"Take care of our language,
our beautiful Russian language,
this treasure, this treasure,
handed down by our predecessors"
I.S. Turgenev.
Introduction
Meet in our great and mighty language bad words. Not the ones that a decent girl would never say, even if her heel was firmly stuck in a crack in the sidewalk, and at that time a tropical downpour fell from the sky. Other. But also bad. And they are called somehow dissonant - weeds ...
Weed words in Russian
We are now as if we're all dumb
All steel as if forget,
What as if we can't even
Without " as if» connect a couple of words.
It would be good as if in business
Even as if at random.
And then after all as if clumsily.
And more often as if out of place.
Weed words - linguistic phenomenon, expressed in the use of superfluous and meaningless words in this context, take place in a spontaneous, poorly controlled oral speech. "...Automatism leads to clogging of oral speech with empty modal particles", - wrote V.V. Vinogradov. Especially often, weed words are observed among illiterate people who use only one subsystem of the national language - non-literary vernacular. These are people of low educational and cultural level. They don't have a problem conscious choice linguistic sign, they are not prone to self-reflection and self-editing. L.V. Shcherba called such words "packaging material" - people seem to stick them between meaningful words to keep them from crashing into each other. You need to get rid of the use of weed words by strictly controlling your speech and the speech of others. But, speaking of weed words, it must be borne in mind that sometimes their presence in speech is due internal state speaker (excitement, confusion, etc.). About the person who uses them, I want to say: “I said so much, but I didn’t say anything.”
Any word and phrase loses its meaning if it is repeated 30-40 times. We all encountered this, for example, at school: while repeating a definition or a formula (in an attempt to memorize it to automatism), we completely forgot what in question: "The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum squares of legs. In the same way, the meaning of dialogues and slogans in commercials and campaign slogans is lost from endless repetition. Meanwhile, the words are not to blame for anything, they just suddenly fell in love with people who repeat them out of place and out of place. By the way, by what kind of verbal rubbish prevails in a person’s speech, you can learn a lot about him.
Syntactically, most "weed words" are introductory words.
The “weed words” include the so-called “hesitation pauses” or “mekane”, that is, the filling of pauses that occur during the production of spontaneous speech with long sounds (“uh ...”, “mmm ...”), which aims to pick up relevant word, as well as search words, often performing a rhetorical function.
So what words have a "tendency" to become weeds? What are the parts of speech? What groups of words? Words with what semantics?
Observations on the speech of schoolchildren, adult native speakers, journalists, publicists, characters works of art show that not all words become weed words. The "role" of weed words is played by words with a weakened (non-nominative) lexical meaning: particles, modal words, introductory units, pronouns. Practically, nouns with rich semantics, verbs, adjectives, prepositions and conjunctions (common words, essentially related not to vocabulary, but to grammar) almost never act as weed words.
So, as weed words most often act: particles (indicative here, summarizing, well, modal, perhaps, affirmative so, interrogative yes, emotionally expressive simply and directly and comparative, as it were), modal words (of course, probably, probably, it seems ), introductory units (in general, in general, in principle, let's say, then, in short, for example, you understand, say so, listen, as a matter of fact, therefore, so to speak) and pronouns ( demonstrative pronoun this, the combination of demonstrative and attributive pronouns is the same, the combination interrogative pronoun that and particles whether, a combination of a pronominal adverb and a subject-personal pronoun like it, a pronominal adverb there).
Causes
Most linguists believe that “weed words” are used because of the poverty of the vocabulary and the regular hitches associated with it, however, in some cases, a kind of “fashion” arises for these words. Therefore, they can be used by people who do not have speech problems.
Sometimes "weed words" are used to "buy time", for example, to think at least a few seconds about asked question and therefore, in some cases, can be used even by people with a rich vocabulary.
Weed words should not be confused with word repetitions. For example: "Petya - good boy and good friend. He a good student and a good athlete". The word good is not a weed in any case of its use, since each time it realizes its own linguistic meaning- "quite positive in its qualities, such as it should be." Lexical norm this sentence is not violated. It violates the stylistic norm - the requirement for a variety of speech. Taking into account this requirement, the above text could be edited as follows: "Petya is a kind boy, a faithful (reliable) friend, a good student and a good sportsman."
How words describe a person
"You understand" - this is classic example a "little" person - timid and constantly apologizing to everyone.
"Briefly speaking" - a person is not disposed to communication, he does not like conversations, therefore he wants to shorten his speech. However, because of this endless "shorter" effect, the opposite is achieved.
Young people have a word "as if". It means conditional. This is how the youth lives - how would we go, but how would we not go; how we will, and how we will not. Young people are not burdened with responsibility, this affects their speech.
