
VIII. Summarizing.
1. Determination of the degree of implementation of the tasks.
Let's see how the tasks of the lesson are implemented.
2 Reflection.
1. Cards with a task
Finish the sentence:
1. Today at the lesson I learned ...
2. Worked best in the lesson (a) ...
3. I can praise my classmates for...
4. I can say thank you (to whom?) for (what) ...
5. The lesson today was ...
2. Find the balls on the desks.
(Slide 13)
If you haveeverything worked outin class, take pink,
something didn't work out- blue,
nothing succeeded- yellow.
IX. Homework paragraph 34, ex. 261. (Slide 14)
(Slide 15) Thank you for your work!
A word can have one lexical meaning. Such words are called unambiguous, for example: dialog, purple, saber, alert, appendicitis, birch, felt-tip pen
Several types can be distinguished unambiguous words.
1. These include, first of all, proper names (Ivan, Petrov, Mytishchi, Vladivostok). Their extremely specific meaning excludes the possibility of varying the meaning, since they are the names of single objects.
2. Usually recently emerged words that have not yet become widespread are unambiguous (briefing, grapefruit, pizza, pizzeria etc.). This is explained by the fact that for the development of ambiguity in a word, its frequent use in speech is necessary, and new words cannot immediately receive universal recognition and distribution.
3. Words with a narrow subject meaning are unambiguous (binoculars, trolleybus, suitcase). Many of them refer to things special use and therefore rarely used in speech (beads, turquoise). This helps to keep them unique.
4. One meaning, as a rule, highlights the terms: sore throat, gastritis, fibroids, syntax, noun.
Most Russian words have not one, but several meanings. These words are called polysemantic, they are opposed unambiguous words. The ability of words to have multiple meanings is called polysemy. For example: word root- multivalued. In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova, four meanings of this word are indicated:
1. underground part plants. The apple tree has taken root. 2. The inner part of the tooth, hair, nail. Blush down to the roots of your hair. 3. trans. Beginning, source, basis of something. The root of evil. 4. In linguistics: basic, significant part the words. Root- significant part of the word.
The direct meaning of the word is its main meaning. For example, an adjective gold means "made of gold, composed of gold": gold coin, gold chain, gold earrings.
The figurative meaning of the word- this is its secondary, non-primary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one. Golden autumn, golden curls- the adjective in these phrases has a different meaning - figurative ("similar to gold in color"). Golden time, skillful fingers- in these examples, the adjective has a figurative meaning - "beautiful, happy."
The Russian language is very rich in such transfers:
wolf skin- wolfish appetite;
iron nail- iron character.
If we compare these phrases, we can see that adjectives with a figurative meaning not only tell us about some quality of a person, but evaluate it, figuratively and vividly describe: golden character, deep mind, warm heart, cold look.
The use of words in a figurative sense gives speech expressiveness, figurativeness. Poets and writers are looking for fresh, unexpected, precise means conveying their thoughts, feelings, emotions, moods. On the basis of the figurative meaning of words, special means of artistic representation are created: comparison, metaphor, personification, epithet and etc.
Thus, on the basis of the figurative meaning of the word, the following are formed:
comparison(one object is compared to another). The moon is like a lantern; fog like milk;
metaphor(hidden comparison). Rowan bonfire(rowan, like a fire); the bird cherry is throwing snow(bird cherry, like snow);
personification(human properties are transferred to animals, inanimate objects). The grove answered; cranes do not regret; the forest is silent;
epithet(figurative use of adjectives). The grove is golden; birch tongue; pearl frost; dark fate.
The direct (in other words, the primary, main, main) meaning of a word is a reflection in the word of that phenomenon of reality with which the word has been associated for a long time and steadily; portable (or secondary) meaning is acquired by a word as a result of its conscious use to designate not the phenomenon that it traditionally designates, but another phenomenon that is close to the first in our view in some way. For example, iron in the literal sense - containing iron (iron ore) or made of iron (iron roof), and figuratively - strong, strong(iron muscles) or unshakable, adamant, not knowing deviations, retreats ( iron will). Head in the literal sense - top part human body, the upper or front part of the animal body, containing the brain, and figuratively - mind, consciousness, intellect(clear head, bright head), a man of great intelligence (Ivan Ivanovich is a head!), a person as a carrier of some properties, qualities (smart head, hot head).
