largest metropolitan area and main business center countries are actively built up and expanding every year. In the coming 2019 and 2020 the city of Moscow will continue to expand its territory beyond the Moscow Ring Road, growing with new districts at the expense of the Moscow region.
It is expected that the project of expanding the boundaries of Moscow will be beneficial not only for the development of the metropolis, but will also benefit the annexed cities and towns. Thanks to large investments, the transport situation in the districts will improve, there will be fewer traffic jams, while it is planned to preserve green areas, develop modern infrastructure.
What territories will be included in the boundaries of the metropolis and how will the map of Moscow change in the coming years? We will talk about all this in this article.
Why is the expansion of Moscow a necessary measure?
The need to annex new territories is caused not only by population growth, but also by a markedly increased inflow of capital into the capital. The capital is now more than ever attractive for investment due to stable economic and social development. What can not be said about the regions ...
The development of districts and cities in the Moscow region is going at a noticeably slower pace than in Moscow due to the lack of jobs, the difficult transport situation, and the underdevelopment of infrastructure. AT last years it has become unprofitable for small and small developers to build new microdistricts with high-rise new buildings in the suburbs of Moscow - the cost of apartments barely covers the cost, and the risks of “not selling” are quite high, especially if these are new areas built “in the field”. Mostly large players remained on the market - PIK, MIC, A101 and others.
At the same time, there is a demand for suburban housing in the Moscow region. Many Muscovites are ready to change their apartment for a more spacious one, in a new building outside the Moscow Ring Road. Even abandoning the prestigious area. The fact is that for all its advantages, the capital's "concrete cells", eternal traffic jams and overcrowding are already fed up with many people - they want to be closer to nature, live in ecologically clean areas, park safely, walk near the house, etc. .
About 3 million people living in the Moscow region commute daily to work in the capital, but they are actually migrants. The same can be said about Muscovites who go on vacation or live in cottages purchased outside the city. By expanding the territory, it will be possible not to worry about registration, issues of provision and management.
Obviously, Moscow is overpopulated. The building density is several times greater than in London, Paris and other European capitals. For a comfortable life, each resident should have places for a car, recreation, utility sites, but this is impossible to do in a metropolis. The accession of new territories will help solve many problems, raise the standard of living, and make it convenient to travel along highways.
And of course, the city authorities have a "selfish interest." Since many large trading platforms (Auchan, Metro, Ikea, Grand, OBI and others), many markets located along the Moscow Ring Road from the side of the region, and having a huge trade turnover, pay taxes to the budget of the Moscow Region, and not Moscow.
What are the pros and cons of joining new territories?
There are far more pluses than minuses in expanding Moscow's borders. The main thing is to create the right concept for the development of the annexed territories.
Pros:
- Ecology. New parks are planned to be established in the new territories. Preservation and restoration of green spaces - at the moment they are less than 10% of the area of the entire city. It is also planned to relocate landfills;
- Registration. All residents of the annexed territories will have the opportunity to enjoy the privileges of Moscow registration;
- Transport development. Construction of new transport interchanges, as well as the ability to use local services, which will significantly relieve highways and highways.
Minuses:
- Loss of independent status and independence of management among the annexed cities and towns;
- Corruption is possible in the distribution of the budget, and therefore the territories may not receive proper development.
What is planned to be done?
Create satellite cities that will develop together with the capital and form a single system with it. They will have the same tariffs for housing and communal services (HCS) as in Moscow, the same system of social and medical care.
One of the successful examples is the city of Zelenograd. Here the population is fully provided with work, the infrastructure is well developed, and the ecological situation is very favorable. The creation of satellite cities will help to take people outside the Moscow Ring Road state institutions, evenly distributing them over the regions of the Moscow region.
Why is the old Master Plan for the development of Moscow no longer relevant?
According to forecasts, 12 million people should have lived in Moscow by 2025, but the number of inhabitants has already reached this figure. Add to that another 5.5 million cars. The General Development Plan approved in 2010 did not provide for such development in any way, and was not coordinated with the authorities of the Moscow region, where, in turn, rapid construction flourished in those years, which influenced migration.
Real estate
According to latest project land use, in 2019-2020 it is planned to cancel the construction of 20 million square meters. m. of housing in those areas where it would worsen the transport situation. The construction of new real estate within a radius of 40 km outside the Moscow Ring Road and more will be significantly reduced. This is mainly caused by a problem with sewerage (you can’t pull it up from Moscow, but building new treatment facilities there is no point - there is nowhere to dump). In general, the issue of communications and garbage has been sore and rather acute in recent years, and will be resolved after the problems with transport are resolved.
Another innovation of the PPP is to finally deal with the "wastelands". To this end, it is planned to start mass construction in industrial zones, to facilitate obtaining building permits for investors if they create new enterprises or offices in these territories.
Of course, real estate will be built outside the Moscow Ring Road, the demand for it is consistently very high. Cost must also be taken into account here. square meter in the nearest suburbs, which is an order of magnitude cheaper than real estate located inside the Moscow Ring Road:
Parking and transport
The authorities promise to solve problems with parking spaces. This is not an easy task in an overcrowded metropolis, as one car occupies from 18 to 35 square meters. m. precious area. According to the old Master Plan: there should be 2 parking spaces per car. But this is unrealistic, since 30% of all new territories will have to be given over to parking.
That is why the optimal solution is the development of public transport in the Moscow region, primarily the subway. The construction of the metro is one of the most labor-intensive and expensive infrastructure projects, but at the same time, it is a fast transport and profitable in all economic indicators.
Now there are 22 metro stations outside the Moscow Ring Road:
- Bohr highway;
- Dmitry Donskoy Boulevard;
- Buninskaya Alley;
- Volokolamsk;
- Vykhino;
- Govorovo;
- Zhulebino;
- Boilers;
- Kosino;
- Lermontovsky prospect;
- Mitino;
- Myakinino;
- Novokosino;
- Novoperedelkino;
- Pyatnitskoe highway;
- Storytelling;
- Rumyantsevo;
- Salaryevo;
- Solntsevo;
- Gorchakova street;
- Skobelevskaya street;
- Starokachalovskaya street.
In 2019-2020, the following metro stations are planned to open outside the Moscow Ring Road:
- Olkhovo;
- Filatov meadow;
- Kosino;
- Lukhmanovskaya;
- Nekrasovka;
- Dmitrievskogo street;
- Sheremetevskaya.
Obviously, the list of new metro stations will grow. In addition, a metro line will finally appear in Mytishchi, which de facto long ago became a district of Moscow. A total of 15 new stations are planned to open.
The authorities also plan to reconstruct the railways. First of all, we are talking about the project of the Moscow central ring(MCC). The North-Eastern and North-Western chords, the Southern Rocade will be built. Transportation under construction interchange nodes(TPU), by 2020, 56 facilities should be put into operation.
In the old General Plan of Moscow, the indicator of walking access to transport was absolutely not taken into account. Now, planning residential and transport infrastructure, the authorities are obliged to take into account the distance between them.
social facilities
The primary task of the authorities is to provide the population of the annexed territories with a modern social infrastructure.
Planned for the coming years:
- Build a modern hospital in Rasskazovka, with an emergency department;
- a large shopping complex will appear in the village of Ryazanovskoye;
- New Moscow will open a food processing plant.
The authorities promise that thanks to the agreements reached with large developers, the shortage of kindergartens, schools, children's entertainment centers will be overcome. Only from the time of accession, New Moscow received 10 educational institutions, 30 preschool institutions. Also built a huge school for 1775 places in Kommunarka, a kindergarten in the city of Moscow.
How will Moscow's borders change in 2019-2020?
It is planned to expand the metropolis by 21 municipality and 2 urban formations (Troitsk, Shcherbinka), 19 rural settlements located in the Podolsk, Leninsky, Naro-Fominsk districts, to annex some lands of the Krasnogorsk and Odintsovo districts.
In the coming years, the following urban and rural settlements will become new districts of Moscow:
- JV Vnukovskoye;
- GP Kyiv;
- Kokoshkino;
- Mosrentgen;
- Ryazanovskoye;
- Shchapovskoye;
- Novofedorovskoe;
- Krasnopakharskoe;
- Resurrection;
- Pervomaiskoye
- Desenovskoe;
- Rogovskoe;
- Mikhailovo-Yartsevskoe;
- Filimonkovskoye;
- Voronovsky and others.
