urban district- This urban settlement, which is not part of the MR and whose MC bodies exercise the authority to resolve issues of local significance of the settlement and issues of local significance of the municipal district, and may also exercise certain state powers.

An urban district is usually an urban settlement. The urban district is not part of the municipal district. The legislator in the definition of the city district did not include the population in the number of subjects for the implementation of the MS.

Giving an urban settlement the status of an urban district is carried out by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation, as a rule. Such allocation is carried out in the presence of the existing social, transport, and other infrastructure necessary for the independent decision by the MS bodies of issues of local importance of the urban district, as well as issues of local importance of the municipal district adjacent to it. When endowing an urban settlement with the status of an urban district, the prospects for the development of an urban settlement, confirmed by master plan of this settlement.

24. Transformation of MO and changes in the boundaries of MO: concept, forms, legislative regulation. Taking into account the opinion of the population in the transformation of the Moscow region. Voting on changes of borders and transformation of the MOD: procedure, as opposed to a local referendum.

Changing borders differs from transforming in that when transforming borders, the status does not change. municipality, when converted, it changes.

131 FZ highlights the forms of transformations:

1) Separation

2) Consolidation

3) Giving an urban settlement the status of an urban district

4) Depriving an urban settlement of the status of an urban district.

Theoretically, one can distinguish:

Accession

Selection

Consolidation - merger 2 or more municipalities with the loss of the status of the united municipalities and the transfer of their rights and obligations to the newly created municipality

Separation - separation mo for 2 or more with the termination of the status of this mo and the transfer of rights and obligations to the newly created mo.

When joining, only the attached MO loses its status.

When selected from the main mo, the status is not lost.

In this regard, the question arises whether the laws of the subject can establish other forms of transformation.

Issues of the status and transformation of municipalities are issues of administrative and territorial arrangement. A-t device is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, and in accordance with Article 76 K, on ​​the issues of the exclusive jurisdiction of the subjects, the NP of the Russian Federation should not contradict the NP of the subjects. The laws of the subject may establish additional forms transformations.

The transformation initiative belongs to the following subjects: population, local government, ogvS, ogv.

The initiative of the authorities is implemented in the form of a decision of the relevant authority. The initiative of the population is implemented in the manner established for putting forward the initiative to hold a local referendum.

131 FZ establishes the following types associations:

1) 2 or more settlements (consent of each population, expressed by a representative body)

2) Settlement with the urban district (consent of each population through by + taking into account the opinion of the population of the MR, expressed by)

3) 2 or more municipal districts (taking into account the opinion of the population, through)

It also sets

1) division of the settlement ( consent of each by voting or gathering)

2) subdivision of a municipal area. (taking into account the opinion of the population through)

Any form of transformation must take into account the views of the population. According to the legal position of the Constitutional Court of March 6, 2008 on the complaint of Sivashov. The territories on which the MS is carried out form the spatial limits of the municipal government as the public power of the people. Since the subject of the right to independent decision issues of local importance is the population of the Moscow Region, then taking into account its opinion is necessary condition to change the borders of territories. Taking into account the opinion of the population is one of the necessary guarantees of the right of citizens to independently resolve issues of local importance. Taking into account the opinion of the population in certain constitutional and legal situations can be carried out by making a decision by the population at a local referendum, the results of which are binding. In other cases, the opinion of the population can be identified using various forms both direct and indirect (through a representative) body of the will of citizens. However, the most adequate form taking into account the opinion of the population is a referendum. The Constitution of the Russian Federation does not directly determine in what forms the opinion of the population should be expressed when changing the boundaries of territories. Therefore, the legislator has sufficient discretion in choosing a specific mechanism for expressing the will of the local community.

In accordance with 131 FZ, practically any form of transformation is carried out taking into account the opinion of the population, expressed by the representative bodies of the relevant municipalities. The division of the settlement is carried out with the consent of the population of each of the formed settlements, expressed by voting. This voting is carried out according to the rules provided for holding a local referendum. This vote cannot be called a referendum.

Article 12 Changing the boundaries of the municipality

1. Changing the boundaries of the municipality is carried out by the law of the subject Russian Federation at the initiative of the population, bodies local government, bodies state power subject of the Russian Federation, federal bodies state power.

The initiative of the population to change the boundaries of the municipality is implemented in the manner prescribed by federal law and adopted in accordance with the law of the subject of the Russian Federation to put forward an initiative to hold a local referendum. The initiative of local self-government bodies, state authorities to change the boundaries of a municipal formation is formalized by decisions of the relevant local self-government bodies, state authorities.

2. Changing the boundaries of municipal districts, entailing the assignment of the territories of individual settlements and (or) settlements included in them to the territories of other municipal districts, is carried out with the consent of the population of these settlements and (or) settlements, expressed by voting, or at citizens' gatherings with taking into account the opinion of the representative bodies of the respective municipal districts.

3. Changing the boundaries of settlements, entailing the assignment of the territories of individual settlements that are part of them to the territories of other settlements, is carried out with the consent of the population of these settlements, expressed by voting, or at citizens' gatherings, taking into account the opinion of the representative bodies of the respective settlements.