In Pushkin's line Dawn rises in a cold haze word dawn appears in the direct meaning (bright illumination of the horizon before sunrise or after sunset), and in its own lines And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom Will the beautiful dawn rise at last?- figuratively (beginning, origin, early time of something).
The use of words in a literary work in a direct, non-figurative sense is called autology (Greek autos - itself + logos), and the use of words in a figurative sense - metalogy (Greek meta - through, after, behind - + - logos). The field of metalogy includes all trails .
Trope(Greek tropos - turn; turnover, image) - a generalized name for stylistic devices consisting in the use of a word in a figurative sense in order to achieve a special figurativeness, figurativeness . Since the transfer of meaning (or, as it is sometimes said, the transfer of the name) can occur on the basis of the correlation various signs, paths can be different types, each of which has own name. The main trails are metaphor, metonymy, irony and hyperbole; the varieties of the main tropes include personification, synecdoche, litotes.
Metaphor(Greek metaphora - transfer) represents a value transfer by similarity. It can be said that the metaphor is based on what is not formally designated (for example, with the help of comparative unions) comparison. They also say that a metaphor is a hidden comparison. For example, a metaphor Empty skies clear glass(Akhmatova) contains a comparison of the sky with transparent glass, a metaphor Red rowan bonfire burns in the garden(S. Yesenin) contains a comparison of rowan brushes with a fire flame.
Many metaphors have become commonplace in everyday use and therefore do not attract attention, have lost their imagery in our perception: go beyond, hot time, hot heart, dizzy, love faded, he lost his head, drill with a look, soul strings, the patient's temperature jumps, thin voice, heavy character, etc.
In artistic literature, metaphor achieves its pictorial purpose the more it is unexpected, original and, at the same time, accurate in the sense of correlating phenomena. The aesthetic evaluation of metaphors (as well as other means of artistic depiction) is a subjective thing.
And the diamond thrill of the stars fades In the painless cold of dawn.(Voloshin);
And bottomless blue eyes Blossom on the far shore.(Block);
Like similes, metaphors can be extended. Sometimes poems are constructed from beginning to end as extended metaphors.
Any familiar metaphor can be in artistic purposes presented in the literal sense, and then it "comes to life", receives a new imagery. This approach is called realization of a metaphor . It can be used for humorous and satirical purposes (for example, Mayakovsky's well-known poem "The Sitting Ones" uses the metaphor break apart), but can also be a reception lyric poetry. In the same Mayakovsky, with great emotional power, a metaphor is realized wring your hands:
Loves? does not love?
I break my hands and fingers
scatter, break.
The proximity of metaphor to comparison is expressed, in particular, in the fact that these means of artistic representation are often combined: Russia entered Europe like a lowered ship - at the sound of an ax and at the thunder of cannons(Pushkin);
In that old year, when love was kindled, Like a throne cross in a doomed heart(Akhmatova);
Metonymy(Greek metonymia - renaming) is transfer of values (renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena . The cases of such transfers are diverse, the main ones are as follows.
From vessel, container to contents: Ladles are circular, foaming, hissing(Pushkin). Common expressions also belong to this type of metonymy. ate a whole plate, drank two cups, etc..
From a person to his clothes or any external signs: And you, blue uniforms(Lermontov; meaning the gendarmes); Hey beard! and how to get from here to Plyushkin?(Gogol).
From a settlement to its inhabitants: The whole city was discussing this event; The village was delighted with this news, etc.
From the organization, institution, event to its employees, participants: The research institute was busy with an urgent task; The factory decided to go on strike etc.
The author's name can refer to his works: Eugene Onegin, as you know, Scolded Homer, Theocritus, But read Adam Smith(...) Expressions like Excellent Kustodiev! Magnificent Faberge! - to designate a picture of an artist or a product of a master.
Irony(Greek eironeia - literally: pretense) - the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. A textbook example is the Fox's appeal to the Donkey, whom she considers stupid, in Krylov's fable "The Fox and the Donkey": Where, smart, are you wandering, head? Words used in the opposite direct meaning can be taken for greater expressiveness in quotation marks, as, for example, in Severyanin's poems addressed to politicians on behalf of people of art:
Your hostile everyday life is dirty to us, - We timeless art we are burning. You are busy with “business”, and we are only “drones”, But we are proud of our title!