Disputes about the accession of the nearest satellite cities to Moscow do not subside - many residents already consider themselves Muscovites, working in the capital and sending their children to study in the capital's kindergartens, schools and universities. So far, this issue is not on the agenda of the authorities, but given how quickly the territories of New Moscow were annexed, this may well happen.
A possible scenario for expanding Moscow's borders until 2025.
conclusions
Having considered all the above facts, we can say with confidence that the expansion of the boundaries of the capital is a forced measure that will help solve many problems. So, for example, the annexation of the southwestern territories is justified by the decision of transport, urban planning and environmental issues region. There is a very low urbanization, at the same time, many important infrastructure and strategic facilities (airport) are located.
On the annexed lands, it will be possible to locate a new government center, the capital will deal with urban issues, and the new territories will receive the necessary modern infrastructure, get rid of transport collapses, and new jobs will appear.
Having competently implemented the project to expand Moscow, the metropolis will be divided into a historical center, business and educational zones, equipped with modern transport. Developers and investors will have the opportunity to implement the most ambitious projects aimed at improving the quality of life of all residents of the capital and the Moscow region.
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The authorities of the Moscow Region, together with developers and leading experts in the field of urban planning, discussed development options at the "Construction Week of the Moscow Region - 2014" historical cities region. Strelka KB experts presented to the participants their vision of the recent history of these unique locations.
"The historical cities of the Moscow region, in contrast to similar locations in countries such as Spain or United Arab Emirates, are not torn out of time, but continue to actively participate in the life of the region. However, this affects their architectural appearance not the most in the best way. We went on an experiment by asking Strelka urban experts to develop their own vision of the development and transformation of historical cities. In their work, they outlined the goals that we want to achieve. The next step will be the development of a plan for their implementation. German Yelyanyushkin, Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Moscow Region. Urbanists called the cyclic degradation of the urban environment the main problem of historical cities. “The quality of the environment is declining, there is an outflow of population from cities, the economy is deteriorating, which makes the urban environment suffer even more,” explained Yuri Grigoryan, architect, head of the Meganom Project bureau, director curricula Institute of Media, Architecture and Design Strelka.
Despite the significant differences between the historical cities of the Moscow region, urbanists managed to deduce their classification. Specialists of KB Strelka identified 4 types of historical cities depending on their development potential:
- An attraction city that is developing successfully and has even greater potential for the development of the tourism and real estate market.
- A city-fair with great potential for changing the urban environment.
- A factory city with the lowest development potential.
- A city-monument that has a low potential for changes in the urban environment, but has a unique historical heritage.
According to Yuri Grigoryan, a high-quality environment is formed in the presence of a clear strategy and well-developed mechanisms for its implementation. Implementation of plans will be possible if there is a commercial component, the developers are sure. "The success of the modernization of the historical cities of the Moscow region depends on the economic factor. The authorities need to interest and involve in the process not only large businesses, but also medium and small ones," comments Sergey Korotchenkov, CEO RDI. Urbanists, on the other hand, are sure that today it is possible to preserve and develop the potential of historical cities not only by investing in a large number of environments, but also through cooperation between the state and society. You can start improving today, experts say. “The most obvious thing we can do without global changes is to work with islands of the urban environment, such as estates and museums. The historical environment already exists there and has its value, it only needs to be supported and expanded,” says Mikhail Alekseevsky, Head of the Center for Urban Anthropology at Strelka Design Bureau.
The international industry exhibition "Construction Week of the Moscow Region" is a unique congress and exhibition event with federal status. This year the exhibition was attended by about 200 exhibitors, 160 business program speakers from 6 countries. Partners and sponsors of the event: PIK Group, FGC Leader, SU-155 Group, Morton Group, MITS Group, RDI Group, Urban Group, Krost Concern.
For more information:
Anna Nikolaeva,
Press service of the exhibition "Construction week of the Moscow region-2014"
[email protected], 8-926-890-85-95
Pre-Mongol, and, accordingly, pre-Moscow, Russia is a country of great Russian cities: Kyiv, Novgorod, Smolensk, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir ... Many volumes of scientific and popular science books have been written about their history, films are being made, new exhibitions are opening and museum exhibits. And what cities were located at that time, more than 770 years ago, in the current cultural and geographical heart of Russia: on the territory of modern Moscow and the Moscow region? What has survived from these cities to the present day?
Scheme of the ancient cities of the Moscow region of the pre-Mongolian era
In the era of pre-Mongolian Rus, on the territory of the modern Moscow region, there were at least seventeen Russian cities: Volokolamsk, Dmitrov, Dubna, Zaraisk (Sturgeon), Zvenigorod, Kolomna, Koltesk, Lobynsk, Mozhaisk, Moscow, Perevitsk, Przemysl Moskovsky, Rostislavl Ryazansky, Svirelsk, Teshilov, Tushkov and Khotun.
The information we have about these cities is unequal. About one of them - mysterious city Svirelsk - we know almost nothing, except for his name, even the exact location of his location is not known. Other cities have been studying archaeological expeditions of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences for many years, others scientific institutions and museums. We can present the most ancient stages of the history of these cities in relatively detail - although in the past of each of them there are still many secrets and mysteries.
Some ancient Russian cities of the Moscow region gradually developed into notable urban centers: Volokolamsk - ancient Novgorod city on the trade route from the Nizovsky lands to Novgorod; Mozhaisk, which emerged as an eastern outpost Smolensk principality; Kolomna founded by the Ryazans. Moscow from a small town has become a metropolis and the capital of a vast country. Other ancient cities of the Moscow region perished: for example, Koltesk - during the Mongol-Tatar invasion; or Rostislavl - later, during the active wars of Moscow with the Crimean Khanate.
Old Russian Dubna.
Pectoral cross and crosses vests metal stone amber
In their place now there is no settlement, only archaeological sites - the remains of ancient fortifications and a layer of earth saturated with traces of ancient life, called the "cultural layer" in archeology. Other cities have been preserved as small villages and villages - for example, Teshilov and Tushkov. And the ancient Russian Dubna, which after the invasion became the village of Gorodishche on the Dubensky Estuary, is now part of the modern city of Dubna, founded in the middle of the 20th century, and is its historical predecessor.
On the territory of the modern Moscow region in the era before the Tatar-Mongol invasion, the lands of five ancient Russian principalities were connected. The central, northern and northeastern regions of the current region were part of the territory of the Rostov-Suzdal (later - Vladimir-Suzdal) principality, the predecessor of Muscovite Russia. It included the basin of the Klyazma River, the middle course of the Moscow River, the basin of the Dubna River and its tributaries, and the right bank of the Upper Volga.
Almost all the cities in this territory were founded or fortified by the Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Among them are Dubna, Dmitrov, Moscow, probably Zvenigorod and Przemysl of Moscow. By the XIII century, the lands of this principality expanded, they included areas along the lower reaches of the Moscow River up to its mouth (Kolomna). In the southeast of the modern Moscow region, in the middle reaches of the Oka River, the lands of the Ryazan principality were located.
Old Russian Dubna. Cross encolpion
The Ryazan cities included Rostislavl, Perevitsk, Zaraysk (Sturgeon), at first Ryazan was Kolomna. In the south-west of the Moscow region, along the banks of the Oka and its tributaries, the cities of Teshilov, Koltesk, Lobynsk (later ceded to the Ryazan principality) were built as part of the Chernigov principality. Western part regions - the upper reaches of the Moscow River - originally belonged to the Smolensk principality.
Here was the Smolensk outpost city of Mozhaisk. In the northwestern part of the current Moscow region, the Rostov-Suzdal principality bordered on the Novgorod land. Here on the trade route to Novgorod was the ancient Novgorod city of Volokolamsk (Volok Lamsky). All ancient Russian cities of the Moscow region are located on the banks of rivers. The place of the ancient city in the hydrographic system of the Volga-Oka interfluve was one of the key factors having a decisive influence on its history.
