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The purpose of the lesson: study the respiratory organs in accordance with their functions.
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
- to study the structural features of the respiratory organs in connection with their functions;
- reveal the essence of the breathing process, its significance in metabolism;
- elucidate the mechanisms of voice formation.
Developing:
- continue the formation of the basics of hygiene (respiratory hygiene rules);
- develop the skills of research work through the setting of educational experiments.
Educational:
- bring up careful attitude to your body, to your health, to the health of others.
Equipment, materials, means of TSS: interactive board, a computer, a projector, a presentation for the lesson, laptops on desks, two interactive multi-level presentations, cards with multi-level tasks, materials for first aid medical care in case of bleeding: bandages, tourniquet, brilliant green, iodine, perfume, a piece of cotton wool for each student's desk, a folded yellow sheet of paper with the text Humanoids, tied with a blue ribbon.
During the classes
I. Organizational stage(mood for the lesson).
(Slide 1-2) (Presentation 1)
2. Checking homework.
(Slides 3-6)
Each heart on slide 3 has a hyperlink to a task. Biggest Hearts Quests advanced level difficulty, medium - medium level, small - tasks for weak students. 9 students themselves determine the level of difficulty of the task that they need to complete. Students who chose low level- perform work on laptops, standing on the first desks of each row (Presentation 2), middle level- show the rules of first aid in case of various types bleeding (Appendix 1)(First aid supplies on the table at teachers), difficult level- perform work behind laptops, standing on the second desks of each row (Presentation 3)
While the guys are completing tasks, the rest are playing the game "Circulatory system in numbers" (Use the control button to move from slide 3 to slide 7) (slide 7). Numbers appear on the slide that are related to the circulatory system, and students determine what they mean.
- 300 - a gram weighs a heart
- 5 - liters of blood in the body adult
- 120/70 - normal blood pressure in an adult
- 0.1 seconds lasts atrial contraction
- 70 - beats per minute makes the heart healthy person in a minute
- 4 - department in the heart or blood groups
- 20-25 - seconds lasts a full cycle of blood in two circles of blood circulation
- 0.4 - seconds the relaxation of the atria and ventricles lasts
- 0.25 - m / s the speed of blood in the vena cava,
- 0.3 - seconds the contraction of the ventricles lasts,
- 0.5 - mm / s the speed of blood in the capillaries.
Then the rules for first aid for bleeding are checked.
Ratings are given.
3. Creating a problem situation.
- Attention!!! Attention!!! Emergency!!! Now an unidentified flying object has been found in the school yard! information center schools urgently organize an online broadcast from the scene. Please keep calm!
Teacher: Guys, something happened in the school yard, let's see. (Slide 8-9)
An operator runs on the slides, disembarks spaceship, from which Humanoids come out and leave a box with a bundle in the school yard. Bundle (Annex 3) brings the messenger. On the roll the text: "We flew from star system Alpha Centauri. Our planet is in an ecological disaster. We know that your planet is inhabited by living beings and may be suitable for us as well. But by taking a sample of your air, we discovered a gas that does not exist on our planet. It is only known that its concentration in atmospheric air is approximately 21%. What is this gas and why is it needed? Guys, help me figure it out!
Teacher: Guys, do you have enough knowledge to help your brothers understand.
Students: No.
Teacher: Then let's figure it out together. The epigraph to our lesson can be the words ancient roman poet Ovid: "While I breathe, I hope." (Slide 10). Probably, each of you has heard the saying: "We need it like air." And, indeed, without food and without water, an animal and a person can live for several days, and without air, no one can live even for 10 minutes. Which organ system is involved in gas exchange?
Students: Respiratory.
Teacher: Right. And the topic of our lesson today is “The Meaning of Breathing. Respiratory system". We write the topic of the lesson in a notebook. (Slide 11)
– What do you think, what unfamiliar gas was found in our air by the inhabitants of the planet Alpha Centauri?
Students: Oxygen.
Teacher: Right! With food, we consume organic substances - proteins, fats, carbohydrates. They are the source of our energy. This process is somewhat similar to the combustion process. But oxygen is needed to generate this energy. It, as we already know, is transported circulatory system, but from the air it is supplied to the blood by the respiratory system. (Slide 12)
4. Working with the tutorial and slide 13.
– Read on page 101 paragraph “The Meaning of Breathing” and comment on the following diagram. (Slide 13)
Thus, breath- is a collection processes that ensure the supply of oxygen, its use in the oxidation organic matter and removal of carbon dioxide and some other substances. (Slide 14). Students write the definition in their notebook.
Respiratory system consists of the airways (cavities and tubes connected in series) and the respiratory part.
The airways include the nasal cavity and nasopharynx (upper respiratory tract), larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
The respiratory part is the lungs and the connective tissue membrane - the pleura. (Slide 15)
The airways begin with the nasal cavity. During normal breathing, a person breathes through the nose. Why does a person need a nose? Like eyes, lips, eyelashes, the nose, no matter how critical it is, is an adornment of the face. It is simply impossible to imagine a person with two holes out of the blue!
“Without a nose, a man - the devil knows what - a bird is not a bird, a citizen is not a citizen, - just take it, and throw it out the window! ..” - N.V. Gogol wrote about the nose. But seriously? Why did Homo sapiens have a nose?
(Children make guesses).