The opposite meaning can be given not only to a single word, but also to an extensive context or a whole work. An example is the famous poem by Lermontov
Gratitude
For everything, for everything, I thank you: For the secret torment of passions, For the bitterness of tears, the poison of a kiss, For the revenge of enemies and slander of friends; For the heat of the soul, wasted in the desert, For everything that I was deceived in life ... Arrange only so that from now on I will not thank you for long.
In this poem you can see the highest degree manifestations of irony – sarcasm (Greek sarkasmos, from sarkazo - literally: I tear meat).
Hyperbola(Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) in contrast to metaphor, metonymy and irony, which are renaming by qualitative feature, consists of transferring the value quantitative attribute . More precisely, hyperbole consists in a quantitative strengthening of the signs of an object, phenomenon, action, which, for simplicity, is sometimes called "artistic exaggeration."
Hyperbole is often used in folk literature. For example, in the epic about Volga and Mikul:
We drove all day, from morning to evening,
We couldn't get to the oratay.
They rode, yes, and another day,
Another day, from morning to evening,
We couldn't get to the oratay.
As the oratay yells in the field, whistles,
The oratay's bipod creaks,
And the omeshiki scratch off the pebbles.
Here they rode for the third day,
And the third day before pabedya.
And they ran into an open field yelling.
And here is the hyperbole in the mischievous ditty:
The darling sits on the porch With an expression on his face, And the darling's face Occupies the whole porch.
Gogol was a great master of hyperbole; everyone remembers that a rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper that u Cossacks were bloomers as wide as the Black Sea, and Ivan Nikiforovich's trousers were in such wide folds that if they were inflated, then the whole yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them.
personification – a technique consisting in transferring the properties of a person (person) to inanimate objects, natural phenomena or animals. Personification is usually in folk literature and the genre of book literature closest to it - a fable; often used in lyric poetry. A few examples:
Luna laughed like a clown.(Yesenin) Midnight enters my city window with gifts of the night.(Twardowski)
Like simile and metaphor, personification can be extended. For example, in Lermontov's poem Utes
A golden cloud spent the night On the chest of a giant cliff, In the morning it rushed off on its way early, Playing merrily across the azure; But there was a damp trace in the wrinkle of the Old Cliff. He stands alone, deep in thought, And he weeps softly in the desert.
Synecdoche(Greek synekdoche - correlation) - special case metonymy: designation of the whole (or in general something more) through its part (or in general something smaller included in a larger one). For example: All flags will visit us(Pushkin), that is, ships under the flags of all countries. Synecdoche can become a familiar phraseological phrase: to have a roof over your head, there are not enough working hands, so many heads of cattle, etc. Synecdoche is the use of singular forms instead of plural: Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts (Pushkin); And it was heard before dawn, How the Frenchman (Lermontov) rejoiced.
Litotes(Greek litotes - simplicity) - a technique opposite to hyperbole, i.e. consisting of quantitative underestimation of the signs of an object, phenomenon, action . The litotes are the names fairy tale characters Thumb boy, Thumb girl. The litote is also used in the description of the hero of Nekrasov's famous poem:
And marching importantly in orderly calm A horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In large boots, in a sheepskin coat, In large mittens ... and he himself is from a fingernail.
Litota is also called the method of defining a phenomenon or concept through the denial of the opposite, which also leads to an underestimation of the objective qualities of the defined. For example, if we say: It's interesting, – then such an expression will not contain such a definite estimate as It is interesting. Two examples from Tvardovsky's poetry:
That hour was already knocking on the window Not without solemn undertakings(“Beyond the distance - distance”);
No, our days are not traceless in the world("Birch").
Figure(rhetorical figure, stylistic figure, figure of speech) - a generalized name for stylistic devices in which the word, unlike tropes, does not necessarily appear in a figurative sense. The figures are built on special combinations of words that go beyond the usual, "practical" use and are intended to enhance the expressiveness and descriptiveness of the text. Since the figures are formed by a combination of words, they use certain stylistic possibilities of syntax, but in all cases the meanings of the words forming the figure are very important. The figures are numerous, we will name here only the main ones.
