Rhythmic changes in physiological functions inherent in living organisms. Rhythmic activity is inherent in any complex system consisting of many interacting elements. The latter also have rhythm, while the processes of all the elements that make up the system are coordinated with each other in time - a certain rhythm of the alternation of processes and a change (increase or decrease) in the intensity of each of them arises.

As a result, a certain synchronization is created. various processes in system. In its turn, this system interacts with the system higher order, which also has its own biorhythm.

There are several groups rhythmic processes in the body:

• high-frequency rhythms with a period from fractions of a second to 30 minutes ( electrical phenomena in the body, breathing, pulse, etc.);
• rhythm of average frequency with a period of 30 minutes to 6 days (changes metabolic processes, biologically active substances of the blood and other processes associated with the change of activity and rest, sleep and wakefulness);
• low-frequency rhythms with a period of fluctuation from 6 days to 1 year (ovarian-menstrual cycle, weekly, lunar, annual rhythm of hormone excretion, etc.).

AT balneology importance have seasonal or circadian - circadian rhythms(from lat. cirka - about and dies - day). They must be taken into account when sending patients and vacationers to a resort in contrasting climatic regions, when prescribing medical procedures.

To adapt to new environmental conditions when moving, a change is necessary biorhythms, development of chronophysiological adaptation. These issues are dealt with by the biorhythmology of movement - a science that objectively studies and quantifies the mechanisms of the biological temporal structure, including the rhythmic manifestations of life, the reaction of biorhythms to change geographical location organism (Matyukhin V.A., 2000).

Seasonal Rhythms determined by climate this region. The range of annual fluctuations in illumination depends on the geographical latitude of the area, as well as on a number of other geographical factors associated with the flow of forming processes (atmospheric circulation, etc.). Moving from north to south or from south to north, a person finds himself in new environmental conditions that differ from the previous ones in the nature of illumination and climatic and weather features. The most noticeable disruption of various processes during the transition from south to north in winter or summer, i.e. during the polar night or polar day. The timing of the seasons in different geographical latitudes do not coincide: when spring is already coming in the south, snow blizzards are still raging in the north; when a person falls into another season, the seasonal rhythm of metabolic processes and physiological functions, which was fixed in the process of development, is disturbed. For example, in winter, the sympathetic-adrenal system is stimulated, pulmonary ventilation and basal metabolism increase, its character changes in the form of increased lipid metabolism, etc. In summer, changes often have the opposite character (Voronin N. M., 1986; Gavrilov N . N., Chkotua M. E., 1999).

circadian rhythms determined by the change of day and night, i.e., the nature of the illumination. They change when moving from north to south or from south to north (especially in winter and summer), and from west to east or from east to west. In the latter case, rapid movement (flight) always causes a more different reaction than in the first, from north to south.

In every biorhythm distinguish between: period - the time during which the changing value makes full cycle- the number of periods per unit of time; amplitude - the difference between the largest and the smallest values changing value (range); phase - the position of a certain point of the curve in relation to the time axis (acrophase - the time of the appearance of the largest value of the indicator). In violation of biorhythms, all these indicators change.

With the restructuring of the daily rhythm of a person, the development of pathological conditions is possible - desynchronosis. They arise as a result of a significant violation of the biorhythm caused by a mismatch between the physiological rhythms of the body and external time sensors.

Clinically desynchronosis are manifested by fatigue, weakness, decreased efficiency, sleep and wakefulness disturbance, digestive tract activity, etc. With significant violations of the daily stereotype, neurasthenic syndrome may develop.

Severity of changes biorhythms, the speed of their adaptation to new conditions depends on a number of factors. Other equal conditions when flying from west to east, when biorhythms should, as it were, “catch up” the local time, adaptation period longer than during flights from east to west, when human biorhythms, as it were, “ahead of events” and must “expect” when they “should be expected” when they are “caught up” by local time (G. S. Katinas, N. Moiseeva . I., 1999).

At the same time, the place of permanent residence of a person, the nature of the established biorhythm are of great importance. In these cases, when returning to normal conditions biorhythms rebuild faster than when moving to new conditions, regardless of the direction of movement. Thus, in Siberian residents, when flying to the Crimea, a new daily stereotype is established slowly, has a “loose” character, and after the flight back, it quickly collapses and the previous rhythm is restored. An important role is played by the distance a person moves, the speed of movement. According to a number of authors, when crossing 2-3 time zones desynchronosis do not develop (Evuikhevich A.V., 1997), others noted the development desynchronosis with a shift of 2 hours (Stepanova S.I., 1995). Fast movement has a more pronounced effect on biorhythms than slow movement.

Changing biorhythms is a strong, stressful load not only for patients whose adaptive mechanisms are usually weakened, but also for healthy people. In this regard, it is necessary to take measures to accelerate chronophysiological adaptation, taking into account the individual characteristics of human biorhythms.

According to the position of the maximum activity, rhythms are distinguished from the morning (" larks"") and evening (" owls") temporary organization.

"Owls" somewhat easier than the "larks", they adapt to the delay of the time sensor of the flight to the west), since in this case the day lengthens and activity is required during the period corresponding to the evening hours according to local time.