So, the word “simple” burdens their speech with people who are accustomed to actually complicate everything in life. And the more complex the motivation for their intricate actions, the more often the word “simple” will slip through their speech. By this, they seem to invite the interlocutor to understand them: it's so simple! It is also abused by addicted people, often making excuses: “I just wanted to look at the vase, but it suddenly broke.” Or: “I just told him not to interfere in his own business, but he just took it and was offended.”
The words "type", "shorter", "means" used by people who are somewhat aggressive. More often these are teenagers or people who have kept and adult life addiction to teenage stereotypes.
"By the way" speaks just about the fact that a person feels awkward and out of place. But with the help of this remark, he tries to attract attention to himself and give meaning to the words.
"Exactly this" decorates the speech of people with bad memory or lazy, who often do not even try to remember right word. They shift the intellectual work of finding the right word to the interlocutor. However, they tend to shift the rest of their affairs and responsibilities to others.
"In fact" used by people who think they are inner world richer, the look is sharper, and thoughts and conjectures are more interesting than those of everyone else. These are people who constantly open their eyes to reality. Of course, they are firmly convinced that their worldview is the only true one.
"As if" is used equally by teenagers (along with "type" and "means"), and by artistic natures who value in life situations uncertainty.
"Practically" - management word. Sticks very quickly to people living specific goals, especially not thinking about the philosophical meaning of life. They, sorry, are not up to such trifles.
"Actually" - a word of people who are not self-confident, quickly losing self-control, always looking for a catch in everything that happens, and those who, even because of nonsense, are ready to start a verbal skirmish.
"So to speak" and "actually" - a vignette in the speech of an intellectual.
Words weeds in television speech.
Very common particle here;
The use of weed words in fiction
In fiction, weed words are often used to create speech characteristics this or that character (in the author's speech, they, of course, should be absent).
In the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Wedding with the General", the rear admiral says: "Yeah ... so ... Tea, now everything has gone in a new way, not the way it was with us ... But we have something to think about ... Every insignificant word has, so to speak, its own mysterious ... er ... bewilderment ... On today's, so to speak, day ... um ... On which we, having gathered to honor our beloved ... For example ... God forbid the memory ... ".
Another example would be the grandfather's speech from M. Gorky's story "Childhood": "That's it... Eh, you-and... Aha-a!"; "What-oh, fool?! Aha-ah! That's it ... Eh, you-and!".
The story of the uncultured postmaster from The Tale of Captain Kopeikin is oversaturated with weeds in " Dead souls"N.V. Gogol:" Well, you can imagine, some sort of, that is, that is, Captain Kopeikin and suddenly found himself in the capital, which is like, so to speak, not in the world. Suddenly there is a light in front of him, so to speak, a certain field of life, the fabulous Scheherazade. Suddenly some kind of, you can imagine, Nevsky Prospekt, or there, you know, some kind of Gorokhovaya, damn it! or there is some kind of Foundry; there is some kind of spitz in the air; bridges hang there like hell, you can imagine, without any, that is, touch - in a word ... Semiramis, sir, and it’s full!
But not only Russians give out extra words with their heads. Relatively recently, the news agency Lenta.ru published the results of a survey conducted by public organization"The Campaign for the Purity of the English Language". The purpose of the study is to find out which words or expressions in modern English language annoy users the most. The phrases “in this moment time”, “so to speak”, “absolutely” and “with all due respect”.
FIRST GROUP
SECOND GROUP
These are hypercommunicative people who, because of the desire to find mutual language with the interlocutor, they begin to copy his movements, facial expressions and, of course, the manner of speech. This category also includes people in the system life values which the leading position is occupied by the definition of "fashionable". They simply copy the manner of speech of those who, in their opinion, are worthy of respect.
THIRD GROUP
These are people who rarely listen to their speech.
Ways to deal with weed words
#1 Start giving words their meaning back. Do not pronounce them thoughtlessly, but each time remember what each of them means. This method is not very applicable to the word “actually”, but remembering that the word “shorter” is part of the expression “in short” is not difficult at all. And if you, having pronounced “in short”, really briefly and clearly formulate your thought, this word will be in place and will cease to be meaningless. Exactly the same will happen with "as if" if it precedes the comparison.
#2 Try to replace the words with some sound, as they do with obscene words on TV. On the one hand, it will help you track unnecessary words in your speech and say them unconsciously. On the other hand, it is still indecent to beep, beep or whistle all the time during a conversation. Therefore, the chance that you will soon clear your speech is quite high.
#3 Punish yourself with a fine. She said "like" - and a day without sweets. Said "by the way" out of place - immediately three squats. Highly effective method, but difficult to accomplish if you do not have an iron will.
#5 Read more - it will enrich your vocabulary. And next time, you won’t have to hide behind “as if” and “type” when looking for the right word.
#6 Create an audio archive. Record yourself on a tape recorder (say, set yourself the task of talking about the past day and events for at least 5-7 minutes), and then carefully listen to the monologue.
