Koine (from Greek koine dialektos - mutual language, adverb) - supra-dialect form of general vernacular, which arose on the basis of one or more dialects and serves as a means of communication (mainly oral) between speakers different dialects or languages. An example of modern K. can serve as a common Brazilian K., which exists in Brazil as a means of communication between Europeans, Africans and Indians speaking different tribal languages. Concrete forms K. depend on historical, geographical, economic, social and other conditions in to-rykh its formation took place. in different historical periods the concept of "K." filled with different content.
Initially, the term "K." called common Greek. a language that developed in the Late Antique, Hellenistic period (4th century BC) based on the dialect of Athens, the so-called. Attic dialect, and served common language business, scientific and artistic literature Ancient Greece up to 2-3 centuries. n. e. Other Greek K. had two varieties - colloquial and literary and written. Hellenistic K. served as the historical basis for the development of the Middle Greek. and New Greek languages.
In the history of education and development of Russian. language K. also played essential role. There are two periods - Kyiv and Moscow. In the 10-11 centuries. in the capital of other Russian. the state of Kyiv, under the influence of its centrist role, from a motley fusion of dialects, a common colloquialism gradually developed. language - K., in which some features were southern in origin, while others were northern (see History of the Russian language). K., which developed in Kyiv, existed in two forms - oral and written. Live dec. element other-rus. language was reflected in private correspondence, legal monuments and secular literature, where K. was used in a processed (“bookish”) and ordered form. Kiev K. contributed to the strengthening of the unity of other Russian. language, etc.-Russian. nationalities.
Since the 14th century, after the collapse of a single other Russian. three languages independent language(Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian) and formations around Moscow of a single ros. states - Moscow. Russia, the processes of formation of the actual Rus. the language, which was originally based on the Rostov-Suz-Dal dialect, and later on sinks. K. (16-17 centuries), reflecting due to the median geopolitical position capital Cities language features both northern and southern dialects, which absorbed their common features and gradually became exemplary. In Moscow. Russia developed original and translated literature of various genres, business writing, but a single lit. there was no language. Moscow K., which provided strong influence on the further destinies Russian language, especially the literary one, formed the basis of the language that began to take shape in the 17th century. Russian national language. Lit. the language also developed on the basis of sinks. TO.
In modern sociolinguistics, the understanding of the term "K." expanded significantly. It refers to any "common" language with wide range communicative spheres, serving as a means of communication in a particular region. One of the related dialects or languages can be used as K., less often a mixed dialect or language, normalized lit. a form of a language or an archaic form common to all dialects or languages, as well as one of the languages most common in a given area. K. has social specialization and its carrier: if a dialect is the language of rural residents, the language of a village, then K. is a “philistine” (urban) language, the language of a city. Thus, urban (main arr. metropolitan) K. and K. of the area (country) are distinguished. K. serves an important prerequisite, and often the basis for the formation of lit. language (especially urban, metropolitan K.). Oral K. occupy an intermediate position between the so-called. lingua franca (functional type of language, which is used as a means of communication between native speakers different languages in limited areas social contacts) and nationwide lit. language. These intermediate forms linguistic existence observed in many countries with developed national languages. In Russian studies, it is noted that most of the modern. rural population in Russia speaks or national lit. language, or in a kind of "transitional K.", to-rye are intermediate forms between the former dialect systems and the national lit. language. In addition to oral, written letters are also possible, for example. Latin as a scientific written language in the Middle Ages. Europe.