5. Observations.
“Check the passage of air through the nasal passages”
We close one nasal passage, and bring a light piece of cotton wool to the other. A jet of air will throw it away when you exhale, and press it against the nasal opening when you inhale. This technique can be shown on the subject.
Conclusion: During normal breathing, air necessarily passes through the external nostrils into the nasal cavity.
During normal breathing, air necessarily passes through the external nostrils into the nasal cavity, which is divided into two halves by an osteochondral septum. In each half there are sinuous nasal passages that increase the surface of the nasal cavity. Their walls are lined with a mucous membrane containing numerous cells of the ciliated (ciliated) epithelium.
In an adult, the mucous membrane secretes 0.5 liters of mucus per day.
Its function is to humidify the inhaled air, trap dust particles and microorganisms that settle on the walls of the cavity. Mucus contains substances that kill microbes or prevent their reproduction (the enzyme lysozyme and leukocytes). Numerous blood vessels branch under the mucous membrane, so even minor injuries of the nose are accompanied by heavy bleeding. These choroid plexuses warm the inhaled air to body temperature.
6. Primary fastening.
Why does a person need a nose? (Slide 16)
After the children's answers, the answers appear on the slide:
- protective function;
- air warming;
- air humidification.
Teacher: Our perception of smell also occurs with the help of the nasal cavity. (Spray perfume into class).
(Close your nostrils, say a few phrases)
The nasal cavity is connected to the cavities in the bones of the skull: maxillary, frontal and sphenoid. They serve not only to warm the incoming air, but also serve as resonators for voice formation. The nasal cavities are equipped with sensitive cells that provide a protective function: the sneeze reflex. The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through the internal nostrils - choanae, and from there - into the larynx.
The slide shows:
- smell;
- participation in speech and facial expressions.
(Use the control button to return to slide 15)
The larynx is located in the neck at level 4-6
cervical vertebrae, on the sides of it are lobes thyroid gland, and behind - a pharynx. The larynx is formed by cartilage. The largest of them is the thyroid. In men, it protrudes somewhat forward, forming an Adam's apple.
The epiglottis covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing. From the inside, the larynx is covered with a mucous membrane with ciliated epithelium. On the lateral side of the larynx on the right and left there is a depression - the ventricle of the larynx. Cartilages: thyroid, epiglottis, arytenoid, cricoid, etc.; vocal cords, ligaments are stretched between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages and limit the glottis .; lined with mucous membrane.
Teacher: The entrance to the larynx during swallowing food is closed by cartilage - the epiglottis. (Slide 18)
7. Observation.
Prove that when swallowing, the thyroid cartilage rises.
Feel for the thyroid cartilage, make a swallowing movement. Make sure that the cartilage goes up and then back to its original place.
Conclusion: with this movement, the epiglottis closes the entrance to the trachea and, like a bridge, saliva or a food bolus moves into the esophagus along it.
Find out why during swallowing stop respiratory movements.
Make another swallowing movement and make sure this fact is true.
Conclusion: the tongue closes the entrance to the nasal cavity, the epiglottis blocks the entrance to the trachea. As a result, the air at the moment of swallowing cannot enter the lungs.
(By the control button go to slide 17 and follow the hyperlink to the animated video "Structure voice apparatus») (Annex 5). Then, by the control button, go to slide 19.
In men, the length of the vocal cords is 20-24 mm, in women - 18-20 mm. The longer and thicker the vocal cords, the lower the voice. The voices of girls and boys practically do not differ, only in boys in adolescence begin to change - break (due to uneven growth of cartilage and ligaments). The more the vocal cords vibrate, the louder the voice.
The sounds made by the vocal cords are not yet speech. Articulate speech sounds are formed in the oral and nasal cavities depending on the position of the tongue, lips, jaws and the distribution of sound streams. The work of these organs when pronouncing articulate sounds is called articulation. (Students write the definition in a notebook)
8. Primary fastening.
slide 19.
Teacher: Look at the pictures and say: where the person is silent, where he speaks, and where he screams or sings loudly.
(Slide 20) The possibilities of vocal cords are not limited. Talks about it next example. The outstanding opera singer Fyodor Chaliapin had natural gift execution. (The class listens to the performance of a fragment of the song) (Annex 6). He regularly trained his vocal cords. The famous storyteller Irakli Andronnikov said about him: “As boys, we had heard a lot about Chaliapin's vocal cords. We ran backstage at the theater and asked him to open and show his mouth. Before us stretched huge space deep down like I've never seen before." human ability are limitless. But there is no possibility. The vocal cords must be protected. You can not shout loudly, you can break your voice. Harmful and smoking, alcoholic drinks and hot drinks.
(Click the control button to go to slide 15, and from there follow the hyperlink "Trachea" to slide 21)
Teacher: The trachea is a tube about 12 cm long, consisting of cartilaginous half rings. The posterior wall of the trachea is soft (consists of a connective tissue membrane), adjacent to the esophagus. From the inside, it is also lined with a mucous membrane containing glands that secrete mucus. From the neck, the trachea enters the chest cavity and divides into two bronchi (tracheal bifurcation). The bronchi enter the lungs and divide into smaller bronchi there.
9. Fixing.
(Slide 22)
Teacher: Find from the listed organs those that do not belong to the respiratory system. (One student at the blackboard)
Another student draws lines with a stylus showing the sequence of organs respiratory system.
If time permits, then do the work (Appendix 9) in test mode.
