Accession of the Perm land to the Moscow Grand Duchy.
Ivan Vasilievich was married by his first marriage to Maria Borisovna of Tverskaya, from whom he had a son, John, nicknamed Young; he named this son Vel. prince, seeking to consolidate the throne for him. Marya Borisovna † in 1467, and in 1469 Pope Paul II offered Ivan the hand of Zoya, or, as she became known in Russia, Sophia Fominishna Paleolog, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor. The ambassador led book. - Ivan Fryazin, as the Russian chronicles call him, or Jean-Battista della Volpe, as his real name was, finally arranged this matter, and on November 12, 1472, Sophia entered Moscow and married Ivan. Along with this marriage, the customs of the Moscow court also changed a lot: the Byzantine princess informed her husband of higher ideas about his power, outwardly expressed in an increase in splendor, in the introduction of complex court ceremonies, and distant led. book. from the boyars. On November 25, 1472, Grand Duke Ivan III adopted the image of a double-headed eagle (looking at the West and East) as his coat of arms.
The popes' hopes for a union were refreshed by the marriage of John III to Sophia Palaiologos (1472). Brought up in Rome, under the care of the Latin clergy, converted here to Catholicism, Sophia (Zoya), it seemed, opened the way for Latin propaganda at the court of the Moscow prince. Whether she made any promises to Rome is unknown; but, as soon as she entered Russian territory, she immediately proved herself to be impeccable Orthodox. The competition in the faith of the papal legate Antonio Bonumbre, who came with her, with the Russian clergy did not lead to anything. Since then, between Rome and Moscow are established diplomatic relations. These are the embassies of Tolbuzin (1475), br. Ralev (1488), D. Palev and M. Karacharov (1500), Y. Trakhaniot. Although they pursued predominantly cultural goals (calling foreigners, masters), the popes willingly saw in them an expression of sympathy for the papacy. This was facilitated, perhaps, by della Volpe and other messengers from Moscow, who, for one reason or another, benefited from securing the favor of the Romans. government. However, Moscow itself at that time was not yet so intolerant of K., as, for example, two centuries later. At the marriage of Sophia, A. Bonumbre and his retinue are present; the very idea of taking a wife, even an Orthodox one, from the hands of a Roman high priest did not yet seem dangerous; the same John III gives his daughter Helena to Alexander of Lithuania, a Catholic.
Until 1472, Andrei Vasilyevich Bolshoi was on good terms with his older brother Ivan Vasilyevich III. In 1472, Yuri Vasilievich, Prince Dmitrovsky, died childless, without mentioning his inheritance in his will, and the Grand Duke appropriated the inheritance of the deceased, without giving anything to his brothers. Andrei Bolshoy, more than others, sought the division. Then his mother, who loved Andrey very much, gave him her purchase - Romanov Gorodok on the Volga. Boris, two years later, was reconciled with his brother, also thanks to the intervention of his mother, who persuaded John to give him Vyshgorod and Sopkov settlement.
Troubles and the constant struggle of pretenders for the throne led the Horde to decline and then to disintegration into the Crimean, Kazan and Kipchak kingdoms; at the same time, the dependence of the M. principality on the Tatars actually ceased. Ivan III not only did not go for the label and bow to the khan, but did not pay him to leave. spurred on Polish king Kazimir, Khan Akhmat undertook a campaign against Moscow in 1472, but, having burned some cities along the Oka, he turned back - he could not cross the Oka, behind which a strong army of Ivan Vasilyevich had gathered.
The history of Russia goes back more than a thousand years, although even before the advent of the state, a variety of tribes lived on its territory. The last ten-century period can be divided into several stages. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, are people who were true sons and daughters of their eras.
The main historical stages of the development of Russia
Historians consider the following classification to be the most convenient:
Governing body Novgorod princes(862-882);
Yaroslav the Wise (1016-1054);
From 1054 to 1068, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich was in power;
From 1068 to 1078, the list of rulers of Russia was replenished with several names at once (Vseslav Bryachislavovich, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavovichi, in 1078 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich ruled again)
The year 1078 was marked by some stabilization in the political arena, until 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavovich ruled;
Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich was on the throne from 1093 to;
Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh (1113-1125) - one of the best princes of Kievan Rus;
From 1132 to 1139, Yaropolk Vladimirovich had power.
All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who lived and ruled during this period and up to the present, their main task saw in the prosperity of the country and the strengthening of the country's role in the European arena. Another thing is that each of them went to the goal in his own way, sometimes in a completely different direction than his predecessors.
The period of fragmentation of Kievan Rus
At times feudal fragmentation In Russia, changes on the main princely throne were frequent. None of the princes left a serious mark on the history of Russia. By the middle of the XIII century, Kyiv fell into absolute decline. It is worth mentioning only a few princes who ruled in the XII century. So, from 1139 to 1146 prince of Kyiv was Vsevolod Olgovich. In 1146, Igor II was at the helm for two weeks, after which Izyaslav Mstislavovich ruled for three years. Until 1169, such people as Vyacheslav Rurikovich, Rostislav Smolensky, Izyaslav Chernigov, Yuri Dolgoruky, Izyaslav the Third managed to visit the princely throne.
Capital moves to Vladimir
The period of formation of late feudalism in Russia was characterized by several manifestations:
The weakening of the Kyiv princely power;
The emergence of several centers of influence that competed with each other;
Strengthening the influence of the feudal lords.
On the territory of Russia, 2 most major centers influences: Vladimir and Galich. Galich is the most important at that time political center(located on the territory of modern Western Ukraine). It seems interesting to study the list of rulers of Russia who reigned in Vladimir. The importance of this period of history has yet to be assessed by researchers. Of course, the Vladimir period in the development of Russia was not as long as the Kyiv period, but it was after it that the formation of monarchical Russia began. Consider the dates of the reign of all the rulers of Russia of this time. In the first years of this stage in the development of Russia, the rulers changed quite often, there was no stability that would appear later. For more than 5 years, the following princes have been in power in Vladimir:
Andrew (1169-1174);
Vsevolod, son of Andrei (1176-1212);
Georgy Vsevolodovich (1218-1238);
Yaroslav, son of Vsevolod (1238-1246);
Alexander Nevskiy), great commander (1252- 1263);
Yaroslav III (1263-1272);
Dmitry I (1276-1283);
Dmitry II (1284-1293);
Andrei Gorodetsky (1293-1304);
Michael "Saint" of Tver (1305-1317).
All the rulers of Russia after the transfer of the capital to Moscow until the appearance of the first tsars
The transfer of the capital from Vladimir to Moscow roughly coincides chronologically with the end of the period of feudal fragmentation of Russia and the strengthening of the main center of political influence. Most of the princes were on the throne longer than the rulers of the Vladimir period. So:
Prince Ivan (1328-1340);
Semyon Ivanovich (1340-1353);
Ivan the Red (1353-1359);
Alexei Byakont (1359-1368);
Dmitry (Donskoy), famous commander (1368-1389);
Vasily Dmitrievich (1389-1425);
Sophia of Lithuania (1425-1432);
Vasily the Dark (1432-1462);
Ivan III (1462-1505);
Vasily Ivanovich (1505-1533);
Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538);
The decade before 1548 was a difficult period in the history of Russia, when the situation developed in such a way that the princely dynasty actually ended. There was a period of stagnation when boyar families were in power.
The reign of tsars in Russia: the beginning of the monarchy
Historians identify three chronological period development of the Russian monarchy: before the accession to the throne of Peter the Great, the reign of Peter the Great and after it. The dates of the reign of all the rulers of Russia from 1548 to late XVII centuries are:
Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible (1548-1574);
Semyon Kasimovsky (1574-1576);
Ivan the Terrible again (1576-1584);
Fedor (1584-1598).
Tsar Fedor did not have heirs, so she interrupted. - one of the most difficult periods the history of our country. Rulers changed almost every year. Since 1613, the country has been ruled by the Romanov dynasty:
Mikhail, the first representative of the Romanov dynasty (1613-1645);
Alexei Mikhailovich, son of the first emperor (1645-1676);
He ascended the throne in 1676 and ruled for 6 years;
Sophia, his sister, ruled from 1682 to 1689.