Most of the ancient cities of the Moscow region are mentioned in chronicles starting from the middle of the 12th century. The earliest chronicle mention, most likely, refers to the ancient Russian Dubna (1134, the Novgorod First Chronicle). The second, under 1135, Volokolamsk is mentioned. List of dates of the first annalistic mentions of ancient Russian cities in the Moscow region (only cities first mentioned in pre-Mongolian times are indicated):
1134 - Dubna
1135 - Volokolamsk
1146 or 1147 - Koltesk, Lobynsk
1147 - Moscow, Teshilov
1152 - Moscow Przemysl (according to V.N. Tatishchev)
1153 - Rostislavl
1154 - Dmitrov
1177 - Kolomna
1225 - Zaraysk (Sturgeon), possibly under the name Sturgeon - 1146.
1231 - Mozhaisk
1 Volokolamsk
Volokolamsk - Drag on Lama (Drag Lamsky). The ancient Novgorod city was located in the bend of the left bank of the Gorodnya River, at its confluence with the Lama River (a tributary of the Shoshi River in the Volga basin), on a trade route connecting Novgorod lands with the Volga-Oka basin. It was first mentioned in chronicles under 1135. The cultural layer of the pre-Mongol period was found on the territory of the Volokolamsk settlement and the surrounding settlements. Defensive structures of the 12th century were found in the lower layers of the rampart surrounding the settlement, up to 6 meters high.
2 Dmitrov
Dmitrov, according to the chronicle, was founded in 1154 by Yuri Dolgoruky. Archaeological evidence confirms the existence of the city from the middle of the 12th century. The Dmitrovsky Kremlin - the fortified part of the ancient city - is located on the right bank of the Yakhroma River (a tributary of the Sestra River in the Volga basin). It is surrounded by a shaft up to 7 meters high. Numerous cultural remains of the pre-Mongol period were found in the Kremlin and around it, on the territory of the settlements.
Most experts consider the connection between the name of the city and the name of the Great Martyr Dmitry of Thessalonica to be undoubted, which allows us to reasonably assume the appearance of the Dmitrievskaya Church here simultaneously with the creation of the city or in the first years of its existence. Perhaps it was in this church that the famous icon of Dmitry Solunsky, originating from Dmitrov, was originally painted at the end of the 12th century - early XIII centuries
3 Dubna
Old Russian Dubna was located on the right bank of the Volga, at the confluence of the Dubna River. Founded by Yuri Dolgoruky on the site of a previously existing Russian settlement. For the first time it is mentioned in the annals under 1134, thus, it has the earliest mention of all the ancient Russian cities of the Moscow region. A small fragment of the surviving fortifications and individual sections of residential buildings were investigated. In the immediate vicinity, on the right and left banks of the Volga, the left and right banks of the Dubna River, there are five settlements, which are the remains of the settlements of the ancient Russian city.
One of them, the Pekunov settlement, seems to have an earlier origin and contains numerous materials related to the functioning of the Volga trade route in the 10th-11th centuries. Probably, this settlement was the historical predecessor of the ancient Russian Dubna. In its vicinity there are two large burial mounds of the 11th-12th centuries, in which the inhabitants of the Pekunov settlement and the city of Dubna are probably buried. Somewhat later, the Christian cemetery of Old Russian Dubna was located on the right bank of the Volga, on the slope of a sandy mound near the southern outskirts of the urban settlement.
Old Russian Dubna was a regional administrative, commercial, military and spiritual center of the 12th - the first third of the 13th centuries. Being at the first stage of its history border fortress a large Rostov-Suzdal principality, later it became part of the Pereyaslavl principality with its capital in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Judging by the materials of archaeological research, customs examination of goods carried along the Volga and Dubna rivers was carried out in the city; the local administration and the garrison were located here, numerous artisans worked, there was an Orthodox church.
The city burned down at least twice in internecine wars - in 1149 and 1216, after which it was rebuilt. He died during the Mongol-Tatar invasion, in January-February 1238. Later, on the site of the city, there was the village of Gorodishche (it is also the village of Dubna) - the current Ratmino Street of the city of Dubna, Moscow Region, in the XV-XVI centuries. the medieval customs point "Dubenskoye Myto" also operated here.
4 Zaraysk (Sturgeon)
The city of Zaraysk (aka Zarazsk, in pre-Mongolian times, it may have been called Sturgeon) is located on the cape of the right bank of the Sturgeon River (a tributary of the Oka River). It was first mentioned in chronicles under 1225. A legend is connected with Zaraisk about the voluntary death of Princess Evpraksia, whose husband, Prince Fyodor Yuryevich, was killed in the camp of Batu. According to legend, Yevpaty Kolovrat gathered his militia near Zaraisk. The cultural layer of the pre-Mongolian Zaraysk was found on the territory of the later Zaraisk Kremlin and its environs.
5 Zvenigorod
Old Russian Zvenigorod was located on the cape of the left bank of the Moskva River, on the western outskirts of the left-bank part of the modern city. Zvenigorod arose in middle of XII century, by the time of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, it was already a relatively large urban center. It was first mentioned in the spiritual charter of the Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita around 1339. The remains of the fortified part of the pre-Mongolian Zvenigorod are a large settlement with preserved sections of the rampart of the 12th century; around it are plantations. In the cultural layer of the ancient Russian Zvenigorod, two birch bark letters were found. Both of them date from the first half of the 12th century.
One is a short excerpt from some letter with the words: “but I don’t need it,” the second is a fully preserved text of a letter from Govenova’s widow to Nezhenets demanding to pay what Nezhenets owed to the late Govin, and the threat of prosecution: “From Govenova [widows] to the Gentile. Give sixty kun rooks (i.e. per rook or per rook). [So] said Gauvin before his death (lit.: going to court), and the priest wrote down. Give [them] to Luka. If you don’t give it, then I will take a boy from the prince and I will come [with him] - this will become a large sum for you.
6 Kolomna
Kolomna is located at the confluence of the Kolomenka River with the Moscow River. It was first mentioned in chronicles under 1177 as a border town of the Ryazan Principality. The cultural layer of the pre-Mongol period was found on the territory of the late kremlin and its environs. In 1237, in the Kolomna region, a major battle took place between Russian detachments and the troops of Batu, which ended in the victory of the Tatar-Mongols, the capture and destruction of the city.
7 Koltesk
The city of Koltesk was located on the left bank of the Mutenka River, the right tributary of the Oka River. It was first mentioned in the annals under 1146 or 1147 in connection with the campaign of Svyatoslav "I came from Svyatoslav to the Koltesk town." Koltovo Settlement, which is the remains of a citadel of an ancient Russian city, was almost completely destroyed during the construction of the road, the surviving sections of the cultural layer contain materials from the pre-Mongolian period. Around the settlement there are several villages - the remains of urban settlements. The city was destroyed during the Tatar-Mongol invasion.
8 Lobynsk
The city of Lobynsk (Lobynsk) was located on the cape of the left bank of the Oka River, at the mouth of its tributary, the Protva River. Currently, this place is the village of Drakino. The site of the monument was inhabited as early as the 8th-10th centuries; the original settlement on this site belongs to the early Vyatichi. The urban cultural layer has been recorded since the 12th century. It was first mentioned in chronicles under 1146 or 1147. In the XII century. belonged Chernigov Principality, in the XIII century. - Ryazan. The city died during the Tatar-Mongol invasion, perhaps after that it was revived for some time.
9 Mozhaisk
Mozhaisk is located on the right bank of the Moskva River, at the mouth of the Mozhaika River. Founded in the 12th century, first mentioned in chronicles under 1231. The fortified part of the ancient Russian city, the Mozhaisk Kremlin, has been preserved, surrounded by a rampart up to 3 m high. In the course of archaeological research, numerous materials of the pre-Mongol period were found on its territory.
10 Moscow
Ancient Russian Moscow was located on the left bank of the river of the same name, on a cape at the confluence of the Neglinnaya River. Now this place is located in the southwestern part of the Moscow Kremlin. A Russian settlement on the site of present-day Moscow arises no later than the 11th century. The city was first mentioned in chronicles under 1147. Archaeological research has revealed the remains of a cape settlement of the late 11th century, located at the confluence of the Neglinnaya River with the Moscow River, materials of a trade and craft settlement of the 11th-12th centuries that existed in the vicinity of the fortress.
