The lexical meaning of the word once. Meaning "the lexical meaning of the word

Lexical meaning of the word

Nominative (direct) value with l 6-in a. Lexical meaning, directly related to the reflection in the mind of objects, phenomena, relations of objective reality. Knife (item name), beautiful (quality name), read (action name), ten (number name), fast (action attribute name). Words that have a nominative meaning form free phrases.

Phraseologically associated value the words. Lexical meaning that exists or is acquired only as part of a phraseological unit. The adjective fraught in the meaning of “capable of causing, giving rise to something” realizes this meaning in the phraseological unit fraught with consequences. In phraseological turnover us fire and fire, both nouns take on the meaning of "nuisance"

The syntactically determined meaning of a word. Lexical meaning acquired by a word only in a certain syntactic function. The noun decree in the function of a predicate with negation does not acquire meaning ^ cannot serve as an authority, basis, indication for anyone "Samodur is trying hard to prove that no one has a decree for him and that he will do whatever he wants (Dobrolyubov).

The lexical meaning is made up of a real meaning, the carrier of which is the root of the word (non-derivative stem), and a derivational meaning expressed by word-building affixes. The meaning of “little house” in the word house is made up of the real (objective) meaning contained in the root house-, and the derivational meaning expressed by the suffix of the real reduction -ik. In words with non-derivative basis lexical and real values are the same. cm. real value, derivational value.

Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what the "lexical meaning of the word" is in other dictionaries:

Lexical meaning is the correlation of the sound shell of a word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. Lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, ... ... Wikipedia

LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD. The meaning inherent in the word as a lexeme; the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of an object, process, phenomenon. L. h. With. is generalized and generalizing in nature, is compared with ... ... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Lexical meaning of the word- The lexical meaning of the word is the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc. L. z. With. product mental activity of a person, it is associated with the reduction of information ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

lexical meaning of the word

lexical meaning of the word- Reflection in the word of one or another phenomenon of reality (object, event, quality, action, relationship) ...

Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

lexical meaning of the word motivated- Secondary meaning, derivative in semantic and derivational terms. Motivated words have internal form … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

lexical meaning of the word unmotivated - primary value, which is genetically non-derivative for modern language … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

lexical meaning of the word indirect-nominative- Value type, reflecting the non-autonomy of naming by the nature of the correlation with reality. Corresponds with the designated indirectly, when jointly implemented with a reference value for it: Water is the ability to save life on Earth ... Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

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Kotovasia in adverbs. Lexical meaning of words. Lotto with verification, Barchan Tatiana. The classic is always right. In order to feel something, it is better to pass it through yourself, whether it be a pound of salt or a seven-verst road... We decided that we would get to know each other, feel and remember...

The lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but only the most significant ones that help to distinguish one object from another. The lexical meaning reveals the signs by which general properties for a number of objects, actions, phenomena, and also establishes differences that highlight given subject, action, phenomenon. For example, lexical meaning the words giraffe defined as follows: “African artiodactyl ruminant with a very long neck and long legs”, that is, those signs that distinguish the giraffe from other animals are listed.

Not all words of the Russian language have meaning. A word can have one lexical meaning ( unambiguous words ): syntax, tangent, whatman, secret etc. Words that have two, three or more lexical meanings are called ambiguous: sleeve, warm. Polysemantic words are among all independent parts of speech, except for numerals. It is possible to determine the specific meaning of a polysemantic word only in the context: star - stars lit up in the sky; screen star; starfish.

The lexical meaning can be explained:

descriptive, characteristic hallmarks object, action, phenomenon;
through a single-root word;
selection of synonyms.

The lexical meaning of the word is given in explanatory dictionaries.

The term "lexical" or, as in recent times began to say, "the meaning of the word" cannot be considered quite definite. The lexical meaning of a word is usually understood as its subject-material content, designed according to the laws of grammar given language and being an element of the general semantic system dictionary of that language. The socially fixed content of a word can be homogeneous, unified, but it can represent an internal connected system multidirectional reflections of different “pieces of reality”, between which a semantic connection is established in the system of a given language.

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Lexical meaning of the word | Russian language grade 4 #12 | info lesson

Word - basic unit language. The lexical meaning of the word. Foxford Online Learning Center

The word and its lexical meaning. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms | Russian language grade 3 #4 | info lesson

Subtitles

The figurative meaning of the word

Vinogradov V. V., "The main types of lexical meanings of the word", Selected Works. Lexicology and lexicography. - M., 1977. - S. 162-189

Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language

Ogekyan I. N., Volchek N. M., Vysotskaya E. V. and others. Big reference book: All Russian language. All Russian Literature ”- Mn .: Publishing House of the Modern Writer, 2003. - 992 p.