In the 17th century, stability finally came to Russia. strengthened central authority, reforms are gradually beginning, which led to the fact that Russia has grown territorially and strengthened, the leading world powers began to reckon with it. The main merit in changing the face of the state belongs to the great Peter I (1689-1725), who simultaneously became the first emperor.
Rulers of Russia after Peter
The reign of Peter the Great is the heyday when the empire acquired its own strong fleet and strengthened the army. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, understood the importance of the armed forces, but few were given the opportunity to realize the country's huge potential. An important feature At that time, there was an aggressive foreign policy of Russia, which manifested itself in the forcible annexation of new regions (Russian-Turkish wars, the Azov campaign).
The chronology of the rulers of Russia from 1725 to 1917 is as follows:
Catherine Skavronskaya (1725-1727);
Peter II (killed in 1730);
Queen Anna (1730-1740);
Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741);
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761);
Petr Fedorovich (1761-1762);
Catherine the Great (1762-1796);
Pavel Petrovich (1796-1801);
Alexander I (1801-1825);
Nicholas I (1825-1855);
Alexander II (1855 - 1881);
Alexander III (1881-1894);
Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917.
This ends a huge period of development of the state, when the kings were in power. After October revolution a new political order appears - the republic.
Russia during the Soviet era and after its collapse
The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky can be distinguished. After legal registration The USSR as a state and until 1924 was led by Vladimir Lenin. Further, the chronology of the rulers of Russia looks like this:
Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich (1924-1953);
Nikita Khrushchev was First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;
Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);
Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);
General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985);
Mikhail Gorbachev, the first President of the USSR (1985-1991);
Boris Yeltsin, head independent Russia (1991-1999);
The current head of state, Putin, has been the President of Russia since 2000 (with a break of 4 years, when Dmitry Medvedev was in charge of the state)
Who are the rulers of Russia?
All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power for more than thousand years of history states are patriots who wished the flourishing of all the lands of a vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made his own contribution to the development and formation of Russia. All the rulers of Russia, of course, wanted goodness and prosperity for their subjects: the main forces were always directed to strengthening borders, expanding trade, and strengthening defense capabilities.
560 years ago, the "Second Rome" - Constantinople - collapsed.
6980 summer or in 1472 according to the new stylethe wedding of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan IIII and the Byzantine princess Sophia took placePaologus and on November 12, 1472 Sophia arrived in Moscow.
The previous wife of the Grand Duke of Moscow of the Holy Roman Empire, Maria Borisovna Tverskaya, died in 1467. Russian Pope PAUL II cherished the hope of helping Russia and in 1469 proposed Ivan III Zoe's hand. Sophia, the bride began to be called already in Russia - Sophia Palaiologos, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine Palaiologos, who was killed during the capture of Constantinople by the Turks.
The emperor's brother Thomas fled to Italy, where he died. He left his children in the care of his father. Ambassador Ivan Fryazin was sent from Russia to Rome - the Venetian name was Jean Battista della Volpe, who arranged all the affairs and brought the bride to Moscow, where the wedding was immediately arranged.
But the hopes of the pope were not destined to come true: the papal legate, who accompanied the bride, was not successful in Moscow, and Sophia was not interested in papal affairs. But the life of the Moscow court has changed.
The wedding on November 12, 1472 in Moscow of Ivan III and Sophia - the Greek Princess.
On the morning of November 12, 1472, the Greek Queen Sophia arrived in Moscow. Andon the same day in the Dormition so-bo-re Krnml co-hundred-I-moose her wre-cha-nie with Ivanom III.
Ties with the West strengthened, craftsmen from Italy and Greece returned to Moscow again, forced out by the crusaders, whom Ivan III entrusted with the construction of fortresses, churches and chambers, casting cannons, minting coins. Thanks to the princess, the power of Russia returned again, outwardly expressed in an increase in the splendor of the court and the return of the Byzantine coat of arms - the Double-headed Eagle, the introduction of complex court ceremonies. 
Sophia Palaiologos - 1443 -1503) - the daughter of the ruler of the Morea or the Peloponnese - Thomas Palaiologos, the niece of the last Byzantine king Constantine XI, who died during the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453. She was born between 1443 in the Peloponnese. Her father, the ruler of one of the regions of the Empire, died in Italy.Sophia has already refused two crowned suitors who wooed her, not wanting to marry a Catholic ruler - “does not want to go into Latin and learn another language”
Sofia Fominichna Paleolog, she is Zoya Paleologina - Grand Duchess of Moscow, second wifeIvanaIII, Vasily III's mother and grandmotherIvan the Terrible.Moscow boyars condemned Sophia, considering her influence on her husband harmful. Ivan Vasilievich really loved his wife very much, despite the fact that they got married in Rome in absentia- Ivan, due to state affairs, was absent from his own wedding and beauty, and Sophia's article was deprived, but nevertheless, after thirty years living together when Sophia died, Ivan's suffering for her was immeasurable - he loved her so much! In the Empire, in honor of her, Cathedrals were built in her part, as after the death of her beloved wife, the magnificent Taj Mahal, the seventh wonder of the World, remained in India.
Ivan III Vasilievich.
Ivan III breaks khan's charter and sends Tatars sent to Russia by the British to collect dues - away.
whether there was a letter, it’s not for me to judge, but judging by how hard they prove, there was no khan. 
This story is repeated over and over again, in all theses masters of the Academy of Arts not just like that and not just like that, even now, the Academy of Arts is headed not by a Russian. 
Ukrainian graduate Kivshenko, Alexey Danilovich even , not suspecting that in Russia there were by that time long ago stone chambers saw it like that.
And this termination of the Tatar Mongol Yoke reminded me of how the Rtss Tsar saw the Bride for the first time: 
“Ambassador Ivan Frezin presents Ivan III portrait his bride Sophia Paleolog"Viktor Muyzhel I present the moment! Cat in a Bag, What if you don't like it?
Sophia's path to Moscow lay through the Baltic Sea, Revel, Dept, then Pskov, Novgorod. Everywhere Sophia Paleolog was very well received, but a particularly good and cordial reception was given in Pskov. Touched and impressed by the beauty of Pskov, its golden domes, the future Grand Duchess promised to work in Moscow for their city. and indeed in Moscow it was the Pskovites who later built the golden-domed cathedrals, as in Pskov and Novgorod.
Meeting Byzantine princess Sofia on Lake Peipus, Fedor Bronnikov
Ivan Vasilyevich, now considered the heir to the disappeared Byzantine emperors who had sunk into oblivion, showed great lust for power, from which his beloved Sophia also suffered when the question of succession to the throne arose. First, Ivan III decided the case in favor of his grandson Dmitry, sending Sophia away with her young son Vasily, several of her close associates were even executed for questions. But soon the prince changed his anger to mercy, Dmitry was dismissed for swindling and one of the boyars, his supporters, was executed.
Constantine the Great was very similar to Ivan Vasilyevich. Byzantium. Istanbul, Constantinople, Constantinople, Mosaic.
Here's a bigger one. 
Russian Sophia in Constantinople - Tsargrad. Istanbul. And here is Another Sophia in St. Petersburg. 
Sophia Cathedral in Kronstadt in St. Petersburg. Now it is St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral. Sofia, with its golden domes, met seafarers, as in Tsargrad.
Moscow becomes officially the "Third Rome". The West (English crusaders) and Russia shared the inheritance of Constantinople. The British dragged all the material wealth to themselves - and what the crusaders did not plunder, the Italian merchants transferred to Milan, taking all the treasures of Venice. Previously, Venice was a separate independent Republic and provided order in the South, and Northern Venice in the North.
Venice and Northern Venice One country. there were two equal capitals of navigation and a blue ribbon - sea route between them, according to which the Greek Princess came from Rome to Moscow.
Coat of arms of St. Petersburg. Two scepters, Two crowns, crossed in the Form of St. Andrew's cross.