Painting by Appolinary Vasnetsov "Foundation of Moscow"
In the central part of the fortress there was a wooden church in the name of the holy prophet John the Baptist. In 1156, Andrei Bogolyubsky erected a new wooden fortress in Moscow at the direction of Yuri Dolgoruky. In 1177 it was burnt down by Prince Gleb Rostislavich of Ryazan, but then it was quickly restored. At the beginning of the 13th century, Moscow became the center of a specific principality. In 1238, during the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the city was taken by storm, looted and burned. The rise of Moscow and its formation as the capital of the Russian state takes place during the period of the Horde yoke.
11 Perevitsk
The city of Perevitsk was located on the cape of the right bank of the Oka River, in the area of the modern village of Perevitsky Torzhok. The site of the ancient settlement of a rectangular shape is surrounded by a rampart up to 7 m high. Old Russian Perevitsk was part of the Ryazan principality. It is mentioned in the annals only under 1389, however, the materials of archaeological research allow us to confidently attribute the foundation of the city to pre-Mongolian times.
12 Przemysl Moscow
Przemysl Moskovsky was located on the cape of the right bank of the Mocha River (the Moskva River basin), between ravines. Its remains are known as the Satino-Tatar settlement. The site of the fortified part of the ancient city is surrounded by a rampart up to 6 m high and a moat up to 4 m deep; around there are several unfortified settlements - the remains of the urban settlement. The remains of houses and fortifications of the XII-XIII centuries have been excavated. According to V.N. Tatishchev, founded in 1152 by Yuri Dolgoruky. Some modern researchers express doubts about the dating of the time of the creation of the city by the pre-Mongolian time and attribute it to a later period.
13 Rostislavl Ryazansky
Rostislavl, an ancient Russian city, located on the cape of the right bank of the Oka River, in the vicinity of the modern village of Poluryadenki. The hill fort is bounded by a moat and rampart up to 4.5 m high from the floor side. Posadas adjoin the fortified part of the city. Founded, according to chronicles, the Ryazan prince Rostislav Yaroslavich in 1153. Under the later layers and structures, the remains of residential and defensive structures of the XIIXIII centuries were investigated. A special group of ceramics of the “Rostislavl type” is distinguished, dating back to the 12th-14th centuries.
The foundation of Rostislavl is known from the Nikon chronicle: "Prince Rostislav Yaroslavich of Ryazan created the city of Rostislavl near the Oka River in his name." In May 1183, Rostislavl became one of the gathering points for the troops of the coalition of Russian princes for a campaign in the Volga Bulgaria, led by Vsevolod the Big Nest.
In 1342, Prince Yaroslav Alexandrovich Pronsky transferred the capital of the Ryazan principality from Pereyaslavl Ryazansky to Rostislavl. This was associated bloody events. In 1340, the Ryazan prince Ivan Ivanovich Korotopol killed his relative Alexander Mikhailovich Pronsky in the heat of a struggle for power. Two years later, his son Yaroslav received from Khan Dzhanibek a label for the Ryazan reign and the Tatar army.
In 1342, Yaroslav took Pereyaslavl and expelled his uncle Ivan from there. However, he did not dare to stay in the city, which he took with the help of the Tatars, and moved the capital to one of the largest cities of the Ryazan principality of that time. Probably, Rostislavl remained the capital for another two years, until the death of Yaroslav Pronsky in 1344.
With the annexation of the Ryazan principality to Moscow in 1521, Rostislavl lost its significance as a major center, giving way to its neighboring Zaraysk, where a brick fortress was built by 1531. During the fight against Crimean Tatars Rostislavl turned out to be one of the many fortifications along the Oka. Probably, at this time it was repeatedly ruined, as a result of which it fell into decay.
In 1874, the territory of Rostislavl was used by peasants as arable land. In the XX century. there were gardens of local residents, then - an apple orchard. At present, the settlement of Rostislavl is partially overgrown with forest, and most of its area is covered with grass. Archaeological work began in 1994. Since 2000, the Rostislav archaeological expedition has been working on the settlement every year.
14 Svirelsk
It is mentioned in the annals under 1176, in connection with the campaign of the Chernigov prince Oleg Svyatoslavovich. The city was located on the territory of the modern Moscow region, apparently - in the basin of the Oka River. The exact location of the city has not been established.
15 Teshilov
The city of Teshilov was located on the right bank of the Oka River, in the area between two deep ravines, near the modern village of Spas-Teshilovo. A shaft up to 6 m high and a ditch up to 4 m deep have been preserved on the floor side of the settlement. It is mentioned in the annals under 1147. Numerous cultural remains of the 12th-13th centuries were found on the site of the settlement and the settlements surrounding it - the settlements of the ancient Russian city. In 1237 it was burned by the Tatar-Mongols.
16 Tushkov
The city of Tushkov was located on the cape of the right bank of the Moscow River, in the area of the current village of Tushkov Gorodok. The settlement has been preserved, which is the remains of a fortified part of an ancient Russian small town that existed from the 12th-13th centuries, surrounded by a rampart up to 6 m high and a moat up to 3.5 m deep. Posadas were located to the south and east of the settlement.
17 Hotun
The city of Khotun was located on the cape of the left bank of the Lopasnya River, the left tributary of the Oka River. The remains of the settlement - the citadel of the ancient Russian city - are located near the southern outskirts of the village of Khatun. Most of the settlement is occupied by a modern cemetery. It was first mentioned in the spiritual charter of 1401-1402, however, the materials of archaeological research allow us to reasonably assume the existence of the city already in the pre-Mongolian period.
Pekunovskaya village. Fees from the coast
Here kindly people are working
They love the earth, earthly affairs.
So, the city of the soul will not cool,
So, the dawn has blossomed.
V. Postnikov
In the 20th century, significant events took place in the history of our state and the Moscow region. In the first half of the 20th century, in connection with the industrialization of the country's economy, the question arose of the development of cities as important economic centers. It is noteworthy that the emergence of cities took place directly near Moscow. In 1925-26. 8 cities appeared on the map of the Moscow province. At the same time, the Moscow industrial region was created (1929). light industry, the reconstruction of mechanical engineering enterprises began. In the 1920s and 1930s, the chemical industry was re-created, and textile production continued to develop. By the mid-1930s, 10 new large industrial centers had formed in the Moscow Region, and in the 1940s, 8 more. Heavy industry centers dominated among them (Shatura and Novokashirsk were energy centers, Elektrostal was a metallurgical center, Voskresensk was a center for the production of mineral fertilizers and cement). During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), the economy of the cities of the Moscow region was transferred to a war footing. Many enterprises in a short period were transferred to the manufacture of military products: tanks, aircraft, weapons, ammunition, clothing for soldiers. During the war years, many cities of the Moscow region were badly damaged. First post-war years(1946-1952), 9 more cities received the status of a city, and by the end of the 40s, the population of the Moscow region consisted of half of the inhabitants of cities, while there were only 1/3 of the city dwellers throughout the country.
The cities of the Moscow region currently form the largest territorial group of cities in Russia, which is characterized by high dynamism (that is, a constant increase in the number of cities). Modern cities Moscow suburbs differ not only in the time of occurrence, but also in size, functions performed. Among the modern cities near Moscow, the following groups can be distinguished:
Group 1 - large industrial centers, multifunctional cities
Group 2 - local centers.