(Slide 23)- homework
On this slide you see the lungs - the main organs of the respiratory system. But we will talk about them in the next lesson. ( slide 24)
Breath- aggregate physiological processes involving gas exchange between the body and environment and complex chain biochemical reactions with the participation of oxygen. Respiratory system- specialized organs for gas exchange between the body and the environment. (Respiratory system, gas exchange system) consists of airways (respiratory) and paired lungs , in which gas exchange actually occurs (saturation of blood with oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide)
A person breathes, absorbing from atmospheric air oxygen and release into it carbon dioxide. Every cell needs energy to live. The source of this energy is the decay and oxidation of organic substances that make up the cell. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, entering into chemical reactions with oxygen, oxidize ("burn"). In this case, the disintegration of molecules occurs and the energy contained in them is released. internal energy. Without oxygen, metabolic transformations of substances in the body are impossible.
There are no reserves of oxygen in the body of humans and animals. It is continuously supplied to the body by the respiratory system (respiratory system). The accumulation of significant amounts of carbon dioxide as a result of metabolism is harmful to the body. Removal of CO 2 from the body is also carried out by the respiratory organs.
Respiratory system
| Organ | Structure | Function |
| nasal cavity | Lined with ciliated epithelium; in the depths is the organ of smell - a group nerve cells that perceive odors | Cleaning, humidifying, warming the air, smelling |
| Nasopharynx | The space between the nasal and oral cavities lined with ciliated epithelium | Air humidification |
| Larynx | A group of cartilages connected by ligaments (the largest are the thyroid cartilage and the epiglottis) and forming the glottis | Air conduction, sound generation; the epiglottis closes the entrance to the larynx when swallowing |
| Trachea(tube 10-12 cm) | Cartilaginous semirings connected by ligaments; inner surface lined with ciliated epithelium that secretes mucus | Air conduction, additional air purification from dust and microorganisms |
| Bronchi | A network of tubules consisting of cartilaginous rings; branches in each lung | Air conduction |
| Lungs. Pleura | Connective tissue bag on the surface of the lung, filled with fluid; consists of two layers, between which the pleural cavity is located, filled with pleural fluid | Due to the negative pressure in the pleural cavity, the lungs are stretched during inspiration; pleural fluid reduces friction when breathing |
| Lungs. Alveoli | Vesicles consisting of a single layer of epithelial cells and densely entangled in a network of capillaries | Gas exchange by diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the walls of the capillaries due to the difference in the concentration of these gases in the capillaries and alveoli |
Vital activity of the respiratory system
Breath Meaning:
- providing the body with oxygen and using it in redox processes
- production and removal of excess carbon dioxide from the body
- removal of some end products of metabolism: water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other gases
This is a synopsis on the topic. "Breath. Respiratory system». Select further actions:
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The plan is a summary of the lesson.
Topic: The structure of the respiratory system.
Target: give the concept of the meaning of breathing as a process necessary for life; establish the relationship between the structure and functions of the airways, consider voice formation; acquaint with diseases of the upper respiratory tract; to develop in students the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in life, to develop and correct visual memory, Attention. Cultivate a value attitude towards your health.
Basic concepts: nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, armor, lungs.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Forms of work: frontal, individual
Teaching methods: verbal, visual, practical.
Means of education: poster "Respiratory system", presentation "The structure of the respiratory system", hourglass, cargo weighing 5 kg, workbooks.
During the classes:
Checking homework.
Task 64-65 in workbook on page 24.
Frontal class survey:
What effect does alcohol have on human health?
What effect does nicotine have on human health?
3. Learning new material.
slide 1.
Even the ancient Greek philosophers, observing the breathing of animals and humans, considered air to be the condition and root cause of life. Great doctor Ancient Greece Hippocrates called the air "the pasture of life." Although the concept of air as the only isolated cause of everything that exists is naive, they reflect an understanding of great importance air for the body.
However, people did not know for a long time that it takes at least 2 sq.m. for one person to breathe in hermetically sealed rooms for an hour. air. People died more than once, being in tightly closed rooms. So, in 1845, a battalion of soldiers died on board the Mary Soames, who had taken refuge in the hold during a storm, although the ship remained unharmed.
Question to the class: Why did they die?
Without air, a person dies in a few minutes. Some people can hold their breath for 3-4 minutes, and sometimes up to 6 minutes. Longer oxygen starvation quickly leads to death. The body does not have a supply of oxygen for breathing, and therefore it must be evenly supplied through the respiratory system.
Question to the class: What are the respiratory organs?
The respiratory organs are the air gates in the body. They come into contact with external environment, although they are internal organs.
Slide 2.
Write the number in your notebook Classwork and the topic of the lesson.
Slide 3.
Question to the class: What do you think breathing is? (student answers)
slide 4.
Write in notebook:
Respiration is the intake of oxygen into the body during inhalation and the release of carbon dioxide during exhalation.
The teacher's story about the structure of the respiratory system.
The air path starts from nasal cavity.
Slide 5.
Question: Or maybe it would be easier for the air to go through the mouth? More economical and better? Why do children say: breathe through your nose?
The air in the nasal cavity is disinfected.
Question: What happens if we breathe through our mouths in freezing weather? Explain why.
Conclusion: in the nasal cavity, the air is disinfected, heated (with the help of blood vessels) + cleaned of dust and moistened.
The entire nasal cavity is lined with mucous epithelium. The epithelium has special outgrowths - cilia and cells that produce mucus. And also, in the mucous membrane is very a large number of blood vessels.