The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of the sound complex fixed in the minds of speakers language unit with one reality or another.

Most words name objects, their attributes, quantity, actions, processes and act as full-valued, independent words, performing a nominative function in the language (lat. nominatio - naming, name). Having the same grammatical and syntactic meanings and functions, these words are combined into categories of nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, words of the state category. Their lexical meaning is complemented by grammatical ones. For example, the word newspaper denotes a certain subject; the lexical meaning indicates that it is " periodical in the form of large sheets, usually daily, dedicated to events current political and social life". The noun newspaper has the grammatical meanings of gender (feminine), number (this subject is thought of as one, not many) and case. it as real, happening at the moment of speech, performed by the speaker (and not by other persons).

From significant parts speeches are deprived of the nominative function of pronouns and modal words. The first ones only point to objects or their signs: I, you, like that, so much; they receive a specific meaning in speech, but cannot serve as a generalized name for a number of similar objects, features, or quantities. The latter express the speaker's attitude to the thought being expressed: Probably, the mail has already arrived.

Service parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) also do not perform a nominative function, that is, they do not name objects, signs, actions, but are used as formal grammatical language means.

The lexical meanings of the word, their types, development and changes are studied by lexical semantics (semasiology) (gr. sЇemasia - designation + logos - teaching). The grammatical meanings of the word are considered in the grammar of the modern Russian language.

All objects and phenomena of reality have their own names in the language. The words point to real items, on our attitude towards them, which arose in the process of knowing the world around us. This connection of the word with the phenomena of reality (denotations) is non-linguistic in nature, and yet it is the most important factor in determining the nature of the word as a sign unit.

Words are called not only specific items that can be seen, heard or touched in this moment, but also the concepts of these objects that arise in our minds.

The concept is a reflection in the minds of people of common and essential features phenomena of reality, ideas about their properties. Such features can be the shape of an object, its function, color, size, similarity or difference with another object, etc. The concept is the result of a generalization of a mass of individual phenomena, during which a person is distracted from non-essential features, focusing on the main ones. Without such abstraction, i.e., without abstract representations, human thinking is impossible.

Concepts are formed and fixed in our minds with the help of words. The connection of words with the concept (significative factor) makes the word a tool human thinking. Without the ability of the word to name the concept, there would be no language itself. The designation of concepts in words allows us to get by with a relatively small number of linguistic signs. So, in order to single out one person from a multitude and name any one, we use the word man. To designate all the richness and variety of colors of wildlife, there are the words red, yellow, blue, green, etc. Moving in space various items expressed by the word goes (man, train, bus, icebreaker, and even ice, rain, snow, etc.).

Explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language most capaciously reflect the systemic connections of words. They represent varying degrees completeness and accuracy of the lists of words that make up the lexical system in all its diversity and the complexity of its functioning in the language. Thus, the word island does not refer to geographical position, size, name, shape, fauna, flora of a particular island, therefore, abstracting from these particular features, we call this word any part of the land surrounded on all sides by water (in the ocean, sea, lake, river) Thus , in words those essential features and properties of objects are fixed, which make it possible to distinguish a whole class of objects from other classes.

However, not all words name any concept. They are not able to express unions, particles, prepositions, interjections, pronouns, proper names. Special mention should be made of the latter.

There are proper names that name singular concepts. These are the names prominent people(Shakespeare, Dante, Leo Tolstoy, Chaliapin, Rachmaninov), geographical names(Volga, Baikal, Alps, America). By their nature, they cannot be a generalization and evoke the idea of a subject that is one of a kind.

Personal names of people (Alexander, Dmitry), surnames (Golubev, Davydov), on the contrary, do not give rise to a definite idea of a person in our minds.

Common nouns (historian, engineer, son-in-law), on the basis of the distinguishing features of professions, the degree of kinship, allow us to get some idea of the people named by these words.

Animal names may approach generalized names. So, if the horse's name is Bulany, this indicates its gender and color. Squirrel is usually called animals with white wool (although a cat, a dog, and a goat can be called that). So different nicknames correlate differently with generalized names.

Types of lexical meanings of words in Russian

Mapping various words and their meanings allows us to distinguish several types of lexical meanings of words in the Russian language.

According to the method of nomination, direct and figurative meanings of words are distinguished. The direct (or main, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. For example, the words table, black, boil have the following basic meanings:

A piece of furniture in the form of a wide horizontal board on high supports, legs.
The colors of soot, coal.
Seething, bubbling, evaporating from strong heat (about liquids). These values are stable, although they may change historically. For example, the word table in Old Russian meant throne, reign, capital.

The direct meanings of words less than all others depend on the context, on the nature of the connections with other words. Therefore, direct meanings are said to have the greatest paradigmatic conditionality and the least syntagmatic coherence.