Venice and Northern Venice - One country. In the now banned coat of arms of St. Petersburg there are two scepters, two double-headed eagles - Two crowns - Two Crowns, Two Venices having the roundest and largest star fortresses - Northern Palmyra and PalmaNova Palmanova - New Palmyra, in Venice. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the British are forcing NATO American mercenaries to bomb Syria, destroying traces of the Russians there.
Silk shroud , hand sewn Sophia in 1498. The veil is located in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
After the defeat of Tsargrad by the Turks and crusaders Russia was able to save only its spiritual and cultural treasures. Russia returned its best achievements Greek history, philosophy, architecture, icon painting. The Russians regained their role as the world center of Orthodoxy. Pope Sixtus IV was greedy of course with Sophia's dowry. He did not particularly want to fork out, from Byzantium to Italy, and then to Moscow, only books were received as a dowry.
These books and manuscripts turned out to be unnecessary for the Pope, so all her dowry was loaded into a huge convoy, as much as it fit and sent to Moscow, and the Inquisition destroyed and burned everything else, as “heretical” and unreadable. The Russians wrote down Russian texts in Latin and the British and Italians could not read it, but they didn’t need it. Like the Library of Alexandria, they burned down the troops of Napoleon in Russian, written in transliteration. 
Prince Konstantin Paleolog already with a six-pointed star. With an eight final star, as in the original, you can’t find a picture in the other direction.
There are a lot of Russian books in Byzantium
Andronnik Palaiologos from the Andronnikov Monastery dragged all the libraries there from Russia, saving him from the raids of the Crusaders and the Inquisition.
The Monk Maximus, Theophanes the Greek, who saw a collection of books as a dowry, again found in Russia, admired: “All of Greece does not now have such wealth, nor Italy, where Latin fanaticism and the replacement of the language turned the creations of our theologians to ashes” 
Caricature of Catherine II about the name of the heir to the Russian throne again Konstantin, in honor of the Russian great-great-grandfather.
The Turks, incited by the British, will not be slow to start another War on the Black Sea. But that is another story.
But the Russians failed to return Constantinople. Even with all the power of Catherine II and the best Navy, The Turks received from the British exactly the same fleet and even captains who trained the Sailors, if only to lock up the Russians and not let them out of the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and America. The British, who initially destroyed Byzantium and sent hired Barbarians there to destroy Byzantine Culture in Constantinople, still support the Turks, and our history is being rewritten for us, drawing more and more fables.
The most memorable fairy tale from school - Mognolo -Tatar invasion. Well, was Khan Batu the Founder of Russian Statehood? T where do his descendants have Monglo Technologies or at least coins?
The Etruscans and the Greeks were Russian, they spoke Russian, like Serbia, Bulgaria, and earlier all of Europe spoke Russian quite recently, so why are we and Ukrainians now being forced to teach us English language and forget Russian. Discriminating Russians, knocking the ground out from under their feet, destroying Our History.
There was no Khan Batu, especially with those with the Winged Lions of St. Mark - a symbol of Venice and her sister Venice of the North. See Batu's chair. Russians have never kneeled before anyone like this. 
Kulikovo field. There are no Mongols and Tatars - Russians are fighting with the same Russians, who decided to speak English and write not Russian words in Latin, which everyone knew, but began to learn foreign languages.
The English crusaders with their inquisition destroyed and smashed all Russian beauty in one style, created in Venice, in Europe, in Russia. sent to Venice of the North Swedish troops on Alexander the Great - Alexander Nevsky. Northern Venice was flooded for a long time and stood idle until the water left - this is the flooded Atlantis. And the Atlanteans hold the sky on stone hands exactly here in St. Petersburg. I think to stop the heavy rains, which washed away the Northern Palmyra. What happened, an explosion or a flood in the continuation of the Mataorite that fell in Siberia, no one will tell us. But the foundations from Tufa remained or from the Pudozh stone remained as foundations for Northern Venice.
Now it's time to rewind and unravel the Russian History rewritten by the British, otherwise our children in the next generation will become slaves, but were born from the Great Roots of their ancestors. Russians are not accustomed to being slaves and will not be able to. Ergregor - Russian defense fuels 7525 years.
And here is the scheme of the city of Constantinople before the capture by the Turks and the introduction new Faith the English. 
Plan of the Russian city of Tsargrad. "Tsar Saltan invites everyone to visit"
Where the Russian Tsar Constantine marveled at the news in Russian and brought by Russian merchants from all over the world, like Athanasius Nikitin in 1462, who sailed on Russian ships to India. He went to Constantinople, now Istanbul, on the way from India to Kafa - now Feodosia. Now the Russians will purposely celebrate the 320th anniversary of the Russian fdot, so that it would not even occur to us that we had the very first fleet in the World and the route from the Varangians to the Greeks did not pass through our land on foot.
But even quite recently there were no mosques near the Russian Sophia in Constantinople. 
Constantinople. Saint Sophia Cathedral. Exactly the same as in Kronstadt and in Sofia.
Now with mosques. Tsargrad, Constantinople, Istanbul.
but it was like this In Kronstadt stands the Sophia Cathedral, not inferior to Sophia in Constantinople or Sophia.
Sophia Cathedral in Kronstadt, as in Constantinople. Now the Naval Cathedral.
Maybe that's why the whole world was scared, remembering Bismarck's words that "Russians always come for their own" and can really be scared that the Russians will now begin to take everything back for themselves. it is not for nothing that all of Europe is already afraid that, after the return of the Russian Crimea, the Russians will take back the whole of Europe, which spoke Russian 300 years ago. It was not in vain that the British arranged constant wars for us, uniting all of Europe with such caricatures, once every hundred years, in order to finally destroy the Great Greco-Russian Eastern Empire, and we have learned to get up from our knees in a short period of time
Dear Europeans, We don't need other lands with gays and brazenly flourishing juvenile laws against Freeing Children. We need Russian spaces. And We would now have time to restore where the British destroyed the EAC with the planted government in the USSR and, without giving the Russians time to come to their senses, staged war after war, Revolution after revolution.
Basta! We need to stop fighting and we need to stop falling for their tricks and we don’t need to leave the youth from our Native Country from their homeland. . Russian proverb says - Where you were born - there it came in handy. You are all needed here.
The Russians are really drawn to the Sea, initially the Etruscans lived on the sea and in Antalya everyone does not rest casually and in Cyprus, because these were Russian lands.
And Istanbul used to be Tsargrad without mosques.
Constantinople, Tsargrad, Istanbul.
Great Greco-Russian Eastern Empire
Afanasy Nikitin loading ships with provisions before leaving for Kaffa. Constantinople, Tsargrad, Istanbul. "Journey Beyond the Three Seas" by Afanasy Nikitin. But that's a completely different story.
The Tver Navigator Afanasy Nikitin paid merchants with such a Russian coin with a double-headed eagle, which was minted from Pure gold and rolled everywhere in the World, just like ships sailed under flags with eagles.
Coat of arms of Byzantium
But in fact, this is not a three-headed eagle, but a three-headed Eagle. Three-headed Eagles remained only with the Russians - the heirs of the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire in St. Petersburg. On Palace Square around the Alexandrian Column, they are constantly unscrewed during the New Year's festivities by Tajiks walking for a long weekend at the Alexandria Lighthouse - the Alexander Column. Three-headed eagles on the dome of the Imperial Church in the Winter Palace, these eagles are clearly visible from the side of the Admiralty, as in the Peterhof Palace - where the Russian Emperors received ambassadors - House With Coats of Arms, At the Suvorov Museum of the Italian Prince, Count of Rymninsky, they also remained in the Dnieper-Dnepropetrovsk - - former Yekarinodar.
The Venetians remembered the winged lion, but the descendants could not apparently recreate the Russian script and remember what was written, but they also have the Winged Eagle on their flag and Russian curly hair remained, like Khokhloma. and the Venetians are exactly the same self-loving people, they go and try to restore their History, their forgotten language and once again become independent from the prim and slutty German Milan. and I'm sure that Venice will free country, as before. 