4. Changing the boundaries of municipal districts and settlements, which does not entail the attribution of the territories of individual settlements and (or) settlements included in them, respectively, to the territories of other municipal districts or settlements, is carried out taking into account the opinion of the population, expressed by the representative bodies of the relevant municipal districts and settlements.

Article 13 Transformation of municipalities

1. The transformation of municipal formations is the amalgamation of municipal formations, the division of municipal formations, the change in the status of an urban settlement in connection with its granting the status of an urban district or depriving it of the status of an urban district.

2. The transformation of municipalities is carried out by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the initiative of the population, local self-government bodies, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, federal state authorities in accordance with this Federal Law. The initiative of the population on the transformation of the municipal formation is implemented in the manner prescribed by the federal law and the law of the subject of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with it to put forward the initiative to hold a local referendum. The initiative of local self-government bodies, state authorities on the transformation of a municipal formation is formalized by decisions of the relevant local self-government bodies, state authorities.

3. The merger of two or more settlements, which does not entail a change in the boundaries of other municipalities, is carried out with the consent of the population of each of the settlements, expressed by voting, provided for in Part 3 of Article 24 of this Federal Law, or at citizens' gatherings.

4. The merger of two or more municipal districts, which does not entail a change in the boundaries of other municipalities, is carried out taking into account the opinion of the population, expressed by the representative bodies of each of the municipal districts being merged.

5. The division of a settlement, entailing the formation of two or more settlements, is carried out with the consent of the population of each of the settlements being formed, expressed by voting, provided for in Part 3 of Article 24 of this Federal Law, or at citizens' gatherings.

6. The division of the municipal district is carried out taking into account the opinion of the population expressed by the representative body of the municipal district.

7. A change in the status of an urban settlement in connection with its granting the status of an urban district or depriving it of the status of an urban district is carried out by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation with the consent of the population of the corresponding urban settlement, as well as with the consent of the population of the municipal district from which it is separated (into which it is included) corresponding urban area. The opinion of the population of an urban settlement and the opinion of the population of a municipal district are determined by voting, as provided for by Part 3 of Article 24 of this Federal Law and held separately on the territory of the urban settlement and on the territory of the municipal district from which the urban settlement is separated (included in it). A change in the status of an urban settlement is not allowed in the absence of consent to such a change by the population of the urban settlement and (or) the population of the municipal district.

25. Creation of MO: grounds, order.

The creation of a municipality is the process of forming a new settlement in an inter-settlement territory. The initiative to create may belong to the same entities as the initiative to transform the MO.

The initiative of the population is put forward at the gathering of citizens living in the settlement. The creation of newly formed settlements is carried out with the consent of the population of the municipal district, expressed by the representative body of this municipal district. When creating a new municipality, it is determined new structure body of local self-government, a new charter mo. The final procedure for the creation is formalized by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation.

MO should:

Territory

· Population

ms implementation

Local budget and municipal property

The legal creation of a new entity is fixed in its charter. Although the emergence of a truly independent MO also requires the inclusion of a new entity in the composition of the subjects of interbudgetary relations.

Local self-government can be exercised at the level of such administrative-territorial units as a municipal district and an urban district. What are they?

What is a municipal area?

AT Russian system local government municipal area is a territory in which settlements of the following types are located:

• urban settlements;
• rural settlements;
• inter-settlement areas.

Function administrative center in the districts is performed by one of the settlements located on its territory. It houses the representative body local authorities formed in the municipal area.

The main issues that are resolved at the level of the relevant administrative-territorial unit:

• providing the population with medical and educational services;
• providing citizens with the necessary communications:
• construction of transport infrastructure;
• preservation of ecology;
• ensuring public order.

Most of the municipal regions of the Russian Federation have their own budget, subsequently distributed among the settlements that are part of the corresponding administrative-territorial unit.

About 1,800 municipal districts have now been created in Russia.

What is an urban area?

In the system of local self-government of the Russian Federation urban district- is a separate locality("classical" city), in some cases - also the settlements adjacent to it. It is independent from other municipalities and has its own budget.

In Russian urban districts, approximately the same issues of local self-government are solved as in municipal districts. These administrative-territorial units also have their own representative bodies of power.

About 500 urban districts have now been established in Russia.

Comparison

The main difference between a municipal district and an urban district is that the first type of municipality includes, as a rule, several small settlements, more or less the same in size - urban and rural settlements, inter-settlement territories. In turn, an urban district is a municipality corresponding to a large settlement (“classical” city), in some cases also including small suburban settlements.

Municipal area and the city district are independent of each other, have equal powers and equivalent political status, being territories within the framework of the system of local self-government. Each of the respective administrative units has its own budget and authorities.

It can be noted that during administrative reform in the Russian Federation, some municipal districts were attached to urban districts or were transformed into them.

Having determined the difference between a municipal district and an urban district, we fix the main conclusions in the table.