Cities of the Moscow region, formed in the first half of the 20th century
| City name | Year of foundation | Modern number inhabitants thousand people (2006) |
| 1. Mytishchi | 161,8 | |
| 2 Lyubertsy | 158,7 | |
| 3. Lakes | 26,0 | |
| 4. Pushkino | 96,9 | |
| 5. Shchelkovo | 112,9 | |
| 6. Taldom | 12,9 | |
| 7. Ramenskoye | 81,8 | |
| 8. Naro-Fominsk | 70,7 | |
| 9. Shatura | 31,5 | |
| 10. Likino-Dulyovo | 31,1 | |
| 11. Voskresensk | 90,1 | |
| 12. Kaliningrad (modern Korolev) | 148,1 | |
| 13. Solnechnogorsk | 57,5 | |
| 14. Stupino | 67,5 | |
| 15. Elektrostal | 146,2 | |
| 16. Ivanteevka | 54,3 | |
| 17. Balashikha | 182,8,0 | |
| 18. Khimki | 180,1 | |
| 19. Vysokovsk | 10,7 | |
| 20. Dedovsk | 27,6 | |
| 21 Drezna | 11,5 | |
| 22. Klimovsk | 55,3 | |
| 23. Krasnogorsk | 98,8 | |
| 24. Krasnozavodsk | 23,6 | |
| 25. Reutov | 80,0 | |
| 26. Yakhroma | 13,1 | |
| 27. Eletrogorsk | 20,5 | |
| 28. Zhukovsky | 101,3 | |
| 29. Domodedovo | 82,7 | |
| 30 Krasnoarmeysk | 25,8 | |
| 31. Khotkovo | 20,5 | |
| 32. Fryazino | 52,3 | |
| 33. Losino-Petrovsky | 22,2 | |
| 34 Railway | 116,5 | |
| 35. Kurovskoe | 19,1 |
large industrial centers.
Podolsk
The name of the city refers to geographical location. The Russian word - podil - means plain, floodplain. Podolsk is mentioned in the documents of the 17th century as the patrimony of the Moscow Danilovsky Monastery. There are many in the area architectural monuments, white-stone church of the 17th century in Dubrovitsy, estates: Ivanovskoye, Astafyevo, Voronovo, Molodi.
The area has long been known for its construction raw materials: limestone, dolomite, construction sand. White stone (limestone, dolomites) from the Moscow region was used in the construction of the first stone Kremlin in Moscow. In the 14th century, when the Kremlin was being built, stone was cut down in the quarries near the village of Myachkovo, loaded on a sled and brought to Moscow. They were transported in winter so as not to pull laden barges against the current of the Moskva River in summer.
In 1875, the Podolsky Cement Plant began to operate on the local resources of the region, the oldest enterprise in the cement industry. The city has a design office for the production of steam generators for nuclear power plants. Modern industrial enterprises also produce sewing machines, steam boilers, batteries, and electric cables. The city of regional subordination Klimovsk is located on the territory of the Podolsky district, where the institute and the design bureau for the production of small arms are located.
Lyubertsy.
The territory now occupied by the city and the Lyubertsy district began to be settled long ago. 12th-13th centuries Vyatichi lived here. The burial mounds of these Slavic tribes have been preserved near the village of Gremyachevo. Lyubertsy was first mentioned in written sources somewhere in 1621. Then this is the village of Liberica, it stood on the Liberica River, which subsequently dried up.
In the northwest of Lyubertsy, on the banks of three lakes - White, Black and Holy, there was an ancient village of Kosino. In the 17th century. Kosino with lakes was part of the royal estates. Young Peter1 on the White Lake made training voyages on a small boat. Not far from Lyubertsy to the east. on the Pekhorka River there was the estate of Kraskovo, known from written sources from the beginning of the 17th century; to the south of Lyubertsy, on the high bank of the Moskva River, there is the Nikolo-Ugreshsky Monastery (now the monastery is part of the city of Dzerzhinsky).
Lyubertsy stood on the Ryazan road (Kolomenskaya), nearby lay the Yegoryevsky tract. This was very important for the economic development of the then village of Lyuberichi. With the construction of the first section railway Moscow-Ryazan Lyubertsy became the first station on this road from Moscow. With the completion of the construction of the railway in 1864, summer cottages appeared in the Lyubertsy district: Malakhovka, Tomilino, Kraskovo, etc. The industry of the Lyubertsy district also gained strength. Near the Lyubertsy station there is a large agricultural engineering plant (the modern plant of Ukhtomsky). At present, Lyubertsy is a large multifunctional city, the closest satellite of Moscow, in the industry of the city, the leading place belongs to a variety of mechanical engineering, in which helicopter construction (Miles), the production of agricultural machinery, and commercial equipment stands out. The city is the Scientific Research Complex. N.I. Kamov where they create helicopters that are ahead of everything in their characteristics foreign analogues; machine-building plant "Zvezda", where means of rescuing aviation and space crews are developed and manufactured, etc. The chemical industry is represented by a plastics plant, the production of building materials, light and food industries are developing. The Lyubertsy Carpet Plant, known all over the country, operates in the city.
The city has nowhere to grow in breadth. From the southwest it is limited by Novoryazanskoe highway, behind which the greenhouses of the Belaya Dacha greenhouse complex and the village of Kotelniki begin. In the northeast, there is the Lyubertsy aeration station (cleaning Moscow Wastewater). In the north-west of the city of Lyubertsy, stepping over the Moscow Ring Road, there are new buildings of Zhulebino - new districts of Moscow.
1961 inscribed a special page in the history of the city: a graduate of Lyubertsy vocational school Yu.A. Gagarin became the first cosmonaut of the Earth.
Mytishchi.
Having dined on hearty food,
City of Moscow, beggar with water,
Sultry thirst was tormented.
The gods took pity on him.
Over the valley where Mytishchi,
The blue sky has faded.
Suddenly - a blow of a thundercloud
Ran into the valley, and the key is seething
Rolled: drink, Moscow!
N.M. Yazykov 1830
The city is located 18 km from the Yaroslavsky railway station in Moscow, adjoining its new neighborhoods to the borders of the Moscow Ring Road. Although the date of formation of the city is considered to be 1925, the territory of Mytishchi and the modern Mytishchi region was inhabited a very long time ago. On the banks of the Klyazma and Ucha, the remains of burial mounds and settlements of the Vyatichi and Krivichi, ancient Slavic tribes, have survived to this day. One of these settlements was discovered during excavations on the left bank of the Yauza in Taininsky. Trade played an important role in the economic life of that time. Rivers were used as trade routes. The history of the emergence of Mytishchi is directly connected with the Yauza portage. Here, merchant and combat ships were dragged on rollers, wheels or skids from the Yauza to the Klyazma. Duties were levied on imported goods. At this place, where Mytishchi is now, there was a collection point for travel duties - Yauzskoye Mytishche. In the 15th century, the village of Bolshie Mytishchi already existed at this place. In the old days, Mytishchi was famous for its clean spring water. In 1804, a water pipe was laid from Mytishchi to supply the capital with water from the Mytishchi Springs. Water came from the springs to the gallery, laid underground at a distance of 19 versts. Where the gallery crossed the rivers, they built arch bridges, one of which has survived to this day. This is the Rostokinsky aqueduct (through the Yauza in Moscow, not far from the All-Russian Exhibition Center (VVC), 356 m long. The Mytishchi gravity water supply system was a grandiose structure at that time. Mytishchi water pipeline ended with fountains for parsing water: on Trubnaya, Neglinnaya squares in Moscow. The coat of arms of the city reflects its history: on an azure field, meaning water, a green field means land and forests, which the area is rich in. An aqueduct is located throughout the green field, in one of the arches there is a golden boat on skating rinks as a symbol of portage.
Mytishchi today is a large industrial, scientific, Cultural Center. Here are the largest engineering enterprises (a plant that produces metro cars - Metrovanmash), precision engineering plants, and the Stroyplastmass plant. Savva Mamontov, a well-known entrepreneur of the 19th century, was one of the founders of the Moscow Joint-Stock Company of the Carriage Building Plant, which later became the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant.
Mytishchi is a city of scientists and students. There are research institutes and laboratories (Research Institute of Vegetable Economy-NIIOKh); institute of chemical fiber - VNIIV; Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Safety named after F.F. Erisman The city houses the buildings of the Moscow State Regional University, the Moscow University of Consumer Cooperatives, the Moscow State Forest University, etc.
Mytishchi region is known for ancient folk crafts in Zhostovo, Fedoskino. There are many places of residence of cultural figures M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N.A. Nekrasov. The Rozhdestveno-Suvorovo estate was owned by A.V. Suvorov for 25 years. Mytishchi is described by L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace"; reflected in the painting by V.G. Perov "Tea drinking in Mytishchi".
Elektrostal.
A large industrial city of metallurgists and machine builders is located in the east of the region, 58 km from Moscow. Here, in 1916, the construction of the Electrostal electrometallurgical plant began in the town of Calm. The poet put it this way:
In the place of Calm, forests and swamps,
Grew up, got stronger giant-factory
A handsome city has grown ..
