An approximate list of questions for the test (all specialties)

The history of the emergence and development of the Russian language: the main stages.

The specificity of the culture of speech as a scientific discipline.

Functions of language in the modern world.

Language as a sign system.

Culture of speech and culture of language: definition of concepts.

Styles of the modern Russian literary language.

Language norm, its role in the formation and functioning of the literary language.

Typology of errors caused by deviation from the literary norm.

Typology of qualities of good speech ( general characteristics).

Common language and its components.

Literary language, its features.

Speech interaction. Basic units communication.

Oral and written varieties of the literary language.

Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of oral and written speech.

The correctness of speech as its important communicative quality.

Purity of speech as its important communicative quality.

Accuracy of speech as its important communicative quality.

Logic as an important communicative quality of speech.

Expressiveness and figurativeness as communicative qualities of speech.

Accessibility, effectiveness and relevance as communicative qualities of speech.

Wealth as a communicative quality of speech.

Morphological correctness of speech.

Lexical and phraseological correctness of speech.

Syntactic correctness of speech.

The concept of functional style. Functional styles of the modern Russian language. Interaction of functional styles.

Conversational speech in the system functional varieties Russian literary language. Operating conditions colloquial speech, the role of extralinguistic factors.

Formal business style. scope of its operation. Genre variety.

Language formulas of official documents. Techniques for unifying the language of service documents. International properties of Russian official business writing.

Scientific style. The specifics of the use of elements of various language levels in scientific discourse. Speech norms educational and scientific fields of activity.

Journalistic style. Its features. Genre differentiation and selection language tools in a journalistic style.

Oral Features public speech. speaker and his audience.

Main types of arguments.

Speech preparation: choice of topic, purpose of speech, search for material, beginning, deployment and completion of speech. Main types of arguments.

Basic methods of searching for material and types of auxiliary materials.

Word design public speaking. Understanding, informativeness and expressiveness of public speech.

1. The history of the emergence and development of the Russian language: the main stages.

The history of the origin of the Russian language goes back to ancient times. Approximately in the II-I-th millennium BC. e. from a group of related dialects Indo-European family languages, the Proto-Slavic language stands out (at a later stage - approximately in the 1st-7th centuries - called Proto-Slavic).

Already in Kievan Rus (IX - early XII centuries) Old Russian language became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. In the XIV-XVI centuries. southwestern variety of literary language Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Principality of Moldavia.

Feudal fragmentation, which contributed to dialect fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar yoke (XIII-XV centuries), Polish-Lithuanian conquests led to the XIII-XIV centuries. to the collapse of the ancient Russian people. The unity of the Old Russian language also gradually disintegrated. In the XIV-XV centuries. on the basis of this, closely related, but independent East Slavic languages ​​are formed: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

The history of the development of Russianlanguage:

Epoch of Moscow Rus

The Russian language of the era of Moscow Russia (XIV-XVII centuries) had complex history. Dialect features continued to develop. 2 main dialect zones took shape - Northern Great Russian (approximately to the North from the line Pskov - Tver - Moscow, south of Nizhny Novgorod) and South Great Russian (in the South from this line to the Belarusian and Ukrainian regions) - adverbs overlapped by other dialect divisions. Intermediate Middle Russian dialects arose, among which the dialect of Moscow began to play a leading role. The Moscow dialect is gradually becoming exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language.

In the XVII century. arise national connections, the foundations of the Russian nation are being laid. In 1708, the civil and Church Slavonic alphabets were separated. In the XVIII and early XIX centuries. secular writing became widespread, church literature was gradually relegated to the background and finally became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific and technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx into the Russian language of words and expressions from Western European languages. Especially great impact from the 2nd half of the XVIII century. French began to render Russian vocabulary and phraseology.

The clash of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language posed the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle of different currents. Democratic-minded sections of society sought to bring the literary language closer to popular speech, the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic "Slovenian" language, little understood by the general population. At the same time, an excessive passion for foreign words began among the upper strata of society, which threatened to clog the Russian language.

In modern Russian, there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused primarily by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the XVIII century. terminology was borrowed by Russian from German language, in the XIX century. - from the French language, then in the middle of the XX century. it is borrowed mainly from the English language (in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source of replenishment vocabulary Russian general literary language, however, the penetration foreign words should be reasonably limited.

On the development of the Russian language

Since the middle of the XX century. the study of the Russian language is expanding all over the world. Information for the mid-1970s: Russian is taught in 87 states: in 1648 universities; the number of students exceeds 18 million people. The International Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL) was founded in 1967; in 1974 - Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin.