No. 7 Sign up for courses in public speaking.
Conclusion
However, today there is another trend - "smooth speaking", brought to life by television. Listen, in transmissions conversational genre it is no longer possible to distinguish the guest from the host: both pronounce a perfectly composed text, equipped with psychological and other terms, which has little in common with ordinary human speech. Therefore, when a friend in a conversation with you suddenly starts talking like Dr. Kurpatov, there is little joy from communication. Or here’s the question: which of the young people who talk about their feelings for you, you will believe more: the one who, holding back his excitement, stumbled a little about a couple of “actually” and a few “so to speak”, or the one whose confession bounces off his teeth like the speaker? Again, if he stumbles, then he thinks. And if words flow like water, then this is no longer a speech, but a song. Maybe aesthetically beautiful, but sung out of love for art, and not addressed to the interlocutor.
Each of us has an arsenal of such words in stock, for some such words (or one word) become distinctive style them colloquial speech. Is it good or bad? adults smart people they say HORRIBLE. And it seems to me that this is age-related, which means it will pass. The main thing is that these words should be in moderation. If one or two, then nothing.
List of used literature
1. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language: (Grammatical doctrine of the word). - M.-L., 1947. S. 744.
2. Literary newspaper. 2003. No. 17. P. 5.
3. Fomenko Yu.V. Types speech errors: Proc. allowance. - Novosibirsk, 1994. S. 14, 17.
3. Chepalov R. Subbotnik for cleaning the Russian language // AiF Petersburg, No. 43 (584) dated 10/27/2004
For the preparation of this work, materials from the sites were used:
http://www.philology.ru
http://www.planetashkol.ru/articles/22711/
Introduction
Weed words
Causes
Jargon and linguistic elements not allowed by moral standards
Jargon (fr. jargon) is the language of individual social groups, communities, artificially created for the purpose of linguistic isolation, separation from the rest of this linguistic community. It differs mainly in the presence of words that are incomprehensible to uninitiated people (military jargon, thieves' jargon, sports jargon, school jargon, gambler's jargon, etc.). Slang vocabulary is sometimes called slang (from English, slang); it is used by people united by one profession or type of activity. For example, among students and schoolchildren there are jargon fall asleep - Poorly answer the teacher to the question posed, do not pass the exam; tail - academic debt; bad - score "2"; triban - "3"; pines - so pupils of elementary grades call senior pupils, etc. Researchers note active process jargonization of literary speech, especially the speech of young people. This phenomenon often becomes a subject of discussion both for specialists and for everyone who is interested in the issues of the Russian language. At the same time, some see jargon as a great harm to literary speech, while others believe that with age, the passion for jargon disappears. In the youth jargon, a kind of “anglicization” is noted, that is, foreign borrowings become its basis: girl - girl, boots - shoes, the male - maine, label - label, gramophone record - science, be in love - like, make a phone call - ring out, record player - taper, money - mani etc. Linguists involved in the study of jargon believe that “the vulgarization of speech is characteristic of the younger generation and often does not come from bad thoughts and inclinations, but rather from the unconscious desire of adolescents to look rudely masculine, more mature, experienced. However, being a transient phenomenon, jargon can still leave (and often leaves!) a mark on the language development of a person ... A person who is accustomed from a young age to vulgar, stylistically reduced words and expressions subsequently finds it difficult to learn how to correctly and competently express their thoughts ”95. As we can see, in general, the very emergence and spread of jargon in speech is assessed as a negative phenomenon in the life of society and the development of the national language. However, the introduction of slang elements into the literary language in some cases is permissible: to create a certain color, which has a specific "slang" coloring, of the speech characteristics of the characters. Here, for example, with the help of what means is created the speech characteristic of the heroes of the novel by the Weiner brothers "Race on a vertical wall": - You drive everything ... - Bakuma grinned and began to pretend the door. But I already put my foot in the gap. - I'm not racing. Yes, don't rush. Take a leg. I'll take it now. You will limp. - Take it, dear. After all, the thieves always had a law - a sidekick on a haz to fly into a trap. To make it easier for the garbage to pick me up. And here is how the heroines of V. Kunin's story "Intergirl" express themselves: He tracked well on ours. He even received a bonus in his company for knowledge of the Russian language; There is such an elderly driver standing in front of me, the wheelbarrow is driving him on the ramp; Very pop glasses!; Each suit is a piece, one and a half. Boots - six hundred, seven hundred!; She is still under the jar, etc. In poetry, jargon is used less often: The summer lakes went crazy from the cold. Swans fell asleep, Like pretzels. (A. Voznesensky) However, it should be noted that such elements should be as few as possible in fiction. It is impossible to allow jargon vocabulary to be popularized through television, cinema, fiction, since jargon is always used to refer to concepts that already have names in the national language. And it is unlikely that these generally accepted and, most importantly, understandable names of objects and phenomena of reality should be "classified" with the help of slang words. A significant layer of slang and colloquial vocabulary is made up of swear words and vulgar words that give individual items and phenomena a sharply negative characteristic. The words slam, mug, bastard, cretin, zenki and the like, unfortunately, are used quite often, due to their falsely understood emotionality, as one of the ways to assert one's "I". Vulgar, swear words and expressions in speech, foul language testify, first of all, to the low culture of the speaker, and not only speech, but also general. We must strive to master the true, and not imaginary riches and expressive possibilities of literary and folk speech and protect it in every possible way from such words and expressions.