"Larks" somewhat easier than "owls", they adapt to the advance of the time sensor (flight to the east). At the same time, the psychophysiological characteristics of a person are of no small importance. Persons with a predominance of parasympathetic autonomic tone nervous system, having stable rhythms, adapt worse than those with a predominance of the tone of the sympathetic part, the elderly are harder than the young (Matyukhin V.A., 2001).

Chronophysiological adaptation can be accelerated. So, for faster falling asleep, warm baths, soothing exercises and self-hypnosis, sleeping pills that do not cause aftereffects and do not violate the structure of sleep (eunoctin, quiadon) are recommended. Walking and physical activity are recommended to maintain vigor. Moderate physical activity contributes to the normalization and synchronization of circadian rhythms, while hypokinesia leads to their flattening and shift to later hours.

Various adaptogens(ginseng, eleutherococcus, golden root, etc.). For a flight through 2-4 time zones, morning and afternoon hours are recommended, after 6-8 time zones - in the evening.

Throughout the period of chronophysiological adaptation, strict medical control is necessary.

Take account of biological rhythms necessary during treatment. Chronopharmacology as a branch of chronopathology and pharmacology, it investigates the effect of the influence of medicinal substances depending on time and application, as well as on the temporal (rhythmic) structure of the body under the influence of appropriate influences. It is also appropriate here to talk about chronotherapy, i.e., about such application of therapeutic measures, which provides the greatest therapeutic effect due to the consideration of biorhythms.

Medical rehabilitation. / Ed. V. M. Bogolyubov. Book I
- M.: Binom, 2010. Chapter 4. Natural physical factors used for rehabilitation. - 4.1. Climatic factors. - Physiological mechanisms of climate influence on the body. - FROM.58-60.

biological rhythms organism are changes in the nature and intensity biological processes in the body, which have a certain periodicity. They are present in every living organism and are so accurate that they are even called " biological clock” or “internal clock”. In fact, it is the biorhythms that govern our lives, although we are not even aware of this. But if you think about it, the importance of human biological rhythms becomes obvious, because even the main organ - the heart, works in a certain rhythm, which is set by the very "internal clock". But what are these biological rhythms and what role do they play in human lives, what is their significance? Let's take a closer look at these issues.

Types of biological rhythms

All biological rhythms are divided into certain types. At the same time, there are several different classifications based on different criteria. The most common, one might even say, the main classification, is the one in which the criterion is the length of the period of biological rhythms.

According to this classification, there are circadian, ultradian, infradian, circumlunar and lunar-monthly biological rhythms. Circadian rhythms have a periodicity of about twenty-four hours and are the most studied of all. Ultradian rhythms are about hourly. Infradian - rhythms whose frequency is more than twenty-four hours. The remaining two biological rhythms are associated with the lunar phases.

There is also a classification of biorhythms according to the source of origin. They are divided into physiological, geophysical and geosocial. Physiological - these are the biorhythms of the internal organs of a person, which do not depend on external factors. Geophysical biorhythms are already closely dependent on external factors environment. And geosocial rhythms are not innate, unlike the first two, and are formed under the influence of both environmental factors and under the influence of social factors.

The role of biological rhythms in human life

There is a very conditional, according to scientists chronobiologists, theory of three biorhythms. According to her, the state of a person is determined by three biorhythms: physical, intellectual and emotional. And there are days when some biorhythms are more active than others, since they all have a different degree of periodicity. That is why in certain days and for a certain time there are bursts, for example, of physical activity during bad mood, or outliers positive emotions, and, perhaps, there is a huge desire to engage in some kind of mental activity.

That is, activity completely depends on biorhythms. human body and his condition. Therefore, you should not “force” your body. On the contrary, you need to listen to it and use your own resources wisely.

For example, sleep and its meaning, like biological rhythm is perhaps one of the most important. That is why you can’t go to bed too late or sleep too little, because this implies a violation of absolutely all body biorhythms. In general, scientists have found that the best sleep occurs between twenty-three hours and seven. And going to bed after midnight is very harmful for mental activity, that is, intellectual biorhythms.

We must not forget that a person is still part of nature, therefore, the phases of the moon also influence him. For example, many people feel low on the new moon and increased activity during the full moon.

The science that studies rhythm in biology arose in late XVIII century. Its founder is the German doctor Christopher William Hufeland. From his submission, a long period of the organism was considered dependent solely on external cyclic processes, primarily on the rotation of the Earth around the Sun and own axis. Today, chronobiology is popular. According to the theory that dominates in it, the causes of biorhythms lie both outside and inside a particular organism. Moreover, changes that repeat over time are characteristic not only of individual individuals. They pervade all levels. biological systems from the cell to the biosphere.

Rhythm in biology: definition

Thus, the considered property is one of the fundamental characteristics of living matter. Rhythm in biology can be defined as fluctuations in the intensity of processes and physiological reactions. It represents periodic changes in the state of the environment of a living system, arising under the influence of external and internal factors. They are also called synchronizers.

Biorhythms that do not depend on external (acting on the system from the outside) factors are endogenous. Exogenous, respectively, do not respond to the impact of internal (acting within the system) synchronizers.