Criteria for granting the territory the status of a municipality of the corresponding type and establishing the boundaries of the municipality

For urban settlements - criteria:

1) as part of the territory, usually, includes one city or one village, in particular, the historically developed lands of these settlements, regardless of the form of ownership and intended purpose (clauses 3, 4, 5, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131);

2) an urban settlement may include several settlements adjacent to the city limits that are not municipalities (general plan - land for development) (clauses 3, 5, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131);

3) Other (in addition to the general plan) conditions for joining lands outside the city limits to an urban settlement (paragraph 3 - 6, part 3, article 85 of Federal Law No. 131)

The best proof that the land for development is the master plan. There was no plan for the AV transitional period and this requirement was violated. Other conditions that must be taken into account - they are reflected not in the main text of the law itself, but in transitional provisions.

The urban settlement is endowed with the status city ​​district subject to the following conditions (part 2 of article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131):

If the urban settlement has an established social, transport and other infrastructure necessary to resolve issues of local importance assigned to the urban district, and to exercise certain state powers transferred by law;

Taking into account the prospects for the development of an urban settlement, confirmed by the master plan of this urban settlement;

If the adjacent municipal area also has sufficient infrastructure to resolve issues of local importance of the municipal area and to exercise certain state powers delegated by law.

Giving mountains to a settlement the status of district mountains - many of the conditions that the legislator formulates in relation to the creation of district mountains - they have evaluative nature and depend largely on the interpretation of the provisions of the law. This is the availability of social transport or other infrastructure to address issues of local importance of the urban district. These are not only settlement issues, but also issues that are usually resolved at the district level. Infrastructure must exist to address these issues, as well as to resolve those issues that are transferred as state to the mountains of the district. It is important to take into account the prospects for the development of the settlement confirmed by the master plan. The municipal area must also have sufficient infrastructure to deal with the issue district significance.

RURAL SETTLEMENT

Criteria for granting a territory the status of a rural settlement (1)

The status of a rural settlement is received by one or more incorporated common territory rural settlements, taking into account the following criteria:

A) Population criterion:

Rural settlement - one rural settlement (settlement), if its population is more than 1,000 people (for a territory with a high population density - more than 3,000 people) (clause 6, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131);

Rural settlement - several rural settlements united by a common territory, if the population in each of them is less than 1000 (for a territory with a high population density - less than 3000 people) (clause 6, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131);

Exception: rural settlement - a rural settlement with a population of less than 1000 people, taking into account population density of the subject of the Russian Federation and accessibility of the territory of the settlement(clause 8, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131).

There is a certain average number and the possibility of deviation from it depending on the national geographical features. If these are subjects with a high population density. Then in such territories more high level minimum number rural settlements - up to 3 thousand.

As an exceptional option - taking into account the pedestrian accessibility of the administrative center, etc. Here, the principle of proximity of the municipal government to the population is combined, despite the fact that the quantitative criterion is not observed. This is the principle of taking into account national geographical features.

Accessibility of the administrative center (for complex territories with several administrative territories).

Criteria for granting a territory the status of a rural settlement (2)

B) Accessibility criterion for the administrative center of a rural settlement:

Pedestrian accessibility to the administrative center of the settlement and back during the working day for residents of all settlements included in it: the exception is low-density areas rural population, remote and inaccessible areas (clause 11, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131).

There is a clause - this criterion does not apply to areas with low population density and isolated hard-to-reach areas. By order of the Government, territories with low population density have been established. Remote and hard-to-reach areas - the law of the subject of the Russian Federation. There is a reference to this law About Basic Guarantees voting rights. The use of this criterion does not apply to all subjects.

All cities in Russia are divided into three categories according to the level of ATD:

• city federal significance
• regional city(republican / regional / regional / district) values
• city ​​of district significance

• 1 City of federal significance
• 2 City regional significance
  • 2.1 Cities of republican significance
  • 2.2 Cities of regional importance
  • 2.3 Cities regional significance
  • 2.4 Cities of county significance
• 3 City of district significance
• 4 History
• 5 See also
• 6 Notes

City of federal significance

The city of federal significance is an independent administrative unit of the upper level along with the republics, territories, autonomous regions and regions.

There are three such cities in the Russian Federation: Moscow (1993), St. Petersburg (1993) and Sevastopol (1948). The status of a city of federal significance of the Russian Federation also has Baikonur, which is located in the Russian Federation on a leasehold basis under the Russian-Kazakhstan agreement, but is not a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

City of regional importance

A city of regional significance is an independent administrative unit of a subject of the federation on a par with districts and is directly subordinate to the administration of a subject of the Russian Federation. This category includes all administrative centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as large district centers.