Very beautiful Russian ligature, like a pattern encircling the Flag with four archangels.
Golden Double-Headed Eagles from the Main Gate of the Empire - the Winter Palace - main character Empires - recently Spurli.
The golden double-headed hordes, uprooted with Meat, no longer sparkle in the sun, decorating the Royal Gates of the Winter Palace, the very gates that the sailors stormed on November 7, 1917, but then they left us eagles, then they left the Palace safe and sound, and, now, back, now they stole two-headed Byzantine eagles. And Easily these eagles will now emerge in England, like the Russian Tsar's crown stolen by the British.
Sophia's daughter, Elena Ivanovna, was born on May 19, 1476-1513, and later became the wife of Alexander Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland.
Elena Ioannovna (May 19, 1476, Moscow - January 20, 1513, Vilna) - daughter of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich and Sophia Paleolog, Grand Duchess of Lithuania (from 1494), Queen of Poland (from 1501). At the end of the Russian-Lithuanian war of 1487-1494, as a sign of reconciliation between the two powers, she married the Lithuanian Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon, who pledged to keep her Orthodox faith. Thanks to this, Elena Ivanovna was able to become the patroness of the Orthodox in the Lithuanian state. In 1499, in violation of these obligations, Alexander tried to convert her to Catholicism, which caused mass transition Orthodox feudal lords to Moscow Russia and the beginning of a new Russian-Lithuanian war of 1500-1503.
Sophia's son - Vasily Ivanovich III is very similar to his grandfather
Thomas Palaiologos, Sophia's father. Fresco by Pinturicchio, Piccolomini Library.
Moscow became the Third Rome by right of inheritance, following the destruction of the Second Rome by the British.
- Exemption from Mongolian yoke and the unification of scattered small destinies into a large Moscow State;
— F the marriage of Tsar John III to Sophia Palaiologos, the niece - heiress of the last Byzantine emperor; successes in the East - the conquest of the khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan - all this put forward in the eyes of contemporaries the idea of \u200b\u200bMoscow's right to such a role. On this basis, the custom of crowning Moscow sovereigns, the adoption of the royal title and the Byzantine coat of arms, the establishment of the patriarchate, the emergence of three legends:
a) about bars and royal crown received by Vladimir Monomakh from the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Monomakh in 1547.
b) about the origin of Rurik from Pruss, brother of the Roman Caesar Augustus, and
c) about the white hood: this hood, as a symbol of church independence, was given by Emperor Constantine the Great to Pope Sylvester, and the latter's successors, in the consciousness of their unworthiness, handed it over to the Patriarch of Constantinople; from him he passed to the Novgorod lords, and then to the Moscow metropolitans. "The first two Romes perished, the third will not perish, and the fourth will not happen."
Therefore, England still cannot calm down in any way, and constantly attacks us, trying to finish off Russia, the heir to the Roman Empire and take these Eagles. But not by any of their mercenaries, by any invented Monglo-Tatars, by the French, by the Germans, by the Japanese, again by the Germans, did they manage to overcome their sworn enemy- the stubborn Russian people, from which all the juices have already been sucked out, now inflating prices in food stores, stopping all production in Russia and everything is not enough for them.
Leave the Russian people alone at last! Let us live a little! And stop falling asleep to us with an unthinkable amount of snow, arranging for us great flood with Climate weapons and chemtrails. We already have enough. It's time to demand compensation for these bullying.
D. Samoilov
And where are the limits of triumph,
When - the obtained firebird -
They carried the overseas queen
In the capital city of Moscow.
Like helmets were domes.
They swayed to the sound.
She kept in her heart
Like white swallows palms.
And was already undeniable
The law of the sword in conditional matters...
Half-smile of bloodless lips
She met the Third Rome.
Events of 1472. Invasion of Akhmat
Everyone knows about the invasion of the Horde Khan Akhmat in 1480, which ended with the famous standing on the Ugra River: this is how Russia freed itself from Tatar-Mongol yoke. But the fact that eight years earlier the same Akhmat invaded Russia with a large army remained outside the broad masses of readers.
Here is a brief summary of how those events took place on TV: in 1472, at the instigation of Lithuania, Akhmat, by the way, Makhmet's nephew and cousin of Kasim and Yagup, invaded Russian borders with a large army. Ivan III, together with Tsarevich Daniyar, leaves for Kolomna, to the army. With the brother of Ivan III, Prince Andrei, the Kazan prince Murtoza goes against the Horde.
Why they went to Kolomna, and not to Serpukhov, is not clear, since at that time the Tatars approached Aleksin, and it is Serpukhov that lies in a straight line on the road from Aleksin to Moscow, and Kolomna is located HUNDRED KILOMETERS TO THE EAST. Arriving in Kolomna, Ivan III did not approach the Tatars, but, on the contrary, practically opened a free way for them to Moscow.
Despite the fact that the Tatars were still very far away, and the Grand Duke gathered a huge army - 180 thousand people, the mother of Ivan III and his son flee from Moscow to Rostov.
Meanwhile, Russian troops, led by the brother of Prince Yuri, are finally approaching Aleksin. Akhmat's army suddenly turns back and flees in panic. The Lithuanians never came to their Tatar allies. Here in brief is the whole story, AMAZINGLY similar to the events of 1480, so there is no doubt that one of these two campaigns of Akhmat is a DUPLICATE of the other.
All this is very, very strange, but now much will become clear: shortly after Akhmat's flight, according to TV, Ivan's brother dies III prince Yuri. At this time, Ivan III himself with younger brothers located in Rostov. Until the return of the Grand Duke, they do not dare to bury the body of Yuri, “which,
AGAINST USUAL, four days stood in the Church of the Archangel Michael.
Yuri died at the age of 32 suddenly and unmarried. So says the traditional story. However, there is nothing seemingly strange in this, we all walk under God, but Yuri left a will.
The will, at first glance, is ordinary and rather boring. But it was precisely here that those who ruled the annals made a fundamental miscalculation and, instead of proving the allegedly ordinary veracity of the story they had composed by the text of this testament, did the opposite.
The fact is that in this will, Yuri instructs the brothers to redeem various things pledged by him, since he had debts. But things are pledged for this, so that later they can be redeemed themselves, otherwise they would be sold immediately and more profitably, and they do not write about this in wills. So you yourself, having pledged something to a pawnshop, will you run to write about it in your will? Of course, if you are seriously and seriously ill, then this is possible, and even then only theoretically. BUT YURI DIED SUDDENLY, YOUNG AND HEALTHY.
What actually happened? Here is a reconstruction of an alternate history. Tsarevich Daniyar, the son of Kasim, aka Daniil Vasilievich Yaroslavsky, aka Andrey the Menshoi, flees to the Horde to Khan Akhmat (in another transcription, Akhmet, this is the same thing), who gives him an army. The forces of Yuri=Yagup are defeated, and he himself is killed. Moscow and the whole south are captured by Daniyar=Andrei the Lesser. But the north and northwest with the cities of Yaroslavl and Pereslavl still remain under the control of Yuri's brothers - Andrei Bolshoy, Boris and their nephew Fyodor Yuryevich, the son of the deceased Yuri.
By the way, if you ask, where is Ivan III from TV? I will answer: until 1472, he corresponded to Yuri = Yagup, and then to Daniyar = Andrey the Less, that is, the next Tatar on the grand prince's table.
And here Princess Sophia, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, appears on the historical stage. According to traditional history, in 1469 the Pope of Rome decided to give Sophia to Grand Duke Ivan III in order to dynastic marriage to put pressure on the Turks. The ambassador of the Grand Duke Ivan Fryazin, together with Sophia, left Rome on June 24, 1472, on September 21 they were already in Reval (now Tallinn). On November 12, Sophia entered Moscow and on the same day got married to Ivan III.
