Most of European territory Russia, as well as some countries of the near abroad, is located on the continental area earth's crust, which is called the East European Platform. The landform here is predominantly flat, although there are exceptions, which we will discuss below. This platform is one of the oldest geological formations on earth. Let's take a closer look at what the relief of the East European Platform is, what minerals lie in it, and also how the process of its formation took place.
Territorial location
First of all, let's find out exactly where this geological formation is located.
Eastern European ancient platform, or, as it is also called, the Russian platform, is located on the territory of the geographic regions of Eastern and Northern Europe. She takes most the European part of Russia, as well as the territories of the following neighboring states: Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, Finland, Sweden, partially Poland, Romania, Kazakhstan and Norway.
In the northwest, the East European ancient platform extends to the formations of the Caledonian folding in Norway, in the east it is limited by the Ural Mountains, in the north by the Arctic Ocean, and in the south by the Black and Caspian Sea, as well as the foothills of the Carpathians, Crimea and the Caucasus (Scythian plate).
The total area of the platform is about 5500 thousand square meters. km.
History of formation
The tectonic landforms of the East European Platform are among the oldest geological formations in the world. This is due to the fact that the platform arose in Precambrian times.
Before the formation of a single world territory, the Russian platform was separate continent- Baltic. After the collapse of Pangea, the platform became part of Laurasia, and after the separation of the latter, it became part of Eurasia, where it is still located.
Throughout this time, the formation was covered with sedimentary rocks, which thus formed the relief of the East European Platform.
Platform Composition
As with all ancient platforms, the East European one is based on a crystalline foundation. Over the course of millions of years, a layer of sedimentary rocks was created on top of it. However, in some places the foundation comes to the surface, forming crystalline shields.
There are two such shields in the indicated territory (in the south - the Ukrainian Shield, in the north-west - the Baltic Shield), which is shown on the tectonic map of the platform.
the East European Plain
What surface does the East European platform have? The landform here is predominantly hilly and flat. It is characterized by an alternation of low elevations (200-300 m) and lowlands. At the same time, the average plain, which is called the East European, is 170 m.
The East European (or Russian) Plain is largest facility flat type in Europe and one of the largest in the world. Its area occupies most of the territory of the Russian platform and is about 4,000 thousand square meters. km. It extends from Baltic Sea and Finland inclusive in the west to Ural mountains in the east for 2500 km, and from the seas of the Northern Arctic Ocean in the north (Barents and White) to the Black, Caspian and Azov seas in the south at 2700 km. At the same time, it is part of an even larger object, which is commonly called the Great European plain stretching from the coast Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees in France to the Ural Mountains. As stated above, average height The Russian plain is 170 meters, but its highest point reaches 479 meters above sea level. It is located in Russian Federation on the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya Upland, which is in the foothills of the Ural Mountains.
In addition, on the territory of the Ukrainian Shield, which is also located on the Russian Plain, there are uplifts, which are a form of outcropping of crystalline rocks of the base of the platform. These include, for example, the Azov Upland, the highest point of which (Belmak-Mogila) is 324 meters above sea level.
The basis of the Russian Plain is the East European platform, which is very ancient. This is the reason for the flat character of the area.
Other relief objects
But the Russian Plain is not the only geographical feature, which contains the East European platform. The landform here also takes on other forms. This is especially true at the boundaries of the platform.
For example, in the extreme northwest of the platform on the territory of Norway, Sweden and Finland, there is the Baltic crystal shield. Here, in the south of Sweden, the Central Swedish Lowland is located. Its length from north to south and from west to east is 200 km and 500 km, respectively. The height above sea level here does not exceed 200 m.
But in the north of Sweden and Finland, the Norland plateau is located. Its maximum height is 800 meters above sea level.
A small section of Norway, which includes the East European platform, is also characterized by a hill. The relief here acquires a mountainous character. Yes, this is not surprising, since the hill gradually in the west turns into real mountains, called Scandinavian. But these mountains are already derivatives that are not directly related to the platform described in this review, which is shown on the tectonic map.