In Russia, there are the following cities of regional significance ( bold administrative centers are allocated):

Cities of republican significance

• Adygea: Adygeysk, Maykop
• Altai: Gorno-Altaisk
• Bashkortostan: Agidel, Kumertau, Neftekamsk, Oktyabrsky (1946), Salavat, Sibay, Sterlitamak, Ufa; ZATO Mezhhirya. Previously, cities of republican significance were also Baymak, Belebey, Beloretsk, Birsk, Blagoveshchensk (1989), Davlekanovo, Dyurtyuli, Ishimbay (1940-2000), Meleuz, Tuimazy, Uchaly, Chernikovsk (1944-1956), Yanaul.
• Buryatia: Severobaikalsk, Ulan-Ude. Previously, cities of republican significance were also Babushkin, Gusinoozersk, Zakamensk (1944-1965).
• Dagestan: Buynaksk, Dagestan Lights (1990), Derbent, Izberbash, Kaspiysk, Kizilyurt, Kizlyar, Makhachkala, Khasavyurt, Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk
• Ingushetia: Karabulak (1995), Magas, Malgobek, Nazran
• Kabardino-Balkaria: Baksan (2003), Nalchik, Cool. Earlier, the city of republican significance was also Tyrnyauz.
• Kalmykia: Gorodovikovsk, Lagan, Elista
• Karachay-Cherkessia: Karachaevsk, Cherkessk
• Karelia: Kostomuksha, Petrozavodsk, Sortavala
• Komi: Vorkuta, Vuktyl, Inta, Pechora, Sosnogorsk, Syktyvkar, Usinsk, Ukhta
• Crimea: Alushta (1964), Armyansk (1993), Dzhankoy (1958), Evpatoria (1946), Kerch (1946), Krasnoperekopsk (1976), Saki (1979), Simferopol(1946), Sudak (1991), Feodosia (1946), Yalta (1946)
• Mari El: Volzhsk, Yoshkar-Ola, Kozmodemyansk
• Mordovia: Kovylkino, Ruzaevka, Saransk
• Sakha (Yakutia): Yakutsk. Previously, cities of republican significance were also Mirny, Neryungri, Nyurba (1997-2006), Pokrovsk (1997-2006).
• North Ossetia: Vladikavkaz
• Tatarstan: Aznakaevo, Almetyevsk, Bavly, Bugulma, Buinsk, Yelabuga, Zainsk, Zelenodolsk, Kazan, Leninogorsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhnekamsk, Nurlat, Chistopol
• Tyva: Ak-Dovurak, Kyzyl
• Udmurtia: Votkinsk, Glazov, Izhevsk, Mozhga, Sarapul
• Khakassia: Abaza, Abakan, Sayanogorsk, Sorsk, Chernogorsk
• Chechnya: Argun, Grozny, Gudermes
• Chuvashia: Alatyr, Kanash, Novocheboksarsk, Cheboksary, Shumerlya

Cities of regional significance

• Altai Territory: Aleysk, Barnaul, Belokurikha, Biysk, Zarinsk, Kamen-on-Obi, Novoaltaysk, Rubtsovsk, Slavgorod, Yarovoe. Previously, cities of regional significance were also Gornyak, Zmeinogorsk (1952-2008).
• Trans-Baikal Territory: Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Chita. Previously, the cities of regional significance were also Balei (1938-2008), Borzya, Krasnokamensk.
• Kamchatka Territory: Palana, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky; ZATO Vilyuchinsk. Previously, the city of regional significance was also Yelizovo.
• Krasnodar Territory: Anapa, Armavir, Gelendzhik, Goryachiy Klyuch, Krasnodar, Novorossiysk, Sochi. Previously, Belorechensk (1979-2005), Yeisk (1939-2008), Kropotkin (1943-2008), Krymsk (1981-2005), Labinsk (1965-2005), Slavyansk-on-Kuban (1965-2005) were also cities of regional significance. ), Tikhoretsk (1961-2005), Tuapse (1935-2007).
• Krasnoyarsk Territory: Achinsk, Bogotol, Borodino, Divnogorsk, Yeniseisk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk, Minusinsk, Nazarovo, Norilsk, Sosnovoborsk, Sharypovo (1981); ZATO Zheleznogorsk, Zelenogorsk. Previously, the cities of regional significance were also Zaozyorny (1948-2008), Igarka.
• Perm region: Berezniki, Gubakha, Kudymkar, Kungur, Lysva, Permian, Solikamsk; ZATO Zvezdny. Previously, the cities of regional significance were also Aleksandrovsk (1951-2006), Gremyachinsk, Kizel, Krasnokamsk, Ugleuralsky (1946-1960), Tchaikovsky (1963-2005), Chusovoy.
• Primorsky Krai: Arseniev, Artyom, Vladivostok, Dalnegorsk, Dalnerechensk, Lesozavodsk, Nakhodka, Partizansk, Spassk-Dalniy, Ussuriysk; BUT Big Stone, Fokino.
• Stavropol Territory: Budyonnovsk, Georgievsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk, Lermontov, Nevinnomyssk, Pyatigorsk, Stavropol. Previously, the city of regional significance was also Mineral water (1956-2007).
• Khabarovsk Territory: Amursk, Bikin, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Sovetskaya Gavan, Khabarovsk