In modern conditions of active contacts and mutual influence of languages (see Linguistic Contacts), various functional types of languages arise, which may have similarities with K. For example, they talk about the similarity of K. and so on. national variants developed languages world (cf. "national variants" of the Spanish language in the countries of Latin America, English in the USA, Canada, Australia, Russian in the former republics of the USSR, now neighboring countries). "National variants" have much in common with K., starting from their social function be tongues everyday communication all ra^-speaking groups of the population of the country. They carry the features of a single normalized language of statehood and have or may have a local, local coloration, since the concept of supra-dialect in Kazakhstan does not mean the complete exclusion of regional variation of the language. Sometimes K. is considered on a par with pidgins (a structural-functional type of “mixed
languages, which do not have a community of native speakers and are used as a means of interethnic communication among a multilingual population), however, the process of formation of language is fundamentally different from pidginization, which involves either a significant modification - simplification of the structure of the source language, or mixing systems of various related or not related languages(e.g. European and local languages in the South East. Asia, Africa, etc.). In the process of development, language, as a rule, not only preserves, but also enriches the source language and is most often formed on the basis of a dialect or dialects of one language or on the basis of closely related languages. It is unlawful to spread the concept of "C.", as well as the concepts of "pidgins", "creole languages", "lingua franca" and some others to the international communication or international international languages(in particular, the Russian language, which is both; see Russian language in international communication), which have a global distribution and have broad socio-political and historical-cultural functions, due to which they are special sociolinguistic categories.
Koine
(Greek koina from koine dialektos - common dialect). The national language that arose in ancient Greece in the III-I centuries. BC e. based on the Attic dialect and displaced other dialects of the country. Koine formed the basis for the development of the Middle Greek and Modern Greek languages.
There is the use of the term "Koine" in the sense of "a language that arose on the basis of one or more dialects and serves as a means of inter-dialect communication of multilingual groups of the country's population"
Dictionary of linguistic terms
Koine
(other Greekκοiνή
1) The national language that arose in the IV century. BC. in Dr. Greece based on Attic with elements of the Ionic dialect;
a common language arising from the mixing of a number of related dialects;
an example of natural K. - Latin language, which absorbed the dialects of the Italian tribes;
an example of artificial K. is Sanskrit.
Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms
Koine
Oral means of inter-dialect (less often - inter-ethnic) communication, developed during social and linguistic contact diverse groups population. The term "Koine" was originally used to refer to oral speech, which arose during the communication of speakers of various dialects in ancient Greece. AT modern linguistics K. is understood as a means of everyday communication used by people speaking different social and regional variants of the language (cf .: interdialect). Historically, language may precede the appearance of writing and serve as the basis for the formation of a literary language. For example, the Central Russian dialect is K., which was formed in Moscow and the Moscow region as a result of a long interaction between the North Russian and South Russian dialects, on the basis of which the Great Russian literary language was created. As a rule, K. is a means oral communication, but sometimes this term is also used for written forms language. For example, London city K. acted as a supradialectal form both in the sphere everyday communication, and the areas of urban administration, legal proceedings, etc. The term "Koine" was sometimes used in relation to Latin, which served as an interethnic means of communication in the field of science, religion, jurisprudence, art in countries Western Europe. social background The emergence of an inter-dialect means of communication is the mixed composition of the population living in a certain territory and interacting in trade, cultural, political, and other spheres of activity. The term "Koine" is close to the term " trade language”, since historically K., as a rule, was formed as a result of trade contacts.
urban K. - spoken language, which is being formed as a means of communication for a mixed population living in the city;
regional K. - a means of communication widespread in a certain territory: it arises on the basis of urban K. due to the influence of cities on the economic, cultural and linguistic life of adjacent territories;
emigrant K. - a form of communication of a mixed language community, as a result of mass emigration of native speakers of the national language, represented various forms existence.
See also: ,
Explanatory Translation Dictionary
Koine
a language that arose on the basis of one or more dialects and serves as a means of interdialect communication between multilingual groups of the country's population.
Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms
Koine
♦ (ENG Koine
(Greek koinê - common)
everyday Greek, which was in use among the inhabitants of the Roman Empire, as well as the language, which is written in Crimea New Testament .