Rivers
Now let's take a look at the main reservoirs that are located on the territory of the platform we are studying. After all, they are also relief-forming factors.
The largest river of the East European Platform and Europe as a whole is the Volga. Its length is 3530 km, and the basin area is 1.36 million square meters. km. This river flows from north to south, while on the surrounding lands forming the corresponding floodplain landforms of Russia. The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea.
Another major river of the Russian platform is the Dnieper. Its length is 2287 km. It, like the Volga, flows from north to south, but, unlike its longer sister, it does not flow into the Caspian Sea, but into the Black Sea. The river flows through the territory of three states at once: Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. At the same time, about half of its length falls on Ukraine.
To other big and wide famous rivers The Russian platform should include the Don (1870 km), Dniester (1352 km), Southern Bug (806 km), Neva (74 km), Seversky Donets (1053 km), Volga tributaries Oka (1499 km) and Kama (2030 km).
In addition, in the southwestern part of the platform, the Danube River flows into the Black Sea. The length of this great river is 2960 km, but almost completely it flows beyond the boundaries of the platform we are studying, and only the mouth of the Danube is located on its territory.
lakes
There are on the territory of the Russian platform and the lake. The largest of them are located on Lake Ladoga, Europe's largest (area 17.9 thousand sq. km) and Lake Onega (9.7 thousand sq. km).
In addition, the Caspian Sea is located in the south of the Russian platform, which, in fact, is salt lake. This is the largest body of water in the world that does not have access to the oceans. Its area is 371.0 thousand square meters. km.
Minerals
Now let's study the minerals of the East European Platform. The bowels of this territory are very rich in gifts. So, in the east of Ukraine and south-west of Russia there is one of the world's largest coal basins - Donbass.
The Krivoy Rog iron ore and Nikopol manganese basins are also located on the territory of Ukraine. These deposits are associated with the outcrop of the Ukrainian Shield. More large stocks iron are found on the territory of the Kursk magnetic anomaly in Russia. True, the shield did not come out there, but it got very close to the surface.
In the region of the Caspian basin, as well as in Tatarstan, there are quite large deposits of oil. They are also found on the territory of the southern oil and gas region in Ukraine.
Apatite mining on an industrial scale has been established on the territory of the Kola Peninsula.
Actually, these are the main minerals of the East European platform.
Soils of the Russian Platform
Are the soils of the East European Platform fertile? Yes, exactly in this region some of the most fertile soils in the world. Especially valuable types of soils are located in the south and in the center of Ukraine, as well as in the black earth region of Russia. They are called blacks. These are the most fertile soils in the world.
The fertility of forest soils, in particular gray ones, which are located north of the chernozems, is much lower.
General characteristics of the platform
The forms are quite varied. Among them special place occupy the plains. Just the East European platform forms the largest flat complex in Europe. Only on its periphery can one find relatively high uplands. This is due to the antiquity of this platform, on which mountain-forming processes have not been going on for a long time, and weathering has smoothed out the hills that existed here millions of years ago.
Nature endowed the region with huge reserves of minerals. Of particular note are the deposits hard coal and iron ore, in terms of which the Russian platform is one of the world leaders. There are also reserves of oil and some other minerals.
This is what it looks like general characteristics East European platform, its topography, minerals stored in the subsoil, as well as geographical features this locality. Of course, this is a fertile land that provides its inhabitants with everything necessary resources, which at correct use will be the key to prosperity.
The East European ancient platform is a relatively tectonically stable, almost isometric block of a rough pentagonal shape, which in the northwest, east, south and southwest borders on folded belts, and in the west, southeast and northeast - on platform areas . In the east, the platform is framed by a folded structure of the Urals (Hercynian), elongated in the longitudinal direction. In the south, the East European Platform borders on the young Scythian plate located in the northern part of the Mediterranean folded belt, which occupies the plain parts of the Crimea and Ciscaucasia. The border from the mouth of the Danube follows to the east, crossing northwestern part Black Sea, Perekop isthmus and northern part Sea of Azov. The southern boundary of the platform follows the northern edge of the buried continuation of the Donbass structure through the Volga delta to the mouth of the Elbe.