Cities of regional significance

• Amurskaya Oblast: Blagoveshchensk, Belogorsk, Zeya, Raychikhinsk, Svobodny, Tynda, Shimanovsk
• Arhangelsk region: Arkhangelsk, Koryazhma, Kotlas, Novodvinsk, Severodvinsk; ZATO Mirny. Previously, the city of regional significance was also Onega (1963-2006).
• Astrakhan region: Astrakhan, Akhtubinsk; ZATO Znamensk.
• Belgorod region: Alekseevka, Belgorod, Valuyki, Gubkin, Stary Oskol, Shebekino.
• Bryansk region: Bryansk, Dyatkovo, Klintsy, Novozybkov, Seltso, Starodub. Previously, the city of regional significance was also Bezhitsa (1929-1956).
• Vladimir region: Vladimir, Gus-Khrustalny, Kovrov, Murom; ZATO Rainbow. Previously, Vyazniki, Kolchugino, Sobinka, Suzdal (1967-2006) were also cities of regional significance.
• Volgograd region: Volgograd, Volzhsky, Kamyshin, Mikhailovka, Uryupinsk, Frolovo.
• Vologda Region: Vologda, Cherepovets, Veliky Ustyug, Nikolsk
• Voronezh region: Borisoglebsk, Voronezh, Novovoronezh. Previously, the cities of regional significance were also Liski, Ostrogozhsk, Povorino, Rossosh.
• Ivanovo region: Vichuga, Ivanovo, Kineshma, Kokhma, Teikovo, Shuya. Previously, Furmanov was also a city of regional significance.
• Irkutsk region: Bratsk, Winter, Irkutsk, Sayansk, Svirsk, Tulun, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Ust-Ilimsk, Cheremkhovo. Previously, cities of regional significance were also Angarsk, Bodaibo, Nizhneudinsk, Taishet, Ust-Kut, Shelekhov.
• Kaliningrad region: Kaliningrad, Ladushkin, Mamonovo, Pioneer, Light, Sovetsk, Amber. Previously, cities of regional significance were also Baltiysk, Gusev, Neman, Svetlogorsk, Chernyakhovsk.
• Kaluga region: Kaluga, Kirov, Lyudinovo, Obninsk.
• Kemerovo region: Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk
• Kirov region: Kirov, Omutninsk.
• Kostroma region: Kostroma, Susanino
• Kurgan Region: Kurgan
• Kursk region: Kursk
• Leningrad region: Pinery(1973). Previously, cities of regional significance were also Boksitogorsk (1963-2006), Volkhov (1939-2006), Vsevolozhsk (1963-2006), Vyborg (1944-2006), Gatchina (1938-2006), Zelenogorsk (1940-1946), Ivangorod ( 1992-2006), Kingisepp (1976-2006), Kirishi (1967-2006), Kirovsk (1965-2006), Krasnoye Selo (1963-1973), Lodeynoye Pole (1965-2006), Lomonosov (1939-1978), Luga (1939-2006), Pavlovsk (1939-1953), Pikalevo (1992-2006), Podporozhye (1963-2006), Priozersk (1944-2006), Svetogorsk (1951-1959), Sertolovo (1998-2006), Sestroretsk ( 1936-1946), Slantsy (1958-2006), Tikhvin (1945-2006), Tosno (1963-2006), Shlisselburg (1936-1959, 1993-2006).
• Lipetsk region: Lipetsk
• Magadan Region: Magadan
• Moscow region: Balashikha, Bronnitsy, Dzerzhinsky, Dolgoprudny, Domodedovo, Dubna, Zhukovsky, Zvenigorod, Ivanteevka, Kolomna, Korolev, Kotelniki, Lobnya, Losino-Petrovsky, Lytkarino, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Lakes, Podolsk, Protvino, Pushchino, Reutov, Roshal , Serpukhov, Fryazino, Khimki, Chernogolovka, Elektrogorsk, Elektrostal; ZATO Vlasikha, Sunrise, Star City, Krasnoznamensk, Youth. Previously, cities of regional significance were also Vidnoye, Volokolamsk, Voskresensk, Dmitrov, Yegorievsk, Zheleznodorozhny, Zaraysk, Istra, Kashira, Klimovsk, Klin, Krasnogorsk, Lyubertsy, Lyublino, Mozhaisk, Mytishchi, Naro-Fominsk, Noginsk, Odintsovo, Ozyory, Pavlovsky Posad , Perovo, Pushkino, Ramenskoye, Sergiev Posad, Solnechnogorsk, Stupino, Troitsk, Tushino, Shatura, Shcherbinka, Yubileiny.
• Murmansk region: Murmansk, Olenegorsk.
• Nizhny Novgorod region: Arzamas, Bor, Vyksa, Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod , Pervomaisk, Sarov, Semyonov, Shakhunya, Kulebaki
• Novgorod region: Velikiy Novgorod. Previously, cities of regional significance were also Borovichi (1930-2006), Staraya Russa (1939-2006).
• Novosibirsk region: Novosibirsk, Berdsk, Iskitim, Ob, Koltsovo.
• Omsk region: Omsk Kormilovka, Isilkul, Tara, Tyukalinsk
• Orenburg region: Orenburg
• Orel Region: Oryol
• Penza Region: Penza Nikolsk
• Pskov region: Pskov, Velikiye Luki
• Rostov region: Rostov-on-Don, Azov, Aksai
• Ryazan Oblast: Ryazan, Kasimov, Skopin, Sasovo
• Samara region: Samara, Togliatti
• Saratov region: Saratov
• Sakhalin Region: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Oka
• Sverdlovsk region: Yekaterinburg, Kachkanar, Kushva, Lesnoy, Beloyarsky
• Smolensk region: Smolensk
• Tambov Region: Tambov
• Tver region: Tver
• Tomsk region: Tomsk
• Tula region: Donskoy, Novogurovsky (2006), Novomoskovsk (1943), Tula. Previously, cities of regional significance were also Aleksin, Bogoroditsk, Efremov, Kimovsk, Uzlovaya (1943-2006), Shchekino.
• Tyumen region: Tyumen, Ishim, Tobolsk, Golyshmanovo, Abatskoe
• Ulyanovsk region: Ulyanovsk
• Chelyabinsk region: Upper Ufaley, Zlatoust, Karabash, Kopeysk, Kyshtym, Magnitogorsk, Miass, Troitsk, Ust-Katav, Chebarkul, Chelyabinsk, Yuzhnouralsk; ZATO Ozersk, Snezhinsk, Tryokhgorny. Previously, cities of regional significance were also Asha, Emanzhelinsk, Kartaly, Kasli, Katav-Ivanovsk, Korkino (1942-2005), Plast, Satka.
• Yaroslavl region: Yaroslavl, Pereslavl-Zalesky, Rostov the Great