Meaning of the word KOINE in Linguistics encyclopedic dictionary
KOINE
(Greek koine dialektos - common language) - functional type language used as the main means of everyday communication with a wide range of communicative spheres in the context of regular social contacts between speakers of different dialects or languages. Originally the term "K." was applied in linguistics only to general grsch. lang., prevailing in the Hellenistic. period (4th-3rd centuries BC) on the Ionian-Attic. lial. basis and served as a single language of business, scientific. and artist literature of Greece until the 2nd-3rd centuries, although already at the beginning of our era. a movement of the Chattikists arises ”(Luknan) against the domination of K., for the revival of the norms of the old Attic. lit-ry; Hellenistic K., which supplanted the ancient Greek. dialects, served ist. the basis of modern Greek dialects that arose after the collapse of K. (see. Greek language). In modern In sociolinguistics, K. is understood more broadly as any means of communication (ch. arr. oral) that ensures the constant communicative connectivity of the yek-poro region; urban K. and K. of the area (country) differ. In the role of K., an over-dialectic form of a definite can act. language, developed on the basis of one or several. dialects, as well as one of the languages represented in this area [for example, in the multilingual Rep. Mali as K. spread the Bamana (Bambara) language, which has iad-dial. form that has taken shape as the metropolitan K. in Bamako]. Oral K. occupy an intermediate position between the lingua franca and the national language. lit. language (see Literary language); K. serves as an important prerequisite for the formation of lit. language (especially urban K.). Sometimes K. is considered on a par with pidgins, but the process of formation of K. is significantly different from pidginization, which involves a noticeable structural modification of the source language, while K. develops, as a rule, along the line of preserving and enriching the language or dialect that becomes K.; A pidgin is formed under the conditions of contact and mutual influence of different languages, while K. most often (although not always) is formed on the basis of dialects of one language or on the basis of close relatives. languages, in dep. In some cases, a pidgin can acquire the functions of K., then developing towards the Creole language (see Creole languages). In addition to oral, written K., Japr. Latin as iauch.-written K. in the Middle Ages. Europe. . Desnitskaya AV, Supra-dialect forms of oral speech and their role in the history of language. L.. 1970; Me il let A., Apercu d "une histoire de la langue grecque, P., 197S.b. A. Vinogradov.
Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is KOINE in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- KOINE
(Greek koine from koinos - common), 1) a common language that arose in the 4th century. BC e. in Dr. Greece on… - KOINE
(from the Greek koine dialektos - a common language), 1) a common Greek language that developed in the 4th century. BC e. based on Attic... - KOINE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Greek koin;, from koinos - general), common people. language that originated in the 4th century. BC. in Dr. Greece on the basis of the Attic ... - KOINE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
(Greek koina from koine dialektos - common dialect). The national language that arose in ancient Greece in the III-I centuries. BC … - KOINE in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(Gr. koine koine dialektos common dialect) lingv. common language, formed on the basis of mixing a number of related dialects and replacing them ... - KOINE in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[gr. koine lingua, a common language formed by mixing a number of related dialects and replacing them all (for example, Greek in Late Antique ... - KOINE in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
- KOINE in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
cf. non-cl. The language of everyday communication of speakers of related languages or dialects, which arose on the basis of the most common of them and absorbed the features of ... - KOINE in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
koin'e, uncl., ... - KOINE full spelling dictionary Russian language:
koine, uncl., ... - KOINE in the Spelling Dictionary:
koin'e, uncl., ... - KOINE in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
(Greek koine, from koinos - common), 1) a common language that arose in the 4th century. BC e. in Dr. Greece on… - KOINE in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
koine cf. non-cl. The language of everyday communication of speakers of related languages or dialects, which arose on the basis of the most common of them and absorbed ... - KOINE in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
- KOINE in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
non-cl. cf. The language of everyday communication of speakers of related languages or dialects, which arose on the basis of the most common of them and absorbed the features of ... - NEW TESTAMENT in the Concise Religious Dictionary:
main (along with Old Testament) literary source Christianity. The New Testament includes (in the sequence of canonization by the church): the Gospels Acts of the Apostles 21 ... - ACTS OF THE HOLY APOSTLES in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
open orthodox encyclopedia"TREE". This article contains incomplete markup. Acts of the Holy Apostles (Greek praxeis ton agion apostolon; Latin Actus ... - DIOD.