Question: Why do you think there are so many blood vessels in the nasal cavity?
Answer: For warming.
Question: And what are the cilia in the mucous membrane for?
Answer: Dust cleaning.
Note. If the cilia did not remove dust from the respiratory tract, then in 70 years 5 kg of dust would accumulate in the lungs.
Question: What is slime for?
Answer: For moisturizing and disinfection.
slide 6.
Air enters from the nasal cavity nasopharynx(upper pharynx) and then to throat, with which the oral cavity communicates. Therefore, we can breathe through the mouth. By the way, the pharynx as a crossroads leads both to the food canal and to the windpipe (trachea), which begins with the larynx.
Slide 7.
The structure of the larynx. The larynx has the appearance of a funnel, the walls of which are formed by several cartilages. The largest of them is the thyroid. In men, it protrudes somewhat forward, forming an Adam's apple. The entrance to the larynx during swallowing food is closed by cartilage - the epiglottis.
Exercise. Find the larynx. Make several swallowing movements. What happens to the throat?
The thyroid cartilage rises during swallowing, and then returns to its old place again. With this movement, the epiglottis closes the entrance to the trachea and saliva or a food bolus moves along it, like a bridge, into the esophagus.
Exercise. Find out what happens to the breath during swallowing.
(It stops.)
In the narrow part of the larynx there are 2 pairs vocal cords. The lower pair is involved in voice formation.
With calm breathing, the ligaments are divorced. When reinforced, they are bred even wider so as not to interfere with the movement of air. When talking, the ligaments close, leaving only a narrow gap. When air passes through the gap, the edges of the ligaments vibrate and make a sound. Yelling harms the vocal cords. They tense up, rub against each other.
Conclusion. The meaning of the larynx: swallowing, the formation of speech sounds.
Air enters the trachea from the larynx.
slide 8.
The structure of the trachea. The trachea is a wide tube, which consists of 16-20 cartilaginous half-rings and therefore is always open to air. The trachea is located in front of the esophagus. Its soft side faces the esophagus. During the passage of food, the esophagus expands, and the soft wall of the trachea does not interfere with this. In the lower part, the trachea is divided into 2 bronchi: the bronchi have cartilaginous rings. They enter the right and left lungs. In the lungs, each of the bronchi branches like a tree, forming bronchioles. Bronchioles end in pulmonary vesicles in which gas exchange occurs. The pulmonary vesicles form a spongy mass that forms lung. Each lung is covered by a membrane called the pleura.
nasal cavity - nasopharynx - larynx upper respiratory tract.
The trachea and bronchi form lower respiratory tract.
slide 9.
Question to the class: Is smoking beneficial?
slide 10.
View video.
Discussion.
Slide 11.
Question to the class: What effect does smoking have on the female body?
slide 12.
View video.
Discussion.
Fizminutka - measure the number of respiratory movements at rest. Do 10 squats, measure the number of respiratory movements. Compare.
slide 13.
Repeat the structure of the respiratory system according to the poster.
4. Consolidation of the studied material.
Using the textbook on pages 78-79, fill in the table "Respiratory Organs".
slide 14.
| Respiratory system | Meaning |
| nasal cavity | |
| Nasopharynx | |
slide 15.
Test “Respiratory system”
1. In which respiratory organ is the air heated?
BUT) nasal cavity;
B) larynx;
B) trachea.
slide 16.
A) nasal cavity
B) larynx;
B) trachea.
slide 17.
3. In what organ is the anterior wall formed by cartilaginous semirings?
A) nasal cavity
B) larynx;
AT) trachea.
slide 18.
A) has no effect
B) improves;
AT) worsens.
slide 19.
5. Which of the following organs does not belong to the respiratory system?
A) lungs;
B) trachea;
AT) pulmonary artery;
D) bronchi.
slide 20.
What do these proverbs mean?
One smokes, and the whole house is sick.
To smoke a lot of tobacco - the mind will decrease.
Smoking is injurious to health.
Whoever loves a tobacco potion is ruining himself.
chain smoker the fly will break its wing.
If you want to live - be able to breathe.
Conclusion: smoking harms our body
Slide 21.
5. Recording homework.
Group 2 - pp. 77-80 questions, know new concepts
6. The results of the lesson. Grading. Reflection.
A lesson in the environment. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. PREVENTION OF THEIR DISEASE.
Goals: to form students' knowledge about the respiratory organs and their functions, to give an idea of the correct breathing mechanism, to warn about the dangers of smoking; develop matching skills schematic drawing and its description in the educational text; develop imagination, the ability to find analogies; cultivate respect for the respiratory system, negative attitude to smoking.Equipment: illustrations (plants, animals, people); crossword "Sport", table "Respiratory organs".
During the classes
I. Organizational moment. Presentation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.- Look at the pictures. What do they show? (Animals, plants, people.)
– What we do not see in these pictures or in real life? And meanwhile, is it an indispensable condition for the life of both plants, and animals, and man? (Air.)
- All living things breathe. Plants, animals and humans breathe.
The child was born. The first cry of a new man rang out - this is the first breath, which means he will live. With the first cry, the air rushes into the respiratory tract, straightens and fills the lungs.
It is known that a person can live without food for more than a month, without water - 10 days. Without oxygen, life dies out in 4–7 minutes! Why is the need for oxygen more acute than for food and water? (Because there is no supply of oxygen in the body.)