Russians are extraordinary numerous people, formed from the tribes of the Eastern Slavs. Today most of Russians live in the territory Russian Federation(more than eighty percent of its population). And where did the Russian nation come from?

Russians are descended from Indo-European group peoples. According to archeological data, the Slavs appeared in the first millennium BC. They are the direct ancestors of the Russians and some other peoples. Slavic tribes, more precisely, East Slavic, gradually settled and occupied the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmodern Russia.

Eastern Slavs are even called “Russian Slavs”. Each tribe had its own name depending on the region of their location. But later they all united (in the twelfth century), and then gave rise to Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians (this happened in the seventeenth century).

After the tribes united, formed Old Russian people. The main groups of Eastern Slavs from which the Russians originated:

• Krivichi.
• Slovenia.
• Vyatichi.
• Northerners.

It is necessary to note the Finno-Ugric tribes: Merya, Meshchera, Muroma and others. But the processes of uniting the tribes were disrupted due to the invasion of the Mongols. Cossacks, Belarusians, Ukrainians gradually began to separate. The Russian state was formed in the fifteenth century, from where the Russian people appeared.

Where did the Russian people come from can be found from the ancient literary sources: "The Tale of Bygone Years", "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", "The Book of Veles".

Where did the word "Russian" come from?

It is not difficult to guess that the name of the people came from the word Rus, that is, from the state in which they lived. In turn, the word origin of the word Rus is still controversial. There are many versions on this subject, which you can read about in the article "Theories of the origin of the name Rus".

Initially, the word "Russian" was not used, they said - Russian people. In the seventeenth-eighteenth centuries, the name "Russians" came, then - "Great Russians". But at the same time, the word “Russians” also appeared here and there.

Where did the Russian land come from?

The emergence of Russia, the state occurred as a result of the settlement of the lands by Slavic tribes. Initially, these were Kyiv, Novgorod and the territories adjacent to them, the banks of the Dnieper and Dniester rivers. The Russian land was then called Old Russian state, or Kievan Rus. Gradually, independent Russian principalities were formed (starting from the twelfth century). Then, in the middle of the sixteenth century, the Russian land was called the Russian kingdom. Since the eighteenth century - the Russian Empire.

Where did the Russian language come from?

Russian is an East Slavic language. It is very common in the world, and also occupies the lion's share among other Slavic languages ​​in terms of frequency. Today, the Russian language is official language in Russia. In addition, it is the same in some other countries that have several languages.

Russian language is one of largest languages world, the state language of a multinational and, as a result, the language international communication peoples of the country. It is the main language of international communication of countries former USSR and the current UN language.

The modern Russian language, as we know it now, and as it is studied abroad, has long history origin. Its predecessor was the Old Russian language (from the 7th to the 14th centuries), the language of the Eastern Slavs, located on the territory Kyiv state. Since all Slavic languages ​​\u200b\u200bhad a common ancestor - the Proto-Slavic language, the emerging Old Russian was similar to the languages ​​\u200b\u200bof South Slavic and Western Slavic peoples, but, in terms of phonetics and vocabulary, had some differences. Then there was feudal fragmentation, which led to the formation of a number of dialects. The Mongol-Tatar and Polish-Lithuanian conquests left their mark, which caused the collapse (the collapse of the Kyiv state) in the 13-14 centuries. and consequently the collapse of the common Old Russian language. Three independent but closely related East Slavic: Russian (Great Russian), Belarusian and Ukrainian.

As far as writing is concerned, Slavic states(modern Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary, Bulgaria) a later Rus' and the development of the church state institution required special rituals and readings of liturgical books, at first it was carried out in Greek, but then the Old Church Slavonic language appeared. This language was created by Cyril and Methodius to adapt the Greek writings, it was not just invented, it was based on the language of the South Slavic peoples. The Greek scholar Cyril and his brother Methodius used it to adapt Slavic speech to expressions and ideas that Christian doctrine wanted to convey, since, for example, the pagan religion and christian religion had different lexical content and concept of God. So the Old Church Slavonic language acquired the name Church Slavonic. Initially, it was the Glagolitic alphabet, but since some sounds were missing for full adaptation, the Cyrillic alphabet appeared (the Greek set of letters was supplemented in accordance with the Glagolitic alphabet). Church Slavonic was exclusively in writing.