The figurative (indirect) meanings of words arise as a result of the transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another based on the similarity, commonality of their features, functions, etc.

So, the word table has several figurative meanings:

An item of special equipment or a part of a similarly shaped machine: operating table, raise the machine table.
Food, food: rent a room with a table.
Department in the institution, in charge of some special range of affairs: information desk.

The word black has such figurative meanings:

Dark, as opposed to something lighter, called white: black bread.

Has taken on a dark color, darkened: black from sunburn.
Kurnoy (only long form, obsolete): black hut.
Gloomy, bleak, heavy: black thoughts.
Criminal, malicious: black treason.
Not the main one, auxiliary (only the full form): the back door in the house.
Physically heavy and unskilled (full form only): menial work, etc.

The word boil has the following figurative meanings: 1. "To appear in strong degree": the work is in full swing. 2. "To manifest something with force, to a strong extent": seething with indignation.

As you can see, indirect meanings appear in words that are not directly related to the concept, but approach it along various associations obvious to speakers.

Figurative meanings can retain figurativeness: black thoughts, black betrayal; seethe with indignation. Such figurative meanings are fixed in the language: they are given in dictionaries when interpreting a lexical unit.

In terms of reproducibility and stability, figurative meanings differ from metaphors that are created by writers, poets, publicists and are of an individual nature.

However, in most cases, when transferring meanings, imagery is lost. For example, we do not perceive as figurative such names as a pipe elbow, a teapot spout, a clock, etc. In such cases, one speaks of extinct imagery in the lexical meaning of the word, of dry metaphors.

Direct and figurative meanings are distinguished within one word.

2. According to the degree of semantic motivation, unmotivated meanings (non-derivative, primary) are distinguished, which are not determined by the meaning of morphemes in the composition of the word; motivated (derivatives, secondary), which are derived from the meanings of the generating stem and word-building affixes. For example, the words table, build, white have unmotivated meanings. The words canteen, table, canteen, construction, perestroika, anti-perestroika, turn white, whiten, whiteness have motivated meanings, they are, as it were, “produced” from the motivating part, word-building formants and semantic components that help to comprehend the meaning of a word with a derivative stem.

For some words, the motivation of the meaning is somewhat obscured, since in modern Russian it is not always possible to single out their historical root. However, etymological analysis establishes ancient family ties words with other words, makes it possible to explain the origin of its meaning. For example, etymological analysis allows us to distinguish historical roots in the words fat, feast, window, cloth, pillow, cloud and establish their connection with the words live, drink, eye, knot, ear, drag (envelop) Thus, the degree of motivation of one or another meaning of the word may be different. In addition, the meaning may seem motivated to a person with a philological background, while the semantic connections of this word seem lost to a non-specialist.

3. If possible lexical compatibility the meanings of words are divided into free and non-free. The first are based only on the subject-logical connections of words. For example, the word drink is combined with words denoting liquids (water, milk, tea, lemonade, etc.), but cannot be combined with words such as stone, beauty, running, night. The compatibility of words is regulated by the subject compatibility (or incompatibility) of the concepts they denote. Thus, the "freedom" of the compatibility of words with unrelated meanings is relative.

The non-free meanings of words are characterized handicapped lexical compatibility, which in this case is determined by both subject-logical and proper language factors. For example, the word win is combined with the words victory, top, but not combined with the word defeat. You can say to lower your head (look, eyes, eyes), but you can’t - “lower your hand” (leg, briefcase).

Non-free meanings, in turn, are divided into phraseologically related and syntactically conditioned. The former are realized only in stable (phraseological) combinations: sworn enemy, bosom friend (you cannot swap the elements of these phrases).

The syntactically determined meanings of a word are realized only if it performs in a sentence something unusual for itself. syntactic function. So, the words log, oak, hat, acting as a nominal part compound predicate, get the values " stupid man"; "stupid, insensitive person"; "sluggish, initiativeless person, muddler". V. V. Vinogradov, who first singled out this type of meanings, called them functionally syntactically conditioned. These meanings are always figurative and, by the method of nomination, are among the figurative meanings .

As part of the syntactically determined meanings of the word, there are also constructively limited meanings, which are realized only under conditions of a certain syntactic construction. For example, the word whirlwind with the direct meaning "impulsive Roundabout Circulation wind" in construction with a noun in the form genitive receives a figurative meaning: a whirlwind of events - "the rapid development of events."

4. According to the nature of the functions performed, lexical meanings are divided into two types: nominative, the purpose of which is the nomination, naming of phenomena, objects, their qualities, and expressive-synonymous, in which the emotional-evaluative (connotative) feature is predominant. For example, in the phrase tall man the word high indicates great growth; this is its nominal value. And the words lanky, long in combination with the word man not only indicate great growth, but also contain a negative, disapproving assessment of such growth. These words have an expressive-synonymous meaning and are among the expressive synonyms for neutral word high.

