Eurasia is the largest continent on our planet. It occupies about 54.3 million km 2, which is 36% of the entire land area of ​​the Earth. It includes two parts of the world - Europe and Asia.

Geography of the mainland

Most of Eurasia is located in the northern hemisphere, although it extends 11 degrees into the southern hemisphere. Extreme continental points of Eurasia:

• northern - (Taimyr Peninsula, Russia);
• southern - Cape Piai Malaysia);
• western - Cape Roca (Portugal);
• East - ( Chukotka Peninsula, Russia).

From the north, the mainland is washed by the North Arctic Ocean, in the west - the Atlantic, in the east the Pacific, and in the south - the Indian.

It is separated from the rest of the continents by straits and seas. North America is located beyond the Bering Strait, separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean and Red Seas, where they are connected by the Isthmus of Suez.

They surround the mainland in a semicircle. The islands and archipelagos of Eurasia are more concentrated in eastern waters. But also in the northwestern part there are quite large separate islands or groups of islands.

Most of the archipelagos are found in the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Small ones are located in the Aegean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The large ones include the Japanese archipelago (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Hokkaido), the Philippine Islands (Mindanao, Palawan, Luzon), the Malay Archipelago (Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Celebes), British (Great Britain, Ireland).

Now about each in more detail.

The Japanese archipelago consists of four large and 6848 small islands. The first four large ones - Kyushu, Hokkaido, Honshu and Shikoku - are 97% of the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe state, which is equal to 377.9 thousand km 2 (364.4 km 2 is land, the remaining 13.5 km 2 - body of water). The islands themselves are of volcanic origin and are part of the Pacific volcanic ring of fire, which is a consequence strongest earthquakes and tsunami.

Filipino are washed Western waters The Pacific Ocean consists of three large islands stretching from north to south. The state also includes 7638 islands. The total area of ​​the entire territory is 299.764 km2.

The British archipelago consists of two large islands (Great Britain and Ireland), archipelagos (they include the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland Islands) and other small islands. The entire territory of Great Britain is isolated from the mainland by the Pas de Calais and the English Channel. Her total area is 325 thousand km 2.

The Malaysian archipelago is located southwest of the Philippines and is washed by the waters of two oceans: the Indian and the Pacific. This is the largest archipelago in the world. Its total area is approximately 2 million km2. The largest islands are among the largest in area in the world.

The islands of Eurasia are scattered around the mainland, but there are also archipelagos. This cluster a large number islands in a relatively small area. In the central part of the Malaysian archipelago is the third largest island in the world and the most big Island Eurasia - - its second name.

The island covers an area of ​​743,330 km2. Interesting fact- This is the only island in the world that is shared by three states at once: Indonesia, Brunei and Malaysia.

Large peninsulas and islands of Eurasia

A peninsula is a piece of land that wedged a certain distance into the adjacent waters of the seas and oceans and is washed by water from all sides except one. This side connects the peninsula to the mainland.

The "record holder" of the world was the Arabian Peninsula, whose area is 3.25 million km2. It is located in the southwest of Eurasia and is almost completely covered by the desert sands. Behind him, with a large lag, is the Indian subcontinent, located in the south of the mainland. Its area is 2 million km2. They are followed by Scandinavian, Yukotan, Balkan, Taimyr, Yamal and many others, whose area is much smaller.

Sakhalin is one of the largest islands in Eurasia. Stretched from north to south. The area of ​​the island is 76,400 km2. It is washed by the waters of the warm Sea of ​​Japan and the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Java Island is considered the most populated in the Malay Archipelago. Its area is 132 thousand km 2 (land area 128.297 km 2). About 120 volcanoes are located on the island, of which 30 are active. Total length from west to east is 1,000 km.

Sumatra is an archipelago washed by the Indian Ocean. It is the sixth largest in the world. The area is 473.481 km 2 (including the adjacent islands, whose area is approximately 30 thousand km 2). Earthquakes are not uncommon here, reaching an amplitude of 7-8 points.

long time ago Eurasia was the center of advanced civilizations. Now there are 91 independent states on the mainland (47 in Asia and 44 in Europe). They differ in terms of area, quantity and national composition population, according to the level of economic development.

