Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on December 5 (according to the new style), 1803 in the old noble family. His childhood passed in the family estate - Ovstug Oryol province, youth- in Moscow. His tutor and first teacher was the poet and translator S.E. Raich. In Moscow, Tyutchev met the future philosophers (D. Venevitinov, V. Odoevsky, the Kireevsky brothers, A.N. Muravyov, M. Pogodin, S.P. Shevyrev), poets who were united by an enthusiastic occupation of German philosophy.

In 1818, Tyutchev entered Moscow University and graduated from it ahead of schedule - on the day of his 18th birthday, in 1821.

During the years of study at the university, Tyutchev published a number of his poems - in the "Proceedings" of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature and in "Speeches and Reports" of Moscow University. After graduating from the university, Tyutchev moved to St. Petersburg, where he entered the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Soon he is assigned to Russian embassy in Bavaria and from 1822 he lives outside of Russia - first in Munich, then in the Sardinian kingdom, in Turin, then, leaving the diplomatic service for a while, again in Munich. Abroad, Tyutchev translates German poets - Schiller, Heine, a number of excerpts from Goethe's Faust, writes original poems, some of which, warmly approved by Pushkin, were published in Sovremennik during the life of the great poet in 1836. In the same journal, Tyutchev's poems were published later, until 1840.

Tyutchev and his family returned to Russia only in 1844. His diplomatic career was not particularly successful. The service did not bring him any ranks or money, perhaps because the poet's views on the fate of Russia and its role in European life did not coincide with the views of the then Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Karl Nesselrode. In addition, Tyutchev, a brilliantly educated diplomat, a remarkable publicist, probably did not have a special ambition that would have forced him to follow his promotion through the ranks.

But, it is characteristic that, as Tyutchev's contemporaries and researchers of his work noted, he also showed rare indifference to the fate of his poetic works. “Verses”, “empty idleness”, “insignificant verses” - this is how he called his poems; He called himself a "rhymemaker". According to A. Fet, Tyutchev “carefully avoided<...>even allusions to his poetic activity. For Tyutchev, as one of the modern researchers, "the very act of creation was important", but he experienced "a direct disgust for poetic glory." This statement is directly confirmed by the fact that Tyutchev's poems were published enough long time, until 1854, under the initials F.T.

For these reasons, Tyutchev, already the author of such poems as “I love a thunderstorm in early May”, “What are you howling about, the night wind”, remained in Russia almost by an unknown poet. When a few years later N.A. Nekrasov writes an article about Tyutchev “Russian Minor Poets”, specifying that “minor” refers not to the quality of poetry, but to the degree of its fame, then, in essence, he acts as the discoverer of the poet.

Only in 1854 was a collection of Tyutchev's poems published as an appendix to the Sovremennik magazine, edited by N.A. Nekrasov, then - on the initiative and under the editorship of I.S. Turgenev published a separate edition of the poet's poems. Tyutchev's work becomes property a wide range readers, and his name gains fame.

The flourishing of Tyutchev's creativity is associated with these years, the poet is experiencing a high creative upsurge. In the 1850s created whole line poems dedicated to E.A. Denisyev, the so-called "Denisyev cycle" is the pinnacle of Tyutchev's lyrics.

1860s-1870s were overshadowed by heavy losses: in 1864, E.A. Denisyev, in 1865 - a son and daughter, in the early 70s. - eldest son Dmitry and daughter Maria. After the death of E.A. Denisyeva Tyutchev, in his words, "has ceased to belong to the number of the living." Forever lost life - this is one of the leitmotifs of his letters of the late 1860s - early 70s. and his few lyrical works. During these years, the poet wrote mainly poems "in case" and political poems.

MAIN MOTIVES OF TYUTCHEV'S LYRICS

Researchers unanimously write about the special place of Tyutchev in 19th poetry century. A younger contemporary of Pushkin, who was largely influenced by the moods and ideas that agitated the great poet, he creates his own unique poetic world, which opened up to his contemporaries a completely new vision of man and the world. Researchers of F. Tyutchev's creativity rightly point out that strongest impact, which was provided by the first collection of the poet in 1854 and on the poetry of the second half of XIX- the beginning of the twentieth century, on the work of N.A. Nekrasov, A. Maykov, A. Tolstoy, A. Fet, Vl. Solovyov, A. Blok, Vyach. Ivanov, A. Akhmatova, and on the development of the central genre for Russian literature - the novel.

Turning to traditional poetic themes- life and death, the meaning of human existence, love, nature, the purpose of the poet, Tyutchev managed to give them a unique sound, to affirm his understanding of these eternal problems.

Name: Fedor Tyutchev

Age: 69 years old

Activity: poet, publicist, political figure, diplomat, translator

Family status: was married

Fedor Tyutchev: biography

A prominent representative of the golden age of Russian poetry, Fyodor Tyutchev skillfully concluded his thoughts, desires and feelings in the rhythm of iambic tetrameter, allowing readers to feel the complexity and inconsistency of the reality around them. To this day, the whole world reads the poems of the poet.