- DIOD in the Character Handbook and places of worship Greek mythology:
Diodorus Siculus, 1st century BC e., Greek historian. In his youth, he took a trip to Europe, Asia Minor and South Africa. … - CHRISTIANITY in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
[from Greek. Christ is the Anointed Messiah; according to the testimony of the New Testament text Acts 11:26, formed on the basis of Greek with the use... - LANGUAGE (MEAN OF COMMUNICATION) in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
arising spontaneously in human society and developing system discrete (articulate) sound signs (see. Language sign), intended for the purposes of communication ... - GREEK LANGUAGE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
language, the language of the Greeks, together with the ancient Macedonian language, is included in a special Greek group (branch) Indo-European languages. The number of G. speakers. … - ARABIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
language, the language of the Arabs in the countries of the West. Asia and North. Africa. Belongs to Semitic branch Semitic-Hamitic family of languages. The number of speakers in... - NEW TESTAMENT in Collier's Dictionary:
(Greek kaine diatheke, Latin novum testamentum) contains 27 books that make up the second part of the Christian Bible. Greek word diatheke means "covenant", "testament"; … - SWAHILI
one of the Bantu languages. Distributed in Eastern countries. and Center. Africa (main arr. in the United Republic of Tanzania, in the Republic of ... - SOCIOLINGUISTICS in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(social linguistics) — scientific discipline, developing at the intersection of linguistics, sociology, social psychology and ethnography and studying a wide range of problems related ... - GREEK LANGUAGE in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- one of the Indo-European languages \u200b\u200b(Greek group). Distributed in the south of the Balkan Peninsula and the adjacent islands of the Ionian and Aegean ...
— conditional term denoting languages that have lost communicative functions written monuments various Turkic peoples. The time frames of their existence are quite wide. Most…
ABOUT SLAVIC KOINE.
What is "RUSSIAN LANGUAGE"?
I have always been interested in this question: why is the so-called "Russian language" so surprisingly similar to Bulgarian? I write "Russian" in quotation marks, because SUCH A NATION OR PEOPLE NEVER EXISTED IN NATURE, but SUCH A PHENOMENON AS "RUSSIAN LANGUAGE" EXISTS. What is it historically? When was HE born? And why is HE so similar to the language of the PODUNAV BULGAR? Almost 90-95% of matching words. Why is HE so much less similar to others Slavic languages, for example, into Ukrainian and Belarusian (Litvinian); there are 40-45 percent coincidences (these two mov themselves coincide by 80 percent). But still, 40% is a lot. And what does it really mean?
History of PODUNAV BULGARIANS.
Let's take a closer look at the PODUNAV BULGAR. In the 7th century A.D. under the leadership of Khan Asparuh, they, leaving the hordes of the Khazars, came from Phanagoria (this is where Taman is now, and before the Bulgarians there was the BOSPOR KINGDOM) to the Danube, to the Byzantine province of MIZIA and managed to conquer it and settle there. Emperor Constantine IV the Bearded (ruled from 668 to 685 A.D.), a good strategist, in general, failed to defeat them in battle. Byzantium even paid tribute to the Bulgarians for some time, and then MISIA-BULGARIA became a friendly buffer state for Byzantium.
But here we are interested in something else. Who were the FANAGORSKY BULGARS? TURKIC people speaking the language Turkic group. Similar to the one spoken now by the related VOLGA BULGARS. It was in the 7th century. And already in the 9th, at the time of the Thessalonica brothers, KONSTANTINE and METHODIUS, all the PODUNAV BULGARS spoke the language SLAVIC group. And this language was NOT A LANGUAGE AT ALL, but SLAVIC KOINE, i.e., something like SLAVIC ESPERANTO.