The reasons

As already noted, at the first stages of the formation of a new science, rhythm in biology was considered due only to external factors. This theory was replaced by the hypothesis of internal determination. In her external factors played a minor role. However, rather quickly, researchers came to understand the high value of both types of synchronizers. Today it is believed that biological endogenous in nature, are subject to change under the influence of external environment. This idea is at the center of the multioscillatory model of regulation of such processes.

The essence of the theory

According to this concept, endogenous genetically programmed oscillatory processes are affected by external synchronizers. A huge number of internal rhythmic vibrations multicellular organism arranged in a certain hierarchical order. Its maintenance is based on neurohumoral mechanisms. They coordinate the phase relationships of different rhythms: unidirectional processes proceed synchronously, while incompatible ones work in antiphase.

It is difficult to imagine all this activity without some kind of oscillator (coordinator). In the theory under consideration, three interconnected regulatory systems are distinguished: the pineal gland, the pituitary gland and the adrenal glands. The epiphysis is considered the most ancient.

Presumably, in organisms at low stages of evolutionary development, the pineal gland plays leading role. The melatonin secreted by them is produced in the dark and breaks down in the light. In fact, it informs all cells about the time of day. As the organization becomes more complex, the pineal gland begins to play a secondary role, giving way to the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. The question of the relationship in the regulation of biorhythms of both structures has not been fully resolved. In any case, according to the theory, they have a "helper" - the adrenal glands.

Kinds

All biorhythms are divided into two main categories:

physiological are fluctuations in the work of individual body systems;

ecological, or adaptive, are necessary to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions.

Also common is the classification proposed by the chronobiologist F. Halberg. He took their duration as the basis for the division of biological rhythms:

high frequency fluctuations - from a few seconds to half an hour;

fluctuations in the average frequency - from half an hour to six days;

low frequency fluctuations - from six days to a year.

Processes of the first type are respiration, heartbeat, electrical activity of the brain and other similar rhythms in biology. Examples of fluctuations in the average frequency are changes during the day of metabolic processes, sleep and wakefulness. The third includes seasonal, annual and lunar rhythms.

Synchronizers external to a person are divided into social and physical. The first is the daily routine and various norms adopted at work, in everyday life or in society as a whole. Physical synchronizers are represented by the change of day and night, the strength of electromagnetic fields, fluctuations in temperature, humidity, and so on.

Desynchronization

The ideal state of the body occurs when the internal biorhythms of a person work in accordance with external conditions. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. The state when there is a mismatch between internal rhythms and external synchronizers is called desynchronosis. It also exists in two versions.

Internal desynchronosis is a mismatch of processes directly in the body. A common example is disruption of the rhythms of sleep and wakefulness. External desynchronosis is a mismatch of internal biological rhythms and environmental conditions. Such violations occur, for example, when flying from one time zone to another.

Desynchronosis manifests itself in the form of a change in such physiological indicators as blood pressure. Often it is accompanied by increased irritability, lack of appetite, fatigue. According to chronobiologists, as mentioned above, any disease is the result of a mismatch of certain oscillatory processes.

Daily biological rhythms

Understanding the logic of oscillation physiological processes allows you to optimize your activities. In this sense, the importance of biological rhythms lasting about a day is especially great. They are used both to determine the effective and for medical diagnosis, treatment, and even the choice of the dose of drugs.

In the human body, a day is a period of fluctuation of a huge number of processes. Some of them change significantly, others minimally. It is important at the same time that the indicators of both of them do not go beyond the norm, that is, they do not become threatening to health.

Temperature fluctuations

Thermoregulation - the key to constancy internal environment, which means the proper functioning of the body for all mammals, including humans. The change in temperature occurs during the day, while the range of fluctuations is quite small. The minimum indicators are typical for the period from one in the morning to five in the morning, the maximum ones are recorded at about six in the evening. The amplitude of the oscillations is usually less than one degree.

Cardiovascular and endocrine systems

The work of the main "motor" of the human body is also subject to fluctuations. There are two time points at which activity decreases of cardio-vascular system: one in the afternoon and nine in the evening.

All blood-forming organs have their own rhythms. Bone marrow activity peaks in the early morning, and spleen activity peaks at eight o'clock in the evening.

The secretion of hormones is also unstable throughout the day. The concentration of adrenaline in the blood increases in the early morning and reaches its peak by nine o'clock. This feature explains the cheerfulness and activity that are most often characteristic of people in the morning.

Midwives know a curious statistic: in most cases, labor begins around midnight. This is also due to the peculiarities of the work. By this time, the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is activated, which produces the corresponding hormones.

Meat in the morning, milk in the evening

For adherents proper nutrition facts related to the digestive system will be curious. The first half of the day is the time when peristalsis intensifies gastrointestinal tract increases the production of bile. The liver actively consumes glycogen in the morning and releases water. From these patterns, chronobiologists deduce simple rules: it is better to eat heavy and fatty foods in the morning, and after lunch and in the evening, dairy products and vegetables are ideal.

performance

It's no secret that a person's biorhythms affect his activity during the day. Fluctuations at different people have specific features, but general patterns can be identified. Three "bird" chronotypes that connect biological rhythms and performance are probably known to everyone. These are "lark", "owl" and "dove". The first two are extreme options. "Larks" are full of strength and energy in the morning, get up easily and go to bed early.