Childhood and youth

The future poet was born on November 23, 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province. Fedor - middle child in family. In addition to him, Ivan Nikolaevich and his wife Ekaterina Lvovna had two more children: the eldest son, Nikolai (1801–1870) and the youngest daughter, Daria (1806–1879).

The writer grew up in a calm, benevolent atmosphere. From his mother, he inherited a fine mental organization, lyricism and developed imagination. In essence, the entire old noble patriarchal Tyutchev family possessed a high level of spirituality.

At the age of 4, Nikolai Afanasyevich Khlopov (1770–1826), a peasant who redeemed himself from serfdom and voluntarily entered the service of a noble couple, was assigned to Fedor.

A literate, pious man not only earned the respect of the gentlemen, but also became a friend and comrade for the future publicist. Khlopov witnessed the awakening of Tyutchev's literary genius. It happened in 1809, when Fedor was barely six years old: while walking in a grove near rural cemetery he came across a dead turtledove. The impressionable boy gave the bird a funeral and composed an epitaph in verse in her honor.

In the winter of 1810, the head of the family carried out cherished dream spouses, having bought a spacious mansion in Moscow. The Tyutchevs went there during the winter cold. Seven-year-old Fyodor really liked his cozy bright room, where no one bothered him from morning to night to read poetry by Dmitriev and Derzhavin.

In 1812, the peaceful order of the Moscow nobility was violated by Patriotic War. Like many members of the intelligentsia, the Tyutchevs immediately left the capital and went to Yaroslavl. The family remained there until the end of hostilities.

Upon returning to Moscow, Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna decided to hire a teacher who could not only teach their children the basics of grammar, arithmetic and geography, but also instill in restless children a love of foreign languages. Under the strict guidance of the poet and translator Semyon Egorovich Raich, Fedor studied exact sciences and got acquainted with the masterpieces of world literature, showing genuine interest in ancient poetry.

In 1817, the future publicist, as a volunteer, attended lectures by the eminent literary critic Alexei Fedorovich Merzlyakov. The professor noticed his outstanding talent and on February 22, 1818, at a meeting of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, he read Tyutchev's ode "For the New Year 1816". On March 30 of the same year, the fourteen-year-old poet was awarded the title of member of the Society, and a year later his poem "Horace's Message to the Maecenas" appeared in print.

In the autumn of 1819, a promising young man was enrolled at Moscow University at the Faculty of Literature. There he became friends with the young Vladimir Odoevsky, Stepan Shevyrev and Mikhail Pogodin. Tyutchev University graduated three years ahead of schedule and graduated from educational institution with a PhD.

On February 5, 1822, his father brought Fedor to St. Petersburg, and already on February 24, the eighteen-year-old Tyutchev was enrolled in the Foreign Affairs Board with the rank of provincial secretary. AT northern capital he lived in the house of his relative, Count Osterman-Tolstoy, who subsequently secured for him the position of a freelance Russian attaché diplomatic mission in Bavaria.

Literature

In the capital of Bavaria, Tyutchev not only studied romantic poetry and German philosophy, but also translated works into Russian and. Fedor Ivanovich published his own poems in Russian magazine"Galatea" and the almanac "Northern Lyre".

In the first decade of his life in Munich (from 1820 to 1830), Tyutchev wrote his most famous poems: “Spring Thunderstorm” (1828), “Silentium!” (1830), “How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth ...” (1830), “Fountain” (1836), “Winter is not angry for nothing ...” (1836), “Not what you think, nature ... "(1836)," What are you howling about, night wind? .. "(1836).

Fame came to the poet in 1836, when 16 of his works were published in the Sovremennik magazine under the heading "Poems sent from Germany". In 1841, Tyutchev met Vaclav Ganka, a figure in the Czech national revival, who had a great influence on the poet. big influence. After this acquaintance, the ideas of Slavophilism were vividly reflected in the journalism and political lyrics of Fyodor Ivanovich.

Since 1848, Fedor Ivanovich was in the position of senior censor. The lack of poetic publications did not prevent him from becoming prominent figure in St. Petersburg literary society. So, Nekrasov spoke enthusiastically about the work of Fyodor Ivanovich and put him on a par with the best contemporary poets, and Fet used Tyutchev's works as evidence of the existence of "philosophical poetry".

In 1854, the writer published his first collection, which included both old poems of the 1820–1830s and new creations of the writer. The poetry of the 1850s was dedicated to Tyutchev's young lover, Elena Denisyeva.

In 1864, Fyodor Ivanovich's muse died. The publicist very painfully experienced this loss. Salvation he found in creativity. Poems " Denisev cycle”(“She lay in oblivion all day ...”, “There is also in my suffering stagnation ...”, “On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1865”, “Oh, this South, oh, this Nice! ..”, “There is in the original autumn ...”) - top love lyrics poet.

After the Crimean War, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov became the new Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. The representative of the political elite respected Tyutchev for his perspicacious mind. Friendship with the chancellor allowed Fyodor Ivanovich to influence Russia's foreign policy.

The Slavophil views of Fyodor Ivanovich continued to strengthen. True, after the defeat in Crimean War in the quatrain "Russia cannot be understood with the mind ..." (1866), Tyutchev began to call on the people not for political, but for spiritual unification.