Anaphora(Greek anaphora - moving up, repetition), or monogamy, - repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, lines of poetry or stanzas . Anaphora has already met us in the above poem by Lermontov "Gratitude", where six lines begin with the preposition for. Two more examples from the poetry of A. Fet:
Only in the world and there is that shady
Dormant maple tent. Only in the world is there something radiant
A childish thoughtful look. Only in the world is there something fragrant
Cute headdress. Only in the world is there anything pure
Left running parting.
Here, each sentence, forming two poetic lines, begins with the expression Only in the world there is... AT next example each stanza, except the first, begins with the word tell, and in the first stanza the second line begins with this word:
I came to you with greetings To tell you that the sun has risen, That it fluttered with hot light On the sheets; To tell that the forest woke up, The whole woke up, with each branch, Every bird started up And full of spring thirst; To tell that with the same passion, As yesterday, I came again, That my soul is still happy And ready to serve you; To tell that from everywhere It blows fun on me, That I myself do not know what I will Sing, - but only the song is ripening.
Antithesis(Greek antithesis - opposition) - stylistic device contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts. The most clearly expressed and simple in structure antithesis is based on the use of antonyms:
I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am a god!(Derzhavin);
You are poor, You are plentiful, You are powerful, You are powerless, Mother Russia!
(Nekrasov)
Over the Black Sea, over the White Sea In black nights and white days (...)
But opposition can also be expressed descriptively: Once he served in the hussars, and even happily; no one knew the reason that prompted him to retire and settle in a poor place where he lived together both poorly and extravagantly: he always walked, in a worn-out black frock coat, and kept an open table for all the officers of our regiment. True, his dinner consisted of two or three courses prepared by a retired soldier, but champagne flowed like a river.(Pushkin);
gradation(lat. gradatio - gradual elevation) - a stylistic device for the arrangement of words and expressions, as well as means of artistic representation in ascending or decreasing (descending) importance. The gradation of the first type is called climax (Greek klimax - stairs), the second - anticlimax (Greek anti - against + klimax). Increasing gradation in Russian literature is used more often than descending. An example of a clear gradation according to the increasing importance of a sign can be taken from the epic about Volga and Mikul:
The bipod of the bipod is maple, The omeshiki on the bipod are damask, The bipod is silver, And the horn of the bipod is red gold.
A detailed multifaceted gradation underlies the composition of Pushkin's "Tales of the Fisherman and the Fish". The old fisherman did not immediately catch goldfish, a wonderful catch is described using gradation:
Once he threw a net into the sea, - A net came with one mud. Another time he threw a net, - A net came with sea grass. For the third time he threw a net, A net came with one fish, With a difficult fish, - gold.
"Up the stairs" the desires of the old woman rise: I don't want to be a black peasant woman, I want to be pillar noblewoman- I don't want to be a pillar noblewoman, But I want to be a free queen - I don't want to be a free queen, I want to be the mistress of the sea. In place of a dilapidated dugout, first a hut with a light room appears, then a tall tower, and then the royal chambers. The more indefatigable and absurd demands of the old woman the old man is forced to convey to the goldfish, the more severely, more menacingly the sea meets him: the sea is slightly played out - the blue sea is clouded - the blue sea is not calm - the blue sea has turned black - there is a black storm on the sea.
Gradation (mainly ascending) is also widely used in non-stylized book literature. Examples:
I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend.
No, it would have been unbearably terrible, The lot of the earth, had it not always been with us Neither the childhood of days, nor our youth, Nor our whole life in its last hour.
(Twardowski)
Examples of descending gradation:
He brought mortal resin Yes, a branch with withered leaves.
Will I find my former embrace there? Is it an old-fashioned hello? Will the friends and brothers of the Sufferer, after many years, recognize him?
(Lermontov)
He promises half the world, And France only for himself.
(Lermontov)
Oxymoron, or oxymoron (Greek oxymoron - literally: witty-silly), - a stylistic device of combining words opposite in meaning with the aim of an unusual, impressive expression of a new concept, representation . Oxymoron is a figure common in Russian literature, it is used, for example, in such names literary works, as Turgenev's "Living Relics", L. Tolstoy's "Living Corpse", V. Vishnevsky's "Optimistic Tragedy". Examples of oxymorons from poems by Russian poets:
And the impossible is possible.