A peculiar geographical position is occupied by the largest country in Eurasia - Russia, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich exceeds 17 million km 2. It is located in the eastern part of Europe and in the north of Asia. The largest European country - Ukraine, whose area is 603.7 thousand km 2, is located in the southeastern part of Europe.

In Asia itself big country is China (9.6 million km2). China holds the championship on the mainland and in terms of population. Over 1.2 billion people live here (Fig. 209). It is not far behind India, where over 1 billion people live.

Germany is the largest country in Europe with 82.5 million people. Ukraine ranks fifth in Europe in terms of population. According to the latest data, more than 47 million people live in the country.

Next to the Eurasian giants, such countries as Liechtenstein, Monaco, Andorra, the Vatican, San Marino, Bahrain, Singapore and some others look quite tiny. Indeed, in terms of area and population, they resemble an ordinary city.

State-city. This is exactly what the Vatican is - an independent state located in the western part of Rome, on the hill of Monte Vaticano, on the right bank of the Tiber River. Its area is only 0.44 km 2, and the length of the borders is 2600 m. About 900 people have citizenship of the Vatican, but no more than 300 people permanently live in the Vatican itself.

The countries of Eurasia are very different in terms of the number of nationalities inhabiting them. Thus, Japan, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Bangladesh and others are one-national countries. The population of Great Britain, Belarus, China, Turkey, Iraq is 80% one nation. Ukraine, Russia, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Thailand are multinational countries.

There are economically developed states on the continent, among which Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain (Fig. 210), Italy are especially distinguished.

Significantly more on the continent developing countries. Among them are India, Pakistan, Thailand (Fig. 211), the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Afghanistan, etc. One of the reasons for backwardness is that many of them became independent only in the 20th century. material from the site

A special place is occupied by a group of countries that until 1991 were part of a single big state- THE USSR. Now they are independent, but their economy has so far serious problems, as it is in a state of transition to new economic relations. These countries are called countries in transition.

• Among 91 independent states of Eurasia Russia is the largest in terms of area and China in terms of population.
• AT Eurasia there are such economically developed states: Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. most large group developing states on the continent.
• Young people are a special group states of Eurasia- former republics of the USSR.

by the most big mainland planet Earth is Eurasia. It consists of two parts, the conditional border between which runs through the Ural Mountains, Emba, the Caspian and Black Seas, the Caucasus and Taman Peninsula. It is worth noting that the Eurasia Square is striking in its size. It is here that the deepest depression of land is located and highest peak Earth. Here you can find absolutely all types of soils and climates, starting from moist forests and ending with northern Eurasia is the only continent in the world whose rivers are connected with the basins of all oceans. Their food in different parts mainland is different: rain, snow, ground and ice, depending on climatic conditions and other factors.

Description of Eurasia

The largest and most complex continent is Eurasia. She is for the most part associated with America and Africa. Between these continents, various transactions are most often concluded. It ranks first in size. The area is almost 53.9 million km2. Oceans, washing it from all sides, render special influence on the climate, filling it with certain natural features. The relief on the mainland is very diverse. You can meet both lowlands and large mountains, on which entire countries stand. Due to the fact that they create a kind of grid, Eurasia is full of numerous basins. Such factors greatly influence the formation of both the climate and the entire water network.

States of Eurasia

Almost all Eurasian countries are independent. And some of them also occupy leading places all over the world in terms of their influence and power.

Europe is an important component of the mainland. She gave the world talented artists Raphael and Michelangelo, writers Shakespeare and Cervantes, poets Shevchenko and Byron, travelers Magellan and Columbus, scientists of Copernicus and Newton, composers Verdi and Gounod, actors Bernard and Schepkin, singers Caruso and Krushelnitskaya. It can be said that in terms of science and art, Europe has opened up a lot to the world.