23. The concept of richness of speech
The level of speech culture depends not only on the knowledge of the norms literary language, the laws of logic and strict adherence to them, but also from the possession of his wealth, the ability to use them in the process of communication. The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages peace. Its wealth lies in the incalculable stock of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in the limitless possibilities of phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in the variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic constructions and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades. “There is nothing in the world, in the life around us and in our minds,” says K.G. Paustovsky, “that could not be conveyed by the Russian word: the sound of music, and ... the brilliance of colors, and the sound of rain, and fabulousness dreams, and the heavy rumble of a thunderstorm, and baby talk, and the mournful roar of the surf, and anger, and great joy, and sorrow for loss, and the triumph of victory. Richness of speech individual person is determined by what arsenal of linguistic means he owns and how skillfully, in accordance with the content, theme and task of the utterance, he uses them in a particular situation. Speech is considered richer, the more widely various means and ways of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning are used in it, the less often the same language unit is repeated without a special communicative task.
Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech
The richness of any language is evidenced primarily by its vocabulary. It is known that the seventeen-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language includes 20,480 words. But far from all the vocabulary of the national language is reflected in it: toponyms, anthroponyms, many terms, obsolete, colloquial, regional words are not included; derivative words formed according to active patterns. "Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dalia contains 200,000 words, although not all the words used in Russian in the middle of the 19th century are recorded in it. 96 It is impossible to determine with maximum accuracy the number of words in the modern Russian language, since it is constantly updated and enriched. This is eloquently evidenced by the reference dictionaries "New Words and Meanings" (under the editorship of N.Z. Kotelova), as well as the annual issues of the series "New in Russian Vocabulary: Dictionary Materials". So, a dictionary-reference book on the materials of the press and literature of the 70s. (1984) contains about 5,500 new words and phrases, as well as words with new meanings that were not included in explanatory dictionaries Russian language, published before 1970. More than 2,700 dictionary entries and 1,000 new words with an incomplete description (without interpretations and etymological and derivational references) found in periodicals from September to December 1980. The more lexemes the speaker (writer) owns, the freer, fuller and more accurately he can express his thoughts and feelings, while avoiding unnecessary, stylistically unmotivated repetitions. The vocabulary of an individual depends on a number of reasons (the level common culture, education, profession, age, etc.), so he is not constant value for any native speaker. [ 190 ] Scientists believe that a modern educated person actively uses about 10-12 thousand words in oral speech, and 20-24 thousand in written speech. The passive stock, which includes those words that a person knows, but practically does not use in his speech, is approximately 30 thousand words. These are quantitative indicators of the richness of language and speech. However, the richness of language and speech is determined not only and even not so much by the quantitative indicators of the vocabulary, but by the semantic richness of the dictionary, the wide branching of the meanings of words. About 80% of words in Russian have many meanings; moreover, as a rule, these are the most active, frequent words in speech. Many of them have more than ten meanings (see, for example, take, beat, stand, time etc.), and some lexemes have twenty or more meanings (see. remove, put, reduce, pull, go and etc.). Due to the ambiguity of words, significant savings in language means are achieved when expressing thoughts and feelings, since the same word, depending on the context, can appear in different meanings. Therefore, the assimilation of new meanings of already known words is no less important than the assimilation of new words; it contributes to the enrichment of speech. Phraseological combinations have their own, special meaning, which is not derived from the sum of the meanings of their constituent components, for example: the cat cried - "few", slipshod - "carelessly, inaccurately." Phraseologisms can be ambiguous: twist and turn - 1) "in different directions"; 2) "bad; not as it should, as it should, as it should"; 3) "wrongly, distorting the meaning (to judge, interpret, etc.)"; submit hand - 1) "stretch out a hand to shake as a sign of greeting, farewell"; 2) "offer to lean on the hand"; 3) in combination with a noun help - "to help, to assist someone." Phraseologisms of the Russian language are diverse in terms of expressed meanings and stylistic role, they are an important source of speech wealth. The Russian language has no equal in the number and variety of lexical and phraseological