"Owls", like their prototype, are nocturnal. The active period for them begins at about six in the evening. Getting up early can be very difficult for them to endure. "Doves" are able to work both during the day and in the evening. In chronobiology they are called arrhythmics.

Knowing your type, a person can more effectively manage own activities. However, there is an opinion that any "owl" can become a "lark" if desired and perseverance, and the division into three types is due, rather, to habits than to inherent features.

Permanent change

The biorhythms of humans and other organisms are not rigid, permanently fixed signs. In the process of onto- and phylogenesis, that is individual development and evolution, they change with certain regularities. What is responsible for such shifts is still unclear. There are two main versions of this. According to one of them, changes are driven by a mechanism laid down at the cellular level - it can be called

Another hypothesis assigns the main role in this process to geophysical factors that have yet to be studied. Adherents of this theory explain the differences in the biorhythms of individuals by their position on the evolutionary ladder. The higher the level of organization, the more intense the metabolism. At the same time, the nature of the indicators does not change, but the amplitude of the oscillation increases. Rhythm itself in biology and its synchronization with geophysical processes, they consider as a result of the work natural selection, leading to the transformation of the external (for example, the change of day and night) into the internal (period of activity and sleep) rhythm fluctuation.

The influence of age

Chronobiologists managed to establish that in the process of ontogenesis, depending on the stage passed by the organism, circadian rhythms change. Each development corresponds to its fluctuations of internal systems. Moreover, the change in biological rhythms is subject to a certain pattern, described Russian specialist G.D. Gubin. It is convenient to consider it on the example of mammals. In them, such changes are associated primarily with the amplitudes of circadian rhythms. From the first stages of individual development, they increase and reach a maximum in young and adulthood. Then the amplitudes begin to decrease.

These are not the only rhythm changes associated with age. The sequences of acrophases also change (acrophase is the point in time when maximum value parameter) and range value age norm(chronodesma). If we take into account all these changes, it becomes obvious that it is in adulthood that biorhythms are perfectly coordinated and the human body is able to withstand various external influences, while maintaining its health. Over time, the situation is changing. As a result of the mismatch of various rhythms, the health reserve is gradually depleted.

Chronobiology proposes to use similar patterns to predict diseases. On the basis of knowledge about the peculiarities of fluctuations in human circadian rhythms throughout life, it is theoretically possible to build a certain graph that reflects the stock of health, its maxima and minima over time. Such testing is a matter of the future, according to most scientists. However, there are theories that allow us to build something similar to such a schedule now.

three rhythms

Let's open a little the veil of secrecy and talk about how to determine your biorhythms. The calculation in them is done on the basis of the theory of psychologist Herman Svoboda, physician Wilhelm Fiss and engineer Alfred Teltscher, created by them on turn of XIX and XX centuries. The essence of the concept is that there are three rhythms: physical, emotional and intellectual. They occur at the time of birth and throughout life do not change their frequency:

physical - 23 days;

emotional - 28 days;

intellectual - 33 days.

If you build a graph of their changes over time, it will take the form of a sinusoid. For all three parameters, the part of the wave above the Ox axis corresponds to an increase in indicators, below it there is a zone of decline in physical, emotional and mental capabilities. Biorhythms, which can be calculated according to a similar schedule, at the point of intersection with the axis signal the beginning of a period of uncertainty, when the body's resistance to environmental influences drops sharply.

Definition of indicators

The calculation of biological rhythms based on this theory can be done independently. To do this, you need to calculate how much you have already lived: multiply your age by the number of days in a year (do not forget that there are 366 in a leap year). The resulting figure must be divided by the frequency of the biorhythm you are plotting (23, 28 or 33). You get some integer and a remainder. Multiply the whole part again by the duration of a particular biorhythm? f subtract the resulting value from the number of days lived. The remainder will be the number of days in the period at the present time.

If the value obtained does not exceed one-fourth of the cycle time, this is the rise time. Depending on the biorhythm, it suggests cheerfulness and physical activity, good mood and emotional stability, creative inspiration and intellectual uplift. A value equal to half the duration of the period symbolizes the time of uncertainty. Getting into the last third of the duration of any biorhythm means being in the zone of decline in activity. At this time, a person tends to get tired faster, the danger of illness increases if we are talking about the physical cycle. Emotionally, there is a decrease in mood up to depression, a deterioration in the ability to restrain strong internal impulses. At the level of intellect, the period of recession is characterized by difficulty in making decisions, some inhibition of thought.

Relation to theory

AT scientific world the concept of three biorhythms in this format is generally criticized. There is no good reason to believe that anything in the human body can be so unchanging. This is evidenced by all the discovered patterns that govern rhythm in biology, the characteristics of internal processes inherent in different levels of living systems. Therefore, the described calculation method and the whole theory are most often proposed to be considered as an interesting pastime, but not a serious concept, on the basis of which it is worth planning your activities.