At this time, changes were taking place in colloquial Russian, from the 14th to the 17th centuries dialects continued to develop. Two dialect zones were formed: the North Great Russian dialect and the South Great Russian dialect with an intermediate Middle Great Russian dialect. The dialect was the leader (later it became the basis for the literary language).

In the 17th century, during the reign, many transformational ones were carried out, and the language was not without reforms. Became popular European enlightenment, science and technology developed, a translation that was accessible and understandable to the general public was needed foreign books. All this required new means of expression, which the Church Slavonic language could not provide. His vocabulary and semantics carried more the church-religious idea than resembled a free "live speech". A literary language was needed wide circles society. The Church Slavonic language was relegated to the background and in the 18th and early 19th centuries. became a kind of church jargon, intended only for worship. The growing popularity of foreign languages secular society I tried to introduce them as much as possible into my native Russian. There was a threat of clogging the language and then there was a need to create unified national language norms.

The 20th century brought new major events in, and with them changes in the Russian language. Economy, culture, technology continued to develop. He began to enrich himself with new words, terminology, stylistic means etc. Socialism came to power through the revolution. The level of literacy has increased, the literary language has become the main language of communication of the people. Russian literature has gained worldwide fame, along with this, foreign interest in the study of the language itself has increased.

Russian language is one of the group East Slavic languages, along with Ukrainian and Belarusian. It is the most widely spoken Slavic language and one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world in terms of the number of people who speak it and consider it their mother tongue.

In turn, the Slavic languages ​​belong to Balto-Slavic branch families Indo-European languages. Thus, in order to answer the question: where did the Russian language come from, you need to make an excursion into ancient times.

Origin of the Indo-European languages

About 6 thousand years ago there lived a people who are considered to be the carriers of the Proto-Indo-European language. Where he lived exactly is today the subject of fierce debate among historians and linguists. The steppes are called the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans. of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, and the territory on the border between Europe and Asia, and the Armenian Highlands.
In the early 80s of the last century, linguists Gamkrelidze and Ivanov formulated the idea of ​​two ancestral homes: at first there was the Armenian Highlands, and then the Indo-Europeans moved to the Black Sea steppes. Archaeologically, the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language are correlated with representatives of the “pit culture”, who lived in the east of Ukraine and on the territory of modern Russia in the 3rd millennium BC.

Isolation of the Balto-Slavic branch

Subsequently, the Proto-Indo-Europeans settled in Asia and Europe, mixed with local peoples and gave them their language. In Europe, the languages ​​of the Indo-European family are spoken by almost all peoples, except for the Basques, in Asia various languages this family is spoken in India, Iran. Tajikistan, Pamir, etc. About 2 thousand years ago, the Proto-Balto-Slavic language emerged from the common Proto-Indo-European language.

The Proto-Baltoslavs existed as a single people speaking the same language, according to a number of linguists (including Ler-Splavinsky) for about 500-600 years, and this period in the history of our peoples corresponds to the archaeological culture of Corded Ware. Then language branch divided again: into the Baltic group, which henceforth healed independent life, and Proto-Slavic, which became common root from which all modern Slavic languages ​​originated.

Old Russian language

All-Slavic unity persisted until the 6th-7th century AD. When carriers of East Slavic dialects stood out from the common Slavic array, the Old Russian language began to form, which became the ancestor of modern Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian. The Old Russian language is known to us thanks to numerous monuments written in the Church Slavonic language, which can be considered as a written, literary form of the Old Russian language.
In addition, written monuments have survived - birch bark letters, graffiti on the walls of temples - written in everyday, colloquial Old Russian.

Old Russian period

The Old Russian (or Great Russian) period covers the time from the 14th to the 17th centuries. At this time, the Russian language finally stands out from the group of East Slavic languages, phonetic and grammatical systems close to modern ones are formed in it, other changes take place, including dialects. The leading among them is the “aking” dialect of the upper and middle Oka, and, first of all, the Moscow dialect.

Modern Russian

The Russian language we speak today began to take shape with XVII century. It is based on the Moscow dialect. The decisive role for the formation of the modern Russian language was played by literary works Lomonosov, Trediakovsky, Sumarokov. Lomonosov also wrote the first grammar, fixing the norms of the literary Russian language. All the richness of the Russian language, which has developed from the synthesis of Russian colloquial, Church Slavonic elements, borrowings from other languages, is reflected in the works of Pushkin, who is considered the creator of the modern Russian literary language.