The road is long and easy.
Parallelism(Greek parallelos - walking side by side, parallel) - a stylistic device of similar, parallel construction of adjacent phrases, poetic lines or stanzas. Examples of parallelism in the construction of poetic lines:
I look at the future with fear, I look at the past with longing.
(Lermontov)
Repetition. As the name itself shows, this stylistic device consists in the repetition of a word, expression, song or poetic line in order to attract them Special attention. Repetition - frequent use folk songs. For example:
We were in the field, Walking along the borders
They developed wreaths, Yes, life will give birth, -
Wreaths developed "Freak, God,
And they looked at life. Zhito thick,
And Saint Ilya Zhyto is thick,
Walks along the borders, spiked,
Vigorous!"
Poets often resort to the repetition of lines in texts that are stylistically close to folk songs:
"I see death me Bury me
Here, in the steppe, it will strike, Here, in the deaf steppe;
Do not remember, friend, Black horses
My evil insults. Take me home.
Take my evil grievances home,
Yes, and nonsense, Hand them over to the priest ... "
unreasonable words,
Former rudeness.
(I. Surikov)
Repeating a line or several lines at the end of a stanza called refrain (French refrain - chorus).
The repetition of a word or phrase can also be used in prose. For example, far from reality, the ideas of Olga Ivanovna, the heroine of Chekhov's story "The Jumper"! about her role in the life of the artist Ryabovsky are emphasized by the repetition in her improperly direct speech of the word influence: (...) But this, she thought, he created under her influence, and in general, thanks to her influence, he changed a lot for the better. Her influences are so beneficial and significant that if she leaves him, then he, perhaps, may perish. In Ryabovsky's characterization, a significant role is played by the words he repeats, I'm tired, how tired I am.
rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal(Greek rhetorike - oratory). The definition rhetorical, rhetorical, fixed in the names of these figures, indicates that they developed in oratory prose, and then in fiction. Here, rhetorical questions, exclamations and appeals increase the emotionality of the statement, draw the reader's attention to certain parts text. In grammar rhetorical question defined as a sentence that is interrogative in form, but contains not a question, but a message. In fiction, a rhetorical question can retain an interrogative meaning, but it is not asked to give (or receive) an answer to it, but to increase the emotional impact on the reader.
Rhetorical exclamations reinforce the expressed feelings in the message:
How beautiful, how fresh were the roses In what a garden! How they deceived my eyes! How I begged the spring frosts Don't touch them cold hand!
The rhetorical appeal is directed not to the real interlocutor, but to the subject of the artistic image. Of the two functions inherent in the appeal - invocative and evaluative-characterizing (expressive, expressive), - the latter prevails in the rhetorical appeal:
The earth is the ruler! I bowed my head to you.(V. Solovyov)
Put me to sleep, bell ringing! Carry me out, three tired horses!
(Polonsky)
Rhetorical questions, exclamations and appeals are also used in prose, mainly in digressions(for example, in the well-known lyrical digressions in " Dead souls Gogol) and in cases where the author's narration passes into improperly direct speech (for example, in Bulgakov's The White Guard: But the days, both in peaceful and bloody years, fly like an arrow, and the young Turbins did not notice how white, shaggy December came in a hard frost. Oh, our Christmas tree grandfather, sparkling with snow and happiness! Mom, bright queen, where are you?)
Default – a figure that provides the listener or reader with the opportunity to guess and reflect on what could have been discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement. A perfect example of silence that awakens deep thoughts and strong feelings, we find in Bunin's poem:
In the forest, in the mountain, there is a spring, lively and sonorous, Above the spring there is an old cabbage roll With a blackened bast icon, And in the spring there is a birch bark.
I do not love, O Russia, your timid thousand-year, slavish poverty. But this cross, but this ladle is white. . . Humble, native traits!
More examples of defaults in direct speech are from Chekhov's "Lady with a Dog". Anna Sergeevna's words: - (...) When I married him, I was twenty years old, I was tormented by curiosity, I wanted something better, because there is, I said to myself, another life. I wanted to live! Live and live… Curiosity burned me. . . Gurov's words: - But understand, Anna, understand. . .- he said in an undertone, in a hurry. - I beg you, understand. . .