In Asia, there are rich countries and Brunei, which were able to build their economy thanks to oil, Japan, which has become an example for the whole world due to the very rapid growth of the economy. Israel distinguished itself by the fact that with the help of advanced technologies was able to turn the desert into a blooming garden.

the Russian Federation

Russia ranks second in the world in terms of army power. It controls several countries and includes 22 republics. It ranks first in terms of the population of the territory on the mainland of Eurasia. The geography of this country is also quite interesting due to the huge extent of the state. Thanks to these facts, Russia has every chance not only to prevent any interference by other countries in politics, economics and finance, but also to become the most powerful state planets. The largest area of ​​Eurasia is occupied by the Russian Federation.

France

This power is a member of the UN and is the fifth most powerful state in the world. It can easily influence many. It must be said that France is a nuclear country. She has powerful army as well as a well-developed economy. calling card of this state are its sights, achievements in science, technology, culture and culinary. Since ancient times, France has made it clear that it is a majestic country that always strives only for the new.

PRC (China)

It is impossible to remain silent and not talk about such great power like China. For almost 2000 years, the republic has been the leader in terms of population in the world. China is the birthplace of silk, feather, compass, gunpowder. China occupies a significant area of ​​Eurasia after Russia (third place in the world, second in Asia). Its industry is developed at the highest level and is exported to almost all countries of the world. It is truly a powerful country, which has a strong and numerous army with good weapons. China has nuclear weapons and a developed economy, so its membership in the UN is quite significant and can significantly influence the decisions of the organization.

United Kingdom

This state is considered the most stable, it is also included in and European Union. It is a leader in the field of music, cinema and reserves the first place in world politics. It has nuclear weapon and exports capital on a fairly large scale. It consists of four enough developed countries: Northern Ireland, England, Wales and Scotland. Thanks to this union, Great Britain has a well-developed industry, and it is a powerful state.

In addition to these states, the leading countries of Eurasia can also be called Italy, Poland, Belarus, Germany, Japan and India.

As a continent, Eurasia occupies a sufficient amount of space on planet Earth. More than five billion people live here, which is quite a number. Eurasia Square is amazing.

Of course, Asia occupies most of the mainland, Europe, in turn, took only a fifth of it. The country connecting these two parts is the Russian Federation, its well-being is ensured due to its favorable location. She is the undisputed leader in terms of territory on this continent. Also, many countries of Eurasia are quite powerful and influential throughout the world.

Eurasia is the most big continent on Earth, the area is 53.893 million km², which is 36% of the land area. The population is more than 4.947 billion (2010), which is about 3/4 of the population of the entire planet.

Origin of the name of the continent

Originally given different names largest continent peace. Alexander Humboldt used the name "Asia" for all of Eurasia. Carl Gustav Reuschle used the term "Doppelerdtheil Asien-Europa" in 1858 in his Handbuch der Geographie. The term "Eurasia" was first used by the geologist Eduard Suess in the 1880s.

Geographic location of the mainland

The continent is located in the Northern Hemisphere between approximately 9° W. and 169° W. while part of the Eurasian islands is located in southern hemisphere. Most of continental Eurasia lies in Eastern hemisphere, although the extreme western and eastern ends of the mainland are in the Western Hemisphere.

Contains two parts of the world: Europe and Asia. The border line between Europe and Asia is most often drawn along eastern slopes Ural mountains, the Ural River, the Emba River, the northwestern coast of the Caspian Sea, the Kuma River, the Kumo-Manych depression, the Manych River, the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south coast the Black Sea, the Bosphorus, the Sea of ​​Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Aegean and Mediterranean seas, Strait of Gibraltar. This division has developed historically. Naturally, there is no sharp boundary between Europe and Asia. The continent is united by the continuity of the land, which has developed on this moment tectonic consolidation and unity of numerous climatic processes.

Eurasia stretches from west to east for 16 thousand km, from north to south - for 8 thousand km, with an area of ​​≈ 54 million km². This is more than a third of the total land area of ​​the planet. The area of ​​the Eurasian islands is approaching 2.75 million km².