Why did the Bulgarians change the language? There are many reasons: passing through KIEVAN RUS, they picked up a lot of Russians with them, as if they were speaking Slavonic, in MIZIA there were also many Slavic tribes, who, being dissatisfied with Byzantium, joined Asparuh. But still, this is speculation and not the main thing. And the main thing is that, having come to MIZIA, the brave but wild Bulgars, having won the war with Byzantium and conquered the Promised Land, could not oppose the Empire culturally and religiously. BYZANTINE CHRISTIANITY turned out to be MORE THAN BULGARIAN PAGANISM, and the PRIESTS conducted sermons in MIZIA not at all in GREEK KOINE, as in Constantinople, but in SLAVIC KOINE.
These BYZANTINE PRIESTS were cunning! They understood that RELIGION SHOULD SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THE PEOPLE, ELSE IT WILL BE REJECTED FROM IT. They won't take it. But to translate ALL the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, the Apocalypse into the languages of ALL SLAVIC PEOPLES inhabiting the EMPIRE, and even those who do not inhabit it, but depend on it through the PATRIARCH OF CONSTANTINOPLE, oh, what a boring thing! Even unbearable. And THEY decided to create a kind of KOINE-ESPERANTO, in which ALL SLAVIC-CHRISTIANS would UNDERSTAND sermons. And it was called SLAVIC KOINE - OLD SLAVIC LANGUAGE. Or rather, that's what we call it now. And then just SLAVIC. It was an OFFICE LANGUAGE INVENTED BY CHRISTIAN PRIESTS to CARRY OUT SERVICES and TRANSLATE BOOKS INTO IT, first of all, the NEW TESTAMENT OF THE GREEK CANON.
This SLAVIC KOINE was created long before the arrival of the Bulgars in MISIA. But it worked for Bulgar too! And in a century or two, the Bulgars COMPLETELY FORGOT their TURKOBOULGAR (sorry for the term) and SPOKEN IT. For others, for the SLAVIC peoples who accepted CHRISTIANITY, this is KOYNE, this OLD SLAVIC simply left a DEEP SIGNATURE in their native language, and the Danubian Bulgars COMPLETELY FORGET THEIR OLD NATIVE LANGUAGE and began to speak this KOYNE in its PURE FORM. Like the MEXICAN INDIANS speaking SPANISH. It can be seen also because it so happened that this KOINE was very DIFFERENT from their old TURKOBOULGAR, and, if in the languages of other Slavic peoples IT ORIGINALLY ENTERED IN THE FORM OF ITS COMPONENT PART, then for the Turkic-Bulgarians IT REPLACED their old native language FULLY. Just like the Maya Indians.
ABOUT COIN IN GENERAL.
A few words about the history of the term.
KOINE is a special language form used for communication between speakers of different dialects or closely related languages.
KOINE - (Greek koine, from koinos - general):
1) a common language that arose in the 4th century. BC e. in Ancient Greece on the basis of Attic with elements of the Ionic dialect;
2) The language of intertribal or interdialect communication for a number of related tribes or peoples, formed on the basis of the most common language or dialect, which has absorbed the features of other languages or dialects.
In the original sense, KOINE is the GENERAL GREEK LANGUAGE. But its difference from the ANCIENT GREEK is HUGE. Initially, KOINE is a MIXTURE OF DIFFERENT GREEK DIALECTS, then KOINE began to be called that LANGUAGE OF THE HELLENISTIC WORLD, created by the empire of Alexander the Great, continued by Rome, and then byzantine empires. It was also a kind of ESPERANTO, artificial language INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION. This was understood by the KOINE in Rome, and in Macedonia, and in Palestine. The gospels and the entire NEW TESTAMENT were written on this KOINE. The gospel Jesus spoke KOINE. The OLD TESTAMENT was also translated into this KOINE. Sermons were read and liturgical books were written on this KOINE. But the Slavs DID NOT UNDERSTAND THIS KOINE. Therefore, they had to invent their own, SLAVIC KOINE. It is on HIM that I am writing this text.
SLAVIC KOINE and MOSCOVIA.