synonyms, which, due to their semantic and stylistic differences, make it possible to accurately express the most subtle shades of thoughts and feelings. Here is how, for example, M.Yu. Lermontov in the story "Bela", using synonyms, characterizes Kazbich's horse depending on the change in the internal state of Azamat. Stylistically neutral word is used first horse, then - his ideographic synonym horse ("high running horse"): - Nice horse you have! - says Azamat, - if I were the owner of the house and had a herd of three hundred mares, she would give half for your horse, Kazbich! As the desire to acquire a horse at any cost intensifies, the word " horse, the high stylistic coloring of which is quite consistent with the mood of the young man: - The first time I saw your horse,” continued Azamat, “when he was spinning and jumping under you, flaring his nostrils... something incomprehensible happened in my soul... Artists of the word creatively use the possibilities of synonymy, creating in some cases contextual (author's) synonyms. So, according to the observations of A.I. Efimov, "in Shchedrin's satire the word said has over 30 synonyms: blurted out, growled, thumped, exclaimed, squeezed out of himself, nailed, barked, hiccupped, thorned like a snake, moaned, cooed, noticed, reasoned, praised, said, blurted out and others. Moreover, each of these synonyms had its own scope "97. Synonymic series are usually used for clarification, clarification, for comprehensive characteristics object or phenomenon. For example: Mezhenin lazily, reluctantly turned and, swaying, went out (Yu. Bondarev). In certain contexts, almost complete interchangeability of synonyms is possible. The substitution function - one of the main stylistic functions of synonyms - allows you to avoid unmotivated lexical repetitions, contributes to the diversity of speech. For example: The lucky ones, I thought, will not understand what I myself cannot understand. (M. Lermontov). Here: I don't understand = I don't understand.
Word formation as a source of speech wealth
The dictionary of the Russian language, as you know, is enriched primarily through word formation. The rich word-formation capabilities of the language allow you to create a huge number of derivative words according to ready-made models. For example, in the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (M., 1985) only with the prefix on the- about 3,000 words are given. As a result of word-formation processes in the language, large lexical nests arise, sometimes including several dozen words. For example, a nest with a root empty-: empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, wasteland, wasteland, wasteland, empty, empty, devastation, desolator, devastating, desert, deserted, wasted, empty, empty, empty , desolation, empty etc. Word-building affixes introduce various semantic and emotional shades into words. V.G. Belinsky wrote about this: “The Russian language is unusually rich for expressing natural phenomena ... Indeed, what richness for depicting the phenomena of natural reality lies only in Russian verbs that have views! Swim, swim, swim, sail, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim...: it's all one verb to express twenty shades of the same action!" 98 Subjective evaluation suffixes in Russian are diverse: they give words shades of endearment, pejorativeness, disdain, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, etc. For example, the suffix -yonk(a) gives a noun a tinge of contempt: horse, hut, room; suffix -enk (a) - touch of sweetness: ruchenka, nochenka, girlfriend, zorenka etc. The ability to use the word-formation capabilities of the language significantly enriches speech, allows [ 193 ] to create lexical and semantic neologisms, including individual author's ones. ^
In works of art, weed words are often used to create a speech characteristic of a particular character (in the author’s speech, they, of course, should be absent). Here is an example of Akim's "statements" from L.N. Tolstoy "The Power of Darkness":
Peter (enters and sits down): So how, Uncle Akim?
Akim: Better, Ignatich, as it were, better, that is, better ... Because, as it were, not so. Pampering, that means. I would like, that is, to the point, that means I wanted something small. And if you, then, n and h and t, t and e, you can and that about. Better to a to...
Peter: Do you want to leave your son at home? It's for sure. Yes, how to get money?
Akim: That’s right, right, Ignatich, he said that, that means, that’s right, because ¾ got hired, sold ¾ let him live, that’s just , t and e, marry; for a while, znach and t, let go, if that.
This overuse of words tae, that means and others characterizes individual characteristics Akim's speeches. In fiction, whole utterances act as parasitic words. For example, A.K. Tolstoy in one of the works of the servant, in difficult cases, each time repeated Your aunt is a chicken! and in the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy, a relative of the Rostovs, liked to sentence Clean business, march!:¾ H and with t about e business, march! So I knew¾ uncle spoke (it was distant relative, a poor neighbor of the Rostovs),¾ I knew that you would not endure it, and it is good that you are going. C h i s t o e de l o, march! (this was my uncle's favorite saying). Take the order now, otherwise my Girchik reported that the Ilagins were willing to hunt in Korniki, you have them¾ h i s t o e de l o, m arsh! ¾ under the nose they will take a brood.