5. By the nature of the relationships of some values with others in lexical system languages can be distinguished:

offline values, possessed by words that are relatively independent in language system and denoting mainly specific objects: a table, a theater, a flower;
correlative meanings that are inherent in words that are opposed to each other on some grounds: close - far, good - bad, youth - old age;
deterministic meanings, i.e., those “which are, as it were, determined by the meanings of other words, since they represent their stylistic or expressive variants ...” For example: nag (cf. stylistically neutral synonyms: horse, horse); beautiful, wonderful, magnificent (cf. good).

In this way, modern typology lexical meanings is based, firstly, on the conceptual and subject relations of words (i.e., paradigmatic relations), secondly, word-formation (or derivational) relations of words, thirdly, the relations of words to each other (syntagmatic relations) . Studying the typology of lexical meanings helps to understand semantic structure words, to penetrate deeper into the systemic connections that have developed in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language.

See Ulukhanov I. S. Word-building semantics in Russian and the principles of its description M., 1977 P. 100–101
Shmelev D.N. Meaning of the word // Russian language: Encyclopedia. M., 1979. S. 89.

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Questions for self-examination

What is the lexical meaning of a word?
What branch of the science of language studies the lexical meaning of a word?
What words perform a nominative function in speech? What does it consist of?
What words lack nominative function?
What does the term "concept" mean?
What is the connection between the concept and the word?
What words do not represent concepts?
What types of lexical meanings of words stand out in modern Russian?
What is the literal and figurative meaning of the word?
What is the motivated and unmotivated meaning of words?
What is the difference between free and non-free meanings of words?
What are the features of phraseologically related and syntactically determined meanings of words?
What distinguishes the autonomous meanings of words?
What are relative meanings of words?
What are the deterministic meanings of words?

Exercises

3. Select the words in the sentences that have free (nominative) and non-free (phraseologically related and syntactically determined) meanings.

1. Leisure for me to sort out your faults, puppy! (Cr.) 2. Now I have been given leisure forever. (Sim.) 3. Soldiers are sleeping, who have leisure. (TV). 4. Cranberry - creeping marsh plant with red sour berries. 5. That's cranberry! 6. Again there were rumors, conjectures, and about this spreading cranberries talked everywhere. 7. White birch under my window covered with snow, like silver. (Es.) 8. white work does white, black work - black (M.). 9. He is not a tenant in this world. 10. The tenant came late and did not disturb the hostess. 11. The girl slept off her face, lost weight. 12. The heat subsided. 13. Well, goose! 14. The noisy geese caravan stretched south. (P.) 15. This is not the first time this goose has been here. 16. blue mist, snow expanse. (Es.). 17. She is a blue stocking, not a woman.

4. Select words in the text that have nominative, phraseologically related and syntactically conditioned meanings.

Senya was lying on the sofa, all gray, wrinkled, time seemed to be already a burden to him. ... - I do not believe! No I do not believe! – What are you talking about? Ryazantsev asked. - I do not believe that in old age a person should reproach himself for what is wrong, not how he lived his youth. Why not? - That's why! What right does an old man who seems to be no longer a tenant, what right does he have to judge a young, living one? ..

They agreed that they would write a book together, because Senya alone would not have time to finish it. When Senya was very ill, lying on his couch and shouting that he was not being treated by doctors, veterinarians, Ryazantsev told him: “Listen, Senya, we need to finish the book this year.” And Senya's thoughts came to full, sometimes even to perfect order. ... When later consciousness began to come to him only from time to time, even then he cared most about the book. Nothing else could be expected from him, but suddenly Senya began to express judgments that were unusual for him. Said once:

- We barely know each other.

- Who are we? Ryazantsev asked.

– People... Radio, television, cinema – all this shows us in breadth. Quantitatively. Externally. But we are losing one primitive - the good old genre, tested for centuries - the genre of friendly conversation. As if people do not lose in this ... Bear in mind.

It was possible to say to the Seine: “Remember,” he left, Ryazantsev remained in this life.

(S. Zalygin.)

5. Indicate in the text the words that perform the nominative function and lack it; words denoting and not denoting concepts, as well as pointing to single concepts. In addition, indicate words that have different types meanings: direct and figurative, motivated and unmotivated, free and not free, nominative and expressive-synonymous. Highlight words with autonomous, correlative and deterministic meanings.

1. The book began to be printed. It was called "In defense of the disadvantaged."

The typesetters tore the manuscript to pieces, and each typed only his own piece, which began with half a word and made no sense. So, in the word "love" - "liu" remained with one, and "bov" went to another, but it did not matter, since they never read what they were typing.