Extreme points of Eurasia

mainland points

• Cape Chelyuskin (Russia), 77°43′ N sh. - extreme northern mainland point.
• Cape Piai (Malaysia) 1°16′ N sh. - extreme southern mainland point.
• Cape Roca (Portugal), 9º31′ W d. - the extreme western mainland point.
• Cape Dezhnev (Russia), 169°42′ W d. - extreme eastern mainland point.

island points

• Cape Fligeli (Russia), 81°52′ N sh. - extreme northern island point (However, according to topographic map Rudolf Island, the coast stretching in the latitudinal direction to the west of Cape Fligely lies several hundred meters north of the cape at coordinates 81°51′28.8″ N. sh. 58°52′00″ E (G)(O)).
• South Island (Cocos Islands) 12°4′S sh. - the southernmost point of the island.
• Monchique Rock (Azores) 31º16′ W d. - the extreme western island point.
• Ratmanov Island (Russia) 169°0′ W d. - the extreme eastern island point.

Largest peninsulas

• Arabian Peninsula
• Peninsula Asia Minor
• Balkan Peninsula
• peninsula
• The Iberian Peninsula
• Scandinavian Peninsula
• Taimyr Peninsula
• Chukotka Peninsula
• Peninsula Kamchatka
• Peninsula Indochina
• Hindustan Peninsula
• Peninsula Malacca
• Yamal Peninsula
• Kola Peninsula
• Peninsula Korea

Geological characteristics of the continent

Geological structure of Eurasia

The geological structure of Eurasia is qualitatively different from the structures of other continents. Eurasia is composed of several platforms and plates. The continent was formed in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras and is the youngest geologically. This distinguishes it from other continents, which are the heights of ancient platforms formed billions of years ago.

The northern part of Eurasia is a series of plates and platforms formed during the Archean, Proterozoic and Paleozoic periods: the East European platform with the Baltic and Ukrainian shields, the Siberian platform with the Aldan shield, the West Siberian plate. The eastern part of the mainland includes two platforms (Sino-Korean and South China), some plates and areas of Mesozoic and Alpine folding. southeastern part The mainland is an area of ​​Mesozoic and Cenozoic folding. The southern regions of the mainland are represented by the Indian and Arabian platforms, the Iranian plate, as well as areas of Alpine and Mesozoic folding, which also prevail in southern Europe. Territory Western Europe include zones of predominantly Hercynian folding and slabs of Paleozoic platforms. The central regions of the continent include zones of Paleozoic folding and plates of the Paleozoic platform.

In Eurasia, there are many large faults and cracks that are found in Siberia (Western and Lake Baikal), Tibet and some other areas.

Story

The period of formation of the mainland covers a huge period of time and continues today. The beginning of the process of formation of ancient platforms that make up the continent of Eurasia occurred in the Precambrian era. Then three ancient platforms were formed: Chinese, Siberian and East European, separated by ancient seas and oceans. At the end of the Proterozoic and in the Paleozoic, the processes of closing the oceans separating the land masses took place. At this time, the process of land growth around these and other platforms and their grouping took place, which ultimately led to the formation of the Pangea supercontinent by the beginning of the Mesozoic era.

In the Proterozoic, the process of formation of the ancient platforms of Siberian, Chinese and East European Eurasia took place. At the end of the era, the land area south of the Siberian Platform increased. In the Silurian, extensive mountain building occurred as a result of the connection of the European and North American platform that formed the large North Atlantic continent. In the east, the Siberian platform and a number of mountain systems united, forming new mainland- Angarida. At this time, the process of formation of ore deposits took place.