Weed words have a place in spontaneous, poorly controlled oral speech. "...Automatism leads to clogging of oral speech with empty modal particles," wrote V.V. Vinogradov. Especially often, weed words are observed among illiterate people who use only one subsystem of the national language - non-literary vernacular. These are people of low educational and cultural level. They do not face the problem of a conscious choice of a linguistic sign, they are not inclined to self-reflection and self-editing. Some weed words let's put it this way, actually, therefore, so to speak, in principle, let's say and some etc.) take place in the speech of people who own the literary norm. E. Grigoryeva writes in Literaturnaya Gazeta: “Have you noticed how willingly people (politicians of various stripes, actors, journalists) pronounce the word “yes” in conversations and monologues? Have you heard this: “Our party (yes?) is fighting for the interests of the people (huh?). We know what our voters want, but opponents do not take this into account, right?" Nemtsov, Khakamada, Yavlinsky, and many others say so. Young actors and inexperienced TV presenters say so. In frequency, this word has become next to the insanely boring " as if. "This is truly a hit word! The epidemic of" kabyizma "swept almost all of Russia."
What words have a "tendency" to become weeds? What are the parts of speech? What groups of words? Words with what semantics?
Observations on the speech of schoolchildren, adult native speakers, journalists, publicists, characters of works of art show that not all words become weed words. The “role” of weed words is played by words with a weakened (non-nominative) lexical meaning: particles, modal words, introductory units, pronouns. Practically, nouns with rich semantics, verbs, adjectives, prepositions and conjunctions (common words, essentially related not to vocabulary, but to grammar) almost never act as weed words.
So, as weed words most often act: particles (indicative here summarizing well, modal perhaps, affirmative So, interrogative Yes, emotionally expressive simply and directly and comparative as if), modal words ( of course, probably, probably, it seems), introductory units ( in general, in general, in principle, let's say, so, in short, for example, you understand, say so, listen, as a matter of fact, therefore, so to speak) and pronouns (demonstrative pronoun this is, a combination of demonstrative and attributive pronouns exactly this, a combination of an interrogative pronoun what and particles whether, a combination of a pronominal adverb and a subject-personal pronoun how is it, pronominal adverb there).
Here are some examples:
"Here I came to you ... now ... but you ... now ... I did not find you" (student for grade 7).
“So, when we were on an excursion, well, this ... that's ... when we went down to the river ... that's ... and that ... we saw a beaver ..." (study grade 7).
"In the village... here... every year there are more and more... here... strangers. I come... here... - and I almost don't know anyone... here" .
"That's why you came to the government now? Didn't Gaidar refuse?" (journalist).
"Well ... my mother and I visited my brother last night. Well ... we went to a birthday party" (teacher of grade 8).
"Well, let's say the language is divided into styles. Well, let's say there are five styles of the language" (student of the philological faculty).
"I remember, "Undergrowth" was played between ... so, well ... in free time(man, 42 years old).
"I'm looking for my dad. My mom met him in Sverdlovsk. My mom is a chemist, and my dad is like a metallurgist..." (girl, 20 years old).
“You say that you are still studying and you can’t get married now ...” (a woman in her thirties).
"In short, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was born in 1870. He spent his childhood and youth in the countryside ... Bunin's father was an officer in his youth. Participated in the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855, then, in short, he lived carefree, widely ... Having gone bankrupt, he, in short, settled on the Ozerki farm ... "(teacher 8th grade).
“For example, Marina and I didn’t know that today, for example, we would write an essay” (teacher of grade 8).
"Listen, today I was going to Severnoye. Well, in short, nothing worked out for me: there is no one to leave Tolik with. Listen, maybe you will go tomorrow? How great! Listen, I'll give you money: buy me baby shampoo" ( woman aged 22).
“I am in a hurry, so to speak. They are waiting for me, they are waiting, so to speak, probably ...” (a boy of 16 years old).
"In principle, there is nothing on my topic in the State Public Library for Science and Technology. In principle, you can sit in our reading room. There is much more material there ..." (student of the philological faculty).
“Actually speaking, today at the lesson we will pass the TRP standards. As a matter of fact, in one lesson we will not have time to pass all types ...” (Physical education teacher).
“So, you understand, what kind of youth has gone! So, you understand, they don’t want to keep a little bit of a cow ...” (Head of the rural administration).
"It means that I got to the competition of conductors by accident. I, therefore, sent my photo to the competition. We were selected for a year and a half. And, therefore, 16 people were selected ... I, therefore, among them ..." (a girl of years twenty).
"This, therefore, coincides, therefore, with our study ... We, therefore, do not know whether this is due to the fall of a meteorite ... More than twenty such moments are known, which means ..." (scientist in a TV show).
"However, for last year police officers of the detention groups of our department on patrol routes revealed 49 criminal offenses. However, 47 crimes were prevented..." (police colonel).
“Recently, five men were taken to the hospital, so to speak, with thermal burns. In the Moskvich car, a gas cylinder caught fire, transported, so to speak, with violations of safety rules ...” (district inspector).