Ellipsis in fiction acts as figure, with the help of which a special expressiveness is achieved. At the same time, the connection between the artistic ellipsis and colloquial turns is clearly preserved. Most often, the verb is omitted, which gives the text a special dynamism:
Let ... But chu! no time to walk! To the horses, brother, and step in the stirrup, Saber out - and I'll cut! Here is another Feast God gives us.
(D. Davydov)
In prose, the ellipsis is used mainly in direct speech and in narration on behalf of the narrator. A few examples from Lermontov's Bela: (...) A little gape, just look - either a lasso around the neck, or a bullet in the back of the head; Grigory Alexandrovich teased him so much that even into the water; Kazbich shuddered, his face changed - and towards the window; Well, yes, that's aside; Grigory Alexandrovich squealed no worse than any Chechen; a gun from a case, and there - I follow him.
Epiphora(Greek epiphora - repetition) - a figure opposite to anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a poetic line. Epiphora in Russian poetry is much less common than anaphora. Examples:
Steppes and roads The count is not over; Stones and thresholds No account found.(E. Bagritsky).
1. What is the difference between a direct meaning and a figurative one?
2. What types of figurative meanings of words are distinguished?
3. Why are words with a figurative meaning used in speech?
4. What are the ways to transfer the name?
How do different lexical meanings of a polysemous word differ?
According to the method of naming an object (feature, action), the lexical meanings of words are divided into direct and figurative.
A figurative meaning is one of the meanings of a polysemantic word.
The main value in polysemantic word is a direct lexical meaning. It is directly related to reality.
The figurative lexical meaning of a word names an object (sign, action) based on various associations that arise in a person when compared with other objects (features, actions), namely: on the basis of comparison, adjacency. In this case, the direct meaning is used to name new objects (signs, actions).
The transfer of a name (i.e. word) already assigned to some object (attribute, action) to another object (attribute, action) occurs if there is a similarity, contiguity or functional commonality between objects (attributes, actions).
Distinguish different ways name transfer. Transfer by resemblance is a metaphorical transfer. It arises as a result of assimilation - the association of one object (sign, action) with another based on their comparison, comparison, for example: the nose of a person and the bow of a boat (common - the part protruding in front).
Adjacency transfer is a metonymic transfer. It arises as a result of likening objects (signs, actions) on the basis of their proximity, for example: he broke a plate and ate a plate (of soup); remove your hat and stop the hat (i.e. "the man in the hat").
Transfer by functional generality is a functional transfer. It arises as a result of assimilation of objects according to their main purpose, for example: an elderly janitor (a person) and remove the janitor (“mechanism on the windshield of a car”).
The new lexical meaning of a word, which appears on the basis of similarity, contiguity, or commonality of functions, at first gives the impression of unusualness, novelty.
The fate of the figurative lexical meaning of the word is different. Some figurative lexical meanings of a word eventually become direct names of objects, signs, actions, for example: the bow of a boat, a door handle, emerald (about color); in the explanatory dictionary in this case there is no mark "transl.". Others retain a metaphorical connotation, for example: porridge (confusion), throw ("spread" - about the shadow, light, rays, look, look), ebullient (active, ardent); in explanatory dictionaries, they are marked “peren”.
For many words, figurative meanings are author's neoplasms, by individual means expressiveness in works of art. Explanatory dictionaries do not include such lexical meanings.
Exercise 272.
First write out examples in which the highlighted words are used in a direct, and then in a figurative sense.
1. Under the wing of an airplane, the green sea of the taiga sings about something. (From a song). 2. No matter how perfect the wing of a bird, it would never have raised it into the sky if it had not relied on the air (Pavlov). 3. The village where Eugene missed was a lovely corner (A. Pushkin). 4. I fell in love late autumn for the purity of the air, the cold, when cheeks burn, the tinny ripples of rivers, the heavy movement of clouds. (K. Paustovsky). 5. True, when Christian Andersen settled in a hotel, there was still some ink left in the tin inkwell. 6. I remembered an expensive face with gray strands of hair. 7. Over the gray plain of the sea, the wind gathers clouds. (M. Gorky) 8. And the forest stands for itself, smiling (I. Nikitin). 9. The ladies moved closer to her, the old women smiled at her. (A. Pushkin) 10. Look, it's hay time, the whole village is in the meadow. (N. Nekrasov.)