Known throughout the country
The strongest metal
Elastic, melodious, blue.
E. Raskatov
High-quality steels and alloys are smelted at the Elektrostal electrometallurgical plant. The Elektrostal plant produces more than a thousand grades of steel. Thin steel products are also made here - a thin metal strip, magnetic alloys, etc. The production association Elektrostalmash is the only enterprise in the country that designs, manufactures and supplies complex equipment for the production of pipes. For the nuclear industry, it manufactured equipment for nuclear power plants. The high-quality steel of the metallurgical plant was used in lining the columns of the Mayakovskaya metro station, for the framework of the Kremlin stars in Moscow, and in the construction of spaceships.
Balashikha.
The modern city - one of the major centers of industry - stretched out along the Gorky highway. Like many other cities in the Moscow region. The beginning of Balashikha was laid by the textile industry in the villages along the Pekhorka River. By the end of the 19th century The Balashikha manufactory, later the cotton factory, became one of the largest in Russia.
In modern Balashikha, there are cotton spinning, cloth factories, a truck crane plant, scientific and manufacturing enterprise"Cryogenmash",
The boundaries of the modern city included two architectural ensembles of the 18th-19th centuries. - the Pekhra-Yakovlevskoye estate and the Gorenki estate. The Gorenki estate is one of the largest in the Moscow region. One of the attractions of the estate was a botanical garden with greenhouses and greenhouses. The Pekhra-Yakovlevskaya estate is a valuable monument of architecture and architecture. On the territory of the modern Balashikha district there is a city of regional subordination - Reutov. The first mention of the village of Reutovo dates back to the 16th century. At the end of the 18th century, as in many villages in the eastern part of the Moscow district, handicraft production began to develop - spinning and weaving, which outgrew in the 19th century. in industrial cotton-spinning textile enterprises. Modern Reutov - industrial centre Moscow region, whose products are known. The group of V.P. Chelomay (now NPO Mashinostroeniya in Reutov) worked on the creation of a cruise missile for the Navy. Now NPO Mashinostroeniya is also developing in the field of aerospace technology, information technology, and alternative energy.
Voskresensk.
In the 30s of the 20th century. on the basis of large deposits of phosphorites and limestones in the southeast of Moscow, enterprises of the chemical industry and industry were built building materials that laid the foundation for the formation of the city of Voskresensk. Factories grew, workers' settlements formed around them, which stretched out in a narrow and long strip (for 16 km.) Between the Moscow-Ryazan railway line and the Moskva River. The main industry of modern Voskresensk is chemical, cement. The factories of the Voskresensky chemical plant produce phosphorus flour and other phosphate fertilizers. The Tsemgiant and Krasny Stroitel factories produce cement, slate, asbestos cement, and asbestos pipes.
Shchyolkovo.
The first information about Shchelkovo dates back to the 16th century. From the 18th century area becomes one of the earliest large areas artisanal sericulture. In with. Fryanovo worked a noble silk-weaving manufactory. The raw materials of the manufactory were obtained from France and Italy.
The modern city of Shchelkovo is a major center of the textile and chemical industries. . The Shchelkovsky Biocombinat is widely known, producing a variety of products for the biological industry, Agriculture and medicine (vitamins). JSC "Agrokhim" in Shchelkovsky district produces herbicides for agriculture, inorganic reagents for other industries. The Shchelkovo sheet-rolling plant produces sheets for kinescopes and radio-electronic equipment. One of the largest enterprises in Russia is located in Shchelkovo - felt production (hats). The city is located on the territory of the district Losino-Petrovsky. The history of the city begins with the founding in these places in 1708. Peter 1 of the state-owned manufactory. It was created on the basis of a tannery transferred here from Moscow, which produced military uniforms from elk skin for the army. In the 19th century textile production, a cotton-spinning factory - the Moninsky Komvolny Combine were founded here
Ramenskoe.
The city of Ramenskoye is located 45 km east of Moscow. The history of the city goes into the distant past. For the first time the patrimony of Ramenye is mentioned in 1338. The village of Ramenskoye was founded around 1770. and was then called Trinity. Since the 15th century, near the villages of Myachkovo and villages along the left bank of the Moscow River, limestone was mined - the famous Myachkovo white stone. Many buildings and structures were built from white stone in Moscow and the Moscow region. Gzhel has long been famous for its various dishes and clay toys. Gzhel clays were used in ancient times, and from the 17th century. pottery production arose on the basis of rich deposits of local clays. From the 18th century the production of majolica products develops, and then the production of products from porcelain and faience was mastered. The modern city of Ramenskoye is a large industrial center with a developed mechanical engineering, textile industry
Stupino.
Stupino is located 5 km north of the OKI not far from Kashira, on railway line southeastern directions. Initially, there was the village of Elektrovoz, since 1938 - the city of Stupino. The city of Stupino arose thanks to the metallurgical plant, which produces rolled aluminum for industry. In 1955 the largest power plant in the Moscow region was put into operation here, then concrete factories and a cardboard factory were built. Today, the city of Stupino is known far beyond the Moscow region for its sweet products of the confectionery enterprises "Mars" - "Snickers".
Khimki.
The city adjoins Moscow from the northwest. The city is crossed by a railway and a motorway to St. Petersburg, a canal connecting the Moscow River with the Volga. The territory of the modern Khimki region was inhabited for a long time. Here, on the banks of the Skhodnya River and near the mouth of the Khimka River, archaeologists discovered the remains of an ancient settlement. The Skhodnya River was full of water and was called Vskhodnya. In 9-12 centuries. from the Moskva River they went upstream along it - “ascended”. In the area of the current village of Novopodrezkovo and Cherkizovo there was a pass - (drag) about 5 km long. Here they moved from the Vskhodni River to the Klyazma River, along which they then sailed to the Oka and Volga. Where the channel now passes to them. Moscow in this area, the Khimka River used to flow. In ancient times, it was called Khynska, Khinska, Khilka (which means upper) and Vykhodnya (lower). Apparently in ancient times passed along its banks trade route. Perhaps along the Vskhodnya River they “went up” to the Klyazma, and along the Khimka River they “came out” to the Moscow River. In the 18-19th century, the river had only one name - Khimka. First, the postal station got its name from the river, then the station of the Oktyabrskaya railway, the village around it, then the name passed to the modern city of Khimki. In the 19th and early 20th centuries in the vicinity of Khimki, the first factories and factories appeared: wool-spinning, cloth and dyeing factories, later a brick factory.
Modern Khimki is a large industrial center of the Moscow region. Energomash Research and Production Association of Power Engineering is the leading Russian organization for the development of powerful liquid rocket engines. Aviation Design Bureau A.S. Lavochkin develops and implements large-scale space exploration projects, including the development of spacecraft for international projects for the exploration of Mars, Venus and other planets of the solar system. The Institute is the ancestor of the rocket and space industry, the development of domestic cosmonautics is associated with it.
Krasnogorsk.
The city is located 22 km west of Moscow, on the banks of the Moskva River. Although the city is young, the territory has been inhabited since ancient times, as evidenced by numerous archaeological sites (cities, Slavic settlements and 12-13th centuries, Slavic burial grounds). The oldest village, Pavshino, has been known since 1462. From north to south, the territory of the modern Krasnogorsk region was crossed by the ancient trade route along the Vskhodnya (Skhodnya) river, connecting the basin of the Moscow and Klyazma rivers, in westbound through it there was a land road to Volokolamsk. At the end of 18-19 centuries. peasant manufactories arose in some villages. Since 1843, a mechanical stationery factory has been known, which was later transformed into a cloth factory with dyeing workshops. In 1926-27. an optical-mechanical plant will be transferred here (during civil war he was evacuated from Petrograd and temporarily stayed in Podolsk, where there were not enough premises for him.). The modern optical-mechanical plant is the largest in its industry, has mastered many types of the most complex optical devices. Here were created - the first in our country electron microscope, production of photo and konoapparatov. The camera "Zorkiy" is internationally famous, awarded a medal at international fairs.