The biological rhythm of sleep and wakefulness is thus not the only one that exists in the body. All systems that make up our body are subject to fluctuations, and not only at the level of such large formations like the heart or lungs. Rhythmic processes are already embedded in cells, and therefore are characteristic of living matter as a whole. The science that studies such fluctuations is still quite young, but it is already striving to explain many of the patterns that exist in human life and in all nature. Already accumulated data suggest that the potential of chronobiology is actually very high. Perhaps, in the near future, doctors will also be guided by its principles, prescribing doses of drugs in accordance with the characteristics of the phase of a particular biological rhythm.

Biological rhythms of body functions

According to the most common hypothesis, a living organism is an independent oscillatory system, which is characterized by a whole set of internally connected rhythms. They allow the body to successfully adapt to cyclic changes in the environment. Scientists believe that in the centuries-old struggle for existence, only those organisms survived that could not only catch changes in natural conditions, but also to tune the rhythmic apparatus to the beat of external vibrations, which meant the best adaptation to the environment. For example, in autumn, many birds fly south, and some animals hibernate.

Winter hibernation helps animals survive the unfavorable period. They accurately determine the time for hibernation.

Scientists have convincingly proved the existence of an internal, natural conditionality of the main biological rhythms in the human body. So, in identical twins, these rhythms are similar. Such a case is known: two brothers were separated shortly after birth and were brought up in different families, not knowing each other. However, both showed a penchant for the same occupations, had the same tastes and chose the same specialty. But the most striking thing was that the twin brothers grew up and developed according to the same genetic program, lived according to the same biological clock. Similar examples enough can be cited. However, in science, there is an opposite point of view on the nature of biological rhythms.

"A system permeated through and through with rhythms" - so figuratively called a person one of the founders of the national school of researchers of biological rhythms B. S. Alyakrinsky. The main conductor of this system is circadian rhythm. In this rhythm, all body functions change: at present, science has reliable information about the daily periodicity of more than 400 functions and processes. In a complex ensemble of circadian rhythms, scientists consider the rhythm of body temperature to be one of the main factors: at night, its indicators are the lowest, in the morning the temperature rises and reaches a maximum by 18 hours. This rhythm throughout years evolution made it possible to adjust the activity of the human body to periodic temperature fluctuations in the environment.

Unknown and previously unrecognized chronobiology, although asserting its own ancient origin from Hippocrates himself, was accepted as an equal among other sciences in the spring of 1960 in American city Cold Spring Harbor at the International Symposium, dedicated to research rhythms in living systems. Currently learned societies chronobiologists exist in all developed countries of the world. Their activities are coordinated by European and international societies, the latter publishing a special journal and gathering scientists to its congresses every two years.

For a long time already, a person has not experienced such sharp fluctuations in the environment: clothing and housing provided him with an artificial temperature environment, but body temperature varies, as it did many centuries ago. And these fluctuations are of no less importance for the body, because the temperature determines the rate of flow biochemical reactions, which are the material basis of all manifestations of human activity. During the day, the temperature is higher - the activity of biochemical reactions increases and the metabolism in the body occurs more intensively; consequently, the level of wakefulness is higher. By evening, the body temperature drops, and it is easier for a person to fall asleep.

The rhythm of body temperature is repeated by indicators of many body systems: this is primarily the pulse, blood pressure, respiration, etc.

Nature has reached perfection in the synchronization of rhythms. So, by the time a person wakes up in the blood, they accumulate biologically active substances, adrenaline, hormones of the adrenal cortex, etc. All this prepares a person for daytime active wakefulness: blood pressure, pulse rate increase, muscle strength, performance and endurance increase.

An example of the expediency of the existence of a daily rhythm is demonstrated by the kidneys. In the main structural formation of the kidneys (glomeruli), blood is filtered, resulting in the formation of "primary urine". However, it contains many more substances necessary for the body, therefore, in another part of the kidneys (tubules), these substances enter the bloodstream. Proteins, phosphorus, amino acids and other compounds are absorbed in the tubular section closest to the glomeruli (the so-called proximal one). In the far (or distal) part of the tubules, water is absorbed, and thereby the volume of urine decreases. As a result of chronobiological studies, it was found that the proximal tubules of the kidneys are most active in the morning and afternoon hours, so at this time the excretion of protein, phosphorus and other substances is minimal. The distal part of the tubules functions most intensively at night and early morning hours: Water is reabsorbed and urine volume decreases at night. At the same time, a greater excretion of phosphates facilitates the release of the body from unnecessary acids.

In the implementation of rhythmic fluctuations in body functions, a special role belongs to the endocrine system. Light, falling on the retina, through the optic nerves transmits excitation to one of the most important parts of the brain - the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the highest vegetative center, which carries out complex coordination of the functions of internal organs and systems into the integral activity of the body. It is associated with the pituitary gland - the main regulator of the endocrine glands. So, the hypothalamus - pituitary gland - endocrine glands - "working" organs. As a result of the work of this chain, the hormonal background changes, and with it the activity physiological systems. Steroid hormones have direct influence and on the state nerve cells, changing the level of their excitability, therefore, in parallel with fluctuations in the hormonal level, the mood of a person changes. This determines the high level of body functions during the day and low - at night.