- What are we going to talk about today?
- Theme of the lesson: "Respiratory Organs". We will learn what the respiratory organs are for.
What do we breathe with?
– How do we breathe?
- What do we breathe?
- What is dangerous for the respiratory system?
II. Checking homework.
Answers to the crossword puzzle (task 11).
1. Shoulder. 2. Water. 3. Wrestler. 4. Strength. 5. Speed. 6. Chatter. 7. Bone. 8. Endurance. 9. Koschey. 10. Fiber. 11. Tendon. 12. Agility. 13. Savvy. 14. Laughter. 15. Sports. 16. Biceps. 17. Chess player. 18. Workout.
Questions (textbook, part 2, pp. 19, 20).
- Aristotle said: "Nothing destroys a person so much as prolonged inactivity." How do you understand the meaning of the statement? (Children's answers.)
Crossword "Sport"
1. Exercise for development physical strength and dexterity.
2. A man of strong constitution and great strength.
3. Sports on the water.
4. Jump over the head.
5. Getting wild animals and birds.
6. Loss of consciousness by the boxer as a result of the received blow.
7. Physical exercise and games that strengthen the body.
8. Track for bicycle races.
9. Sports game with a ball.
10. Cross-country running.
Answers: 1. Gymnastics. 2. Athlete. 3. Swimming. 4. Somersault. 5. Hunting. 6. Knockout. 7. Sports. 8. Track. 9. Basketball. 10. Cross.
III. Learning new material.
Why, how and with what help a person breathes
Why are we breathing? (We feed the brain with oxygen, otherwise it becomes lethargic and begins to die.)
What is called respiration? (Children's answers.) Compare your answers with the definition in the textbook (part 2, p. 21).
- Let's see which organs carry out the process of respiration.
- Look at the picture. (You can use a poster.) Name the respiratory organs.
- Guess the riddle:
On your face
There is a house.
It has two windows:
They let air through
And smells are different. (Nose, nostrils.)
- Let's start our "journey" with an air bubble. From the nose to the lungs. What is a man's nose for? (A person needs a nose for breathing and smelling.)
– Why can the nasal cavity be called a filter, a stove, a controller, guard post organism? Find the answer to this question on your own in the textbook (part 2, p. 21). (Children's answers.)
How to breathe correctly, through the nose or mouth? Why?
Where will the air bubble go next? (Through the larynx into the trachea.)
- Feel it in the front of the neck - it is a hard and ribbed tube. In another way, the trachea is called the windpipe. In the walls of the trachea there are C-shaped transverse strips of strong cartilage so that the windpipe is always open.
“... We are rushing down the air tube to the lungs. Look, what beauty is around! The walls of the tunnel shimmer from light waves running from below, as if the feather grass field is swaying. But this is not a feather grass, but tiny eyelashes that flutter quickly, five hundred times a minute, and gradually push out the dust that has broken through all the barriers. Without these little cilia, half a bucket of dust would accumulate in our lungs in a lifetime.
- Oh-hoo! So the lungs are like bags?
“Not exactly, although they have 'three hundred million tiny air-filled sacs' inside. They look like grapes and are called very beautifully - alveoli. (Yudin G.)
- Why can the lungs be compared to "vine trees"? (By appearance: composed of pulmonary vesicles.)
In the lungs there are about 300 million pulmonary vesicles - alveoli. If all the human alveoli are laid out on the surface, they will occupy an area where a tennis court can be placed! Huge and total surface alveoli.
How are the lungs connected to the trachea? (Bronchs.)
Work on notebook No. 2 (task 14, p. 7).
- We answered the question of what we breathe with. How do we breathe?
- Get up. Put your hands on chest and trace what the process of breathing consists of? (Inhale and exhale.)
Resolve a dispute between two students. One believes that when you inhale, the lungs expand and therefore air enters them. The other is that air enters the lungs, causing them to expand. Which student is right?
Work on the drawing of the textbook (part 2, p. 21).
- Look at the pictures. (Inhale, exhale.)
The red plate in the figure is the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a domed plate located under the lungs. Together with the rib muscles, it provides respiratory movements. By contracting, the diaphragm allows the lungs to expand - inhalation occurs. To exhale, the diaphragm must relax.
Does a person breathe through the skin? (Yes.)
How do different animals breathe? (Pulmonary respiration, gill respiration, tracheal respiration (in insects).)
What groups of animals breathe with lungs? (Mammals, birds, amphibians, humans.) (See page 22 for the curious.)
- Make a swallowing motion. Breathing stops at this point. Why is this happening? (Air does not enter the lungs, as the entrance to the nasal cavity is closed by a small tongue of the soft palate, the entrance to the trachea is blocked.)
– What do we breathe?
Why are the respiratory organs often called the air gates to the body? (Air and oxygen enter the body through them.)
– We are always surrounded by an invisible cloud of dust, smoke and other harmful substances. Along with dust in the air there are always bacteria, microbes. It is estimated that in 1 m3 of air school class at the beginning of classes, 2600 microbes, and by the end of classes, their number is 13,500.
– How to keep the air in the room (classroom) clean and fresh? (Ventilate, wet cleaning.)
Work in notebook No. 2 (task 13, p. 7).
Let's look at the human need for oxygen.
Written on the board:
Sleep - 20 liters.
Walking - 40 liters.
Easy job- 60 l.
Hard work - 120 liters.
A running person needs 70 liters of air per minute.