A new tectonic cycle began in the Carboniferous period. Intensive movements led to the formation of mountainous areas that connected Siberia and Europe. Similar mountainous regions were formed in the southern regions of modern Eurasia. Before the beginning of the Triassic period, all the ancient platforms were grouped and formed the mainland Pangea. This cycle was long and divided into phases. AT initial phase mountain building took place southern territories present-day Western Europe and in the regions of Central Asia. AT Permian new major mountain-building processes took place, in parallel with the general uplift of the land. As a result, by the end of the period, the Eurasian part of Pangea was a region with large folding. At this time, the process of destruction of old mountains and the formation of powerful sedimentary deposits took place. In the Triassic period, geological activity was weak, but in this period the Tethys Ocean gradually opened in the east of Pangea, later in the Jurassic dividing Pangea into two parts, Laurasia and Gondwana. AT jurassic the process of orogeny begins, the peak of which, however, fell on the Cenozoic era.

The next stage in the formation of the continent began in the Cretaceous, when it began to open Atlantic Ocean. Finally, the Laurasia continent was divided in the Cenozoic.

At the beginning of the Cenozoic era northern Eurasia represented a huge landmass, which composed the ancient platforms, interconnected by areas of the Baikal, Hercynian and Caledonian folding. In the east and southeast, this massif was joined by areas of Mesozoic folding. In the west of Eurasia North America already separated by the narrow Atlantic Ocean. From the south, this huge massif was propped up by the shrinking Tethys Ocean. In the Cenozoic, there was a reduction in the area of ​​the Tethys Ocean and intense mountain building in the south of the continent. By the end of the Tertiary period, the continent took on its modern shape.

Physical characteristics of the mainland

Relief of Eurasia

The relief of Eurasia is extremely diverse, it contains some of the most great plains and mountain systems of the world, the East European Plain, the West Siberian Plain, the Tibetan Plateau. Eurasia is the most high mainland on earth, it average height- about 830 meters (the average height of Antarctica is higher due to the ice sheet, but if we consider the height of the bedrock as its height, then the continent will be the lowest). In Eurasia, there are the highest mountains on Earth - the Himalayas (ind. Abode of snows), and the Eurasian mountain systems of the Himalayas, Tibet, Hindu Kush, Pamir, Tien Shan, etc. form the largest mountainous region on Earth.

The modern relief of the continent is due to intense tectonic movements during the Neogene and Anthropogenic periods. The East Asian and Alpine-Himalayan geosynclinal belts are characterized by the highest mobility. Powerful neotectonic movements are also characteristic of a wide band of structures of different ages from Gissar-Alay to Chukotka. High seismicity is inherent in many regions of Central, Central and East Asia, the Malay Archipelago. The active volcanoes of Eurasia are located in Kamchatka, the islands of Eastern and South-East Asia, Iceland and the Mediterranean.

The average height of the continent is 830 m, mountains and plateaus occupy about 65% of its territory.

The main mountain systems of Eurasia:

• Himalayas
• Alps
• Hindu Kush
• Karakoram
• Tien Shan
• Kunlun
• Altai
• Mountains of Southern Siberia
• Mountains of the North Eastern Siberia
• Western Asian highlands
• Pamir-Alai
• Tibetan Plateau
• Sayano-Tuva Highlands
• Deccan Plateau
• Central Siberian Plateau
• Carpathians
• Ural mountains

Major plains and lowlands of Eurasia

• the East European Plain
• West Siberian Plain
• Turan lowland
• Great Plain of China
• Indo-Gangetic Plain

Relief of northern and row mountainous areas continent has been affected ancient glaciation. Modern glaciers have been preserved on the islands of the Arctic, in Iceland and in the highlands. About 11 million km² (mainly in Siberia) is occupied by permafrost.

Mainland geographic records

In Eurasia there is the highest mountain of the Earth - Chomolungma (Everest), the largest lake - the Caspian Sea and the deepest - Baikal, the largest mountain system by area - Tibet, the largest peninsula - Arabian, the largest geographical area- Siberia, the most low point sushi - Depression of the Dead Sea. The cold pole of the northern hemisphere, Oymyakon, is also located on the continent. Eurasia also has the largest natural area Earth - Siberia.