Borrowings from other languages

Over the centuries of its existence, the Russian language, like any other living and developing system, was repeatedly enriched by borrowings from other languages. The earliest borrowings include "Baltisms" - borrowings from the Baltic languages. However, in this case, we are probably not talking about borrowings, but about vocabulary that has been preserved from the time when the Slavic-Baltic community existed. The “Balticisms” include such words as “ladle”, “tow”, “stack”, “amber”, “village”, etc.
During the period of Christianization, “Grecisms” - “sugar”, “bench” entered our language. "lantern", "notebook", etc. Through contacts with European nations“Latinisms” - “doctor”, “medicine”, “rose” and “Arabisms” - “admiral”, “coffee”, “lacquer”, “mattress”, etc. entered the Russian language. large group words entered our language from Turkic languages. These are words such as “hearth”, “tent”, “hero”, “cart”, etc. And, finally, since the time of Peter I, the Russian language has absorbed words from European languages. At first, this is a large layer of words from German, English and Dutch related to science, technology, maritime and military affairs: "ammunition", "globe", "assembly", "optics", "pilot", "sailor", "deserter".
Later, French, Italian and spanish words related to household items, areas of art - “stained glass”, “veil”, “couch”, “boudoir”, “ballet”, “actor”, “billboard”, “pasta”, “serenade”, etc. And finally, these days we are experiencing a new influx of borrowings, this time from English, in the main language.

Language is the most an important factor national identification of a person, which forms the characteristics of perception, the ability to think and speak, evaluate the world. The history of the Russian language is rooted in the events of 1.5-2 thousand years ago, which favored its creation. Today it is recognized as the richest language in the world and the fifth largest population that speaks it.

How did the Russian language appear

AT prehistoric times Slavic tribes spoke completely different dialects. The ancestors of the Slavs lived on the lands washed by the rivers Dnieper, Vistula and Pripyat. By the middle of the 1st century A.D. e. tribes occupied all territories from the Adriatic to the lake. Ilmen in the northeastern part of the European continent.

The history of the emergence and development of the Russian language dates back to about 2-1 thousand years BC. e., when the Proto-Slavic dialect was separated from the group of Indo-European languages.

Scientists conventionally divide the Old Russian language into 3 groups according to the ethnic linguistic component:

• South Russian (Bulgarians, Slovenes, Serbo-Croats);
• Western Russian (Poles, Czechs, Pomors, Slovaks);
• Central Russian (Eastern).

Modern norms of vocabulary and grammar in the Russian language were formed as a result of the interaction of many East Slavic dialects that were common in the territory Ancient Russia and ecclesiastical Slavic language. Also provided in writing big influence Greek culture.

Theories of the origin of the Russian language

There are several theories, the main of which connect the beginning of the history of the Russian language with the ancient Indian Sanskrit and the Old Norse language.

In accordance with the first, experts consider the closest to Russian ancient language Sanskrit, which was spoken only by Indian priests and scholars, which indicates that it was introduced from outside. According to Hindu legend, which is even studied in the Theosophical universities of India, in old times 7 white-skinned teachers came to the Himalayas from the North, who presented Sanskrit.

With his help, the foundations of the Brahmin religion were laid, which is still one of the mass religions, and Buddhism was created through it. Until now, the Brahmins call the Russian North the ancestral home of mankind and even make a pilgrimage there.

As linguists note, 60% of Sanskrit words completely coincide with Russian in their pronunciation. A lot of questions have been devoted to this scientific papers, including the ethnographer N. R. Guseva. She has been studying the phenomenon of similarity between the Russian language and Sanskrit for many years, calling the latter a simplified version frozen for 4-5 millennia. The only difference between them is the writing method: Sanskrit is written in hieroglyphs, which scientists call the Slavic-Aryan runes.

Another theory of the history of the origin of the Russian language puts forward the hypothesis that the word "Rus" itself and the language have Old Norse roots. According to historians, the Greeks called the Norman tribes "dews" until the 9th-10th centuries, and only in the 10th-11th centuries. this name passed to the Varangian squads, who came to the territory of Russia. It was from them that the future great princes of Ancient Russia originated. For example, in old birch bark letters 11th-13th centuries Novgorodians consider the territory of the Eastern Slavs near Kyiv and Chernigov to be Rus. And only from the 14th century. when fighting with enemy troops in the annals, they determine their belonging to the Russians.

Cyril and Methodius: the creation of the alphabet

The history of the Russian language, which was formed in writing, originates in the 9th century, in the era of education Kievan Rus. The alphabet that existed then in Greece could not fully convey the features of the Slavic language, therefore, in 860-866. Byzantine emperor Michael 3rd ordered the creation of a new alphabet for Old Church Slavonic. In this way, he wanted to simplify the translation of Greek religious manuscripts into Slavonic.