Cities of district significance

• Nenets Autonomous District:
• Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug: Khanty-Mansiysk, Surgut
• Chukotka Autonomous Okrug: Anadyr, Uelen, Carrying out
• Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Salekhard, Noyabrsk

City of district significance

The category of city of district significance includes all other cities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, such cities are subordinate to the district administration. Most often, cities of regional significance are small regional centers, as well as other cities that are part of the region.

Story

After the administrative reform, all cities Russian Empire began to be divided into provincial, county and supernumerary. The provincial city was the administrative center of any province, the county - counties in the province, the provincial (also called bezuyezd or settlement) city had all the rights of the city, but was not the administrative center.

For the first time, the separation of cities into independent administrative units was carried out in the second half of the 18th century, when the city of Narva was withdrawn from the St. Petersburg province and not assigned to any other province. In 1802, Narva was returned to the St. Petersburg province, but this year can be considered the beginning of a new stage in the history of cities.

It was in 1802 that the first city ​​authorities- cities with adjacent territories, separated from the provinces due to their special location or importance. Then three townships were formed. Later, some town authorities were abolished, while others were formed; as a result, by 1917 there were nine town governments in the Russian Empire.

In 1917-1930, an active administrative-territorial reorganization of the country was carried out, a transition was made from imperial system"province (oblast) - county - volost" to new system"region (krai, republic) - district - district", and then to the system "region (krai, republic) - district", which actually remains to this day. All city governments during this period were abolished; a new division of cities appeared. Separation of cities and their list:

• city ​​of union subordination- a separate city that was not part of the regions and union republics, with subordination directly to the top leadership of the USSR;
  • Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, Alma-Ata, Sevastopol, Minsk, Dushanbe, Ashgabat, Novosibirsk, Vladivostok;
• city ​​of republican subordination- the administrative center of the union republic of the USSR, in some cases also some other cities of the union republics;
  • see Union republics of the USSR
• city ​​of republican (ASSR) subordination- the administrative center of the ASSR within the Union Republic;
• city ​​of regional (territorial) subordination- the administrative center of the region or region;
• city ​​of regional (AO) (district) subordination- administrative center autonomous region or an autonomous region;
• city ​​of district subordination- the administrative center of the district of the subject.

Until 1931, all cities were part of their administrative units, and the cities of republican subordination also served as the administrative centers of the respective regions or districts.

In 1931, two large cities of the USSR - Moscow and Leningrad were separated from their regions into independent units. In addition, Leningrad, not being the capital of the republic, also received the category of "city of republican subordination." In 1943 and 1946, respectively, the cities of Tashkent and Minsk were separated from their regions into independent units.

In 1943-1951 whole line large cities of the RSFSR were classified as cities of republican subordination, including Gorky, Krasnoyarsk, Kuibyshev, Molotov, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Sevastopol, Sochi, Stalingrad and Chelyabinsk. However, on June 3, 1958, all these cities (except Sevastopol) were returned to the categories of regional or regional subordination.

Also, starting from the 1920s, large regional centers began to receive the category of cities of republican (ASSR), regional, regional subordination, and in union republics, which do not have administrative units above the region (for example, the Moldavian SSR or the Estonian SSR) - republican subordination. in turn, cities that did not have any status receive the category of city of district subordination.

Throughout time, cities of various categories have come and gone. The reason for the transfer from one category to another could be a change in the administrative-territorial structure of the region (for example, the abolition of a district or the transfer of its administrative center), the loss of the significance of the city for the region (for example, the closure of a city-forming enterprise), a significant reduction in population, loss of status cities, the merger of a city with a larger city, and some other reasons.

In the first years after the collapse of the USSR, the situation did not change dramatically, only the terminology changed: the clarification “(ASSR)” was removed, the word “meanings” began to be used instead of the word “subordination”, and the category “city of republican subordination” was replaced by the category “ federal city". After the administrative reform, cities of regional (i.e., republican, krai, oblast, district) significance began to be called "urban district", but the category of cities remains to this day. Some cities of regional significance were merged with their districts and actually moved into the category of cities of regional significance.