About KOINE I will continue the story, and now let's return to History. On the territory of the Moscow region in the XI century A.D. was the Finnish land MOKSEL, and the name MOSCOW in Finnish is ROTTEN WATER. Dirty, marshy area. There was no smell of Slavs there, but there were various small Finno-Ugric settlements. "Shelter of a wretched Chukhonian," Pushkin would have written; well, let not Chukhonets, but Moksha, Moksel, Tmutarakan - is there a big difference? In short, ugrofinna. Then the Kyiv conquerors came there in the person of Yuri Dolgoruky, but how many were there? A drop of Slavs in a sea of Finns? Then the Mongols (also ethnically close to the Ugro-Finns) captured this land, Ulus Jochi appeared ( Golden Horde), then separated from it as administrative unit Moscow Ulus, then the Moscow Khanate (Kingdom) and only after 1700, introducing a new chronology, Sir Peter the First (Min Hertz), who so loved everything Western and rightly considered the name Muscovy obscurantist, ordered to call his Empire Russia or Russia, stealing the name from neighbors -Ukrainians, because the successor of the Kyiv RUSIA was by no means MOSCOW, but the LITHUANIAN-RUSSIAN PRINCIPALITY of Vitovt, and after the GREAT PRINCIPALITY OF LITHUANIA, which also included Belarusians (Litvins) and Novgorodians. MOSCOW has always been hostile to these peoples, let us recall the sacking of Novgorod by despot Ivan III (Tatar name Yakub), Livonian War etc. Already in those days Muscovites were sworn enemies Slavs.
Now let's turn to Philology. Naturally, Finno-Ugric people before Dolgoruky, and both under him and after him, spoke their own Finnish. Then the Kyiv conquerors came, they began to rule, and, of course, KNOWING SPEAK KIEV, i.e. on the old Russian language, but what about the common people? Of course not! But, like the PODUNAV BULGARS, but already from the BULGAR BOOKS in the SLAVIC KOIN, through the CHRISTIAN SERVICE, this OFFICE LANGUAGE gradually took root in the FINN-MOSCOVITES. They stopped speaking their YERZA LANGUAGE and switched to THIS KOINE. This process lasted 6 centuries and ended only in the reign of Catherine II. (Bulgars coped in two centuries). And again, this KOINE supplanted almost the entire Old Finnish composition of the vernacular, as happened in the case of the Bulgarians, because Finnish language- not Slavic. Almost only hydronyms and toponyms remained: Moscow, Tver, Narovchat, Murom, Nogai steppe and so on and so forth. But KOINE was enriched by many Mongolian and Turkic words, for example: Scarlet, Batyr (Bogatyr), Head, Kans (from Kan - Blood), Kirdyk, Ataman (from Turk. At - Horse), etc.
This is KOINE - de facto "DOTURKANIC" OLD OB-LGARIAN (of the times of KONSTANTINE and METHODIUS) is the very GREAT RUSSIAN LANGUAGE, the dictionaries of which were later compiled by the Dane Vladimir Dahl and the German Max Vasmer. Again, there were no “Russians” of our own.
ABOUT "WEALTH" OF SANSKRIT AND SLAVIC KOYNE.
History is rich in examples of KOINE. Remember Sanskrit. This is also KOINE, and even what! To all KOINE KOINE!
Here Mikhail Zadornov found Agni (Fire), Tada (Then), Kada (When) there - and rejoices. And immediately the conclusion: Sanskrit originated from "Great Russian". Yes, there can be no more nonsense! Here the German will look there and see many words similar to the Gothic ones. And the Latvian will find words similar to Latvian. And the Swede will find, and the Anglo-Saxon. But the Finn will not find it. And the Estonian too. And Hungarian. Because they are not Aryans, but Finno-Ugric peoples. But all Indo-Europeans will find in Sanskrit a bunch of words similar to words from their native languages. And all because SANSCRIT IS ARYAN KOINE. I don't know how it happened, but the fact is the fact. Here is a link to an English-Sanskrit (and vice versa) dictionary: http://spokensanskrit.de/. I got the most common word Bird and it turned out that in SANSKRIT there are about 500 words denoting this very Bird, about 50 are just a Bird, and the rest: Bird of Prey, Bird of Prey, etc. 500 various words denoting the Bird, this is some kind of horror! And there is only one conclusion: SANSCRIT is still KOINE, cleaner than SLAVIC! It's a wild mix of languages different peoples. And it is not surprising that in Sanskrit one can find the roots of the ancient proto-language.