The East European platform (the Russian plate according to E. Suess, the East European platform according to A. D. Arkhangelsky, Fenno-Sarmatia according to G. Stille) occupies vast expanses of the European continent from the Bristol Bay (England) in the west to the foot of the Urals in the east, from the Black Sea to south to White Sea in the north. It includes shields (Baltic and Ukrainian) and the Russian Plate - huge lowered sections of the platform, covered by a sedimentary cover.
The eastern boundary of the platform between Polyudov Kamen and the Aktobe Cis-Urals extends under the Hercynian Cis-Ural foredeep. In the southeast, the boundary of the platform is unclear; on many tectonic maps it is drawn along the South Emba aulacogene, but in recent years the North Ustyurt trough has been attributed to the East European platform (A. A. Bogdanov, E. E. Fotiadi, V. S. Zhuravlev). In this case, the southeastern border of the platform runs between Mangyshlak and west coast Aral Sea. In the south, the platform borders on the epihercynian plates: Scythian and Turan.
On the meridian of the Tsimlyansk reservoir southern border platform is displaced along the largest meridional fault (Main East European), and its western segment is displaced to the south along at least per 100 km. This area is very complex structure East European platform, it contains the late aulacogene of the Donbass, and the Precambrian Sal wedge of the East European platform deeply protrudes into the adjacent Scythian plate. Consequently, the southern border passes through the Volga delta to the upper reaches of the river. Sal, through the Sea of Azov and the Perekop Isthmus to the region of the Predobrudzha Hercynian foredeep.
In the southwest, the East European platform borders on the Alpine Precarpathian marginal foredeep and the epihercynian plate north of the Ardennes - Sudetes - Silesia, north of Wroclaw and Berlin, and south of Hamburg. This part of the Precambrian platform (including southeast England and part of the bottom North Sea) M. V. Muratov singled out into an independent Central European plate
In the northwest, the platform boundary runs along the foothills of the Caledonian fold chains of Scandinavia. northern border The platform is in contact with the Baikal fold system, which includes Timan, the Kanin, Rybachy, and Varanger peninsulas.
The contours of the platform are sharp, angular and consist of straight segments stretching for hundreds and thousands of kilometers and displaying complexly constructed seam zones.
The platform has the following main structural elements:
I. Shields - ledges of the foundation: Baltic, Ukrainian.
II. Aulacogens: Pachelma, Orshansky, Kresttsovsky, Moscow, Kazhimsky, Soligalichsky, Abdullinsky, Greater Donbass.
III. Areas of relatively shallow basement - slopes of shields, anteclises: Belorussian, Voronezh, Volga-Ural.
IV. Areas of deep foundation - syneclises: Moscow, Glazov, Black Sea, Caspian, Polish-Lithuanian, Baltic.
V. Main deep faults: The main East European fault.
Platform Crystal Foundation
The basement of the East European platform is composed of deeply metamorphosed Archean and Lower Proterozoic formations. It is exposed in the Baltic Shield, covering Karelia and the Kola Peninsula on the territory of the USSR, in the Ukrainian Shield from the city of Korosten to the city of Zhdanov, and on the Voronezh anteclise between the cities of Pavlovsk and Boguchary. On the Russian plate, the Precambrian basement was uncovered by thousands of wells.
A. A. Polkanov, K. O. Kratz, N. G. Sudovikov, M. A. Semikhatov, L. I. Salop, N. P. Semenenko, M. A. Gilyarova, from foreign geologists - N. X. Magnusson (Sweden), A. Simonen (Finland), X. Skolvol (Norway).