In other republics former USSR The situation in cities is different. Thus, in Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine, Soviet system categories of cities, a number of cities were separated from the composition of the regions into independent units (Almaty and Astana in Kazakhstan, Bishkek and Osh in Kyrgyzstan, Dushanbe in Tajikistan, Ashgabat in Turkmenistan, Kyiv in Ukraine). In Lithuania, Georgia and Armenia, the cities of republican subordination disappeared as a result of administrative-territorial reforms. In Estonia, the cities of republican subordination were included in the counties, that is, in fact, they also ceased to exist. In Moldova, the category "city of republican subordination" was removed from all cities. Later, some cities were assigned new status"municipality", however, it is not a strict equivalent of "city of republican subordination", so, some municipalities are administrative divisions the second level, that is, they are part of the district or ATO.

see also

• City
• City status
• Urban district (territorial unit)
• City with special status

Notes

1. brackets indicate the year the category was assigned
2. Law of the Russian Federation of December 9, 1992 No. 4061-I "On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia". This law entered into force on the date of its publication in Russian newspaper January 12, 1993
3. 1954 during the transfer of the Crimean peninsula to the Ukrainian SSR, the future status of Sevastopol was not spelled out in any way. After the declaration of independence by Ukraine, Sevastopol remained in its composition “in fact”, where it received an unclear category “city with a special status”. March 2014 Crimean peninsula was returned to the Russian Federation, after which Sevastopol received a modern status.
4. 1 2 3 4 Until 1990 - cities of regional (AO) subordination
5. Until March 2008 - cities of regional significance Chita region
6. Until July 2007 - cities of regional significance Kamchatka region
7. Until December 2005, Kudymkar was a city of district significance of the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, the rest were cities of regional significance Perm region
8. 1 2 Until 1944 - as part of Leningrad region
9. 1 2 Until 1957 - as part of the Moscow region

Categories of cities (Russia) Information About

CITY, settlement, classified, according to the legislation of the state, to the category of cities (see Urban settlements). As a rule, it has a significant (compared with rural settlements countries) by the size of the population that is mainly employed outside Agriculture- in industry, trade, service sector, science, culture.

The city has its own territory, limited by the so-called. city ​​line. The population within the city limits is the population of the city without suburbs (or the population of the city itself). Usually city ​​limits relatively stable, especially in developed capitalist countries, where its expansion is hampered by the presence of private ownership of land, differences in the system of taxation within and outside the city limits, etc. Officially, the expansion of the boundaries of the city can significantly affect the change in the size of its population. Thus, the expansion of the area of ​​Moscow in 1960 increased its population from 5 to 6 million people. The expansion of the borders of Mexico City in 1971 increased the number of its inhabitants from 7 to 11 million people.

The population of the city is (early 80s of the 20th century) 41% of the total world population. There are about 2.4 thousand large cities, which include cities with more than 100 thousand inhabitants, in the world, including over 200 “millionaire” cities, of which 22 in the USSR (as of January 1, 1984) .

The modern city is primarily a place of concentration of production functions - in the sphere of industry, transport, etc., as well as the production of services for areas gravitating towards the city. There are also types of cities whose development is based on administrative functions (usually they are combined with trade and production), military (fortified cities) associated with culture and science (for example, the city of Pushchino in the Moscow region is the center scientific research in the field of biology and related branches of knowledge), with health improvement and recreation (resort cities), religion (cities - religious centers, for example, Mecca), etc.

Along with the specifics of the functional structure and employment of the population, the following are usually distinguished: characteristics modern cities: settling - the concentration of significant masses of the population in a relatively small area and, therefore, high density population within the city (up to several tens of thousands of inhabitants per 1 km 2); architectural and planning - the formation of the image of the city, a specific urban architectural and planning environment, which, in particular, is characterized by a relatively compact building (often multi-storey); social - urban way of life, legal - cities, as a rule, political and administrative centers of adjacent territories of various taxonomic ranks.

For modern urbanization characterized by growth big cities- the leading links of the supporting frame of the settlement of countries and regions, widespread group forms population resettlement (see Urban agglomeration).

Arising with the transition from primitive communal system to class society, cities get it all more development as the social and geographical division labor. The nature of cities, the place they occupy in social production and in public life in general, their social appearance, appearance etc., changed significantly, reflecting, first of all, the level of development of productive forces achieved by society and industrial relations. During historical development some cities lost their importance (or disappeared altogether), others, using the benefits of their economic and geographical position, strengthened it, occupying more high position in the hierarchy of populated places of countries and regions.