- So that it was empty for him, this scribbler! Here is an anathema handwriting! - said one and, grimacing with anger and impatience, covered his eyes with his hand. The fingers of the hand were black with lead dust, dark leaden shadows lay on the young face, and when the worker coughed and spat, his saliva was painted in the same dark and dead color.

2. Books stood in colorful rows on the shelves, and no walls were visible behind them; books lay in high piles on the floor; and behind the store, in two dark rooms, lay all the books, books. And it seemed that the human thought, and there has never been real silence and real peace in this realm of books.

The gray-bearded gentleman with a noble expression spoke respectfully to someone on the phone, cursed in a whisper: "idiots!", and shouted.

- Bear! - and when the boy entered, he made an ignoble and ferocious face and shook his finger. - How many times do you have to scream? Scoundrel!

The boy blinked his eyes in fear, and the gray-bearded gentleman calmed down. With his foot and hand, he pushed out a heavy bundle of books, wanted to lift it with one hand - but immediately could not and threw it back on the floor.

- Take it to Yegor Ivanovich.

The boy took the bundle with both hands and did not lift it.

- Live! shouted the gentleman.

The boy picked it up and carried it.

- Why are you crying? asked a passerby.

The mouse was crying. Soon a crowd gathered, an angry policeman came with a saber and a pistol, took Mishka and books and drove them all together in a cab to the station.

– What is there? asked the police officer on duty, looking up from the paper he was compiling.

- An unbearable burden, your honor, - the angry policeman answered and poked Mishka forward.

The police officer approached the bundle, still stretching as he walked, putting his legs back and sticking out his chest, heaved a deep sigh and slightly lifted the books.

- Wow! he said with pleasure.

The wrapping paper was torn at the edge, the police officer folded it back and read the title "In Defense of the Dispossessed."

The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of the sound complex of a linguistic unit with one or another phenomenon of reality fixed in the minds of speakers.

Most words name objects, their attributes, quantity, actions, processes and act as full-fledged, independent words, performing a nominative function in the language (lat. nominatio - naming, denomination). Possessing common grammatical and syntactic meanings and functions, these words are combined into the categories of nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, words of the state category. Their lexical meaning is complemented by grammatical ones. For example, the word newspaper denotes a certain subject; the lexical meaning indicates that it is "a periodical in the form of large sheets, usually daily, dedicated to the events of current political and social life." The noun newspaper has the grammatical meanings of gender (feminine), number (this subject is thought of as one, not many) and case. The word read calls the action - "perceive what is written, saying aloud or reproducing to oneself" and characterizes it as real, happening at the moment of speech, performed by the speaker (and not by other persons).

Of the significant parts of speech, pronouns and modal words are deprived of the nominative function. The first ones only point to objects or their signs: I, you, like that, so much; they receive a specific meaning in speech, but cannot serve as a generalized name for a number of similar objects, features, or quantities. The latter express the speaker's attitude to the thought being expressed: Probably, the mail has already arrived.

All objects and phenomena of reality have their own names in the language. Words point to real objects, to our attitude towards them, which arose in the process of knowing the world around us. This connection of the word with the phenomena of reality (denotations) is non-linguistic in nature, and yet it is the most important factor in determining the nature of the word as a sign unit.

Words name not only specific objects that can be seen, heard or touched at the moment, but also concepts about these objects that arise in our minds.

The concept is a reflection in the minds of people of the general and essential features of the phenomena of reality, ideas about their properties. Such features can be the shape of an object, its function, color, size, similarity or difference with another object, etc. The concept is the result of a generalization of a mass of individual phenomena, during which a person is distracted from non-essential features, focusing on the main ones. Without such abstraction, i.e., without abstract representations, human thinking is impossible.

Concepts are formed and fixed in our minds with the help of words. The connection of words with the concept (significative factor) makes the word an instrument of human thinking. Without the ability of the word to name the concept, there would be no language itself. The designation of concepts in words allows us to get by with a relatively small number of linguistic signs. So, in order to single out one person from a multitude and name any one, we use the word man. To denote all the richness and variety of colors of wildlife, there are the words red, yellow, blue, green, etc. The movement of various objects in space is expressed by the word goes (man, train, bus, icebreaker, and even ice, rain, snow, etc.). ).

Explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language most capaciously reflect the systemic connections of words. They are lists of words of varying degrees of completeness and accuracy that make up the lexical system in all the diversity and complexity of its functioning in the language. So, the word island does not indicate the geographical position, size, name, shape, fauna, flora of any particular island, therefore, abstracting from these particular features, we call this word any part of the land surrounded on all sides by water (in the ocean, sea, on a lake, a river) Thus, those essential features and properties of objects that make it possible to distinguish a whole class of objects from other classes are fixed in words.