Personal life

people, not knowledgeable biography Tyutchev, having briefly familiarized himself with his life and work, they will consider that the Russian poet was a windy kind, and they will be absolutely right in their conclusion. In the literary salons of that time, legends were made about the amorous adventures of a publicist.

Amalia Lerchenfeld, Fyodor Tyutchev's first love

The first love of the writer was the illegitimate daughter of the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm III - Amalia Lerchenfeld. The beauty of the girl was admired by both, and, and Count Benckendorff. She was 14 years old when she met Tyutchev and became very interested in him. Mutual sympathy was not enough.

The young man, living on the money of his parents, could not satisfy all the requests of a demanding young lady. Amalia preferred material prosperity to love and in 1825 she married Baron Krüdner. The news of Lerchenfeld's wedding shocked Fedor so much that the envoy Vorontsov-Dashkov, in order to avoid a duel, sent the unfortunate gentleman on vacation.

And although Tyutchev submitted to fate, the soul of the lyricist throughout his life was languishing from an unquenchable thirst for love. For a short period of time, his first wife Eleanor managed to put out the fire raging inside the poet.

The family grew, daughters were born one after another: Anna, Daria, Ekaterina. Money was sorely lacking. With all his mind and insight, Tyutchev was devoid of rationality and coldness, which is why promotion went by leaps and bounds. Fyodor Ivanovich was a burden family life. He preferred noisy companies of friends and secular affairs with ladies from high society to the society of children and his wife.

Ernestine von Pfeffel, the second wife of Fyodor Tyutchev

In 1833, Tyutchev was introduced to the wayward Baroness Ernestine von Pfeffel at a ball. The entire literary beau monde spoke about their romance. During another quarrel, the wife, exhausted by jealousy, in a fit of desperation, grabbed a dagger and stabbed herself in the chest area. Fortunately, the wound was not fatal.

Despite the scandal that broke out in the press and the general censure from the public, the writer failed to part with his mistress, and only the death of his legal wife put everything in its place. 10 months after the death of Eleanor, the poet legalized his relationship with Ernestina.

Fate played with the baroness bad joke: the woman who destroyed the family, for 14 years shared her lawful husband with a young mistress - Denisyeva Elena Aleksandrovna.

Death

In the mid-60s and early 70s, Tyutchev reasonably began to lose ground: in 1864, the writer’s beloved, Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, died, two years later, the creator’s mother, Ekaterina Lvovna, died, in 1870, the writer’s beloved brother Nikolai and his son Dmitry, and three years later the daughter of a publicist Maria went to another world.

The string of deaths had a negative impact on the health of the poet. After the first stroke of paralysis (January 1, 1873), Fyodor Ivanovich almost did not get out of bed, after the second he lived for several weeks in excruciating suffering and died on July 27, 1873. The coffin with the body of the lyricist was moved from Tsarskoye Selo at the cemetery Novodevichy Convent in Saint-Petersburg.

literary heritage legends of the golden age of Russian poetry are preserved in collections of poems. Among other things, in 2003, based on the book by Vadim Kozhinov, “The Prophet in His Fatherland, Fyodor Tyutchev,” the series “Love and Truth of Fyodor Tyutchev” was filmed. The film was directed by the daughter. She is familiar to the Russian audience by her role in the film Solaris.

Bibliography

• "The Skald's Harp" (1834);
• "Spring Thunderstorm" (1828);
• "Day and Night" (1839);
• “How unexpected and bright ...” (1865);
• "Answer to the address" (1865);
• "Italian villa" (1837);
• "I knew her back then" (1861);
• "Morning in the mountains" (1830);
• "Fires" (1868);
• “Look how the grove is turning green ...” (1857);
• "Madness" (1829);
• "Sleep on the Sea" (1830);
• "Calm" (1829);
• Encyclica (1864);
• "Rome at night" (1850);
• “The feast is over, the choirs are silent ...” (1850).

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873) - Russian poet. Also known as a publicist and diplomat. Author of two collections of poems, holder of a number of the highest state titles and awards. Currently, Tyutchev's works are in without fail studied in several classes secondary school. The main thing in his work is nature, love, Motherland, philosophical reflections.

Short biography: young years and training

Fedor Ivanovich was born on November 23, 1803 (December 5, old style) in the Oryol province, in the Ovstug estate. Elementary education future poet received at home, studying Latin and ancient Roman poetry. Childhood largely predetermined the life and work of Tyutchev.

As a child, Tyutchev was very fond of nature, according to his memoirs, "lived the same life with her." As was customary at that time, the boy had a private teacher, Semyon Yegorovich Raich, a translator, poet and just a person with a broad education. According to the memoirs of Semyon Yegorovich, it was impossible not to love the boy, the teacher became very attached to him. Young Tyutchev was calm, affectionate, talented. It was the teacher who engendered in his student a love for poetry, taught him to understand serious literature, encouraged creative impulses and the desire to write poetry on his own.

Fedor's father, Ivan Nikolaevich, was a gentle, calm, reasonable person, a real role model. His contemporaries called him wonderful family man, good, loving father and husband.