According to the new stratigraphic scale of the Precambrian of the USSR (1977), two major divisions are distinguished in it: the Archean (ancient 2600 + 100 million years) and the Proterozoic (2600 ± 100 million years - 570 + 20 million years). In contrast to the previous scale in new scale The Proterozoic is divided into lower (2600 ± 100 million years - 1650 ± 50 million years) and upper (1650 + 50 million years - 570 ± 20 million years) Proterozoic. Large stratigraphic units of the Precambrian are established on the basis of the identification of planetary tectono-magmatic cycles corresponding to milestones formation continental crust. Determining the age of the cycles and their correlation is carried out by the radiogeochronological method. The stratotype area for the Archean and Lower Proterozoic is the eastern part of the Baltic Shield - Karelia.
Archaeus. Archean formations in Karelia compose the Belomorian massif and are exposed in the northern part of the Kola Peninsula. They are represented by the Belomorsky and Lopsky complexes of supercrystal and plutonic rocks. Supercrystal rocks - biotite gneisses and granite-gneisses, amphibolites, amphibolite gneisses, biotite-garnet, cyanite gneisses. The Archean rocks are intruded by basic, ultrabasic, and felsic intrusions.The earliest intrusions are peridotites and gabbronorites, known as common name"drusites". They obviously constitute the ancient ophiolite belts. Later, plagioclase and microcline granites were intruded, and at the end of the Archean, as a result of the Rebol-Dnieper folding, biotite and two-mica granites were introduced. The absolute age of the White Sea and Lop rocks is older than 2700 million years. Some dates approach 3000 million years. The Archaean of the northern part of the Kola Peninsula - the Kola complex (like the White Sea complex) is composed of deeply metamorphosed rocks: gneisses and amphibolites. Among them are charnockites, magnetite schists and quartzites. Archean rocks are subject to intense migmatization and granitization. The absolute age is 2700-3300 million years. Kola ultradeep well discovered the Archaean at a depth (7 km) of the supposed transition of the granite layer into the basalt one. It is represented by gneisses, granite-gneisses and amphibolites, the number of which increases from 10% at a depth of 7 km to 30% at a depth of 10 km.
On the Ukrainian Shield, the Archaean is exposed in the Dnieper, Podolsk, and Konotop massifs, where it is represented by gneisses, migmatites, and amphibolites of the Dnieper and Belozersky complexes. The rocks are granitized and migmatized, they contain accumulations of graphite and ferruginous quartzites. The absolute age is 2700-3600 million years.
On the Voronezh anteclise, the basement lies at a shallow depth. Archaean is composed of intensely metamorphosed, in varying degrees granitized femical volcanogenic formations: garnet-biotite-plagioclase, amphibole-biotite-plagioclase gneisses, metabasite covers (Oboyansky and Mikhailovsky complexes). The rocks are cut through by intrusions of the main and acid composition with absolute age 2900-2600 Ma.
Lower Proterozoic. The Lower Proterozoic folded complexes form narrow troughs and subsidence zones between uplifted blocks of the Archean basement. On the East European Platform, the metamorphic complexes in the basement form the Svekofensky folded area, located on both sides of the Baltic Sea and bordered by uplifted blocks of the Archean basement: Kola-Karelian, Lapland and South Scandinavian. The Lower Proterozoic of the Svecofene folded area is composed of a complex of gneisses formed during the metamorphism of sedimentary clayey-sandy rocks, as well as acidic and intermediate volcanic rocks. These rocks make up a leptite formation, vaguely resembling a flyschoid. AT separate sections there are sheared main effusives: spilites, spilito-keratophyres. The thickness of the Lower Proterozoic complex is 8-10 km. The formation of the Svecofene folded area was accompanied by the intrusion of huge massifs of grantioids (granitic plutons Khaprand, Lina, etc.).