At the same time, the princely ambassador Ivan Fryazin was arrested. It turns out that the Doge of Venice (the ruler of Venice) sent an ambassador to Moscow with him, who then had to go to Khan Akhmat in order to persuade the latter to war with Turkey. Fryazin passes off Ambassador Trevisan as his nephew, but this lie is exposed. Fryazin is arrested, and Trevisan is sentenced to death penalty, but in last moment it is cancelled.
So pay attention:
1. The ambassador from Venice goes to Khan Akhmat through Moscow (or maybe, after all, the ultimate goal of his trip is Moscow?).
2. Rides incognito. So, is anyone afraid?
3. Ivan Fryazin and Ivan Trevisan - are they not the same person? Moreover, the letters "f" and "t" often pass into each other. Trevisan = Frevisan, and this is almost Fryazin. By the way, this story ended with the fact that Trevisan was released and deported (to Italy), and Fryazin ... left for Italy. But if this is one and the same person, then the whole story with Fryazin and Trevisan described above is already an obvious fiction. Further, shortly thereafter, Metropolitan Philip dies. In addition, it was during this period, according to contemporaries, that drastic changes took place in the character of Ivan III.
But if the traditional story has proved its failure, then how will the alternative version explain these events? Very simple.
The Pope decides to give Princess Sophia for the son of Yuri (i.e. Yagup, but for the Pope he appears with the Christian name Yuri) Prince Fyodor Yuryevich (and not for Ivan III on TV), the heir to the throne. Let me remind you once again that according to the alternative version there is no place for Ivan III, under this name another Tatar is displayed, who seized power in Russia.
Sophia reaches the shores of the Baltic on September 21st. Yuri = Yagup was killed around August 23, but the news of this had not yet reached Revel. Therefore, the unsuspecting Sophia goes to Moscow. On October 11, she arrives in Pskov, where the papal legate who was with her learns of the defeat and death of Grand Duke Yuri (Yagup), the father of Sophia's fiancé Fyodor. Fedor Yuryevich is no longer the heir to the throne, but simply a nephew under the rulers - uncles Andrei Bolshoy and Boris, and the rulers of not all of Muscovy, but only its northwestern part. This papal legate decides to postpone the issue of marriage, for which Fedor Yuryevich orders the delegation to be seized, and the legate Trevisan (or Frevisan), and in Russian - Fryazin, is executed.
Meanwhile, having fortified himself in Moscow and neighboring cities, Andrei the Lesser in 1473 executed Metropolitan Philip, Yuri's faithful servant, and continued to seize new lands. Goes to his side major military leader the late Yuri, Prince Kholmsky, who for all his previous actions deserved the wrath of Andrei = Daniyar, but the latter forgives him, taking an oath of allegiance from him in return. The new Metropolitan Gerontius also helped him in this. Following the example of Kholmsky, a number of governors - princes - go to Andrey.
Despite the obvious successes, Andrei the Lesser (Daniyar) is not all right. As a payment for the Horde's help in Ryazan principality Akhmat's son Tsarevich Murtaza established himself.
Finally, the time has come for Andrei the Less to deal with Yaroslavl, who is in opposition to him.
In 1477, the Grand Duke leads troops to the rebellious North. From Yaroslavl, ambassadors come to him - the archbishop, the sons of Boris - Vasily and Ivan and the second son of the late Yuri - Ivan (Patrikeev) in order to conclude peace (TV: “The next day, the Novgorod ambassadors were with gifts from brother Ioannov, Andrei the Less, demanding him intercessions").
But the Grand Duke refuses to negotiate, continuing the campaign (TV: “On the same day, John ordered Kholmsky, the boyar Fedor Davidovich, Prince Obolensky-Striga and other governors under the general command of his brother, Andrei the Lesser, to go from Bronnitsy to Gorodishche and occupy the monasteries, so that the Novgorodians do not burn them out. The governors crossed Lake Ilmen on ice and in one night occupied all the environs of Novgorod").
Andrei Bolshoy and Boris are already offering to become his tributaries (TV: “We offer the sovereign an annual tribute from all the volosts of Novogorod, from two hundred hryvnias”).
But Andrei the Lesser is unshakable: he does not want to be a suzerain, but the sovereign owner of all North-Eastern Russia, especially since Yaroslavl was already in his power a few years ago (TV: The Boyars reported that to the Grand Duke and left him with the following answer: "You, our pilgrimage, and the whole of Novgorod recognized me as a sovereign; and now you want to tell me how to rule you?")
Boris and Andrei Bolshoi flee to the Lithuanian border in Velikiye Luki. Yaroslavl was encircled and surrendered in 1478. A massacre began in the city, an epidemic broke out because of the many corpses. When the few survivors of Yaroslavl began to return to the ashes, and Andrei Menshoi continued the massacre. Those who survived were sent into slavery. THE LARGEST Russian city was devastated. However, not for long; soon residents of Muscovy and Tatars began to move there. Nose historical memory about Yaroslavl as the ancient Russian capital was practically over.
What else do you think needed to be done to put an end to Yaroslavl - Veliky Novgorod and the memory of it? The inhabitants were killed and dispersed, the documents were burned, the walls and the largest cathedrals were destroyed. But there are still graves, by no means silent evidence of the former greatness of the city. Graves of the GREAT DUKES. They are also destroyed, but not all. In Yaroslavl, the father of the new Grand Duke, Kasim, was buried. His son moved his tomb to Moscow, where he was reburied. The tomb was preserved in the Archangel Cathedral of Moscow - the tomb of the great princes and kings, and is located separately from the others. Under what name is he buried? Under the name of a certain VASILY YAROSLAVICH. How does the traditional story explain this? According to her version, we are talking about Prince Vasily Yaroslavich Borovsky, who died in 1483 in captivity, in which he spent almost thirty years. Why should a prisoner, an enemy, not a member ruling dynasty(on TV he was not even a descendant of Dmitry Donskoy) honored to be buried among the grand dukes? Yes, and the date of death on his burial is for some reason 1462 (and not 1483)! But according to an alternative version, this is the year of the death of Kasim, who was Vasily, that is, the ruler, basileus, and Yaroslavl was his capital. Hence the name: Vasily Yaroslavich.
Probably, much earlier than the capture of Yaroslavl, Andrei the Lesser also got Princess Sophia, whom he took as his wife. The Tatars practiced to marry the widows of their brothers, including those killed by them. Sophia was his wife cousin Fedor Yurievich.
I don't think she was very worried. In principle, she had long been mentally prepared for this. Sophia was the daughter of Thomas, brother of the last Byzantine emperor. Another brother of the emperor, Dmitry, voluntarily gave his daughter to the seraglio to the Turkish sultan, going to his service.
According to the traditional version, by 1478 Sophia, the wife of Ivan III, gave birth to three daughters: Elena, Theodosia and ... the second Elena. Is there a lot of Helen? A few years later, she gives birth to ... a second Theodosia.
In reality, everything is simpler: the first Elena and Theodosia were from her marriage to Fedor Yuryevich, and she gave birth to the rest of the children from other husbands, because her new husband was not destined to live long. The year 1480 has come.
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This article should be considered by the reader as
annotation
In the previous, this and the next parts, the parallels of the activities of Ivan III and the legendary Rurik are considered. A hypothesis has been put forward that in reality there were two Ivans in history, Pskov Ivan and Moscow Ivan. Due to errors in rewriting the chronicles, instead of "Plskov" the text was read as "Mskovsky" - "Mskovsky" - "Moscow", there was a merger of two historical figures. Ivan Pskovskiy was a native of Italy and entered the western chronicles under the name Ivan Fryazin. Italians in Russia were called "fryazi", "fryagi". From the word "friag" came the name "farang" - "varangian" - "enemy". In 1459 in Pskov there was whole street"Enemies". Ivan Fryazin came from an area where the Etruscan culture flourished and therefore he was associated as a native of the people of Russia, the Rus. Ivan Fryazin was married to Sophia Paleolog, a princess of the former Byzantine Empire. He tried to forge an alliance between Venice, the Crimean Khan Mengli I Gerai and the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat in the fight against the Turks in the hope of returning the throne of the Byzantine Empire to his wife Sophia (the potential heir to this throne) . Moscow Ivan interfered with this in every possible way, because. was afraid of the strengthening of the Pskov-Novgorod Prince Ivan Fryazin. As a result of agreements between Ivan Fryazin (Ivan of Pskov) and the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray, in 1480 a war began against Moscow, which is now known as "Standing on the Ugra". Crimean Khan fettered the Moscow troops on the Ugra, and Ivan of Pskov at that time took control of Moscow, while probably either capturing or killing Ivan of Moscow. After that, Ivan of Pskov, aka Rurik, aka Varangian, aka Ivan Fryazin, aka Ivan III, began the construction of Moscow with the help of his Italian compatriots.