The poet's mother was Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya, second cousin of Count F. P. Tolstoy, a famous sculptor. From her, young Fedor inherited dreaminess, a rich imagination. Subsequently, it was with the help of his mother that he would meet other great writers: L. N. and A. K. Tolstoy.

At the age of 15, Tyutchev entered Moscow University in the Department of Literature, which he graduated two years later with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences. From that moment began his service abroad, in the Russian embassy in Munich. During his service, the poet made a personal acquaintance with the German poet, publicist and critic Heinrich Heine, philosopher Friedrich Schelling.

In 1826 Tyutchev met Eleanor Peterson, his future wife. One of the interesting facts about Tyutchev: at the time of meeting the poet, the young woman had been a widow for a year, and she had four young sons. Therefore, Fedor and Eleanor had to hide their relationship for several years. Subsequently, they became the parents of three daughters.

Interesting, that Tyutchev did not dedicate poems to his first wife; only one poem is known to be dedicated to her memory.

Despite the love for his wife, according to biographers, the poet had other connections. For example, in 1833, in the winter, Tyutchev met Baroness Ernestine von Pfeffel (Dernberg in his first marriage), became interested in a young widow, wrote poetry for her. To avoid scandal, the loving young diplomat had to be sent to Turin.

The poet's first wife, Eleanor, died in 1838. The steamer, on which the family sailed to Turin, was in distress, and this seriously crippled the health of the young woman. It was a great loss for the poet, he sincerely mourned. According to contemporaries, after spending the night at the tomb of his wife, the poet turned gray in just a few hours.

However, having endured the prescribed period of mourning, a year later he renewed his relationship with Ernestine Dernberg and subsequently married her. In this marriage, the poet also had children, a daughter and two sons.

In 1835 Fyodor Ivanovich received the rank of chamberlain. In 1839 he ceased his diplomatic activities, but remained abroad, where he spent great job, creating a positive image of Russia in the West - this was the main thing of this period of his life. All his undertakings in this area were supported by Emperor Nicholas I. In fact, he was officially allowed to speak independently in the press about political issues emerging between Russia and Europe.

The beginning of the literary path

In 1810-1820. The first poems of Fyodor Ivanovich were written. As expected, they were still youthful, bore the stamp of archaism, very reminiscent of the poetry of a bygone century. In 20-40 years. the poet turned to various forms of both Russian lyrics and European romanticism. His poetry during this period becomes more original, original.

In 1836, a notebook with poems by Fyodor Ivanovich, then still unknown to anyone, came to Pushkin.

The poems were signed with only two letters: F. T. Alexander Sergeevich liked them so much that they were published in Sovremennik. But the name of Tyutchev became known only in the 50s, after another publication in Sovremennik, which was then led by Nekrasov.

In 1844, Tyutchev returned to Russia, and in 1848 he was offered the position of senior censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At that time, Belinsky's circle arose, in which the poet took Active participation. Along with him there are such well-known writers like Turgenev, Goncharov, Nekrasov.

AT total he spent twenty-two years outside Russia. But all these years Russia appeared in his poems. It was “Fatherland and Poetry” that the young diplomat loved most of all, as he admitted in one of his letters. At this time, however, Tyutchev almost did not publish, and as a poet he was completely unknown in Russia.

Relations with E. A. Denisyeva

While working as a senior censor, visiting his eldest daughters, Ekaterina and Daria, at the institute, Fyodor Ivanovich met Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva. Despite a significant difference in age (the girl was the same age as his daughters!), They began a relationship that ended only with the death of Elena, and three children appeared. Elena had to sacrifice many for the sake of this connection: a career as a maid of honor, relationships with friends and a father. But, probably, she was happy with the poet. And he dedicated poems to her - even after fifteen years.

In 1864, Denisyeva died, and the poet did not even try to hide the pain of her loss in front of acquaintances and friends. He suffered from pangs of conscience: because he put his beloved in an ambiguous position, he did not fulfill his promise to publish a collection of poems dedicated to her. Another grief was the death of two children, Tyutchev and Denisyeva.

During this period, Tyutchev quickly advances in the service:

• in 1857 he was appointed a real state councilor;
• in 1858 - chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee;
• in 1865 - Privy Councillor.

Besides, the poet was awarded several orders.

Collections of poems

In 1854, under the editorship of I. S. Turgenev, the first collection of the poet's poems was published. The main themes of his work:

• nature;
• love;
• Motherland;
• meaning of life.

In many verses, tender, reverent love for the Motherland, feelings for her fate are visible. Tyutchev's political position is also reflected in his work: the poet was a supporter of the ideas of pan-Slavism (in other words, that all Slavic peoples united under Russian rule), an opponent of the revolutionary way of solving problems.

In 1868, the second collection of the poet's lyrics was published, which, unfortunately, was no longer so popular.

All the lyrics of the poet - both landscape, and love, and philosophical - are necessarily imbued with reflections about what is the purpose of man, about the questions of being. It cannot be said that some of his poems are devoted only to nature and love: all the topics are intertwined with each other. Every poem of a poet- this, at least briefly, but necessarily a reflection on something, for which he was often called a poet-thinker. I. S. Turgenev noted how skillfully Tyutchev depicts various soul feelings person.