Historical and geographical zoning

Eurasia is the motherland ancient civilizations Sumerian and Chinese, and the place where almost all the ancient civilizations of the Earth were formed. Eurasia is conditionally divided into two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The latter, due to its size, is divided into smaller regions - Siberia, the Far East, the Amur Region, Primorye, Manchuria, China, India, Tibet, Uyguria (East Turkestan, now Xinjiang as part of the PRC), Central Asia, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Persia, Indochina, Arabia and some others. Other, less well-known regions of Eurasia - Tarkhtaria (Tartaria), Hyperborea are almost forgotten today and are not recognized.

The climate of the mainland Eurasia

All are represented in Eurasia climatic zones and climatic zones. In the north, the polar and subpolar climatic zones predominate, then the temperate zone crosses Eurasia with a wide strip, followed by subtropical belt. The tropical belt on the territory of Eurasia is interrupted, stretching across the continent from the Mediterranean and Red Seas to India. The subequatorial belt protrudes to the north, covering India and Indochina, as well as the extreme south of China, while the equatorial belt covers mainly the islands of southeast Asia. Climate zones maritime climate are located mainly in the west of the continent in Europe, as well as the islands. Monsoon climate zones prevail in the eastern and southern regions. With a deepening inland, the continentality of the climate grows, this is especially noticeable in the temperate zone when moving from west to east. Zones most continental climate are located in Eastern Siberia (see Sharply continental climate).

nature on the continent

natural areas

All are represented in Eurasia natural areas. It's connected with large sizes mainland and stretching from north to south.

The northern islands and high mountains are partly covered by glaciers. The zone of polar deserts extends mainly along the northern coast and a significant part of the Taimyr Peninsula. Next comes a wide belt of tundra and forest-tundra, occupying the most extensive areas in Eastern Siberia (Yakutia) and the Far East.

Almost all of Siberia, a significant part of the Far East and Europe (northern and northeastern), is covered with coniferous forest - taiga. On South Western Siberia and on the Russian Plain (central and western parts), as well as mixed forests in Scandinavia and Scotland. There are areas of such forests in the Far East: in Manchuria, Primorye, Northern China, Korea and the Japanese Islands. Deciduous forests predominate mainly in the west of the mainland in Europe. Small patches of these forests are found in eastern Asia (China). In the southeast of Eurasia, there are massifs of moist equatorial forests.

Central and Southwestern regions occupied mainly by semi-deserts and deserts. In Hindustan and Southeast Asia, there are areas of light forests and variable-humid and monsoon forests. subtropical and rainforests monsoon type also predominate in Eastern China, and their moderate analogues are in Manchuria, the Amur Region and Primorye. In the south of the western part of the continent (mainly the Mediterranean and on Black Sea coast) there are zones of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs (forests of the Mediterranean type). Large areas are occupied by steppes and forest-steppes, occupying southern part Russian plain and south of Western Siberia. Steppes and forest-steppes are also found in Transbaikalia, the Amur region, their vast areas are in Mongolia and northern and northeastern China and Manchuria.

In Eurasia, areas of altitudinal zonation are widespread.

Fauna, animal world

A large, northern, part of Eurasia belongs to the Holarctic zoogeographic region; the smaller, southern one, to the Indo-Malay and Ethiopian regions. The Indo-Malay region includes the Hindustan and Indochina peninsulas, together with the adjacent part of the mainland, the islands of Taiwan, the Philippine and Sunda, South Arabia, along with most of Africa, is included in the Ethiopian region. Some southeastern islands of the Malay Archipelago are classified by most zoogeographers as part of the Australian zoogeographic region. This division reflects the features of the development of the Eurasian fauna in the process of change natural conditions during the end of the Mesozoic and the entire Cenozoic, as well as connections with other continents. To characterize modern natural conditions, of interest are the ancient extinct fauna, known only in the fossil state, the fauna that disappeared in historical time as a result of human activity, and modern fauna.