Exercise 273.
Find in the sentences the words used in a figurative sense, underline and understand their meaning.
1. Winter sings, calls out, shaggy forest cradles the sound of a pine forest. (S. Yesenin).
2. Winter is not without reason angry, its time has passed - spring is knocking on the window and driving from the yard.
(F. Tyutchev).
3. A mournful wind drives a flock of clouds to the edge of heaven, a bruised spruce groans, a dark forest whispers muffledly. (A. Pushkin).
4. What, dense forest, thoughtful? (A. Koltsov).
Exercise 274.
Read the text. Define the text style. Write down the words used in figurative meanings, as part of word combinations that clarify their meaning; select synonyms for them that correspond to their meaning in the text, determine what semantic, stylistic role these words play in the text.
In his work, he fled from worn out, worn-out words, looking for words in live, spring speech, hitherto untouched and full-sounding. A man of the greatest conscience and naturally shy, he was irreconcilable in writing: “To the accepted literary forms- as poems and dramas are written - the soul did not lie. I wanted to express myself in my own way.” He was distinguished high demands to myself: “I feel lowered verbal level. The element of language dissipates. Reading Dahl is not at all in order to put words into circulation, but without them you can suffocate. Reading Russian is air. He had a keen ear for the element of language, doubt was his distinguishing feature- gave birth to the beauty of the figurative structure, the poetic metaphorical nature of his dictionary: “... I thought a lot about the word: somehow they don’t understand it when they start talking about verbal “intricacies”. It is forgotten that the word creature, and not trinket and lead typographical set. He spoke about the origins of his work as follows: “I lead mine from Gogol, Dostoevsky and Leskov. The miraculous is from Gogol, the pain is from Dostoevsky, the wonderful and righteous is from Leskov.”
These are reflections from letters, diary entries and memoirs of the Russian writer and playwright - storyteller and inventor Alexei Mikhailovich Remizov. (1877-1957).
The modern reader, by the will of circumstances, is still little familiar with the work of this talented writer and a person.
(Journal "Russian speech")
Exercise 275.
Read, underline metaphors and comparisons, explain their meaning. On the basis of the similarity of what features does the transfer occur.
1. There is no sun, but ponds are bright,
They stand as cast mirrors,
And bowls of still water
It would seem completely empty
But gardens are reflected in them.
Here is a drop, like a nail head,
Fell - and, hundreds of needles
Backwaters of ponds furrowing,
A sparkling downpour jumped -
And the forest rustled with rain.
And the wind, playing with foliage,
Mixed young birches,
And a ray of sunshine, as if alive,
Ignite dormant sparkles,
And the puddles poured blue.
(I. Bunin)
First, he walked to the side,
Then, having gained fresh strength,
Rustling in the foliage dry and thin,
He babbled, he spoke.
And here it babbles incessantly,
Loquacious and stubborn
And for a needle a needle
Uselessly pours into the window frames.
Then - must be tired! -
Quiet, thought and again
Reluctantly set to work -
Whip cabbage and carrots.
Grumbling, bubbling, everything is stubborn
Streams run from slimy steeps,
And he is sweeping, with stitches
The holes darn at the clouds.
The patches burst with a bang
Something roaring sparkles
And just like that - all of a sudden - on the curtains
The gold of the beam slipped.
Everything brightened up, shone...
Weakening in flight
The rain hit, already timidly,
The last drop on the sheet.
And the garden breathes, easily, deeply
With a whole breast of apple trees, pears and plums,
In the murmur of a stormy stream
Wet stockings to the thread.
And I want to run, laugh.
Slap barefoot through the puddles,
As long as the drops are golden
And the distant thunder subsides!
(Sun. Christmas)
3. I'm going to a radiant country
Named Spring -
Where March is outrageous
Waking up from sleep
Where the snow coat
He throws off his shoulders
So that the chest of cherries to the sun,
Lie down with an earthly chest.
Where the finches rejoice so,
Where, breaking the snow,
Streams with crooked sabers
Crash into the meadows
Where over any thaw
There is still steam
Where in every drop is small
The fire is shaking in the spring.
(N. Brown)
(Reference material I. 14. p. 206)
Learn one of your favorite poems by heart.