Poems of recent years are more like a lyrical diary of life: here are confessions, reflections, and confessions.

In December 1872, Tyutchev fell ill: his eyesight deteriorated sharply, he was paralyzed. left half body. On July 15, 1873, the poet died. He died in Tsarskoye Selo, and was buried in Novodevichy cemetery St. Petersburg. Over the course of his life, the poet wrote about 400 poems.

Interesting fact: in 1981, asteroid 9927 was discovered at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, which was named after the poet - Tyutchev.

BIOGRAPHY AND CREATIVITY F. I. TYUTCHEV

Abstract of a student of 10 "B" class, Lyceum No. 9 Korzhanskaya Anastasia.

Volgograd

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born into a well-born noble family in the village of Ovstug, Oryol province (now Bryansk region) November 23, 1803. In 1810, the Tyutchev family moved to Moscow. A poet-translator, a connoisseur of classical antiquity and Italian literature S.E. was invited as an educator to Tyutchev. Raich. Under the influence of a teacher, Tyutchev early joined the literary creativity. Tyutchev wrote the earliest of the poems that have come down to us - "To Dear Papa" at the age of 15 (November 1813). Already at the age of 12, Fedor Ivanovich successfully translated Horace. And in 1819, a free transcription of the “Message of Horace to the Maecenas” was published - Tyutchev’s first speech in print. This autumn, he enters the verbal department of Moscow University: he listens to lectures on the theory of literature and the history of Russian literature, on archeology and the history of fine arts.

In the autumn of 1821, Tyutchev graduated from the university with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences. He gets a position as a supernumerary officer of the Russian mission in Bavaria. In July 1822 he went to Munich and spent 22 years there.

Abroad, Tyutchev translates Heine, Schiller and other European poets, and this helps him acquire his own voice in poetry and develop a special, unique style. Shortly after arriving in Munich, apparently in the spring of 1823, Tyutchev fell in love with the still very young Amalia von Lerchenfeld. Amalia was only considered the daughter of a prominent Munich diplomat, Count Maximilian von Lerchenfeld-Köfering. In fact, she was the illegitimate daughter of the Prussian King Frederick William III and Princess Thurn y Taxis (and was thus the half-sister of another daughter of this king, the Russian Empress Alexandra Feodorovna). royal daughter, of dazzling beauty, Amalia clearly sought to achieve as much as possible high position in society. And she succeeded. During the departure of Tyutchev on vacation, Amalia got married to his colleague, Baron Alexander Sergeevich Krunder. It is not known exactly when Tyutchev found out about Amalia's wedding, but it is easy to imagine his then pain and despair. But, despite the insults, Amalia’s relationship with Tyutchev lasted for half a century, despite the fact that he was married to another, he shone poetry on her:

"I remember the golden time,

I remember a dear edge to my heart.

The day was evening; we were two;

Below, in the shade, the Danube rustled ... "

Information even reached that Tyutchev was a participant in a duel because of her.

Soon, on March 5, 1826, he married Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer. It was unusual in many ways strange marriage. Twenty-two-year-old Tyutchev secretly married a recently widowed woman, the mother of four sons aged one to seven years, moreover, with a woman four years older. Even two years later, many in Munich, according to Heinrich Heine, did not know about this wedding. “Serious mental requests were alien to her,” but nevertheless, the poet’s biographer K.V. wrote endlessly charming, charming. Pigarev about Eleanor. It can be assumed that Tyutchev decided to marry mainly for the sake of salvation from the torment and humiliation caused by the loss of his true, beloved. But, one way or another, Tyutchev did not make a mistake. Eleanor loved him unconditionally. She managed to create a cozy and hospitality house. Tyutchev lived with Eleanor for 12 years. From this marriage he had three daughters: Anna, Daria, Ekaterina.

Tyutchev served, and served poorly. The promotion was slow. The salary was not enough to support the family. The Tyutchevs barely made ends meet, they were constantly in debt.

“Fyodor Ivanovich was far from being what is called a good-natured man; he himself was very grouchy, very impatient, a decent grump and an egoist to the marrow of his bones, to whom his calmness, his comforts and habits were dearest of all, ”writes A.I. Georgievsky (publisher, teacher).

One can imagine in what a difficult state of mind Tyutchev was. Failures and hardships in all spheres - political activity, service career and home life. Under these conditions, Tyutchev surrenders to his new love.

In February 1833, at one of the balls, Tyutchev's friend, the Bavarian publicist Karl Pfeffel, introduces him to his sister, the twenty-two-year-old beauty Ernestina and her already elderly husband, Baron Döriberg. Ernestine is beautiful and a skilled dancer. She made a strong impression on Tyutchev. Moreover, it happened strange story: Dyori, felt unwell and left the ball, saying goodbye to Tyutchev: “I entrust my wife to you,” and died a few days later.

That love began, which was probably a kind of way out, salvation for Tyutchev. He obviously could not, for the sake of a new love, not only part with Eleanor, but even stop loving her. And at the same time, he could not break off relations with Ernestina. And it couldn't remain a secret. Ernestine tried to run from him. She left Munich. During this period of separation, Fedor Ivanovich is in a terrible state, in which he burns most his poetic exercises.