"Yesterday we... this... were standing at the bus stop, waiting for the bus, and... this... you know who they saw?... Well, this one, like him..." (woman, 30 years old).
"I went to Oleg's hospital, and... that's the thing... there was some woman there near the hospital, or rather, there was some woman in the hospital... Here... She was given a referral to this... that's the thing... warming up" (village resident, 50 years old).
"I don't know, there... I heard that... there... he wanted to come" (middle-aged man).
Weed words can be used in fiction as a means of characterizing characters. In the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Wedding with the General", the rear admiral says: "Yeah ... so ... Tea, now everything has gone in a new way, not the way it was with us ... But we have something to think about ... Every insignificant word has, so to speak, its own mysterious ... er ... bewilderment ... On today's, so to speak, day ... um ... On which we, having gathered to honor our beloved ... For example ... God forbid the memory ... ".
Another example would be the grandfather's speech from M. Gorky's story "Childhood": "That's it... Eh, you-and... Aha-a!"; "What-oh, fool?! Aha-ah! That's it ... Eh, you-and!".
The story of the uncultured postmaster from "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin" in "Dead Souls" by N.V. is oversaturated with weeds. Gogol: “Well, you can imagine, some sort of, that is, that is, Captain Kopeikin, and suddenly found himself in a capital that is like, so to speak, not in the world. Suddenly, in front of him is a light, so to speak, a certain field of life, the fabulous Scheherazade. Suddenly some kind of, you can imagine, Nevsky Prospekt, or there, you know, some sort of Gorokhovaya, damn it! hell, you can imagine, without any, that is, touch - in a word ... Semiramis, sir, and it’s full!
In the mouth of Petrukha from the story "Farewell to Matera" by V. Rasputin, the author put the following phrase: "Sorry, move over, law, he is cunning. He, sorry, move over, oh-oh-oh! It's not very easy with him!"
Weed words should not be confused with word repetitions. For example: "Petya is a good boy and a good friend. He is a good student and a good sportsman." Word good in no case of its use is it a weed, since each time it realizes its linguistic meaning - "quite positive in its qualities, such as it should be." The lexical norm in this statement is not violated. It violates the stylistic norm - the requirement for a variety of speech. Given this requirement, the above text could be edited as follows: "Petya is a kind boy, a faithful (reliable) friend, a good student and a good athlete."
Notes
1. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language: (Grammatical doctrine of the word). M.-L., 1947. S. 744.
2. Literary newspaper. 2003. No. 17. P. 5.
3. Fomenko Yu.V. Types of speech errors: Proc. allowance. Novosibirsk, 1994. S. 14, 17.
(Techne grammatike (The Art of Grammar). - Issue 1. - Novosibirsk, 2004. - P. 530–534).
33. Neoplasms
The question of the relation of new formations that constantly arise in the language to the stylistic norm is very complicated. In connection with the scientific and technological revolution, the scientific style is filled with huge amount new terms. And this is quite natural. However, among the new terms a large share constitute Anglicisms (more precisely, Americanisms). Is it always advisable to use a borrowed term instead of forming your own Russian? The Russian language, as is known, has mastered various categories of borrowed vocabulary, among which the terminological layer stands out. “In words like computer, liner, or bit and byte ( different units information), - writes F. P. Filin, - there is nothing wrong; they are appropriate in Russian. The problem is not the quality single word, but in the number of borrowed anglicisms", which "are included in our scientific and technical terminology and different kind the nomenclature is not hundreds and not thousands, but hundreds of thousands, if not more. Such a flow foreign vocabulary I have never tested the Russian language. This cannot but cause a certain anxiety for the fate vocabulary Russian language". One cannot but agree with the conclusion of F. P. Filin: “Of course, every science has its own terminological systems, many of the links of which are foreign, international and incomprehensible to the uninitiated. No one can call for the rejection of foreign language terminology, but everything must have its limits. The invasion of Anglicisms into Russian scientific and technical terminology, unprecedented in the history of the Russian language in its mass character, cannot be considered normal.
Within each stylistic norm, variations are possible, and sometimes necessary. After all, each style is heterogeneous in terms of genres, themes, etc. There are “border zones” in which the norms of different styles collide. Big role the form of manifestation of style also plays - written or oral. A. M. Peshkovsky also drew attention to the fact that orally scientific style(in the lecture genre) and in colloquial style a similar, albeit non-identical, syntactic structure appears - “nominative representation”.