The rocks of the Precambrian basement were exposed by boreholes in many syneclises of the Russian Plate, where their composition is similar to that of the Precambrian shield formations. In the eastern part of the Russian Plate, the Archaean was exposed by the most deeply intruded into the Precambrian Tuimazinskaya reference borehole, which passed through the basement rocks for more than 2000 m. diabases. Igneous rocks, especially in zones of increased fracturing, contain epigenetic bitumen and gaseous hydrocarbons. Judging by the characteristic deformations (cataclase, fracturing), the well is located near a large fault.
In the Precambrian deposits of the central part of the Russian Plate (according to drilling data), formations of an ancient kaolin weathering crust were found, the thickness of which in the studied sections varies from 7 to 7.5 m, and in the Grodno region - even 30.8 m. The rocks of the weathering crust are represented by altered kaolinized plagiogranites. A bauxite-bearing weathering crust has been established on uplifted Archean blocks of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. The large thickness of the weathering crust indicates a long continental hiatus on the platform after the formation of the basement.
East European platform, Russian platform
East European platform
East European Platform, Russian platform, European platform, one of the largest relatively stable areas of the earth's crust, one of the ancient (pre-Riphean) platforms. It occupies a significant part of Eastern and Northern Europe, from the Scandinavian mountains to the Urals and from the Barents to the Black and Caspian Seas. The border of the platform on the N.-E. and S. runs along the Timan Ridge and along the coast of the Kola Peninsula, and in the southwest. - along the line crossing the Central European Plain near Warsaw and then going to S.-3. across the Baltic Sea and the northern part of the Jutland peninsula.
Until the last decade, to V. p. in the north-east. attributed the area of the Pechora lowland, the Timan ridge, the Kanin and Rybachy peninsulas, as well as the adjacent part of the bottom Barents Sea; on S.-Z. the platform included the northern part of Central Europe (the Central European Plain, the territory of Denmark, the eastern part of Great Britain and the bottom of the North Sea). In recent years, the interpretation of the tectonic nature of these areas has changed due to the fact that the age of the basement within them was determined as Late Proterozoic. Some researchers (M.V. Muratov and others) began to attribute these areas to the area of the Baikal folding of the adjacent folded belts and thereby exclude them from the boundaries of the ancient (pre-Riphean) platform. According to another opinion (A. A. Bogdanov and others), the same pre-Riphean foundation of the platform was only partially reworked by the Baikal folding, and on this basis, the named areas continue to be considered as part of the V. p.
The ancient, pre-Riphean (Karelian, more than 1600 million years) folded crystalline basement and the sedimentary (Epikarelian) cover quietly overlying it stand out in the structure of the V. p. The foundation protrudes only on the northwest. ( Baltic shield) and Yu.-Z. (Ukrainian shield) platforms. On the rest of the larger area, allocated under the name of the Russian Plate, the foundation is covered with a cover of sedimentary deposits.
In the western and central parts of the Russian plate, lying between the Baltic and Ukrainian shields, the basement is relatively elevated and shallow, forming the Belorussian and Voronezh anteclises. They are separated from the Baltic shield by the Baltic syneclise (stretching from Riga in a southwestern direction), and from the Ukrainian shield by a system of graben-like depressions of the Dnieper-Donetsk aulacogen, including the Pripyat and Dnieper grabens and ending in the V. Donetsk folded structure. To the southwest of the Belorussian anteclise and to the west of the Ukrainian Shield, along the southwestern boundary of the platform, the marginal Bug-Podolsk depression extends.
East End The Russian plate is characterized by a deeper basement and the presence of a thick sedimentary cover. Here stand out two syneclises - Moscow, stretching to the north-east. almost to Timan, and the Caspian Sea bordered by faults (in the southeast). They are separated by the complexly constructed Volga-Ural anteclise. Its foundation is divided into ledges (Tokmovsky, Tatarsky, etc.), separated by aulacogene grabens (Kazan-Sergievsky, Verkhnekamsky). From the east, the Volga-Ural anteclise is framed by the marginal deep Kama-Ufimskaya depression. Between the Volga-Ural and Voronezh anteclises is the large and deep Pachelma aulacogen, which merges with the Moscow syneclise in the north. Within the latter at a depth found whole system graben-shaped depressions with a northeast and northwest strike. The largest of them are the Central Russian and Moscow aulacogenes. Here, the foundation of the Russian plate is submerged to a depth of 3-4 km, and in the Caspian depression, the foundation has the deepest occurrence (16-18 km).