Eleanor tried to commit suicide by stabbing her chest several times with a dagger. But she remained alive, she forgave Tyutchev.

On May 14, Eleanor and her three daughters boarded a steamboat heading from Kronstadt to Lübeck. Already near Lübeck, a fire broke out on the ship. Eleanor experienced a nervous breakdown saving the children. They escaped, but the documents, papers, things, money were all gone. All this finally undermined Eleanor's health, and with a big cold on August 27, 1838, at the age of 39, she died.

And already March 1, 1839. Tyutchev filed an official statement of his intention to marry Ernestina. Ernestina adopted Anna, Daria and Ekaterina. At the same time, while living in Munich, Tyutchev maintained the closest relations with the Russian mission, and continued to follow political life with all his attention. There is no doubt that he had more firm intention return to diplomatic service. But, fearing that he would not be given a diplomatic post, he keeps postponing his return to St. Petersburg from vacation, waiting for more right moment. And, in the end, on June 30, 1841, Fedor Ivanovich was dismissed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and deprived of the title of chamberlain. In the autumn of 1844, Tyutchev returned to his homeland. He began to actively participate in public life. And in March 1845 he was again enrolled in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

He loved his second wife Ernestine (Netty), she had two sons Dmitry and Ivan. But 12 years after marrying her, Tyutchev fell in love with Denisyeva. Fyodor Ivanovich was already under 50 when he was seized by love, bold, excessive, irresistible, for Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva, a young girl, a classy lady of the institute where his daughters studied. A prosperous life, established with such difficulty, a career, forcibly restored, public opinion, which he cherished, friendships, political intentions, the family itself, finally, everything went to dust. For 14 years from 1850 to 1864 this love storm raged. Continuing to love Ernestine, he lived in two houses and was torn between them. Tyutchev's relationship with Ernestina Fedorovna for long periods was entirely reduced to correspondence. For 14 years she did not reveal anything that she knew about her husband's love for another, and showed the rarest self-control.

Fyodor Ivanovich was more "spiritual" than "soulful". The daughter wrote about him as a man, “that he appears to her as one of those primordial spirits who have nothing to do with matter, but who, however, has no soul either.”

Elena Alexandrovna loved Fyodor Ivanovich without limit. Children born to Elena Alexandrovna (daughter Elena and son Fedor) were recorded as Tyutchevs. It had no legal force. They were doomed to the sad fate of the "illegitimate" in those days. On May 22, 1864, Elena Alexandrovna gave birth to a son, Nikolai. Immediately after giving birth, she developed an exacerbation of tuberculosis. On August 4, 1864, she died in the arms of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev. Tyutchev tormented and tormented. After her death, he lived in a daze. Tyutchev seemed to be blinded by grief and wisdom. “A short, thin old man, with long temples lagging behind. With gray hair that was never smoothed, dressed discreetly, not fastened with a single button, as it should ... ”Khodasevich wrote in his memoirs about Tyutchev.

Fedor Ivanovich continued to correspond with his wife Ernestina Fedorovna. Later they met, and the Tyutchev family was reunited again. AT last years life Tyutchev devoted all his strength to diverse activities, pursuing the goal of establishing the right direction foreign policy Russia. And Ernestina Fedorovna helps him in this. On January 1, 1873, the poet, says Aksakov, “despite all the warnings, left the house for an ordinary walk, to visit friends and acquaintances ... He was soon brought back, paralyzed. The entire left side of the body was affected and damaged irrevocably.” Ernestina Fedorovna cared for the sick Fedor Ivanovich.

Tyutchev died on July 15, 1873, just on the 23rd anniversary of the day when his affair with E. A. Denisyeva began.

The artistic fate of the poet is unusual: this is the fate of the last Russian romantic, who worked in the era of the triumph of realism and still remained faithful to the precepts of romantic art.

The main advantage of Fyodor Ivanovich's poems lies in the lively, graceful, plastically correct depiction of nature. He passionately loves her, understands perfectly, his most subtle, elusive features and shades are available to him.

Tyutchev inspires nature, animates, she is alive and humanized in his image:

And sweet thrill, like a jet,

Nature ran through the veins.

How hot her legs

Key waters touched.

"Summer Evening" 1829

Nature -

... Not a cast, not a soulless face -

It has a soul, it has freedom,

It has love, it has a language...

“Not what you think nature” ... 1836

They don’t argue about Tyutchev, who doesn’t feel him,
thus proves that he does not feel poetry.

I.S. Turgenev

Childhood

F.I. Tyutchev was born on December 5 (November 23), 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Oryol province (now the Bryansk region) in the family of a hereditary Russian nobleman Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev. As a child, Fedenka (as his family affectionately called him) was the favorite and darling of the family. Of the three children, the poet's mother, nee Tolstaya, singled out her son Fedor in particular. His extraordinary talent was revealed early: in the thirteenth year he was already successfully translating the odes of Horace, competing with his first teacher and friend, the poet Semyon Yegorovich Raich. Parents spared nothing for the education of their son. Already in childhood French he knew to the subtleties and later used it as his own.