Conclusion: how work harder, the more oxygen the human body needs to supply intensively working muscles.
– Who needs more oxygen, children or adults? (Children, as they move more and breathe more often.)
- It is known that untrained people, even with a small physical activity begin to breathe rapidly. Trained people breathe evenly and deeply even when doing heavy physical work. Explain why this is happening.
For the curious.
In athletes, the lung capacity is 1–1.5 liters more than the norm, and with an increase in the vital capacity of the lungs, the depth of breathing increases, and respiratory movements become less frequent. They are performed up to 6-10 times per minute against 14-18 movements in people who do not play sports.
Singers, musicians, athletes, yogis are best able to breathe. From correct breathing health depends.
Physical education minute
And you must be tired? Yes!
And so everyone stood up.
Stretched out their necks,
And, like geese, they hissed: “Shhh!”
And, like bunnies, they jumped,
Jumped, jumped
And disappeared behind a bush.
- What is dangerous for the respiratory system? (Children's answers.)
We will talk in more detail about what happens to a person if he smokes himself, and what happens to those non-smoking people who surround him while smoking and inhale the smoke from his cigarette.
- Can you describe how smoking affects a person's appearance? (A person loses weight, his complexion becomes ugly, his hair becomes dull.)
How does the skin of a smoker change? (The skin becomes thin and dry, wrinkled, the color of his skin is yellowish, unhealthy.)
- What happens to the hair? (Hair does not shine - it becomes dull, lifeless, brittle.)
What do smoker's eyes look like? (Under the eyes - dark circles, eyes inflamed, reddened.)
- What happens to the teeth? (Teeth turn yellow, begin to deteriorate, smokers always come out of their mouths bad smell, even chewing gum and toothpaste don't help.)
What do smokers' clothes smell like? (The smell is unpleasant. It smells like sour tobacco smoke.)
What does smoking do to a person? (It poisons him and makes him sick.)
- It is true: a person gets sick. The human body quickly gets used to tobacco, becomes dependent on it. The smoker needs to smoke more and more cigarettes every day, and soon he cannot do without tobacco at all. It's a disease.
- Guys, which of you had to be in the same room with smokers? Tell me how you felt.
Observations of two or three children are heard.
- Why did you feel bad? (Because tobacco smoke from a cigarette spreads throughout the room. Because tobacco smoke is unpleasant. It scratches the throat.)
Tobacco smoke is harmful to everyone!
- Guys, in a burning cigarette, in the process of burning tobacco, great amount substances harmful to human life. Where does tobacco smoke go when you inhale? (Into the lungs.)
- Do you think such smoke is useful to a person? (No, it pollutes the lungs. It interferes clean air enter the lungs.)
The teacher attaches posters “Lungs of a smoking person” from the series “Smoking is harmful to health” to the board.
- Look at the first poster. How have the lungs of a smoker changed? (They turned black.)
- Indeed, tobacco smoke is harmful not only for smokers themselves, but also for those who are nearby. Everyone who surrounds a smoker is called a passive smoker. And although they themselves do not smoke, they also inhale tobacco smoke and harm their health. Precisely because from tobacco smoke not only the smokers themselves suffer, but also those who surround them, in enclosed spaces where there are a lot of people, they hang out the sign “No smoking!”.
The teacher puts up a poster with a sign on the blackboard.
What sign does it look like?
Where did you see such a sign? There is a "Smoking Area" sign in front of you. If you see such a sign, what should you do? (Step aside so as not to inhale tobacco smoke.)
Smoking is evil
Smoking is not a harmless activity that can be quit effortlessly. This is a real addiction, and is dangerous because many do not take smoking seriously.
Nicotine is one of the most dangerous plant poisons.
Birds (sparrows, pigeons) die if only a glass rod dipped in nicotine is brought to their beak.
Children living in smoky rooms are more likely to suffer from respiratory diseases. In the children of smoking parents during the first year of life, the frequency of bronchitis and pneumonia increases and the risk of developing serious diseases increases.
Textbook work (part 2, pp. 23–24).
- Why is smoking dangerous?
What have you learned about tobacco smoke?
Should I try smoking?
What should you do if someone is smoking nearby?
Listen to one parable.
In the distant past, when tobacco had just been brought to Armenia from distant countries, at the foot of Ararat lived one old man, kind and wise. He immediately took a dislike to this intoxicating plant and urged people not to use it. One day, the elder saw that a huge crowd had gathered around foreign merchants who had laid out their goods. Merchants shouted: “Divine leaf, divine leaf! It has a remedy for all diseases!”
A wise old man came up and said:
– This “divine leaf” also brings other benefits to people: a thief will not enter a smoker’s house, a dog will not bite him, he will never grow old.
The merchants looked at him with joy.
You are right, O wise old man! they said. But how do you know about such miraculous properties"divine leaf"?
And the sage explained:
- A thief will not enter the house of a smoker because he will cough all night, and a thief does not like to enter the house of a waking person. After a few years of smoking, a person will become weak and will walk with a stick. And what kind of dog will bite a person if he is with a stick ?! And, finally, he will not grow old, for he will die young...
People left the merchants, thinking ...
- I suggest that you also think about the fact that the state of your health largely depends on you.
IV. Consolidation and generalization.
- Reflect in notebooks and on the board the path balloon in our body.
Nose > trachea > bronchi > lungs.