In the structure of the foundation of the V. p., heavily metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, on the large spaces converted into gneisses and schists. Areas are distinguished within which these rocks are of very ancient Archean age, older than 2500 million years (massifs of the Belomorsky, Ukrainian-Voronezh, southwestern Sweden, etc.). Between them are the Karelian fold systems, composed of rocks of the Lower and Middle Proterozoic age (2600-1600 Ma). In Finland and Sweden, they correspond to the Svecofennian fold systems, and in western Sweden and southern Norway, a slightly younger one, the Dalslandian. In general, the foundation of the platform, with the exception of western outskirts(dalsland and gothic folded systems), formed by the beginning of the late Proterozoic (earlier 1600 million years).
The sedimentary cover includes sediments from the Upper Proterozoic (Riphean) to Anthropogenic. The oldest rocks of the cover (Lower and Middle Riphean), represented by compacted clays and sandy quartzites, are present in the Bug-Podolsk and Kama-Ufimsk depressions, as well as in Finland (Iotnium), Sweden and Norway (sparagmite) and other areas. In most deep depressions and aulacogenes, sedimentary strata begin with Middle or Upper Riphean deposits (clays, sandstones, diabase lavas, tuffs), in the Dnieper-Donetsk aulacogenes - with Middle Devonian rocks (clays, sandstones, lavas, rock salt), in the Caspian syneclise lower parts sedimentary cover is unknown. The sedimentary strata of the cover are disturbed in places by gentle bends, dome-shaped (vaults) and elongated (swells) uplifts, as well as normal faults.
In the history of V. p., two major period. During the first of them, which covered the entire Archean, Early and Middle Proterozoic (3500-1600 Ma), the formation of a crystalline basement took place, during the second - the actual platform development, the formation of a sedimentary cover and modern structure (from the beginning of the Late Proterozoic to the Anthropogen) .
Foundation Minerals: iron ore(Krivoy Rog basin, Kursk magnetic anomaly, Kiruna), ores of nickel, copper, titanium, mica, pegmatites, apatite, etc. The sedimentary cover contains deposits of combustible gas and oil (Volga-Ural anteclise, Pripyat depression, Caspian potassium salts (Kama Urals, Pripyat depression, etc.), fossil coal (Lvov, Donetsk, Moscow basin), phosphorites, bauxites, deposits of building materials (limestone, dolomite, clay, etc.), as well as deposits of fresh and mineral waters.
Lit.: Shatsky N.S., The main features of the structure and development of the East European platform, “Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Geological Series, 1946, No. 1; European tectonics. Explanatory note to the International tectonic map of Europe, M., 1964; Tectonics of Eurasia. (Explanatory note to the tectonic map of Eurasia, scale 1:5000000), M., 1966; Bogdanov A. A., Tectonic history of the territory of the USSR and neighboring countries, “Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series IV. Geology, 1968, No. 1; Nalivkin D.V., Geology of the USSR, M., 1962.
M. V. Muratov.
East European platform. Tectonic scheme.
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East European platform (Russian platform) - one of the largest relatively stable sections of the continental crust, one of the ancient (pre-Riphean) platforms. Occupies territory of Eastern Europe between the Caledonian folds of Norway in the northwest, the Hercynian folds of the Urals in the east, and the Alpine folds of the Carpathians, Crimea and the Caucasus in the south. It occupies a significant part of the eastern and northern Europe, from the Scandinavian mountains to the Urals and from the Barents to the Black and Caspian Seas. The border of the platform in the northeast and north runs along the Timan Ridge and along the coast of the Kola Peninsula, and in the southwest - along a line crossing the Central European Plain near Warsaw and then going northwest through the Baltic Sea and the southern part of the Jutland Peninsula. Morphologically, the East European Platform is a plain, dissected by valleys major rivers(The East European Plain).