However, not all words name any concept. They are not able to express unions, particles, prepositions, interjections, pronouns, proper names. Special mention should be made of the latter.

There are proper names that name singular concepts. These are the names of prominent people (Shakespeare, Dante, Leo Tolstoy, Chaliapin, Rachmaninov), geographical names (Volga, Baikal, Alps, America). By their nature, they cannot be a generalization and evoke the idea of a subject that is one of a kind.

Personal names of people (Alexander, Dmitry), surnames (Golubev, Davydov), on the contrary, do not give rise to a definite idea of a person in our minds.

Common nouns (historian, engineer, son-in-law), on the basis of the distinguishing features of professions, the degree of kinship, allow us to get some idea of the people named by these words.

Types of lexical meanings of words in Russian

Comparison of various words and their meanings makes it possible to single out several types of lexical meanings of words in the Russian language.

A piece of furniture in the form of a wide horizontal board on high supports, legs.
The colors of soot, coal.
Seething, bubbling, evaporating from strong heat (about liquids). These values are stable, although they may change historically. For example, the word table in the Old Russian language meant throne, reign, capital.

So, the word table has several figurative meanings:

An item of special equipment or a part of a similarly shaped machine: operating table, raise the machine table.
Food, food: rent a room with a table.
Department in the institution, in charge of some special range of affairs: information desk.

The word black has such figurative meanings:

Dark, as opposed to something lighter, called white: black bread.

Has taken on a dark color, darkened: black from sunburn.
Kurnoy (only full form, obsolete): black hut.
Gloomy, bleak, heavy: black thoughts.
Criminal, malicious: black treason.
Not the main one, auxiliary (only the full form): the back door in the house.
Physically heavy and unskilled (full form only): menial work, etc.

The word boil has the following figurative meanings: 1. "To manifest itself in a strong degree": the work is in full swing. 2. "To manifest something with force, to a strong degree": seething with indignation.

As you can see, indirect meanings appear in words that are not directly related to the concept, but approach it through various associations that are obvious to speakers.

In terms of reproducibility and stability, figurative meanings differ from metaphors that are created by writers, poets, publicists and are of an individual nature.

Direct and figurative meanings are distinguished within one word.

For some words, the motivation of the meaning is somewhat obscured, since in modern Russian it is not always possible to single out their historical root. However, etymological analysis establishes the ancient family ties of the word with other words, makes it possible to explain the origin of its meaning. For example, etymological analysis allows you to identify historical roots in the words fat, feast, window, cloth, pillow, cloud and establish their connection with the words live, drink, eye, knot, ear, drag (envelop) Thus, the degree of motivation of a particular meaning words may not be the same. In addition, the meaning may seem motivated to a person with a philological background, while the semantic connections of this word seem lost to a non-specialist.

3. According to the possibility of lexical compatibility, the meanings of words are divided into free and non-free. The first are based only on the subject-logical connections of words. For example, the word drink is combined with words denoting liquids (water, milk, tea, lemonade, etc.), but cannot be combined with words such as stone, beauty, running, night. The compatibility of words is regulated by the subject compatibility (or incompatibility) of the concepts they denote. Thus, the "freedom" of the compatibility of words with unrelated meanings is relative.

The non-free meanings of words are characterized by limited possibilities of lexical compatibility, which in this case is determined by both subject-logical and proper linguistic factors. For example, the word win is combined with the words victory, top, but not combined with the word defeat. You can say to lower your head (look, eyes, eyes), but you can’t - “lower your hand” (leg, briefcase).

Non-free meanings, in turn, are divided into phraseologically related and syntactically conditioned. The former are realized only in stable (phraseological) combinations: a sworn enemy, a bosom friend (you cannot swap the elements of these phrases).

The syntactically conditioned meanings of a word are realized only if it performs an unusual syntactic function in a sentence. So, the words log, oak, hat, acting as the nominal part of the compound predicate, get the meanings "stupid person"; "stupid, insensitive person"; "a sluggish, uninitiated person, a muddler." V. V. Vinogradov, who first singled out this type of meanings, called them functionally syntactically conditioned. These meanings are always figurative and, according to the method of nomination, are among the figurative meanings.

As part of the syntactically conditioned meanings of the word, there are also structurally limited meanings, which are realized only under the conditions of a certain syntactic construction. For example, the word whirlwind with the direct meaning "gusty circular motion of the wind" in a construction with a noun in the form of the genitive case receives a figurative meaning: whirlwind of events - "rapid development of events".