The success of creating it literary form scientists lay on the Christian preachers Cyril and Methodius, who went to preach in Moravia and, observing fasting and prayers, acquired the Glagolitic alphabet after 40 days. According to legend, it was faith that helped the brothers preach Christianity to the uneducated peoples of Russia.

On that moment Slavic alphabet had 38 letters. Later, the Cyrillic alphabet was finalized by their followers, using the Greek uncial script and charter. Both alphabets almost coincide in the sound of the letters, the difference lies in the form of writing.

It was the swiftness with which the spread of Russian writing in Russia took place that subsequently contributed to the fact that given language became one of the leaders of his era. This also contributed to the unification of the Slavic peoples, which took place during the 9th-11th centuries.

Period 12-17 centuries

One of famous monuments literature of the period of Ancient Russia became "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", which tells about the campaign of Russian princes on Polovtsian army. Its authorship is still unknown. The events described in the poem took place in the 12th century. in the era feudal fragmentation when the Mongol-Tatars and the Polish-Lithuanian conquerors raged in their raids.

This period includes the next stage in the history of the development of the Russian language, when it was divided into 3 ethno-linguistic groups, the dialectical features of which have already been formed:

• Great Russian;
• Ukrainian;
• Belarusian.

In the 15th century on the European territory There were 2 main groups of dialects in Russia: the southern and northern dialects, each of which had its own characteristics: akanye or okanye, etc. During this period, several intermediate Central Russian dialects were born, among which Moscow was considered classic. It began to come out periodicals and literature.

The formation of Muscovite Rus served as an impetus for the reform of the language: sentences became shorter, household vocabulary was widely used and folk proverbs and sayings. In the history of the development of the Russian language, the era of the beginning of book printing played big role. A case in point was the work "Domostroy", published in the middle of the 16th century.

In the 17th century, in connection with the flourishing of the Polish state, a lot of terms came from the field of technology and jurisprudence, with the help of which the Russian language passed the stage of modernization. By the beginning of the 18th century strongly felt in Europe French influence, which gave impetus to the Europeanization of the high society of the Russian state.

Proceedings of M. Lomonosov

The common people did not study Russian writing, but the nobles studied more foreign languages: German, French, etc. Primers and grammar until the 18th century. were made only in the Church Slavonic dialect.

The history of the Russian literary language originates from the reform of the alphabet, during which Tsar Peter the Great reviewed the 1st edition of the new alphabet. It happened in 1710.

The leading role was played by the scientist Mikhail Lomonosov, who wrote the first " Russian grammar» (1755). He gave the literary language its final form by merging Russian and Slavic elements.

Lomonosov established a coherent system of styles and combined all of its varieties, using oral speech, orders and some regional variations, introduced new system poetry, which still remains main force and part of Russian poetry.

He also wrote a work on rhetoric and an article in which the scientist successfully used the lexical and grammatical richness of the Church Slavonic language. Lomonosov also wrote about three main styles poetic language, in which the work with the greatest use of Slavonicisms was considered high.

During this period, the democratization of the language takes place, its composition and vocabulary are enriched by literate peasants, oral speech representatives of the merchant class and the lower strata of the clergy. The first most detailed textbooks on the literary Russian language were published by the writer N. Grech in the 1820s.

AT noble families the native language was studied mainly by boys who were prepared for military service, because they had to command soldiers from the common people. The girls studied French, and Russian was owned only for communication with servants. So, the poet A. S. Pushkin grew up in a French-speaking family, and spoke his native language only with his nanny and grandmother. Later, he studied Russian with the priest A. Belikov and the local clerk. Education at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was also conducted in the native language.

In the 1820s in high society In Moscow and St. Petersburg, there was an opinion that it was indecent to speak Russian, especially in front of ladies. However, the situation soon changed.

Century XIX - the century of Russian literature

The beginning of the heyday and fashion for the Russian language was a costume ball, which in 1830 was held in the Anichkov Palace. On it, the maid of honor of the Empress read the poem "Cyclops", specially written for the celebration by A. S. Pushkin.

In defense mother tongue Tsar Nicholas 1st spoke, who ordered from now on to conduct all correspondence and office work on it. All foreigners, upon entering the service, were obliged to take an exam for knowledge of Russian, and it was also prescribed to speak it at court. Emperor Alexander III put forward the same demands, but at the end of the 19th century. came into fashion English language, which was taught to noble and royal children.