In economically developed capitalist countries specific gravity the urban population reaches 70-80% or more (early 1980s). The general process of urbanization, reflecting the growing role of cities and the legal way of life in society, is practically uncontrollable under capitalism. The expansion of the territory of capitalist cities beyond administrative boundaries (see Suburbanization), their merging with neighboring cities and rural settlements into economically heterogeneous and planning disordered urban agglomerations occur spontaneously. In a number of cases, the growth of neighboring urban agglomerations along transport routes leads to the emergence of multi-kilometer zones of continuous urban development (see Megalopolis). The formation of the agglomeration structure of modern cities under capitalism leads to the complication of pre-existing problems big city(socio-territorial polarization, racial and social ghettoes, increased pollution of the urban environment) and to the emergence of new contradictions and conflicts (removal of the place of residence from the place of work, financial bankruptcies of cities - centers of agglomerations, etc.). In the 1970s, the growth of insoluble contradictions in the development of capitalist cities led to a decrease in the level of business activity, an absolute and relative decrease in the population of a number of largest cities and urban agglomerations. developed countries West (see Dezurbanization).

In the 2nd half of the 20th century, the process of growth of cities and urban population in developing countries acquired a rapid pace. Industrialization in many of these countries has lagged behind urbanization (hence a number of difficult problems cities, such as part-time employment of the urban population, the growth of pauperization, etc.).

Under socialism, cities act as the base of industrialization and the organizing link of everything. National economy countries and regions. Cities ensure the implementation of socialist transformations in agriculture, actively contributing to the change in the entire appearance of the countryside, primarily by bringing its economy, culture and way of life to the urban level.

In the USSR, the growth of socialist industry, the development of education, science, culture, and other predominantly urban spheres of activity are causing a rapid increase in the urban population. During 1922-1984, the population of the USSR increased by 2 times, and the urban population by 8 times (including the population of urban-type settlements). Share of urban population in total strength population increased from 16 to 64.8%. In the 30-50s fast pace industrialization and urbanization of the USSR were ensured as a result of the concentration of production in a relatively limited number of large, large and largest cities. In the course of the development of the socialist economy, the circle of such cities steadily expanded, contributing to the development of the national economy of previously backward regions. There are 2138 cities in the USSR (as of January 1, 1984). 285 large cities concentrated 108 million people, or 61.0% of the total urban population (in 1926 - 36.1%), including 22 "millionaire" cities (39.6 million, or 22. 3% of the total urban population) (table).

The size of the city, incl.	Number of cities in this group	The number of inhabitants of all cities of this group, mln.
all cities

Grouping cities of the USSR according to various categories population (1979)

From the standpoint of studying the population, the city is a place of life (in broad sense) concentrated masses of the population, characterized by specific socio-demographic characteristics and development factors. The formation of the city's population is due to migration, natural growth, administrative changes (inclusion in urban settlements suburban area). The structure of population growth in the cities of the USSR for 1926-1979 is as follows - natural increase- 29.6%, migration and administrative transformations - 70.4%. In cities different sizes and functional type demographic situation may differ significantly. As a rule, it is the least favorable in the largest and smallest cities (low birth rates and the associated significant increase in the proportion of elderly people, etc.). Since the 1970s, there has been a tendency towards some leveling of these differences (approximation of medium and large cities, with a population of up to 250 thousand people, as well as many small towns, to the demographic type characteristic of the largest cities.

The development of the network of cities in the USSR is characterized by the following main features: 1) the formation and rapid growth of new cities in various regions of the country; 2) consistent urbanization of areas that previously lagged behind in industrial terms; 3) consolidation of cities and more uniform distribution networks of medium and large cities throughout the country; 4) expanding the composition and development of a network of large and largest multifunctional cities; 5) the formation of urban agglomerations, especially in the zones of influence of the largest cities.

All cities of the USSR in terms of management are divided into cities of the republican (union or autonomous republic), regional, regional, district and district subordination. Of the 2,138 cities of the USSR (as of January 1, 1984), 978 were cities of republican, krai, oblast, or district subordination, and 1,160 were subordination to districts.

B. S. Khorev, S. G. Smidovich.

Demographic encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Chief Editor DI. Valentey. 1985.

Literature:

Baransky N. N., On the economic-geographical. the study of cities, in the book: Questions of Geography, Sat. 2, M. 1946, p. 19-62; Maergoiz I. M. K ekon.-geogr. the study of cities, ibid., Sat. 38, M. 1956, p. 5 - 26; Khorev B. S., Urban settlements of the USSR. M. 1968; his own, Problems of cities, 2nd ed., M. 1975; Lapio G. M. Geography of cities with the basics of urban planning, M. 1969; his own, Stories about cities, 2nd ed., M. 1976; his own, Development of mountains. agglomerations in the USSR, M. 1978; Small town Socio-demographic. study small town, M. 1972; Growth of cities and the system of settlement, M. 1975; Pivovarov Yu. L., Modern. urbanization, M. 1976; Khodzhaev D. G., Kochetkov A. V., Litstengurt F. M. Settlement system in the USSR, M. 1977; Largest cities- their present and future, M. 1979; Mezhevich m N., social development n city. L., 1979; God-Garnier J., Chabot J., Essays on the geography of cities, trans. from French, M. 1967; Murphy R, Amer. city, per. from English, M. 1972; Forrester J., Dynamics of city development, trans. from English, M. 1974; Merlin P., City: no. methods of study, trans. from French, M. 1977.