4. According to the nature of the functions performed, lexical meanings are divided into two types: nominative, the purpose of which is the nomination, naming of phenomena, objects, their qualities, and expressive-synonymous, in which the emotional-evaluative (connotative) feature is predominant. For example, in the phrase tall man, the word tall indicates great growth; this is its nominal value. And the words lanky, long in combination with the word man not only indicate great growth, but also contain a negative, disapproving assessment of such growth. These words have an expressive-synonymous meaning and are among the expressive synonyms for the neutral word high.

5. By the nature of the connections of some meanings with others in the lexical system of the language, the following can be distinguished:

autonomous meanings possessed by words that are relatively independent in the language system and designate mainly specific objects: a table, a theater, a flower;
correlative meanings that are inherent in words that are opposed to each other on some grounds: close - far, good - bad, youth - old age;
deterministic meanings, i.e., those “which are, as it were, determined by the meanings of other words, since they represent their stylistic or expressive variants ...” For example: nag (cf. stylistically neutral synonyms: horse, horse); beautiful, wonderful, magnificent (cf. good).

Thus, the modern typology of lexical meanings is based, firstly, on the conceptual and subject relations of words (i.e., paradigmatic relations), secondly, word-formation (or derivational) relations of words, and thirdly, the relationship of words to each other. friend (syntagmatic relations). The study of the typology of lexical meanings helps to understand the semantic structure of the word, to penetrate deeper into the systemic connections that have developed in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language.

See Ulukhanov I. S. Word-building semantics in Russian and the principles of its description M., 1977 P. 100–101
Shmelev D.N. Meaning of the word // Russian language: Encyclopedia. M., 1979. S. 89.

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Questions for self-examination

What is the lexical meaning of a word?
What branch of the science of language studies the lexical meaning of a word?
What words perform a nominative function in speech? What does it consist of?
What words lack nominative function?
What does the term "concept" mean?
What is the connection between the concept and the word?
What words do not represent concepts?
What types of lexical meanings of words stand out in modern Russian?
What is the literal and figurative meaning of the word?
What is the motivated and unmotivated meaning of words?
What is the difference between free and non-free meanings of words?
What are the features of phraseologically related and syntactically determined meanings of words?
What distinguishes the autonomous meanings of words?
What are relative meanings of words?
What are the deterministic meanings of words?

Exercises

3. Select the words in the sentences that have free (nominative) and non-free (phraseologically related and syntactically determined) meanings.

1. Leisure for me to sort out your faults, puppy! (Cr.) 2. Now I have been given leisure forever. (Sim.) 3. Soldiers are sleeping, who have leisure. (TV). 4. Cranberry - creeping marsh plant with red sour berries. 5. That's cranberry! 6. Again there were rumors, speculation, and this spreading cranberry was talked about everywhere. 7. The white birch under my window was covered with snow, like silver. (Ec.) 8. White work is done by white, black work is done by black (M.). 9. He is not a tenant in this world. 10. The tenant came late and did not disturb the hostess. 11. The girl slept off her face, lost weight. 12. The heat subsided. 13. Well, goose! 14. The noisy geese caravan stretched south. (P.) 15. This is not the first time this goose has been here. 16. Blue fog, snow expanse. (Es.). 17. She is a blue stocking, not a woman.

4. Select words in the text that have nominative, phraseologically related and syntactically conditioned meanings.

They agreed that they would write a book together, because Senya alone would not have time to finish it. When Senya was very ill, lying on his couch and shouting that he was not being treated by doctors, veterinarians, Ryazantsev told him: “Listen, Senya, we need to finish the book this year.” And Senya's thoughts came in complete, sometimes even in perfect order. ... When later consciousness began to come to him only from time to time, even then he cared most about the book. Nothing else could be expected from him, but suddenly Senya began to express judgments that were unusual for him. Said once:

- We barely know each other.

- Who are we? Ryazantsev asked.

It was possible to say to the Seine: “Remember,” he left, Ryazantsev remained in this life.

(S. Zalygin.)

5. Indicate in the text the words that perform the nominative function and lack it; words denoting and not denoting concepts, as well as pointing to single concepts. Indicate, in addition, words that have different types of meanings: direct and figurative, motivated and unmotivated, free and not free, nominative and expressive-synonymous. Highlight words with autonomous, correlative and deterministic meanings.

1. The book began to be printed. It was called "In defense of the disadvantaged."

2. Books stood in colorful rows on the shelves, and no walls were visible behind them; books lay in high piles on the floor; and behind the store, in two dark rooms, lay all the books, books. And it seemed that the human thought bound by them silently shuddered and rushed out, and there had never been real silence and real peace in this realm of books.

The gray-bearded gentleman with a noble expression spoke respectfully to someone on the phone, cursed in a whisper: "idiots!", and shouted.

- Bear! - and when the boy entered, he made an ignoble and ferocious face and shook his finger. - How many times do you have to scream? Scoundrel!