And the so-called Great Russian language"- this is the SLAVIC KOINE. It was used to glorify the PODUNAV BULGAR, to glorify the Finnish population of medieval Muscovy. This KOINE was composed of the old Russian mov (Ukrainian), Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Moravian, Slovak and other Slavic autochthonous languages, well, and also not without the influence of the Byzantine common Greek (Koine), Latin and Aramaic (also Koine). Having absorbed so many languages, this KOINE absorbed the ancient Aryan words, more precisely, the roots of the Aryan words that were included in these languages. Searching for the etymologies of the words "Russians", these Aryan roots can be found, for example, Ga - Go, Way, from here Ladoga - Way to Lada, but in an explicit form, in the form of words, in "Russian" these roots are still less common than in Sanskrit.
What is the main difference between KOYNE and the language of the AUTOCHTON PEOPLE? It is in the presence of an excessive, exceeding all the limits of necessity, the number of synonyms - times, and in the presence of several DIFFERENT ORIGIN root, original source words denoting various objects and concepts known since ancient times (for example, parts human body, earth, water, top-bottom, etc), - two. Roughly speaking, it is as if several related languages were combined into one. Manufactured, artificial. And then spread with the help of religion, literature, and now the media.
Koine is always "RICHER" than a separate AUTOCHTONOUS LANGUAGE. KOINE IS CONVENIENT, more streamlined, because it was created NOT SPONTANEOUSLY, but by Pundits.
There are, of course, disadvantages: KOINA IS VERY DIFFICULT TO LEARN TO A FOREIGNER, and from Sanskrit, for example, it is often IMPOSSIBLE TO TRANSLATE INTO A NORMAL LANGUAGE AT ALL due to the ambiguity of the translation.
All this is true, and as if there is nothing special about it, but one thing must always be remembered: THOSE WHO SPEAK one of these KOINE, for example, SLAVIC, or, let's say better, UNDERSTAND THIS KOINE, are not a PEOPLE at all. So these "Russians" or "Great Russians" are NOT THE PEOPLE. This is a multi-tribal community, a conglomeration of different ethnic groups, mainly of UGRO-FINNIC ORIGIN.
So what if she has a MEANS OF COMMUNICATION? It doesn't say much. People define BLOOD and ONLY BLOOD. Algerian - is that a Frenchman, or what, he even live in Paris? And a Jew living in America will still remain a Jew, even if he DOES NOT KNOW HEBREW. What is "Russian"? The stolen name of a neighboring people? Who are the "Russians"? Yes, no one. Where, tell me, in Russia, in the Russian Federation is the LAND, REGION, TERRITORY, SLOBODA, finally, where are THEIR ROOTS themselves, where did the "RUSSIAN" GO?
THERE IS NO SUCH LAND AND THERE WAS NEVER.
THEY ARE NOT SLAVES AT ALL.
WHAT "RUSSIAN WORLD" ARE THEY TALKING ABOUT?
INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION.
Certainly, Putin will become the gravedigger of his delusional ideology of the "Russian world".
Jews all over the world can, in a sense, not get enough of Putin: anti-Semitism has sharply declined, and Russophobia has risen sharply. All over the world, now every day they hate the "Russians" more and more, and for this Putin "great thanks to the Komsomol."
And here are two more quotes.
One Count Tolstoy, the author of "Banka", "Peter I", a notorious Stalinist at the end of his life and an obscurantist nationalist at the beginning. But it was also talented person(without quotes), sometimes he was visited right thoughts. WHITE, and then RED COUNT A.N. Tolstoy wrote:
"There are two Russias. The first Kievan has its roots in the world, and at least in European culture. The ideas of goodness, honor, freedom, justice were understood by this Russia in the same way as the entire Western world understood it.