During one of the heart transplants done to a person, the pacemaker remained functioning in the heart - that part of the heart muscle that sets the rhythm for the whole heart. Its daily rhythm was somewhat different from the daily rhythm of the recipient, i.e., the patient who received a new heart. And here in English magazine"Nature" Kraft, Alexander, Foster, Leachman and Linscombe described this amazing case. The patient's circadian heart rate, or pulse rate, was 135 minutes out of phase with the circadian temperature rhythm. Here it should be repeated that the highest pulse rate practically coincides with the maximum body temperature. It is no coincidence that if there is no thermometer, the doctor counts the pulse or the number of breaths to determine the temperature: when it rises by 1 ° C, the heart rate increases by about 10-15 beats per minute, and the pulse rate correlates with the respiratory rate as 1: 4.

Scientists from the Research Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences came to the conclusion that not only the heart pulsates in the human body, but also ... the intestines when it performs its evacuation function, that is, it is cleansed. A sign of the disease should be considered not only a rare (1-2 times a week) stool, but also a violation of the daily rhythm. Paying attention to this deviation from the norm, it is possible to prevent the development of serious ailments that occur due to constipation. It is known that the rhythm of metabolism is preserved in the so-called tissue culture, i.e., when tissues are grown "in a test tube."

Researchers believe that for a person the predominant value is social factors: the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness, the mode of work and rest, the work of public institutions, transport, etc. They agreed to be called "social time sensors" in contrast to "natural time sensors" (light, ambient temperature, ionic composition of air, electric and the Earth's magnetic fields, etc.).

The social nature of man and the artificial environment created by him contribute to the fact that in a normal state he does not feel expressed seasonal fluctuations functional state. Nevertheless, they exist and are clearly manifested - especially in diseases. Accounting for these fluctuations in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases forms the basis of practical chronobiology.

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Biorhythms - the cyclical nature of processes in a living organism. The main external rhythms that affect human biocycles are natural (Sun, Moon ...) and social ( work week…) The leading internal chronometers of the human body are located: in the head (pineal gland, hypothalamus) and in the heart. Biorhythms can change, synchronizing with external rhythms - cycles of illumination (change of day and night, light).

A person from the day of birth is in three biological rhythms - physical, emotional and intellectual:

23 day rhythm- this is physical rhythm, it determines the health, strength and endurance of a person;
28 day rhythm- this is an emotional rhythm, it affects the state of the nervous system, mood, love, optimism, etc .;
33 day rhythm is an intellectual rhythm. It determines the creative abilities of the individual. auspicious days The 33-day rhythmic cycle is characterized by creative activity, luck and success accompany a person. AT bad days there is a creative slump.

Each of the three long-term rhythmic cycles begins at birth. Its further development can be depicted as a sinusoid (graph). The higher the curve rises, the higher the ability corresponding to this mark. The lower it falls, the lower the corresponding energy. Periodic days are considered critical when the curve is at the intersection of the scale. This is an unfavorable time.

In this way, calculation of biorhythms quite uncomplicated. Starting from the exact date of your birth, count how many days you have lived. To do this, multiply 365 days in a year by the number of years lived, and multiply the number of leap years by 366 days. The leaps are: 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980,1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2012, 2012, 2012 , 2016.

Calculate the total number of days lived. Now you know how many days you have been living in this world. Divide this number by the number of days of the biorhythm you want to calculate: 23, 28, 33. The remainder will show you where you are currently on the curve. For example, if the remainder is 12, then the 12th day of the biorhythm that you consider is coming. This is the first half of the cycle, usually it is favorable. If the cycle is at chart zero, then it's a bad day. In addition, the days when the lines of biorhythms cross the horizontal line in the center of the graph are the so-called critical days, when your abilities are completely unpredictable. A person on such days feels a breakdown and lack of energy.

Each biorhythm has 3 periods: high energy period, low energy period and biorhythm critical days. Let's take a closer look:

23 day rhythm

High energy (0-11 days): good physical health, resistance to stress, disease and high vitality, strong sexual desire, the danger of overestimating one's strength.
Low energy (12-23 days): increased fatigue, at this time it is recommended to rest more and conserve energy.
Critical days (11, 12, 23 days): reduced resistance to disease, a tendency to erroneous actions.

28 day rhythm

High energy (0-14 days): intense emotional and spiritual life, favorable time for friendship and love, increase creativity and interest in the new, a tendency to increased emotionality.
Low energy (14-28 days): self-doubt, passivity, underestimation of one's capabilities.
Critical days (14, 28 days): a tendency to mental conflicts, a decrease in resistance to disease.

33 day rhythm

High energy (0-16 days): ability to think clearly and logically, ability to concentrate, good memory, creative activity.
Low Energy (Days 17-33): Decreased interest in new ideas, slow reaction times, creative decline.
Critical days (16, 17, 33 days): inability to concentrate, inattention and absent-mindedness, prone to erroneous actions (high probability of accidents).

HUMAN BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS

Daily rhythms according to the "biological clock"

EARLY MORNING

4-5 hours (in real, geographic time, as for acupuncture points) - the body is preparing for awakening.