- Take it to Yegor Ivanovich.

The boy took the bundle with both hands and did not lift it.

- Live! shouted the gentleman.

The boy picked it up and carried it.

- Why are you crying? asked a passerby.

The mouse was crying. Soon a crowd gathered, an angry policeman came with a saber and a pistol, took Mishka and books and drove them all together in a cab to the station.

– What is there? asked the police officer on duty, looking up from the paper he was compiling.

- An unbearable burden, your honor, - the angry policeman answered and poked Mishka forward.

The police officer approached the bundle, still stretching as he walked, putting his legs back and sticking out his chest, heaved a deep sigh and slightly lifted the books.

- Wow! he said with pleasure.

The wrapping paper was torn at the edge, the police officer folded it back and read the title "In Defense of the Dispossessed."

The French writer and journalist Alfred Capu owns the following aphorism:

"The word is like a bag: it takes the form of what is put into it."

These words will help us answer the question, what is the lexical meaning of a word?

The image of the bag, although rather mundane, reminds us that not every word has single meaning, so the bag can be very heavy, because:

words are both single-valued and polysemantic;
they can be used either literally or figuratively, depending entirely on the context in which they are used.

And yet we simply may not know what the word means, and mistakenly ascribe to it a completely different meaning. Therefore, it is necessary to take a closer look at explanatory dictionaries to our oral and written language was accurate, as clear as possible and not full of errors.

Word to science!

In the textbook of the Russian language we read:

The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of the sound complex of a linguistic unit with one or another phenomenon of reality fixed in the minds of speakers.

Not very clear? Then we use the following definition:

Lexical meaning- this is the content of the word, allowing you to get an idea of various phenomena, processes, properties, objects, and so on.

What is the lexical meaning of the word?

The main part of the words performs the so-called nominative function, that is, names objects, as well as their various properties, performed actions, processes, phenomena. These words are characterized as meaningful and independent.

Performing a nominative function, each word can acquire either direct or figurative.

direct- implies a direct connection of the word with the complete concrete phenomenon real life which it stands for. For example, to build means to erect buildings (in direct meaning), but the same word will mean mental intention(make plans), if it is used in a figurative sense.

Figurative meaning is considered secondary, since in the process of its appearance the name and properties of one phenomenon are transferred to another. The figurative meaning is based on associations: common features, similarity, features and so on.

One more example.

Swamp
direct - hot place.
Portable - stagnant processes in society, stagnant time.

Lexical compatibility

one more important concept, which is worth mentioning when it comes to lexical meaning, is compatibility. Not every word can be attached to another. In addition, there are words that can be called "non-free", strongly associated with others and not used without these words.

Among the latter are syntactically or constructively and phraseologically related.

Syntactically conditional- variety figurative meaning appearing in a particular context. AT this case the word begins to perform functions that are not characteristic of it.

For example:

Oh, you stupid oak!

Already done? Well, you're a hammer!

Phraseological connection can be found only in stable expressions and phrases. For example, the adjective "brown", meaning "color", is combined exclusively with the word "hair", and bosom can only be friend.

Deprived words

However, there is a group of words that have no lexical meaning. it

interjections;
particles;
unions;
prepositions.

Train!

To constantly replenish your vocabulary and to know exactly what certain words mean, you can instill in yourself the habit of analyzing words according to the following algorithm:

1. Find out the lexical meaning of the word that it has in the context of the sentence and write it down.

2. Determine how many meanings this word has: many or one.

3. Establish what meaning: direct or figurative, - has the analyzed word.4. Choose synonyms.

5. Choose an antonym.

6. Determine the origin of the word.

7. Establish how widely it is used (common / limited in use, for example, professionalism).

8. Determine if the word is obsolete.

9. Find out if this word is part of set expressions and phraseological units.

Lexical meaning and spelling

In conclusion, we note that often only knowledge of the lexical meaning and the context in which it is used prevent errors from appearing.

Classic example:

It was comfortable to sit in the easy chair.

He started going gray early.

The same can be said about the spelling of roots -equal- and -even-, -poppy- and -mok-. In order to avoid mistakes when writing them, you need to know the meaning of the words in which they are written.

-equal- = same, equal // -even- = smooth, even
-mak- = to lower into liquid // -mok- = to pass moisture

Be careful with the word and fill each vocabulary bag with the right content!

Portal for the student. Self-training

See what the "lexical meaning of the word" is in other dictionaries:

Books

Encyclopedic YouTube

Subtitles

The figurative meaning of the word

Types of lexical meanings of words in Russian

Types of lexical meanings of words in Russian

Word to science!

What is the lexical meaning of the word?

Lexical compatibility

Deprived words

Train!

Lexical meaning and spelling

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