And there is also a second Russia - Moscow. This is Russia of the Taiga, Mongolian, wild, bestial. This Russia has made bloody despotism and wild bitterness its national ideal. This Muscovite Russia, from ancient times was, is, and will be a complete denial of everything European and a bitter enemy of Europe.
The second, however, is not Russia, but Muscovy. And the rest is all the same.
And here is another.
“In the bloody swamp of Muscovite slavery, and not in the harsh glory of the Norman era, stands the cradle of Russia… Having changed names and dates, we will see that the policy of Ivan III and the policy of the modern Muscovite empire are not only similar, but also identical… Russia was born and brought up in disgusting and humiliated school of Mongol slavery. It became strong only because it was unsurpassed in the skill of slavery. Even when Russia became independent, it remained a country of slaves. Peter I combined the political cunning of the Mongol slave with the greatness of the Mongol ruler, to whom Genghis Khan bequeathed to conquer the world.The policy of Russia is unchanged.Russian methods and tactics have changed and will continue to change, however the main objective Russian politics- to conquer the world and rule in it - is and will be unchanged. "Moscow pan-Slavism" is just one of the forms of occupation. "(Karl Marx. "Revelations diplomatic history XVIII century". Chapter 4.).
Literature.
1. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.
2. Desnitskaya A. V. Supra-dialect forms of oral speech and their role in the history of language. L., 1970.
3. Wikipedia http://wikipedia-info.ru/tag/kojne-wikipediya/.
4. Bilіnskiy V. - Kraina Moksel, or Moskoviya. Historical reference. In 3 books. K.: Vidavnitstvo named after Oleni Teligi, 2012.
These terms are often used interchangeably. However, it is advisable to distinguish between the concepts hidden behind these names: slang is, unlike jargon, to some extent a secret language created specifically to make speech a given language. social group incomprehensible to outsiders. According to the authors of the modern dictionary of linguistic terms, "... in the jargon, the expression of belonging to a [given] group prevails, in the slang - language disguise of the content of communication" [Vasilyeva et al. 1995: 38]. But this opposition concerns, first of all, the history of the formation of jargons and slang. Simultaneously, the "secrecy" of criminal slang is quite relative; those who fight crime tend to speak the language quite well, and the idea of secretly negotiating slang in the presence of the alleged victim of a crime seems generally naive. For this purpose, within the framework of specific criminal communities, one-time codes of the same type are created, which, judging by the movies, are used in open correspondence by enemy spies and Soviet intelligence officers.
Term slang more characteristic of the Western linguistic tradition.
Argo, jargon, slang are varieties of sociolect. The specifics of each
of these language formations may be due to professional
isolation of certain groups or their social isolation
from the rest of society. Computer jargon (slang) is an example of professionally specific language formations, thieves' slang, student slang are examples of socially specific subcodes. Sometimes a group can be isolated both professionally and socially; the speech of such a group has the properties of both professional and social jargon (slang, slang). An example is soldier's jargon, since military science is a profession, people engaged in this profession live their own life, quite isolated from the rest of society.
9. Koine
In modern sociolinguistics, Koine is understood as such a means
everyday communication that connects people who speak different regional or social variants of a given language. The role of Koine can be played by supra-dialectal forms of the language - a kind of inter-dialects that combine the features of different territorial dialects - or one of the languages functioning in a given area. The concept of Koine is especially relevant when describing the language life of large cities, in which masses of people with different speech skills mix. Intergroup communication in the city requires the development of such a means of communication that would be understandable to everyone. This is how urban koine appeared, serving the needs of everyday, mainly oral, communication of different groups of the urban population.
In addition to the urban Koine, the Koine of the area is distinguished, that is, a certain territory in which it is distributed given language(or languages). Thus, in the multilingual Republic of Mali (Africa), the Bamana language, which has a supra-dialectal form, is used as Koine [Vinogradov 1990]. The concept of Koine is sometimes applied to written forms of the language, such as Latin, which was used as the language of science in medieval Europe.