At the end of the Mesozoic, a diverse fauna formed on the territory of Eurasia, consisting of monotremes and marsupials, snakes, turtles, etc. With the advent of placental mammals, especially predators, lower mammals retreated south to Africa and Australia. They were replaced by proboscis, camels, horses, rhinos, which inhabited most of Eurasia in the Cenozoic. The cooling of the climate at the end of the Cenozoic led to the extinction of many of them or retreat to the south. Proboscis, rhinos, etc. in the north of Eurasia are known only in a fossil state, and now they live only in South and Southeast Asia. Until recently, camels and wild horses were widespread in the interior arid parts of Eurasia.

The cooling of the climate led to the settlement of Eurasia by animals adapted to harsh climatic conditions (mammoth, aurochs, etc.). This northern fauna, the center of formation of which was in the area of ​​the Bering Sea and was common with North America, gradually pushed the heat-loving fauna to the south. Many of its representatives have died out, some have survived in the composition of the modern fauna of the tundra and taiga forests. The drying up of the climate of the interior regions of the mainland was accompanied by the spread of the steppe and desert fauna, which survived mainly in the steppes and deserts of Asia, and partially died out in Europe.

in eastern Asia, where climatic conditions did not undergo significant changes during the Cenozoic, many preglacial animals found refuge. In addition, through East Asia there was an exchange of animals between the Holarctic and Indo-Malay regions. Within its limits, far to the north, such tropical forms as the tiger, the Japanese macaque, and others penetrate.

The distribution of modern wild fauna across the territory of Eurasia reflects both the history of its development, and the features of natural conditions and the results of human activity.

On the northern islands and on far north mainland composition of the fauna almost does not change from west to east. Animal world tundra and taiga forests has insignificant internal differences. The farther to the south, the differences in latitude within the Holarctic become more and more significant. Fauna extreme south Eurasia is already so specific and so different from the tropical fauna of Africa and even Arabia that they are assigned to different zoogeographic regions.

The fauna of the tundra is especially monotonous throughout Eurasia (as well as North America).

The most common large mammal in the tundra is the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). It is almost never found in Europe in the wild; this is the most common and valuable domestic animal in the north of Eurasia. The tundra is characterized by arctic fox, lemming and white hare.

Eurasian countries

The list below includes not only states located on the Eurasian mainland, but also states located on islands classified as Europe or Asia (an example is Japan).

• Abkhazia
• Austria
• Albania
• Andorra
• Afghanistan
• Bangladesh
• Belarus
• Belgium
• Bulgaria
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Brunei
• Butane
• Vatican
• United Kingdom
• Hungary
• East Timor
• Vietnam
• Germany
• Greece
• Georgia
• Denmark
• Egypt (partially)
• Israel
• India
• Indonesia (partially)
• Jordan
• Ireland
• Iceland
• Spain
• Italy
• Yemen
• Kazakhstan
• Cambodia
• Qatar
• Kyrgyzstan
• Republic of China (Taiwan)
• Kuwait
• Latvia
• Lebanon
• Lithuania
• Liechtenstein
• Luxembourg Malaysia
• Maldives
• Malta
• Moldova
• Monaco
• Mongolia
• Myanmar
• Nepal
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Pakistan
• State
• Palestine
• Poland
• Portugal
• The Republic of Korea
• Republic
• Kosovo
• Macedonia
• Russia
• Romania
• San Marino
• Saudi Arabia
• Serbia
• Singapore
• Syria
• Slovakia
• Slovenia
• Tajikistan
• Thailand
• Turkmenistan
• Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
• Turkey
• Uzbekistan
• Ukraine
• Philippines
• Finland
• France
• Croatia
• Montenegro
• Czech Republic
• Switzerland
• Sweden
• Sri Lanka
• Estonia
• South Ossetia
• Japan

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The countries of the world can be classified according to different indicators, such as area, population, population density, income per capita, by monetary unit, by mortality and birth rate, and by various social and economic indicators. Eurasia is a huge continent, it is about the largest countries in terms of area located on the territory of Eurasia that will be discussed.