Crossword "Respiratory Organs"
Horizontally:
2. Upper body.
3. What we breathe.
5. Component air.
7. A plant whose leaves contain nicotine.
8. Part of the airway that can be felt on the neck.
10. Respiratory organs located in the chest.
Vertically:
1, 3. Components of breathing.
2. Carbon dioxide…
4. Pathogenic microorganism.
6. The process by which air enters the body.
9. Substance dangerous to the body (general concept).
Answers. Horizontally: 2. Chest. 3. Air. 5. Oxygen. 7. Tobacco. 8. Trachea. 10. Lungs.
Vertical: 1. Inhale. 2. Gas. 3. Exhale. 4. Microbe. 6. Breathing. 9. Poison.
V. Summary of the lesson.
How long can a person not breathe? (1–1.5 min.)
Is all the air breathable? Scientists have done the following experiment: they put a mouse under a large glass cap. She ran there for a while, and then she died. Why?
(You need oxygen to breathe. The mouse under the cap used up all the oxygen for breathing. And then it died, it had nothing to breathe.)
Riddle: Two air petals,
slightly pink,
important work is done,
They help us breathe. (Lungs.)
- Human respiration consists of two parts: external - when we inhale and exhale air, and internal - when oxygen taken from the air by the lungs is delivered to the tissues by red blood cells.
It is interesting!
When a person sneezes, the speed of air movement is over 160 km / h.
Homework: workbook No. 2 (task 12), use the drawings in the textbook (part 2, p. 23). Textbook (pp. 21–24).
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL TO THE LESSON
The respiratory organs are subject to diseases from simple to complex and dangerous. A lot of them. Here are some of them:
1. Hypothermia of the nose and part of the windpipe - inflammation of the nasal mucosa (runny nose).
2. Inflammation of the nasal mucosa by pathogenic microbes - influenza.
3. Hypothermia of the bronchi - cough.
4. Hypothermia of the lungs - inflammation of the lungs.
5. Tuberculosis - dangerous disease, caused by microbes, it is very difficult to cure the disease, it is impossible in a neglected state. Previously, it was called consumption.
6. Cancer. Almost untreatable. It is not felt at the beginning of the disease, and when a person feels that he is sick, it is already too late.
Abstract of a lesson in biology on the topic "Respiratory Organs" (grade 9 VIII type)
The purpose of the lesson:1. Show application features various methods and methods of working with students different stages lesson.
2. Show usage value didactic material in corrective work teachers.
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
- generalize and consolidate knowledge in the sections: "The system of the circulatory organs" and "The musculoskeletal system".
- to study with students the respiratory system, its parts;
- continue to form an interest in the structure of your body;
- to continue the formation of skills and abilities in project activities in the preparation of mini-projects,
- broaden your horizons.
Correction-developing:
- improve the ability to analyze, compare, generalize, think logically when performing various tasks;
- to correct and develop memory, visual-motor reaction of students;
- to develop students' speech, thinking, attention;
- enrich vocabulary;
- develop creative imagination when working with illustrations
(photo) to text;
- on the example of the presentation to show the possibility of using ICT.
Educational:
- motivation healthy lifestyle life,
- to raise interest in the study of the life of your body on the example of the respiratory system
- to interest and encourage to search additional information based on interdisciplinary connections,
- promote positive motivation for learning activities,
- develop self-reliance in the preparation of presentations, messages.
Equipment for the lesson:
1. Presentation on the topic: "Respiratory Organs" (slides).
2. Table: "Respiratory organs, structure."
3. Table: "Choose the correct answer."
4. Creative task using biological concepts and illustrations.
5. Handout for individual work.
Lesson type: combined.
Lesson plan:
I. Organization of students for the lesson.
II. Checking homework.
III. Learning new material.
IV. Fizkultminutka.
V. Fixing a new topic.
VI. Summing up the lesson.
VII. Analysis and evaluation of work in the lesson.
VIII. Reflection
IX. Explanation of homework.
I. Organization of students for the lesson.
W: Hello guys! Please check your readiness for the lesson.
Students check their readiness for the lesson.
II. Checking homework.
U: Guys, let's recall the studied organ systems of the human body.
You prepared mini-projects on the topics: "The musculoskeletal system" and "The circulatory system".
Let's check the knowledge. The word for the defense of a mini-project on the topic: "The musculoskeletal system" is provided to the representative of the 1st group of students.
The word for the defense of a mini-project on the topic: "The circulatory system" is given to a representative of the 2nd group of students.
T: Questions for the class:
1) Name the organs musculoskeletal system.
Answers: The organs of the musculoskeletal system include muscles and the skeleton.
2) Name the organs of the circulatory system.
Answer: The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
3) Name the factors negative influence to the circulatory organs.
The use of alcohol, drugs, smoking has a harmful effect on the circulatory organs.
4) Name the factors positive impact to the circulatory organs.
Strengthening and healing of the circulatory organs cause sports, physical education.
III. Exploring a new topic.(sl.1)
Today in the lesson we begin to study new system organs. You will learn the name of the system by completing the task: arrange the letters in descending order of the sizes of these letters (sl.2).
So, we begin to study the respiratory system.
The topic of our lesson is "Respiratory Organs".(sl.3). We opened a notebook, wrote down the date and topic of the lesson.
Plan. (Word No. 4)
1. The meaning of breathing.
2. Respiratory organs and their function.
3. Respiratory hygiene.
Breathing is extremely important for a person. It is known that without food
he can live for several weeks, without water - several days, and without air - only a few minutes. A person breathes constantly when he works, eats, sleeps, walks.