In the structure of the East European platform, an ancient pre-Riphean (mainly Karelian, more than 1600 million years old) folded crystalline basement and a sedimentary (Epikarelian) cover quietly lying on it stand out. The foundation of the East European platform is composed of highly metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which have been folded into folds and turned into gneisses and crystalline schists over large areas. There are areas within which these rocks have a very ancient Archean age - older than 2500 million years (massifs Kola, Belomorsky, Kursky, Bugsko-Podolsky, Pridneprovsky, etc.). Between them are the Karelian fold systems, composed of rocks of the Lower Proterozoic age (2600-1600 Ma). In Finland and Sweden, they correspond to the Svecofennian fold systems; Early Precambrian formations within southwestern Sweden, southern Norway, as well as Denmark and Poland underwent a deep reworking in the Gothic (about 1350 million years) and Dalslandian (1000 million years) epochs. The foundation protrudes only in the northwest (Baltic Shield) and southwest (Ukrainian crystalline shield) of the platform. On the rest, larger area, allocated under the name of the Russian plate, the foundation is covered with a cover of sedimentary deposits.
In the western and central part of the Russian plate, which lies between the Baltic and Ukrainian shields, the basement is relatively uplifted and shallow, in places above ocean level, forming the Belarusian anteclise and the Voronezh anteclise. They are separated from the Baltic Shield by the Baltic syneclise (stretching from Riga in a southwestern direction), and from the Ukrainian shield by a system of graben-like depressions of the Pripyat-Dnieper-Donetsk aulacogen, ending in the east with the Donetsk folded structure. To the southwest of the Belorussian anteclise and to the west of the Ukrainian shield, along the southwestern boundary of the platform, the Vistula-Dniester zone of marginal (pericratonic) subsidence extends. The eastern part of the Russian plate is characterized by a deeper basement and the presence of a thick sedimentary cover. Two syneclises stand out here - Moscow, extending to the northeast almost to Timan, and Caspian (in the southeast) bounded by faults. They are separated by a complexly built buried Volga-Ural anteclise. Its foundation is divided into ledges (Tokmovsky, Tatarsky, etc.), separated by aulacogene grabens (Kazan-Sergievsky, Verkhnekamsky). From the east, the Volga-Ural anteclise is framed by the marginal deep Kama-Ufimskaya depression. Between the Volga-Ural and Voronezh anteclises, the deep Pachelma Riphean aulacogen extends, merging in the north with the Moscow syneclise. Within the latter, at a depth, a whole system of Riphean graben-like depressions was found, with a northeast and northwest strike. The largest of them are the Central Russian and Moscow aulacogenes. Here, the foundation of the Russian plate is submerged to a depth of 3-5 km, and in the Caspian depression, the foundation has the deepest occurrence (over 20 km).
The composition of the sedimentary cover of the East European platform includes deposits from the Upper Proterozoic (Riphean) to the Anthropogenic. The most ancient rocks of the cover (Lower and Middle Riphean), represented by compacted clays and quartzites, are present in marginal depressions, as well as in Finland, Sweden (Iotnian), Karelia and other areas. In most deep depressions and aulacogenes, sedimentary sequences begin with Middle or Upper Riphean deposits (clays, sandstones, basaltic lavas, tuffs). The sedimentary strata of the cover are disturbed in places by gentle bends, dome-shaped (vaults) and elongated (shafts) uplifts, as well as faults. In the Pripyat-Dnieper-Donets aulacogen, the Devonian and Permian are developed, and in the Caspian depression - the Permian salt-bearing strata, which are disturbed by numerous salt domes.