By 5 o'clock in the morning, melatonin production begins to decrease, body temperature rises.

Shortly before waking up, at about 5:00 am according to geographic, real local time, the body begins to prepare for the upcoming wakefulness: the production of "activity hormones" - cortisol, adrenaline - is increasing. In the blood, the content of hemoglobin and sugar increases, the pulse quickens, blood pressure (BP) rises, breathing deepens. Body temperature begins to rise, the frequency of REM sleep phases increases, and the tone of the sympathetic nervous system increases. All these phenomena are enhanced by light, heat and noise.

By 7-8 o'clock, the "owls" have a peak in the release of cortisol (the main hormone of the adrenal glands) into the blood. In "larks" - earlier, at 4-5 hours, in other chronotypes - about 5-6 hours.

From 7 to 9 in the morning - rise, physical education, breakfast.

9 hours - high performance, quick score short-term memory works well.

In the morning - assimilation new information, with a fresh mind.

Two or three hours after waking up - take care of the heart.

9-10 am - time to make plans, "wiggle your brains." "The morning is wiser than the evening"

9-11 h - immunity increases.

Effective drugs that increase the body's resistance to disease.

Up to 11 hours - the body is in excellent shape.

12 - reduce physical activity.

The activity of the brain is reduced. Blood rushes to the digestive organs. Gradually, blood pressure, pulse and muscle tone, respectively, begin to decrease, but body temperature continues to rise.

13 ± 1 hour - lunch break

13-15 - noon and afternoon rest (lunch, "quiet time", siesta)

After 14 hours - minimal pain sensitivity, the most effective and long-lasting effect of painkillers.

15 - long-term memory works. Time - to remember and remember well the right thing.

After 16 - the rise of working capacity.

15-18 hours - it's time to go in for sports. I thirst, at this time, plentifully and often quench with clean boiled water, hot or warm - in winter time(for the prevention of colds, gastrointestinal diseases and kidney disease). In the summer you can also cold mineral water.

16-19 - high level of intellectual activity. Housework

19 ± 1 hour - dinner.

Carbohydrate food (natural - honey, etc.) contributes to the production of a special hormone - serotonin, which favors a good night's sleep. The brain is active.

After 19 hours - good reaction

After 20 hours mental condition stabilized, improved memory. After 9 pm, the number of white blood cells almost doubles (immunity increases), body temperature drops, and cell renewal continues.

From 20 to 21 - light physical education is good for health, walking in the fresh air

After 21:00 - the body prepares for a night's rest, the body temperature drops.

22:00 is time for sleep. Immunity is strengthened to protect the body during the night's rest.

In the first half of the night, when slow sleep prevails, the maximum amount of somatotropic hormone is released, which stimulates the processes of cell reproduction and growth. No wonder they say that in a dream we grow. There is a regeneration and cleansing of body tissues.

2 hours - those who do not sleep at this time may be depressed.

3-4 hours is the deepest sleep. Minimum body temperature and cortisol levels, maximum melatonin in the blood.

Biological rhythms in life

Air travel from east to west is easier than from west to east. For adaptation to the body (young, healthy) it takes about a day for each time zone, but not less than three to four days. The rate of capturing the biorhythms of the human body by the external rhythm strongly depends on the difference in their phases. On average, it takes one and a half weeks for sufficient adaptation and acclimatization in new conditions. It does not depend on the position of the hands on the clock face, but on the sun above your head. The local, local features of the geomagnetic and other fields and radiations, which differ from the usual ones, also noticeably influence.

The daily chronotype of a person: morning (larks), daytime (pigeons) and evening (owls). The nighttime activity of "owls" affects their health - myocardial infarctions occur in them more often than in "larks", their cardiovascular system "burns out" faster.

To increase productivity, labor efficiency, it is recommended to take into account the chronotype, individually for each employee, when drawing up a schedule, work schedule for personnel at enterprises, and especially for dispatchers and operators.

Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and ergonomic requirements, modes of work and rest - a necessary condition for the work of a modern enterprise.

Efficiency sharply decreases from thirty degrees of heat, Celsius, halving at an ambient temperature of + 33-34 ° C.

Shift work schedule (for example, with night shift per day) - no more than once a month, taking into account the time required for adaptation (1-2 weeks).

Accidents at work and traffic accidents on the road more often occur at certain hours:
- from 22 hours to 4 hours - a person has the lowest response rate.
- between 13 and 15 hours - first, general pre-lunch rush, after - "afternoon depression".

For the prevention of "afternoon depression", rest after lunch, lasting 10-20 minutes, or "midday nap", but not more than 1.5 hours, can be effective, otherwise there will be a reverse effect.

The working capacity of a person is higher from 10 to 12 and from 17 to 19 hours.

Sport

“Specially conducted research and practice sports training show that the most favorable period for intense training is from 9 am to 6 pm and that it is undesirable to carry out loads that are large in volume and intensity early in the morning and late in the evening ”(N.A. Agadzhanyan et al., 1989).