The residential settlement of the optical-mechanical plant and the working settlement of Krasnaya Gorka were transformed in 1940. to the city of Krasnogorsk (the village of Pavshino entered the city only in 1962). railway station Pavshino and close proximity to Moscow. In Pavshino, the first plant in our country for reinforced concrete structures for industrial construction was built. Later, the plant of reinforced concrete structures began to produce machines and mechanisms: tower cranes, pneumatic pumps, drying units for the cement industry, various conveyors, conveyors, excavators, machines for glass factories, etc. Later, the plant received a specific specialization and was renamed the Krasnogorsk cement engineering plant.
In Krasnogorsk, the Central State Archive of Conophoto Documents is located. Estates of the 17th-19th centuries are located on the territory of the Krasnogorsk region: Arkhangelskoye, Znamenskoye - Izbailovo, Petrovsko-Dalnee. These estates were centers of cultural life in the early 19th century. They are associated with the names of A.S. Pushkin, A.I. Herzen, A.S. Griboedova and others.
Solnechnogorsk.
The city is located 65 km from Moscow. It used to be big commercial and industrial Sun Mountain village.
In the area there is one of the largest lakes in the Moscow region - Senezhskoye, from which the Sestra River flows. Lake Senezh is an artificial reservoir created in 1850. during the construction of a canal connecting the Istra and Sestra rivers. The dams, blocking the river Sestra, raised its level. The waters of the Sister and the small river Mazikha flooded the low-lying river floodplain and the small lake Senezh. The new Senezhskoye Lake maintained the water level in the canal, being its reservoir. After being built in 1851 The Nikoloevskaya (now Oktyabrskaya) railway forgot about the canal and it was overgrown. The Senezh reservoir itself soon acquired the appearance of a natural reservoir.
In the Solnechnogorsk region in the village of Serednikovo (near the Firsanovka station), M.Yu. lived in 1830-1831. Lermontov.
Domodedovo
The city is named from the nearby village. 6 km from the Domodedovo station on the banks of the Rozhai River are the ancient Nikitsky quarries, where in the 13-15th centuries. limestone was mined for white-stone construction in Moscow.
Local limestone and dolomite deposits have become the basis for the production of lime, brick, and reinforced concrete products here.
The Domodedovo airport is located on the territory of the district - 45 km from Moscow. The airport connects Moscow with Siberia by air and Far East From here begins the longest domestic non-stop airline Moscow-Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (8844 km)
Pushkino.
The city is located 30 km northeast of Moscow. The territory now occupied by the city and the district was inhabited in ancient times Slavic tribes, as evidenced by mounds on the banks of the Ucha River. vernacular name Pushkino emerges from the Ucha River (along the old Pucha) - the village of Puchkino has been known since the 15th century. According to another point of view, the village of Pushkino derives its name from the ancestors of A.S. Pushkin, to whom it could belong in the 15th century. The fact that Pushkino stood on one of the oldest roads in Russia, leading to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Arkhangelsk, favorably influenced its economic development. In the 17-18 centuries. the lands of the modern Pushkin region were in the hands of the largest titled nobility. Until now, some churches built in the former estates have been preserved. Dacha settlements were also formed here.
Start industrial development the nearest district falls on the middle of the 19th century. There was a cloth factory in Pushkin, later a wool weaving factory (1844) at the mouth of the Serebryanka River at its confluence with the Ucha. This factory was one of the first in the Moscow district to be equipped with mechanical looms. There was a paper-spinning factory on the right bank of the Ucha near the village of Kudrino. In the 19th century a paper-spinning factory was founded near the village of Muromtsev. around which in the future there was a center of the textile industry - the city of Krasnoarmeysk. The factory produced fabrics for the Red Army for many years. In 1947 The village of Krasnoarmeysky was transformed into the city of Krasnoarmeysk as part of the Pushkinsky district. At present, Krasnoarmeysk is a city of regional subordination.
M.M. lived in Pushkino. Prishvin, K.G. Paustovsky, in Muranovo there is a museum-estate of F.I. Tyutchev. V.V. Mayakovsky, Pushkin’s places are reflected in the poem “An unusual incident that happened to Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”: The hillock of Pushkino hunched / Shark Mountain ...
Ivanteevka.
The city of regional subordination is located 6 km from the city of Pushkino and 37 km northeast of Moscow on the Ucha River. The city got its name from the ancient settlements of Vanteevo and Kopnino, mentioned in cadastral books as early as the 16th century. and belonged to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. In the middle of the 16th century in the village of Vanteevo on the river Ucha, the first paper mill in Russia (mill) arose. In the 19th century a paper-spinning and cloth factory was founded here. On the basis of workshops of cotton-spinning factories, it develops in the 20th century. mechanical engineering. In 1953. on the site of a gravel quarry for the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal, a test site of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute for the Construction of Road Machines was built - a testing center with a pilot plant.
New cities of the Moscow region
The recovery of the economy, the growth of capital construction after the Great Patriotic War led to the emergence in the second half of the 50s. 20th century new cities such as Elektrougli, Dolgoprudny, Lytkarino, Lukhovitsy, Odintsovo, and Necklace. Already formed cities grew, developed and improved their production profile. By the end of the 50s, there were 5 cities in the Moscow region with a population of more than 100 thousand people (Podolsk, Serpukhov, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kolomna, Mytishchi). The industry of the region specialized in precision engineering and light industry. By 1975 in the suburbs were concentrated about 1100 industrial enterprises, production associations. In the middle and end of the 20th century. in the suburbs, new cities arose - diversified centers of modern industry and scientific centers.
New cities of the Moscow region, formed in the second half of the 20 century - early. XXI century
| City name | Year of foundation | Current number of inhabitants thousand people 2006 |
| 1. Railway | 116,5 | |
| 2 Kurovskoe | 19,1 | |
| 3. Chekhov | 73,1 | |
| 4. Dubna | 61,7 | |
| 5. Electrocoal | 20,5 | |
| 6. Dolgoprudny | 78,4 | |
| 7. Bulbs | 32,1 | |
| 8. Lytkarino | 51,3 | |
| 9. Odintsovo | 131,8 | |
| 10. Necklace | 10,8 | |
| 11. Aprelevka | 18,3 | |
| 12. Lobnya | 66,3 | |
| 13. Prominent | 53,1 | |
| 14. Pushchino | 20,0 | |
| 15. Shcherbinka | 29,2 | |
| 16. Troitsk | 35,1 | |
| 17. Dzerzhinsky | 43,5 | |
| 18. Protvino | 37,0 | |
| 19. Anniversary | 31,6 | |
| 20. Krasnoznamensk | 29,8 | |
| 21. Chernogolovka | 20,4 | |
| 22. Kotelniki | 18,7 | |
| 23. Youth | 2,9 | |
| 24. Sunrise | 1,9 |
Railway.
The city of regional subordination is located 23 km from Moscow. It was formed from workers' settlements and villages. Before 1939 The village was called Obiralovka. Publication in 1877 Leo Tolstoy's novel "Anna Karenina" made the Obiralovka station widely known: by the will of the author, the life of the heroine of the work ends tragically here.
In Kuchino at the beginning of the 20th century. The first aerodynamic institute in Europe was created. scientific work it was headed by Professor of Moscow State University N.E. Zhukovsky. The Aerodynamic Institute laid the foundation for the development of Kuchin as a kind of center of geophysical science and made it famous in scientific world both in Russia and abroad. At present, Zheleznodorozhny yoyo is a large industrial city of the Moscow region, known for the products of the Kuchinsky Combine of Ceramic and Facing Materials, the Savvinsky Electromechanical Plant. The city now houses a branch of the Central Aerodynamic Institute.
Odintsovo
Odintsovo is one of largest cities Podmoskovye is located 24 km west of Moscow. Near the town of Odintsovo, on the right bank of the Moskva River, there is one of the mounds of the 11th-12th centuries. , indicating that the territory of the city and its environs was inhabited by Slavic tribes of Vyatichi and partially Krivichi. In 1627 for the first time, the village of Odintsovo is mentioned, which belonged to a boyar nicknamed Odinets. Construction of the railway from Moscow to Smolensk at the end of the 19th century. contributed to the development of near-station and summer cottages along it. This is how the station settlement of Odintsovo arose. Railway workshops and brick factories are known in the village of that time. Already in the 20th century on the basis of mobile repair and mechanical workshops, a plant of metal structures was created; on the basis of the timber plant, a furniture factory and a chemical plant are being developed. The modern city of Odintsovo is the largest industrial center of the Moscow region.