Introduction
In this part, I will continue to consider historical oddities in the actions of Ivan III and Ivan Fryazin, which receive a completely rational explanation if we assume that Ivan Fryazin, and subsequently from 1480 Ivan III, is one person, if we assume that at the end of the 15th century Russia was ruled by two Ivans, Ivan of Moscow and Ivan of Pskov.
Rationale
Let's see what modern history tells us about Ivan Fryazin ...
"In 1470, the Senate heard a report from the adventurer Giovanni Battista della Volpa (Ivan Fryazin in Russian chronicles), who reported on Akhmat's ability to field 200,000 soldiers. In 1471, the Senate sent Giovanni Battista Trevisano to Akhmat with proposals for an anti-Turkish alliance, but the ambassador was detained in Moscow for three years and arrived at Akhmat only in 1474. During this time, Della Volpe made another trip to the khan and in 1472 reported on the khan's readiness to start hostilities against the Turks through Hungary, subject to an annual payment of 10,000 ducats and lump sum payment 6000 ducats. The Senate was skeptical about this report. However, when in 1476 Trevisano returned to Venice with two ambassadors from Akhmat, the Senate accepted the proposal to start a war with Turkey across the Danube and again sent Trevisano with 2,000 ducats. At the same time, the king of Poland Casimir IV resolutely opposed this event, who, apparently, was against the actions of Akhmat through his territories in the Northern Black Sea region. In 1477, the Senate recalled Trevisano, who managed to get only as far as Poland."(via)
"Even earlier, through his nephew Antonio Gilardi, who was returning from Moscow, Volpe offered the Venetian government to raise the Golden Horde against the Turks in the amount of 200 thousand cavalry. The Senate accepted the proposal and sent to the Tatars (through Russia) their secretary Jean-Baptiste Trevisant in 1471. In Moscow, however, Volpe for some reason hid the real mission of Trevisan from the Grand Duke and passed him off as his nephew, a merchant by profession, hoping to quietly lead him into the Horde. With the arrival of Sophia Palaiologos (according to Russian sources, even earlier), the deception was revealed. Enraged, Ivan III imprisoned Volpe in the city of Kolomna, ordered his property to be plundered, and his wife and children to be driven out of the house. Trevisan almost lost his head. Only after dealing with the Venetian government, when it turned out that the embassy to the Tatars was not hostile to Russia, Trevisan was released to Khan Akhmat. Volpe's further fate is unknown."(via)
So, in 1469, on behalf of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III, Ivan Fryazin went to Rome to woo Sofia Paleolog. In Rome, they asked the boyars to come for the bride. And after 3 years, Ivan Fryazin with the boyars came for the bride. Fryazin, the place of Ivan III, as his representative, was married to Sophia and, then, brought her to Moscow.
In the interval between these dates, somewhere around 1470, Fryazin, without the sanction of the Grand Duke, began negotiations with Akhmat, the Khan of the Great Horde and the Venetian state to put together a coalition against the Turks. And by 1472, Akhmat was not averse to making war with the Turks for money. At the same time, the Venetians solved their problems - they slowed down or could completely stop the expansion of the Turks in Europe (as you know, the Turks took Constantinople in 1453 and subsequently continued their expansion to the west, to Europe). In 1471, Ivan III begins to put a spoke in the wheels of this whole undertaking - he delays for 3 years in Moscow the envoy of Venice, who was traveling to the Horde with money and in order to conclude an agreement. In 1472, after Fryazin arrived in Moscow with the bride of Ivan III, the deceit was allegedly revealed, Ivan III was beside himself with anger and brought it down on Fryazin and his family.
Now let's think a little. What did the Turks do? In 1453 they overthrew Constantine XI from the Byzantine throne. Constantine XI was killed, and after 7 years his brother Thomas, after the fall of the Morea, where Thomas ruled, fled to Rome with his family. Sophia was the daughter of Thomas. Those. as a result of the expansion of the Turks, Sophia Palaiologos lost her potential rights to the Byzantine imperial throne. The Venetians hatched plans, if not to return Constantinople, then at least to stop or slow down Turkish expansion into Europe.
And suddenly, Ivan III, begins to act contrary to the interests of his wife and his own interests! He begins to interfere with the formation of a coalition, which could potentially drive the Turks out of Constantinople. If this happened, then, quite possibly, his wife Sophia could become empress, and Ivan III byzantine emperor and Russia could grow with the entire Byzantine Empire ... or vice versa! But Ivan III delays the ambassador of Venice for 3 years, unleashes his anger on Fryazin ... Where is the logic? Ivan III acts contrary to his own interests.
This is on the one hand ... But on the other hand, the actions of the Venetians are not clear. Some diplomat and adventurer proposes something like that, and the Venetian Senate considers the proposals, it’s not clear who ... To propose something, you need to have the authority, have permits in your hands, and, as it turns out, they didn’t exist - Ivan III was not in the know. And the Venetians? Did you take a word? It doesn't look like it's serious...
Regarding the end of paying tribute to the Great Horde, Khan Akhmat:
"In 1472, Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat began a campaign against Russia. At Tarusa, the Tatars met a large Russian army. All attempts of the Horde to cross the Oka were repulsed. The Horde army managed to burn the city of Aleksin, but the campaign as a whole ended in failure. Soon (in the same 1472 or in 1475) Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Khan of the Great Horde, which would inevitably lead to a new clash"(via)
"K. V. Bazilevich mentions 1476 as the end date for the payment of tribute. According to A. A. Gorsky, the payment of tribute ceased already in 1472. He puts forward the following arguments: the evidence of the Vologda-Perm chronicle about the words of Akhmat in 1480 that “exit” (tribute) has not been given for the ninth year; changes in the form of treaty letters of Ivan III from 1473 (the mention of not one Horde, but several Hordes); information from S. Herberstein, who connects the termination of tribute payments with the arrival of Sophia Paleolog; the text of the Polish chronicler Jan Długosz, who died in May 1480, that Ivan Vasilyevich "overthrew the yoke of slavery". Also, A. A. Gorsky dates the “label” (a message from Akhmat to Ivan demanding obedience) to 1472, and not to 1480 (Bazilevich K.V. Foreign policy Russian centralized state, p. 118; Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. - M .: 2003, pp. 159-178) "(via)
In 1472, Khan Akhmat began a campaign against Russia and the clash took place near the city of Tarusa. Probably, assuming that Ivan III stopped paying tribute in 1472, this campaign was Khan Akhmat's response to Moscow's refusal to pay tribute. Where did this collision take place? Let's look at the map link. It can be seen that the city of Tarusa is located just south of Serpukhov. To make it easier to analyze, let's look at this map:
fig.1 Oka river basin
Author: SafronovAV - own work
, CC BY-SA 3.0 , Link
And now let's see where the Great Horde is located:
fig.2
The Great Horde was located in the region of present-day Astrakhan, beyond the Volga, more precisely, between the Volga River and the Ural River. How is it easier for Akhmat to get to Moscow? Get on boats, boats and go up the Volga. Reach Nizhny Novgorod, there turn to the Oka, reaching Kolomna, swim along the Moskva River to the city of Moscow. It is obvious!