Adolescence. Moscow

As a teenager, Tyutchev and his parents moved to Moscow. In the capital, the future poet began to attend lectures on the theory of poetry and the history of Russian literature by the then famous poet, critic and professor of Moscow University A.F. Merzlyakova. Poetry exercises were considered at that time a natural part of liberal education. However, Fyodor Tyutchev's pen tests attracted the attention of his mentors. In 1818, his poem "The Nobleman (Imitation of Horace)" was read by Merzlyakov at the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, which was the poetic debut of the fourteen-year-old poet. Unfortunately, the text of this poem has been lost.

In 1919, Tyutchev entered the verbal department of Moscow University, where he had been going for two years as a volunteer.

In November 1821, Tyutchev graduated from the university with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences and was appointed to serve in the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs, located in St. Petersburg. At the family council, it was decided that the brilliant abilities of "Fedenka" could make a career as a diplomat. No one seriously thought about poetry ...

Service in the diplomatic field. Acquaintance with German philosophers and poets

In mid-1822, Tyutchev entered the diplomatic service and left for Germany. In Munich, the young poet lived an intense spiritual life, zealously studying philosophy, being carried away by romantic art. Even then he bought wide popularity as a man of versatile education and extraordinarily witty. In Munich, he became close friends with the romantic philosopher Friedrich Schiller and the freedom-loving poet Heinrich Heine.

Having become acquainted in Russia with the ideas of Schelling, in Germany the poet could communicate with the philosopher himself, who argued that the realm of nature and the realm of the spirit (history) are related to each other and that understanding of both is given through contemplation and art. Schelling's philosophy had a decisive influence on Tyutchev's worldview.

Abroad (the last years in Italy, in Turin) he spent a total of twenty-two years. It is no coincidence that among the first works of Tyutchev there are so many translations (especially by German poets). Returning to Russia, Tyutchev served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was a censor and chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. He did not make a career as a diplomat, only in 1828 he was given the position of junior secretary at the Russian mission. Tyutchev himself, years later, admits that he "did not know how to serve." Not only couldn't, but he couldn't. For the simple reason that he was born a poet, not an official.

Publications in Sovremennik

Alas, during his life in Munich, Tyutchev was not known as a poet either among his compatriots or abroad. Published during these years in his homeland in Raich's magazine "Galatea", his poems went unnoticed. So far, only close friends of Tyutchev paid attention to them, and there were few of them ...

Finally, in 1836, copies of some of Tyutchev's poems, with the help of Zhukovsky and Vyazemsky, came to Pushkin, who, according to his contemporaries, "was delighted." Pushkin, in the third issue of his journal Sovremennik, placed (an unheard of thing!) sixteen poems at once under the general title: "Poems sent from Germany" signed "F.T." The next fourth issue added eight more poems. Tyutchev's poems continued to be published in Sovremennik after Pushkin's death until 1840. This publication, which can be considered an event in the literature of that time, passed by the consciousness of the majority of compatriots.

Tyutchev himself treated the fate of his poetic creations surprisingly indifferent. He did not care about printing them, and only through the efforts of his friends could his lyrical masterpieces see the light of day. Upon returning to Russia from Germany, in the 40s, Tyutchev did not publish at all. And suddenly, in 1850, the young poet Nikolai Nekrasov, publisher of the Sovremennik magazine, published an article in which he fully quoted twenty-four of his old poems from Pushkin's Sovremennik with an enthusiastic review! Four years later, the writer Ivan Turgenev took it upon himself to publish a collection of Fyodor Tyutchev's poems and also wrote a commendable article about him. The first collection of the poet, who has already exceeded fifty! In the XIX century, the case is almost the only one.

Poems about Russia

Tyutchev's poetic activity, which lasted half a century, from the 20s to the 70s, fell at the time of major political events in Russia and Western Europe - stormy revolutionary upheavals. Until the end of his days, the poet had hope for Russia (“One can only believe in Russia”), faith in her exceptional historical role, the dream of it as a country that brings to the world the beginnings of unity and brotherhood, a dream that now rests on trust in the people. Tyutchev, like Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, believed in a special moral consciousness of the Russian people. Many of Tyutchev's poems are imbued with ardent love for the motherland and people.

Philosophical lyrics

And yet, Tyutchev's deepest connection with the era, with its hot springs, did not affect the responses to social problems, but in the poet's philosophical reflections on the attitude of a contemporary person. In Russian literature Tyutchev belongs to the poetry of thought. Its traditions were laid down in the 18th century in the philosophical odes of M.V. Lomonosov and G.R. Derzhavin. The poet took into account philosophical lyrics Pushkin. In Tyutchev's lyrics, a person is aware of a previously unthinkable and frightening freedom: he realized that there is no god above him, that he is one on one with nature - the hope for "sympathy from heaven", for personal immortality, has been lost. A person "craves faith, but does not ask for it," since "there is no point in praying." This consciousness gave rise to a mood of pessimism even among strong people(for example, Turgenev's Bazarov). And Tyutchev often grieves over the fragility of the human race.