A great influence on the history of the development of the Russian language in the 18-19 centuries. Russian writers who became popular then: D. I. Fonvizin, N. M. Karamzin, G. R. Derzhavin, N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, in poetry - A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov. Their works showed all the beauty mother tongue, using it freely and freed from style restrictions. In 1863 he was published " Dictionary alive Great Russian language» V. I. Dahl.

Borrowings

In the history of the Russian language, there are many facts about its growth and enrichment when borrowing in vocabulary a large number words of foreign origin. Some of the words came from Church Slavonic. AT different time history, the degree of influence of the neighboring language community was different, but this always helped the introduction of new words and phrases.

Upon contact with European languages long time many words came into Russian speech from them:

• from Greek: beet, crocodile, bench, as well as most names;
• from the Scythians and the Iranian group: dog, paradise;
• some names came from Scandinavians: Olga, Igor, etc.;
• from Turkic: diamond, trousers, fog;
• from Polish: jar, duel;
• French: beach, conductor;
• from Dutch: orange, yacht;
• from Romano-Germanic languages: algebra, tie, dance, powder, cement;
• from Hungarian: hussar, saber;
• musical and culinary terms were borrowed from Italian: pasta, balance, opera, etc.;
• from English: jeans, sweater, tuxedo, shorts, jam, etc.

The borrowing of technical and other terms gained mass importance in the late 19th and 20th century as new technology and technology, especially from English.

For its part, the Russian language gave the world many words that are now considered international: matryoshka, vodka, samovar, satellite, tsar, dacha, steppe, pogrom, etc.

XX century and the development of the Russian language

In 1918, a reform of the Russian language was carried out, in which the following changes were introduced to the alphabet:

• the letters "yat", "fita", "decimal" were removed and replaced with "E", "F" and "I";
• canceled hard sign at the ends of words;
• it is indicated in prefixes to use the letters "s" before deaf consonants and "z" - before voiced ones;
• adopted changes in the endings and cases of some words;
• "Izhitsa" itself disappeared from the alphabet even before the reform.

The modern Russian language was approved in 1942, in the alphabet of which 2 letters "E" and "Y" were added, since then it has already consisted of 33 letters.

By the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, due to the general compulsory education, widespread use of print media, mass media, cinema and television, the majority of the Russian population began to speak the standard Russian literary language. The influence of dialects is occasionally felt only in the speech of older people who live in remote rural areas.

Many linguists and scientists believe that the Russian language is unique in its richness and expressiveness, and that its existence arouses interest all over the world. This is evidenced by statistics that recognize him as the 8th most common language on the planet, because it is spoken by 250 million people.

Most Interesting Facts from the history of the development of the Russian language briefly:

• it is included in 6 working languages ​​in the United Nations (UN);
• ranks 4th in the world in the list of the most translated into other languages;
• large Russian-speaking communities live not only in the countries of the former USSR, but also in Turkey, Israel, the USA, etc.;
• when studying Russian by foreigners, it is considered one of the most difficult, along with Chinese and Japanese;
• the oldest books written in Old Russian: the Novgorod Codex (beginning of the 11th century) and the Ostrovir Gospel (1057) - in Church Slavonic;
• has a unique alphabet, extraordinary types and cases, many rules and even more exceptions to them;
• in Old Slavonic alphabet the first letter was "I";
• the youngest letter "E", which appeared only in 1873;
• in the Russian alphabet, some letters are similar to Latin ones, and 2 of them cannot be pronounced "b" and "b" at all;
• in Russian there are words that begin with "Y", but these are geographical names;
• in 1993, the longest word in the world out of 33 letters “X-ray electrocardiographic” got into the Guinness Book of Records, and already in 2003 - out of 39 letters “highly contemplating”;
• in Russia, 99.4% of the population is fluent in their native language.

A Brief History of the Russian Language: Facts and Dates

By summing up all the data, one can create chronological order from the facts that occurred from ancient times to the present day in the formation of the modern language:

Reduced Short story Russian language reflects the course of events rather conditionally. After all, the development and improvement of oral and written forms speeches, the release of printed publications and literary masterpieces took place at different times, gradually gaining more and more popularity among different layers population of Russia.

As evidenced by the history and general characteristics of the Russian language, its development has been carried out over thousands of years, and enrichment through new words and expressions occurs under the influence of socio-political life, especially in the last 100 years. In the 21st century, its replenishment is actively influenced by the media and the Internet.