Scientific report and a scientific article, of course, genres of the same style - scientific, but they manifest themselves in different forms- oral and written, therefore, in each case, their own versions of a single functional and stylistic norm operate. A report, especially one intended for a serious conference, is usually written in full. It requires precise wording, logical argumentation, sometimes statistical data, quotations, etc., i.e. everything that needs to be conveyed not approximately, but exactly. It is required to read the written text in advance to make sure that it can be spoken in 20 (or 15) minutes. At the same time, when preparing the text, one should be guided by the listener, i.e. strive for syntactic diversity, for some (within the norm of the genre) lexical and phraseological revival and, of course, avoid cumbersome constructions, unusual use of terms. “And if the text is designed for reading,” writes A. V. Chicherin, “this should affect its style: in addressing live listeners, in a greater variety of intonations that need to be fully realized in the process of reading.”
Undoubtedly oral form speech makes the necessary adjustments to the stylistic norms.
At one time, G. O. Vinokur considered the most important difference writing from oral, that with it a person “is forced to think about his language, choose words and expressions, i.e. act stylistically”, because “all of us, in in a certain sense, helpless before clean slate paper." “We can add to this,” V. G. Kostomarov rightly notes, “that we are all equally helpless in front of a microphone or on the podium of a crowded meeting ...”. Therefore oral public speech one must learn how to teach the writing of various styles.
Paradoxical as it may seem, against the backdrop of a rapidly developing public life, meetings, rallies, we paid little attention to the culture of public speech ... we would like to speak brightly and freely, but in fact we cannot: after all, this must be specially studied ... And where and how to study?
We do not have a specially designed upbringing in this regard - neither preschool, nor school.
As you know, the norms of such styles as formal business and colloquial everyday have few points of contact. Moreover, their mixing is unacceptable. According to M.N. Kozhina, “a functional-style orientation in the study of a language already at school (since it is at school that most people first of all form their culture of speech and receive stylistic assessments) would protect us from the “clerk”.
“... Clerical jargon,” K.I. Chukovsky wrote with bitterness, “leaked even into intimate speech... Even intimate letters are written in such jargon. And what is a thousand times sadder is that it is intensively instilled in children almost from infancy.
The Izvestia newspaper ... cited a letter that one eight-year-old schoolgirl wrote father:
"Dear Dad! I congratulate you on your birthday, I wish you new achievements in work, success in work and personal life. Your daughter Olya.
My father was upset and annoyed: “As if I received a telegram from the local committee, honestly” ... The letter is really bureaucratic, callous, deeply indifferent, without a single lively intonation.
Norms journalistic style, as already noted, are very wide, but the inclusion of stationery style elements in the language of the newspaper threatens to muffle the expressive mood inherent in it. T. G. Vinokur cites lines from a letter from a teacher of the Russian language: “If an article by a correspondent from Tbilisi in the newspaper Sovetsky Sport begins with the phrase: “A meeting of physical culture activists was devoted to the state of mass sports work,” then read the second phrase of this article no one will, and the reader, perhaps, will completely lose interest in the newspaper.
Chancellery is also unacceptable in works of a poetic nature.
“I remember how A. M. Gorky laughed,” recalls K. I. Chukovsky, “when the former senator, a respectable old man, who assured him that he could translate from “ten languages”, brought such a translation of a romantic fairy tale to the World Literature publishing house : "For lack of a red rose, my life will be broken."
Gorky pointed out to him that office turnover"for lack of" is out of place in a romantic fairy tale. The old man agreed and wrote in a different way: “Due to the absence of a red rose, my life will be broken,” which proved his complete unsuitability for the translation of romantic tales.
He translated the entire text in this style: "I need a red rose, and I will get one for myself." "As for my heart, it is given to the prince."
“For lack of”, “for lack of”, “as for” - all this was necessary in those government papers that the venerable senator signed all his life, but in Oscar Wilde’s fairy tale it seems mediocre nonsense.
Thus, each functional style has its own stylistic, or stylistic, norms, which vary depending on the variety of style, as well as oral or writing its manifestations. Stylistic norms are functional-speech branches of the literary and linguistic norm, therefore, consideration literary norm outside the functional and stylistic aspect will be incomplete and one-sided. One cannot but agree with M.N. Kozhina that the very “concept functional norm(at least practical) it is important to educate already at school.
Well, let's start with one of the most common weed words. In "Frequency
The word "well" is ancient; it can be found in many Slavic languages. True, the exact etymology of the word has not been established. Most linguists agree that "well" was originally an onomatopoeia. The question is what? The blow of a whip, the flight of an arrow, the sound of an ax? One thing can be said: our distant ancestors used “well” when they wanted to force the interlocutor to do something. The words “need”, “force”, perhaps, come from this particle. Over time, this "word-threat" began to be used to give the statement greater strength. Probably, we too, by abusing "well", unconsciously want to give our speech more significance. Philologists say that we say “well” in a dialogue, prompting the interlocutor to respond speech act, that is, this particle performs the functions of maintaining communication contact. Interestingly, in the Hittite language (there was such ancient people- Hittites) "nu" was placed before almost every phrase.