Human biorhythms: Sleep

Try to go to bed and always get up at the same time. Otherwise - desynchronosis. The first 4-5 hours of normal, natural sleep (deep, without breaks) are mandatory, this is a vital daily minimum for the human body.

For insomnia and for quick falling asleep (normal - within 5-15 minutes):
1) lie down more comfortably, close your eyes, do not think about anything (reduce the bioelectrical activity of the brain);
2) focus your attention on the diaphragm (its movement during breathing) and on the inner ankles (ankles) of the legs.

In a sound sleeper, the main source of sensory information about environment- ears become ("light sleep"), therefore, in order not to wake up from noise - you need to ensure silence (including using anti-noise soft "ear plugs" made of hypoallergenic polymer with good SNR (noise reduction), at a level of 30 dB and more), given the increased sensitivity of hearing at night - with closed eyes and during sleep (10-14 decibels better than daytime days). Loud, sharp, frightening sounds - can wake the sleeper for a long time and cause insomnia.

It is difficult to fall asleep on an empty stomach, therefore, dinner is around 18-20 hours or 2-3 hours before bedtime. Do not overeat at night. The usual duration of restful sleep is 7-9 hours. Not only its duration is important, but also its quality (continuity and depth of first three, mandatory cycles, 1.5 x 3 = 4.5 hours)

Poor, restless sleep, nightmares, with a repetitive obsessive plot - may be the result of cardiovascular diseases (bradycardia - a rare pulse, arrhythmias), symptoms of snoring and respiratory arrest disease (sleep apnea), lack of oxygen in the room. The aeroion composition of the air in apartments, without ventilation or the use of an air ionizer, also needs to be improved.

Before waking up, a dream-movie is seen (its playback is a release of the ballast of nervous tension, unrealized ideas, unpleasant visual pictures that have accumulated over the past days, after processing and ordering the information received in the short-term and long-term memory of the brain, adaptation to complex life situations). The more intense the eye movements during REM sleep, the better the dream is reproduced. At the moment of falling asleep, a series of slides or pictures appears in the mind.

Laboratory studies have shown the need for REM sleep - for the survival of the body. A mouse deprived of this phase of dreams for 40 days died. In humans, when blocking REM sleep with alcohol, there is a predisposition to hallucinations.

Dreams, in the phase of "REM sleep" (after slow-wave sleep and before waking up, to rise or to "turn on the other side"), appear, according to an individual biorhythm - every 90-100 minutes. (in the morning - the cycles are reduced to the first tens of minutes, see the graph in the picture), in accordance with the intraday cyclicity of the change (increase) in the overall body temperature and the redistribution of blood in the body (from its periphery, from the extremities to the center of the body, inside), the growth of blood pressure, respiratory rate and heart rate.

Short-term memory is involved in remembering dreams, therefore, up to 90% of the content of a dream is forgotten within the next half hour, after waking up, unless, in the process of remembering, emotional experience, ordering and comprehension, its plot is not recorded in the long-term memory of the brain.

Human biorhythms: remembering sleep

According to enthusiastic researchers practicing at high levels, lucid dreaming (OS) is cooler than many modern computer games.

Many people see dreams, but not all of them try to remember and remember them at the moment of waking up (especially during short awakenings between the first cycles, before returning back to slow sleep).

If there is very little time for rest, you can sleep from 10-11 pm to 3-4 am (“mandatory program” - the first three night cycles in a row, unwaking, that is, the duration of sleep will be 4-5 hours). In this case, the following are restored, sequentially: the brain, body and physical strength, the emotional sphere.

The duration of night sleep necessary for the human body also depends on the season. In winter - it should be at least half an hour longer than in summer.

Natural sleeping pills are fatigue and/or certain moments in 90-minute cycles of the individual biorhythm of the body, when the body temperature drops.

Sufficient night sleep contributes to weight loss (with excess weight - its normalization). In this case, dinner no later than four hours before bedtime. Night food - excluded, you can only - drink clean water, in a small amount (for washing the esophagus, eliminating dehydration and for falling asleep as soon as possible). The effect will be more noticeable - at high physical activity, during daylight hours.

From frequent lack of sleep - the body wears out faster and ages. During the slow-wave stage of normal, deep sleep, the brain scans the digestive, respiratory systems and heart (as having the clearest rhythm), and during the fast-wave stage, the cardiovascular and lymphatic, reproductive and nervous systems, as well as the liver, kidneys, muscles and tendons (i.e., organs that do not have obvious short-term rhythms). After collecting and processing this information, a sequentially planned and coordinated restoration of the viscera (visceral sphere - stomach, intestines, etc.) of the body is carried out. In this process, mainly the most powerful "computing processors" are involved, for example, in the visual and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. In the case when you really want to sleep, but, systematically, there is no such possibility - there may be physical changes in internal organs and significantly increases the risk of developing pathologies (stomach ulcers, etc.)

A sleepy and very tired person who is sleepy while driving a car also risks his health and is dangerous to others, just like a driver who is intoxicated.

Scientists, and not only British ones, have found out that it is possible to slow down the aging of the brain if you stabilize your biorhythms - by simply observing the sleep pattern, this natural circadian (that is, cyclically repeating every day, every 24 hours) rhythm.