But Khan Akhmat is not simple! He, probably, on foot (about 800 km in a straight line through the lands of the Crimean Khanate) with troops reaches the city of Tarusa (this is a little south of Serpukhov. In Fig. 2 it is between Kaluga and Serpukhov, southwest of Moscow). And it is in this place that he decides to cross the Oka? What for? Where is he heading? To the west? He needs to go to Moscow, but he set his sights on Lithuania! One could understand Akhmat if he began to force the Oka between Serpukhov and Kolomna! Yes, from south to north you can just get to Moscow, but he passed by Moscow and is forcing the river to the west - between Serpukhov and Kaluga! What for? Who is he fighting? Moscow to the north!
From the point of view of the fact that civilization then was riverine, i.e. the main cargo flow of goods, troops moved along the rivers (see the Logistic theory of civilization by Igor Grek apxiv ), the most logical meeting place for Akhmat and Russian troops is somewhere east of Moscow, in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The situation is the same as in the case when - the battle should have taken place somewhere with east side Lake Ilmen, and it took place on the western side, on the Shelon River.
Suppose Akhmat decided to cross at Tarusa ... It happens that a person does not understand. It did not work out at Tarusa and Akhmat with the army retreats to the south and takes the battle at Aleksin. He burns the wooden fortress and goes home... And why shouldn't Akhmat cross the Oka even further south? Why is he taking the fight near the city of Aleksin? Take a little to the south or north and force the Oka! Since I came on foot from the Caspian Sea itself, but I didn’t come there, but southwest of Moscow, then who prevents you from walking another ten kilometers and crossing the Oka where there is neither Tarusa nor Aleksin ... And then turn to the northeast and move to Moscow...
But for some reason Akhmat is tied to the Oka and storms the cities standing on the banks of the Oka! So he did sail there, came along the river to the place of hostilities. But as he went through the entire Oka from east to west (Akhmat went to war from the Volga), then he reached Tarusa, Aleksin, and he was not stopped in Murom, or in Kasimov, or in Ryazan, or in Kolomna, or in Serpukhov. Very strange!
But all the strangeness disappears as soon as we assume that the enemy did not come from the southeast (Great Horde), but from the southwest, from the side of the Crimean Khanate. And who on the other side could fight Russia? Only the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray. But here comes the problem...
"Diplomatic relations between the Moscow State and the Crimean Khanate remained friendly during the reign of Ivan III. The first exchange of letters between countries took place in 1462, and in 1472 an agreement of mutual friendship was concluded. In 1474, a union treaty was concluded between Khan Mengli-Gerai and Ivan III, which, however, remained on paper, since the Crimean Khan soon had no time for joint actions: during the war with the Ottoman Empire, Crimea lost its independence, and Mengli- Gerai was captured, and only in 1478 he again ascended the throne (now as a Turkish vassal)."(via)
The Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray could not attack Ivan III. But Akhmat, Khan of the Great Horde, could not be near the cities of Tarusa and Aleksin. There was nothing for him to do! If he walked by water, then he should have been stopped at the mouth of the Oka, still near the Volga! And if he was walking, which is vanishingly unlikely, then in this case he could not be south-west of Moscow. He was supposed to start crossing the Oka significantly downstream, somewhere between Serpukhov and Kolomna.
On the other side, " during the war with the Ottoman Empire, Crimea lost its independence, and Mengli-Gerai himself was captured, and only in 1478 he again ascended the throne (now as a Turkish vassal)."The actions of Ivan III to break up the coalition against the Turks, which was put together by Ivan Fryazin (see above), contradicted the interests of his ally Mengli I Giray. If Ivan III had not interfered, then perhaps the Turks would have been defeated, and the Crimean Khanate would not have lost independence in 1478, and Ivan III himself, quite possibly, would have become the emperor of Byzantium.
It turns out that Ivan III acted both against his own interests and against the interests of his allies - against the Crimean Khanate and his Khan Mengli I Gerai!
And if there were two Ivans, Ivan of Pskov and Ivan of Moscow? If an agreement with Mengli I Giray was concluded by Ivan of Pskov (Ivan Fryazin)? Then everything falls into place! Oh, and by the way, Ivan Fryazin " Near 1455 went to the east of Europe; visited the Tatars ..." (via) Which Tatars did Ivan Fryazin visit? Wasn't he in the Crimea and even in those years established ties with the Crimean Khanate?
Ivan of Pskov (Ivan Fryazin) is negotiating with Venice, with Akhmad, trying to create a coalition that could resist the Turks and, perhaps, win back what was lost for previous years... Get their explanations and actions of Venice. The Venetian Senate considered the proposals not of a "rogue", but of the Grand Duke of Pskov, Novgorod, Boloozersky and others ... Ivan of Moscow, who is still sitting in Moscow, does not act against his own interests, but in his own interests and, starting from 1471, puts " spokes in the wheel" of the coalition against the Turks. It affects vital interests Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray, who is about to fall under the control of the Turks, and he goes to war on Ivan of Moscow, who interferes with the fight against the Turks. But the war in 1472 against Moscow did not work out for Mengli I Giray, he was only able to burn Aleksin. And he goes back to the Crimea.
Then Ivan III's conflict with the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat receives his explanation:
And why did Ivan III interfere with the coalition? He was probably afraid of the strengthening of Ivan of Pskov (Ivan Fryazin). If the coalition had taken place and defeated the Turks, then, quite possibly, Ivan Fryazin, as the husband of the possible Empress Sophia of Byzantium, would have become the Emperor of Byzantium. And Ivan of Moscow would be "between the hammer and the anvil." From the north, Pskov, Novgorod, Boloozero, etc., and from the south, the khans of the Great Horde, the Crimea, and, most importantly, the emperor of Byzantium, Ivan Fryazin. Most likely, this is what Ivan of Moscow was afraid of, the Ivan who so far reigned in Moscow. The Byzantine Empire, together with Pskov, Novgorod and comrades, would simply "swallow" Muscovy.
The war of 1480, standing on the Ugra, also receives an explanation. It was started not by Akhmat, but by Ivan Fryazin in alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengli I Garay.
According to history, this war is also extremely strange. Let's start with the fact that again Khan Akhmat is "breaking" into the Moscow principality from the southwest, instead of fighting Moscow from the southeast. The experience of the war of 1472 did not teach him anything (see considerations on the war of 1472 above)!
During this "standing" amazing events took place:
"On September 30, Ivan III left the troops and left for Moscow., instructing the troops under the formal command of the heir, Ivan the Young, who also included his uncle, specific prince Andrei Vasilyevich Menshoi, to move in the direction of the Ugra River. At the same time, the prince ordered to burn Kashira. Sources mention the hesitation of the Grand Duke; in one of the chronicles it is even noted that Ivan panicked: “the horror was found on n, and you want to run away from the shore, and your Grand Duchess Roman and the treasury with her were ambassadors to Beloozero”.
Subsequent events are interpreted in the sources ambiguously. The author of an independent Moscow code of the 1480s writes that the appearance of the Grand Duke in Moscow made a painful impression on the townspeople, among whom a murmur arose: you sell nonsense (you exact a lot of what you shouldn’t). And now, having angered the tsar himself, without paying him an exit, you betray us to the tsar and the Tatars. After that, the chronicle reports that Bishop Vassian of Rostov, who met the prince with the metropolitan, directly accused him of cowardice; after that, Ivan, fearing for his life, left for Krasnoye Sel'tso, north of the capital. Grand Duchess Sophia with close associates and the sovereign's treasury was sent to safe place, on Beloozero, to the courtyard specific prince Mikhail Vereisky. The mother of the Grand Duke refused to leave Moscow.... Also, as one of the measures to prepare for the invasion of the Tatars, the Grand Duke ordered to burn the Moscow suburb.
As R. G. Skrynnikov notes, the story of this chronicle is in clear contradiction with a number of other sources. So, in particular, the image of the Rostov Bishop Vassian as the worst accuser of the Grand Duke does not find confirmation; judging by the "Message" and the facts of his biography, Vassian was completely loyal to the Grand Duke. The researcher connects the creation of this vault with the environment of the heir to the throne, Ivan the Young and the dynastic struggle in the grand-ducal family. This, in his opinion, explains both the condemnation of Sophia's actions and the praise addressed to the heir - as opposed to the indecisive (turned into cowardly under the chronicler's pen) actions of the Grand Duke.