Poems: “The love of the earth and the charm of the year ...”, “Spring thunderstorm”, “I remember the golden time ...”, “So, there are moments in life ...”, “All day she lay in oblivion ... "," There is in the autumn of the original ... "

The lyrics of nature and its connection with the inner world of man

Tyutchev constantly compares man with nature and often, it would seem, not in favor of the first: man is weak, vulnerable, he is always in torment for the past, in worries about the future - nature “does not know about the past”, she lives in all the fullness of the momentary, immediate life; man is bifurcated, contradictory - nature is peculiar inner harmony, "an imperturbable order in everything". But no one in Russian poetry, like Tyutchev, feels the unity of world being.

Tyutchev's nature helps a person to understand himself, to evaluate in himself the value of pure human qualities: consciousness, will, individuality, to see that the spiritual elements depend on them. Consciousness itself seems to increase the “helplessness” of a person, but the disharmony generated by thought does not humiliate, but elevates him. So, according to Tyutchev, a person suffers from the fact that he is not able to fully realize himself, from the contradiction between the plan and its implementation, feeling and word.

Tyutchev is a recognized master of the lyrical landscape. But his landscape poems are difficult to separate from philosophical ones. He has no purely descriptive sketches of mornings in the mountains or autumn evening, although there are verses bearing such names.

With two or three capacious strokes, he is able to create a symbolic landscape, expressing at the same time inner life nature, and the important spiritual state of man.

Poems: "Not what you think, nature ...", "The earth still looks sad ...", "The stream thickened and darkens ...", "Tears of people, oh tears of people ..."

love lyrics

The state of falling in love was for Tyutchev as natural as intense reflections on the problems of being. Finding inner purity and clarity, it turns out, is very difficult. In the "liberated soul" chaotic, destructive forces- the beginning of individualism and egoism. Tyutchev considered selfishness the disease of the century, and he experienced its poisonous effect. He wrote about this in a cycle of poems dedicated to Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, a woman with whom he had a long, passionate and “illegal” love, before whom he felt constant guilt.

Fourteen years lasted last love» Tyutcheva. In 1864, his beloved died of consumption. Tyutchev blamed himself alone for her death: after all, without parting with his family, he put his beloved woman in an ambiguous position. The aristocratic circle to which Denisyeva belonged turned away from her.

Tyutchev's poems dedicated to Denisyeva entered the treasury of the world's love lyrics and thus, as it were, rewarded this woman for her suffering.

last love

Oh, how in our declining years
We love more tenderly and more superstitiously...
Shine, shine, parting light
Last love, evening dawn!

Half the sky was engulfed by a shadow,
Only there, in the west, radiance wanders,
- Slow down, slow down, evening day,
Last, last, charm.

Let the blood run thin in the veins,
But tenderness does not fail in the heart ...
Oh, last love!
You are both bliss and hopelessness.

Between mid 1851 and early 1854

Tyutchev is not a singer of ideal love - he, like Nekrasov, writes about her "prose" and about the amazing metamorphoses of feelings: addiction to the dearest unexpectedly turns into torment, a "fatal duel." But he affirms with his lyrics the high standards of relationships: it is important to understand a loved one, to look at oneself through his eyes, to live up to one’s hopes, awakened by love, to be afraid of not only low, but even mediocre actions in relations with a loved one. All this is not only declared, but also revealed by the character of the heroine - a woman of rare courage and beauty, and by the amazing confession of the poet, who asks, as a benefactor, the painful memory of an early departed friend:

Oh Lord, give burning suffering
And dispel the deadness of my soul
You took it, but the flour of remembrance,
Deliver living flour to me through it.

Tyutchev's "Denisiev cycle" precedes the philosophical and psychological novels of F.M. Dostoevsky and L.N. Tolstoy.

Poems: “To N.”, “No matter how furious slander ...”, “Do not say: he loves me as before ...”.

Tyutchev's lyrics give rise to a tension of feelings and thoughts, it captures with a sound recording in which the voices of life itself are heard: the rhythms and interruption of the wind, waves, forest noise, a disturbed human heart. AT poetic style Tyutchev combines musical, melodic motifs and oratory and rhetorical techniques.

The structure of his speech strikes with the neighborhood of Slavicisms, mythological images with unusual unexpected forms and phrases:

Here quietly, quietly
As carried by the wind
Smoky-light, hazy-lily
Suddenly, something fluttered through the window.

Tyutchev is especially close to our contemporaries with his belief in the endless possibilities of man - and as a separate person, concealing in his soul " the whole world”, and as all mankind, capable of creating a new nature.

Literature

L.M. Lotman. F.I. Tyutchev.// History of Russian literature. Volume three. Leningrad: Nauka, 1982, pp. 403–427.

D.N. Murin. Russian literature of the 2nd half of the 19th century. Thematic lesson planning for grade 10. St. Petersburg: Smio Press, 1998, pp. 57–58.

Nina Sukhova. Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev // Encyclopedia for children "Avanta +". Volume 9. Russian literature. Part one. Moscow, 1999, pp. 505–514.

G.K. Shchennikov. F.I. Tyutchev // F.I. Tyutchev. Poems. Khabarovsk book publishing house, 1982, pp. 5–14.