Chekhov
n It is located on the Lopasnya River, 77 km from Moscow. A young city, transformed from the village of Lopasnya in the year of the 50th anniversary of the death of A.P. Chekhov, who lived at the end of the 19th century. in these places in the village of Melikhovo.
Modern Chekhov is a large industrial center of the Moscow region. Here is the largest printing plant.
prominent
The city of regional subordination, the center of the Leninsky district is located 23 km from Moscow on the Bitsa River (a tributary of the Pakhra) Vidnoye is a young city, but the places associated with its formation have deep historical roots. On the territory of the modern Leninsky district, Vyatichi monuments dating back to the 11th-13th centuries have been preserved. (on the banks of the Pakhra near the village of Staroe Syanovo). In these places there are the largest caves of the Moscow region - Syanovsky, having a length of winding passages of about 17 km. These are ancient quarries, limestone was mined here for white-stone construction in Moscow. Numerous funnels are developed on the surface above the caves, so collapses are possible in many places, especially in spring. The first mention of the settlements of the region dates back to the 14th century. С16. For centuries, the village of Ostrov became the country residence of the great princes and kings. In place of the current Rastorguev were hunting grounds king. In the villages of Ostrov and Besedy, tent churches from the time of Ivan the Terrible, built from Myachkovo limestone, have been preserved. One of the best landscape parks in the Moscow region is located in the former estate of Sukhanovo.
The modern city of Vidnoye is a large industrial center of the Moscow region. A modern coke and gas plant with advanced technologies, the Gypsum Concrete Plant, is located here. ; plant of building and aluminum structures; chemical plant and building materials plant. In the area there is a plant "Mosrentgen", which produces X-ray equipment, an experimental plant of the Institute medicinal plants and others. Fork is a research institute natural gas;, Moscow Gas Processing Plant, etc. In the Leninsky District there is the largest greenhouse vegetable producer in the Moscow Region - the greenhouse farm JSC "Moskovsky"
Dolgoprudny - a city 18 km north of Moscow grew out of a village near railway platform Long ponds. From the beginning of the 17th century the village of Vinogradovo on the Long Pond is known. It was owned by a distant ancestor A.S. Pushkin. In the 18th century. Vinogradovo estate is being created here.
In 1931 not far from the railway platform, the construction of the country's first experimental airship building shipyard and gas plant began. In 1935 locality became a working settlement and received the name Airshipstroy. , later renamed to Dolgoprudny. The village housed a stone processing plant, ship repair workshops. Dolgoprudnensky fine organic synthesis plant grew out of a small auxiliary gas plant, after reconstruction the stone processing plant began to produce facing slabs, finishing materials from granite, marble, limestone. used in the construction of high-rise buildings, subways, monuments, etc. . The Dolgoprudny Machine-Building Plant, the factory of theatrical accessories are now known for their products. An important place in the structure of the city's economy is occupied by research institutions: the Center for the Study of Natural Resources, the stratospheric station of the Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Central Aerological Observatory. The Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) in Dolgoprudny is widely known for its scientific developments and training of specialists.
Science cities of the Moscow region.
A new phenomenon in the development of the cities of the Moscow region was the emergence of cities - centers of fundamental and applied science, high technologies. The Moscow region has the largest concentration of science cities. These cities are most often with a single-industry orientation, formed under some kind of scientific research institute, development enterprise. The emergence of cities of science was influenced by the proximity of Moscow with its scientific and technical personnel. In the mid-70s of the 20th century. in the cities of the Moscow region there were more than 200 research and design organizations.
The principle of technopolis "scientific idea - production» was used to create satellite town Moscow Zelenograd, cities of science: Dubna, Protvino, Pushchino, Troitsk. City institutes work within the Ecotechnopolis program. The scientific profile of cities, their natural environment, became the basis for the concept of creating an environmentally friendly city. The city of Pushchino became the first such ecopolis.
Pushchino.
The city of Pushchino is known as the largest center of biological science. It has 8 large scientific institutions that work in the field of biophysics, biochemistry, biotechnology, etc. There is also a special design bureau for biological instrumentation, the Radio Astronomy Station of the Physics Institute with a complex of unique radio telescopes. The republican innovation center has been created in the city - scientific and educational complex, which includes a biotechnopark focused on developments in the field of biomedicine, agrobiology and ecology; Russian University with faculties of biotechnology, agribusiness, social technologies and management.
Moscow is surrounded by a real ring of ancient fortress cities. We have collected for you all the preserved Kremlins of the Moscow region. You can visit each of them in one day, along the way looking at the city itself - all these places are ancient, interesting, with their own unique history and monuments.
- Vereya. Kremlin of the 14th century, with high earthen ramparts. Its walls have always been wooden. The hero of the war of 1812, General Dorokhov, is buried in the Kremlin Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ. Highway M1, 98 km from Moscow Ring Road.
- Volokolamsk. Kremlin of the 12th century. The city of Volok on Lama was founded by the Novgorodians, it was besieged more than once by Moscow, then Vladimir troops. The city was fortified: a wooden Kremlin was built on a high hill. earth ramparts, the total height of the fortifications reached about 25 meters. The ancient Resurrection Cathedral of the 15th century has been preserved in the Kremlin. Highway M9, 100 km from Moscow Ring Road.
- Dmitrov. Kremlin of the 12th century. The historical center of the city is the Kremlin, surrounded by a ring of powerful earthen ramparts. Also in late XVI For centuries, the ramparts were reinforced with a high wooden balustrade on top. AT Time of Troubles the fortifications burned down and were no longer restored, but the shaft remained and now serves as a favorite place for walks of citizens and tourists. In the center of the Kremlin stands the ancient Assumption Cathedral XVI century. Highway A104, 54 km from the Moscow Ring Road.
- Zaraysk. Kremlin of the 16th century. By order of the Grand Duke Basil III a stone fortress was built in Zaraysk in 1528-1531. Even before it, the city was fortified with ramparts and a wooden fortress - Ostrog. Powerful walls and 7 towers have been preserved to this day. Highway M5, 140 km from Moscow Ring Road.
- Zvenigorod. Kremlin of the 14th century. On the high bank of the Moskva River, Prince Yuri Zvenigorodsky built fortifications - a high rampart and a wooden wall with towers, and built a cathedral inside, which has survived to this day. At the foot of the hill there is a spring where locals get very tasty water. Highway A107 between M1 and M9, 46 km from MKAD.
- Kolomna. Kremlin of the 16th century. Initially, Kolomna was fortified with a wooden wall with ramparts. The powerful stone walls of the Kolomna Kremlin, about 2 km long, 4-5 meters wide and up to 20 meters high, were built in 1525-1531 by order of Grand Duke Vasily III. This is the largest Kremlin in the Moscow region in terms of area, containing 2 active monasteries, a cathedral complex and several streets where people live to this day. Highway M5, 92 km from the Moscow Ring Road.
- Mozhaisk. Kremlin of the 13th century. The city on a high hill above the Mozhaika River was fortified partly with a wooden, partly with an adobe wall, later rebuilt in stone. In 1802 the brick walls were dismantled. But there was a magnificent neo-Gothic Nikolsky Cathedral on a hill, visible from afar. Highway M1, 93 km from Moscow Ring Road.
- Ruza. Kremlin XV-XVII centuries. Ruza was not an independent principality. A high hill, surrounded on three sides by rivers, and on the fourth by a moat, was an excellent fortification, on which only in the Time of Troubles, in 1618, a wooden fence was placed, which allowed the city to repel the attack of the Poles. This fortification can be attributed to the Kremlin with big share conventions. Highway A108, between M1 and M9, 93 km from MKAD.
- Serpukhov. Kremlin of the 14th century. Initially, the Kremlin, as in other cities, was made of wood and earth, the fortifications were built under specific prince Vladimir the Brave. The stone fortress with wide, low sandstone walls was built in 1556. In Soviet times, the walls of the fortress were almost completely dismantled - stone blocks were used to build the Moscow metro. Highway M2, 85 km from Moscow Ring Road.