Breathing consists of inhalation and exhalation. (sl.5). The processes of inhalation and exhalation. (sl.6).
The mechanism of inhalation. (sl.7) During inhalation, air with oxygen enters human organism. Mechanism of exhalation (sl. 8). During exhalation, air is removed from the body.
Why is breathing so important? The work of every cell, every organ of our body is associated with energy consumption. Energy is produced by the body itself. Every cell undergoes a chemical reaction that releases energy. For chemical reaction oxygen is needed, which enters the body during inspiration. As a result of a chemical reaction, carbon dioxide and water vapor are released, which are removed during exhalation. Thus, it can be seen that the respiratory organs provide the exchange of gases between the body and the environment.
Breath- the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment (sl. No. 9).
Let's draw a conclusion and determine the importance of breathing. (sl. No. 10).
The meaning of breathing.
1. Supply of oxygen.
2. Removal of carbon dioxide.
3. Removal of water vapor.
Gas exchange takes place in the lungs. But before oxygenated air reaches the lungs, it has to pass through a number of organs. These organs make up the respiratory system (case No. 11). The respiratory organs are represented by the upper respiratory tract(nasal cavity, oral cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx) and lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs).
Breathing begins with the entry of air into the nasal cavity (sl. No. 14,15,16.17).
The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membrane, which is covered with numerous hairs and penetrated blood vessels. Mucus kills microbes, hairs clean dust, blood vessels warm the air.
Why is mouth breathing not recommended?
Why can't you scream in the cold?
Why is the nose red in the cold?
From the nasal cavity, air enters the nasopharynx (sl.18).
Nasopharynx- the junction of the nasal cavity and oral cavity. The nasopharynx is lined with mucous and permeated with blood vessels. The nasopharynx is involved in conducting and warming the air.
From the nasopharynx, air enters the larynx. (sl. No. 19,20,21,22) The larynx is located in the upper part of the neck. It is formed by cartilage, which are interconnected by ligaments and muscles. The vocal cords are located in the larynx and between them glottis. When a person speaks, a jet of air vibrates the vocal cords and a sound is produced. During inhalation and exhalation, air passes through the larynx.
Therefore, the larynx is involved in the conduction of air and voice formation.
Air enters the trachea from the larynx.
(sl. No. 23,24).
The trachea is a tube 10-15 cm long. It is made up of cartilaginous half rings. The soft back wall of the trachea does not interfere with the passage of food through the esophagus. This structure does not delay the passage of air during any movements of the neck. The trachea is involved in the conduction of air.
The lower part of the trachea is divided into two bronchi (case No. 25). Large bronchi branch into small ones, like branches near a tree. The bronchi are involved in the conduction of air.
The smallest bronchi terminate in pulmonary vesicles.
The pulmonary vesicles are permeated with a dense network of blood vessels.
The smallest bronchi and pulmonary vesicles form the lungs (sl. No. 26)
Occurs in the lungs
Gas exchange (sl. No. 27)
After gas exchange, exhalation takes place through the same organs, only in the opposite direction.
Name the organs through which air passes during exhalation?
IV. Physical education minute. Relaxation pause.(sl.28)
Let's make observations.
We close one nasal passage, and bring a piece of cotton wool to the other. Let's inhale and exhale. (sl. 29)
What are we seeing?
Let's make observations.
Let's take a deep breath in and a deep breath out. Let's take a light breath and try to take a deep breath.
(sl. No. 30)
What are we seeing?
Draw conclusions from your observations.
V. Consolidation of the studied material.
Define breathing.
What is the importance of breathing?
From listed functions choose only those related to breathing.
The teacher flips the words and reverse side the sentence "Organs of the respiratory system" is obtained. The teacher suggests placing the respiratory organs under the name.
The next task is related to the definition of the respiratory organs in the illustration.
Determine under what numbers the respiratory organs are indicated. (sl.31,32)
Next task. According to the structural features and functions performed, determine the organ of the respiratory system. (Slide No. 33)
Individual work on cards.
Cards number 1.
Connect the respiratory organ and the function it performs (sl. No. 34,35).
Cards number 2.
Arrange the respiratory organs in the order in which air passes through them from the nasal cavity to the lungs.
VI. Summing up the lesson.
Today at the lesson we began to study the respiratory system.
What process in the body is called respiration?
List the respiratory organs.
And in conclusion, I would like to remind you once again that health must be protected
from a young age. Remember that smoking is the most common bad habit in our society, provides bad influence on all organs, including the respiratory organs.
Compare the lungs of a smoker and a non-smoker (slide #36). I hope everyone draws their own conclusion. The one who did not start and do not start smoking, and the one who smokes must definitely quit this addiction.
VII. Analysis and evaluation of work.
The teacher analyzes and evaluates the work of the student in the lesson.
VIII. Reflection(sl.37).
Continue the sentence:
1. I liked the lesson ...
2. I remembered in the lesson ...
3. I learned…
IX. Explanation of homework. 1. Textbook, pp. 77-80, read, retell
2. Creative task:
1. Find on your body the places where the organs of the respiratory system are located.
2. Prepare messages, presentations on the topics:
The effect of tobacco smoke on the human body
Diseases of the respiratory system (tuberculosis, pneumonia).
(sl. No. 38)
X. Thank you for your attention. (sl. 39)