Russia is the largest state in terms of area not only in Eurasia, but also in the world. In addition, this is the large state by population in Europe. So, 17,102,345 square kilometers has an area of ​​Russia. In addition, the state is rapidly growing economically. The country's per capita gross domestic product growth figures are increasing every year. The country is dominated by several climatic zones. Yes, in northern cities The country can experience air temperature within minus fifty degrees, while in the southern part of Russia at the same time it can be plus thirty.

The entire territory of Russia is effectively used in various economic areas. Except recreational resources, which consist of seas of lakes, rivers, reservoirs, forests, mountains and plains, mineral deposits are actively used. Almost the entire periodic table is located in the bowels of the territory occupied by Russia.

China is the most rapidly developing state in terms of information. 9,640,821 square kilometers- this is the area of ​​​​the state, on which more than a billion, three hundred thousand people live. The population density in China is very high. This may explain the leading position of the state among other countries of the world in terms of production of its own products. Huge scientific and technical laboratories, research centers implemented every day Newest technologies in all areas of human life.

The country is limited in resources, therefore, in order to provide itself with them, China must every year have such budget indicators that would allow it to provide full life their citizens. One of the most developed industries of the states is tourism, which brings billions of dollars to China every year.

India ranks third in terms of area in Eurasia, it is located on 3 287 590 square kilometers . At the same time, India is the second most populous country in the world. India has over a billion inhabitants. The main industry of the state is trade. Access to many ports, a convenient trade location - all this contributes to an increase in the commodity turnover of the country. It is here, in India, that the largest pharmaceutical corporations in the world are located. Specialized laboratories produce the latest medical preparations not only traditional medicine. India is the largest religious center in the world. Millions of people make pilgrimages here every year.

Kazakhstan has an area 2,724,900 square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in Eurasia. Large deposits of oil, gas, and coal have been explored on its territory. It has no access to the seas, but on its territory there are lakes and rivers. Kazakhstan does not occupy a leading position in the world in terms of economic growth and technological development.

The industrial complex of the country works mainly for the production of domestic consumption goods. Tourism in Kazakhstan is poorly developed, so the state budget receives less of the lion's share of income. Extensive mountainous areas not inhabited, large areas land is not cultivated. Doing business in the camp, thus, led to a decrease in economic and social indicators mills in recent years.

Saudi Arabia ranks fifth in terms of area among the states of Eurasia. Its area is 2,218,000 square kilometers. Saudi Arabia is a kingdom that is isolated within its desert territory. The kingdom has access to the Red Sea, thanks to which thousands of tourists visit the state every year, bringing him profit. The Persian Gulf provides Saudi Arabia trade route across its territory. The bowels of the deserts are rich in oil and gas, extracting and exporting them, the kingdom provides its citizens with consistently high incomes. The standard of living in the kingdom is high, as medical support available to citizens. And carried out on one of the most high levels in the world.

Indonesia is the sixth largest country in Eurasia. On her legal 1,904,556 square kilometers two hundred and fifty million people live. It is the largest Muslim island state in the world. The fishing industry generates billions of dollars in income for Indonesia every year. In addition, large islands provide tourists with an upscale vacation on the coast and straits. In addition, the island nation receives every year great amount tourists who are fond of extreme diving. Excursion tours through tropical forests to the foothills of volcanoes - the highlight of Indonesia. The standard of living of the local population is quite high despite the absence of an industrial complex on the territory of the state.

Iran is the seventh largest state in Eurasia. Square state territory Iran is 1,648,000 square kilometers. Through the Arabian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, Iran carries out its trade operations with hundreds of countries of the world. Iran's economy ranks fourth in the world in terms of gross domestic product.

Iran is one of the leaders in terms of oil reserves. Iran is also rich in other minerals, especially gold. The country is closed to active tourism, as civil clashes often occur on its territory, which significantly undermine its political rating among other economically developed countries of the world, which affects its trade and industrial parity.

Regardless of the area of ​​​​the territory occupied by a particular state, the fundamental of its rapid economic growth and development is the rational conduct of business, the establishment of economic and trade relations with neighbors, maximum use of natural resources.