At the same time, the very fact of Ivan III's departure to Moscow is recorded in almost all sources; the difference in chronicle stories refers only to the duration of this trip. The grand ducal chroniclers reduced this trip to just three days (September 30 - October 3, 1480). The fact of fluctuations in the grand ducal environment is also obvious; The grand-ducal code of the first half of the 1490s mentions Grigoriy Mamon, an opponent of resistance to the Tatars, and the independent code of the 1480s, hostile to Ivan III, also mentions Ivan Oshchera in addition to Grigory Mamon, and the Rostov chronicle mentions the equestrian Vasily Tuchko. Meanwhile, in Moscow, the Grand Duke held a meeting with his boyars, and ordered about the preparation of the capital for a possible siege. With the help of the mother active negotiations were held with the rebellious brothers, ending in the restoration of relations. On October 3, the Grand Duke left Moscow for the troops, however, before reaching them, he settled in the town of Kremenets, 60 versts from the mouth of the Ugra, where he waited for the troops of the brothers who stopped the rebellion, Andrei Bolshoi and Boris Volotsky, to approach. Meanwhile, fierce clashes began on the Ugra. The attempts of the Horde to cross the river were successfully repulsed by Russian troops. Soon Ivan III sent the ambassador Ivan Tovarkov to the khan with rich gifts, asking him to retreat away and not to ruin the "ulus". Khan demanded the personal presence of the prince, but he refused to go to him; the prince also refused the khan's offer to send him his son, brother, or Nikifor Basenkov, an ambassador known for his generosity (who had previously often traveled to the Horde)."(via)
So, Ivan Moskovsky takes off and goes to Moscow, on the way he burns Kashira, in Moscow he burns the suburb (suburbs of Moscow) - all allegedly so that Akhmat does not get them. He sends his wife north. In Moscow, confusion and vacillation. Someone supports Ivan, someone does not support and condemns. There are fluctuations in the grand ducal environment. Then Ivan returns to the troops and stands at some distance from them. At the same time, hostilities on the Ugra are intensifying. Then Ivan pays rich gifts to Akhmat and he leaves.
A bunch of questions and absolutely illogical actions of Ivan. Why burn Kashira and Moskovsky Posad? Khan will come, then he will burn it, but why in advance? Why were there fluctuations in the princely environment? Why did someone condemn Ivan, and someone supported him?
If we assume that the war was started by Mengli I Giray in alliance with Ivan of Pskov (Ivan Fryazin), then everything falls into place. Khan walked from the southwest and met with the troops of Ivan of Moscow on the Ugra. Not conducting active hostilities forced Ivan of Moscow to gather his troops in one place, probably forcing him to expose other directions. At this time, Ivan Fryazin, Prince of Pskov and Novgorod, etc., is making war from the north against Ivan of Moscow. His troops from Novgorod along Msta and further to Tver, then to the Volga, along it reach Nizhny Novgorod, enter the Oka and in the Kashira region into the Moscow River. By the way, in my reconstruction, Ivan of Pskovskiy already controlled Yaroslavl, so the path to Moscow was even shorter... Ivan Pskovskiy's troops burn the Moscow suburb and, having defeated a small squad (the main troops on the Ugra and hold back Mengli I Gerai), they take Moscow under their control. In the Moscow princely environment, confusion and vacillation, someone supports Ivan of Pskov, someone Ivan of Moscow. The family of Ivan of Moscow flees to the north. Metropolitan Vassian supports Ivan of Moscow and scolds Ivan of Pskov. As a result, Ivan Pskovskiy takes control of the situation and rushes towards the Ugra, where the main Moscow troops are concentrated. At this time, Ivan of Moscow with part of the troops rushes to defend Moscow. In Kashira, two troops meet (Ivan of Moscow goes from the Ugra towards Moscow along the Oka, and Ivan of Pskov from Moscow along the Moscow River descended to the Oka and approached Kashira moving towards Ivan of Moscow), a battle takes place, Kashira is on fire, the Moscow troops are defeated, and Ivan Moskovsky is either killed or taken prisoner. Ivan of Pskov with his army reaches the Ugra and stands at some distance from the Moscow troops. At this time, Mengli I Gerai intensifies hostilities and fierce clashes begin, possibly, and the army of Ivan of Pskov hits the rear of the Moscow troops standing on the Ugra. As a result, Ivan of Pskovskiy wins the war, the Moscow troops swear allegiance to him. Ivan of Pskov presents his ally with rich gifts for his help. Mengli I Gerai, having received his due, leaves with his army upstream along the Oka, somewhere in the upper reaches of the river he was dragged to the Desna, and from there to the Dnieper, and there it was a stone’s throw to the Crimea ... Ivan of Pskov, having overthrown Ivan of Moscow in In 1480, during the events now called "Standing on the Ugra", he becomes the Grand Duke of Moscow. Further, in subsequent years, he completes the unification of the Russian lands, taking control of the remaining Russian principalities, and in 1485 subjugates Tver. ..
Everything is clear, concise and logical. Moreover, when, after "Standing on the Ugra", the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray returned to the Crimea, he sends his troops to Lithuania:
"Khan Akhmat, in retaliation for Casimir's inaction, sent his troops to Lithuania, where he burned many settlements and looted a lot of booty, but was soon killed while dividing the loot by envious people; after his death, civil strife broke out in the Horde."(via)
In fact, these were the troops not of Akhmat, but of Mengli I Giray, who began to ravage Lithuania, probably in revenge on Casimir for not allowing the forces of Khan Akhmat to pass through the territory of Lithuania to fight the Turks (" At the same time, the king of Poland Casimir IV resolutely opposed this event, who, apparently, was against the actions of Akhmat through his territories in the Northern Black Sea region."meaning against waging war with the Turks, see above). As a result, including, in 1478, the Crimea and Khan Mengli I Gerai became dependent on the Turks.
Furthermore! If you look at the chronology of the Crimean-Nagai raids on Russia, then, from 1480 to 1507, all the raids were exclusively on Lithuania and its allies! During the reign of Ivan III there was no no one raid from the Crimea on the Russian state and its allies! Ivan III died in 1505 and the first raid took place in 1507. Those. Russian state received 27 years (from 1480 to 1507) of peace with the Crimean Khanate.
Why? Probably due to the agreement between Ivan Fryazin and the Crimean Khanate. Moreover, Ivan Fryazin put in a lot of effort and spent more more money to put together a coalition against the Turks. He pursued his own interests, but he also managed to take into account the interests of the Crimean Khanate, which, if successful, would continue to be independent of the Turks. But due to the opposition, including Ivan of Moscow in the 70s of the 15th century and the opposition of Casimir IV, the coalition did not take place - and both opponents of the coalition then paid the price. Thanks to the help of Khan Mengli I Giray, Ivan Fryazin won the war of 1480 from Ivan of Moscow, and he lost his power and life. BUT Lithuanian principality and its allies throughout the late 15th and early 16th centuries were subjected to fierce raids by the Crimean Khanate, in contrast to the Russian state, which was rescued from raids.
And by the way, about the rescue... "In 1492, an event took place in Moscow that made such a great impression on the Russians that the chronicler even marked it with the exact date (May 17): “ Ivan the Savior Fryazin , a kaplan tonsured by the Augustinian law of the white blacks, he renounced his law and left the blacks, got married, understood for himself Alekseev's wife Serinov, and the great prince granted him the village ""(via) (emphasis mine)
In 1492 a certain Ivan Savior Fryazin, was baptized into the Christian faith. Not only is Ivan Fryazin, but also Savior. Almost certainly, this Ivan the Savior Fryazin was the same Ivan Fryazin, which is being discussed here. It was thanks to his efforts that Russia was saved for 27 years from Turkish-Tatar raids by the Crimean Khanate, which was a vassal Ottoman Empire.
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