Iron ores are associated with the basement rocks (Krivoy Rog iron ore basin, Kursk magnetic anomaly, Kostomuksha in Karelia; "Kiruna" in Sweden, etc.), ores
Relating to the number of ancient (pre-Riphean) platforms. It occupies a significant part of the eastern and northern, from the Scandinavian mountains to and from the Barents to the Black and Caspian Seas. The border in the northeast and north runs along the Timan Ridge and along the coast of the Kola Peninsula, and in the southwest along a line crossing the Central European Plain near Warsaw and then going northwest through the Baltic Sea and the southern part of the Jutland Peninsula.
In the structure of the East European platform, the ancient pre-Riphean (mainly Karelian, more than 1600 million years) folded crystalline and sedimentary (Epikarelian) calmly occurring on it stand out. The foundation of the East European platform is made up of crumpled into, strongly and, over large spaces turned into and. Areas are distinguished within which these rocks are of very ancient age - older than 2500 million years (massifs Kola, Belomorsky, Kursky, Bugsko-Podolsky, Prydneprovsky, etc.). Between them are the Karelian fold systems, composed of rocks of the Lower Proterozoic age (2600-1600 Ma). In and they correspond to the Svecofennian fold systems; early Precambrian formations within southwestern Sweden, southern Norway, and also Denmark and underwent deep processing in the Gothic (about 1350 million years) and Dalslandian (1000 million years) epochs. The foundation protrudes only in the northwest () and southwest () of the platform. On the rest, larger area, allocated under the name of the Russian plate, the foundation is covered with a cover of sedimentary deposits.
In the western and central parts of the Russian plate, lying between the Baltic and Ukrainian shields, the basement is relatively elevated and shallow, in some places above ocean level, forming the Belarusian and. They are separated from the Baltic Shield by the Baltic Shield (stretching from Riga in a southwestern direction), and from the Ukrainian Shield by a system of graben-like depressions Pripyat-Dnieper-Donetsk, ending in the east with the Donetsk folded structure. To the southwest of the Belorussian anteclise and to the west of the Ukrainian shield, along the southwestern boundary of the platform, the Vistula-Dniester zone of marginal (pericratonic) subsidence extends. The eastern part of the Russian plate is characterized by a deeper basement and the presence of a powerful one. Two syneclises stand out here - the Moscow one, which extends to the northeast almost to Timan, and the Pre-Caspian one (in the southeast) bounded by faults. They are separated by a complexly built buried Volga-Ural anteclise. Its foundation is divided into ledges (Tokmovsky, Tatarsky, etc.), separated by aulacogene grabens (Kazan-Sergievsky, Verkhnekamsky). From the east, the Volga-Ural anteclise is framed by the marginal deep Kama-Ufimskaya depression. Between the Volga-Ural and Voronezh anteclises, the deep Pachelma Riphean aulacogen extends, merging in the north with the Moscow syneclise. Within the latter, at a depth, a whole system of Riphean graben-like depressions was found, with a northeast and northwest strike. The largest of them are the Central Russian and Moscow aulacogenes. Here, the foundation of the Russian plate is submerged to a depth of 3-5 km, and in the Caspian depression, the foundation has the deepest occurrence (over 20 km).
The composition of the sedimentary cover of the East European platform includes deposits from the upper (Riphean) to. The most ancient rocks of the cover (Lower and Middle Riphean), represented by compacted and, are present in marginal depressions, as well as in Finland, Sweden (Iotnian), in Karelia and other areas. In most deep depressions and aulacogenes, sedimentary strata begin with Middle or Upper Riphean deposits (clays, sandstones, basaltic lavas, etc.). The sedimentary strata of the cover are disturbed in places by gentle bends, dome-shaped (vaults) and elongated (swells) uplifts, as well as normal faults. In the Pripyat-Dnieper-Donetsk aulacogen, the Devonian and Permian are developed, and in the Caspian basin - the Permian salt-bearing strata, which are disturbed by numerous salt domes.
