1.3. Violence: types and forms

Obviously, individual victimhood, or the “victim complex”, is always realized in a situation that turned out to be sufficient for this. Such situations make demands on people that exceed their adaptive potential and are described in different terms: life difficulties, critical situations, negative life events, stressful life events, traumatic events, unwanted events, life crises, economic deprivation, disasters, catastrophes. Each of these situations is fraught with either a challenge or a threat to human life, and even causes irreparable losses (McCrae, 1984).

As discussed in the introduction, this handbook addresses a limited set of critical situations in which a person may exhibit victim behavior. This is:

1. various types of criminal offenses (attempted murder and grievous bodily harm, hooliganism, theft, fraud, extortion), as well as Act of terrorism, primarily hostage-taking;

2. various types of violence (domestic, school, mobbing) and rape;

3. various variants of addictive behavior (alcoholism, drug addiction, computer and game addiction, participation in destructive cults).

In this handbook, we do not cover situations where a person is the victim of an accident or domestic injury, although such scope is due solely to the limitation of the handbook. The issues of addictive behavior as a manifestation of the “complex” of the victim are also considered within the framework of the collision of the individual with various kinds of external and internal crises or critical situations.

When the term “victim” is used, it is very often, if not always, meant to mean violence against that victim. Consider the main classifications of types and forms of violence.

In the very general view Violence is defined as coercion against someone. The most common classification of types of violence, based on the nature of violent acts. It includes: physical, sexual, psychological (emotional), economic, etc. violence (Alekseeva, 2000).

Physical abuse is pushing, slapping, punching, kicking, using heavy objects, weapons and other external influences that lead to pain and injury. Such acts (insult by action), according to the Criminal Code Russian Federation, qualify as a crime.

Psychological (emotional) violence is threats, rudeness, bullying, verbal abuse and any other behavior that causes negative emotional reaction and heartache. Emotional abuse is much more difficult to identify. Although they do not leave bruises on the body, they can be much more destructive and, coupled with other kinds of influences, including physical ones, injure the psyche more.

Sexual violence is a type of harassment expressed in the form of both imposed sexual touching, sexual humiliation, and coercion to have sex and commit sexual acts (up to and including rape and incest) against the will of the victim.

Domestic violence, or domestic violence, includes physical, mental, emotional, and sexual abuse. It extends not only to married couples, but also to partners, lovers, ex-spouses, parents and children. It is not limited to heterosexual relationships.

Economic violence in the family, such as the sole distribution of family budget funds by the dominant family member and strict control over the expenditure of money on his part, is a form of expression of emotional pressure and insult.

Thus, violence is a form of manifestation of mental and / or physical coercion in relation to one of the interacting parties, which forces this party to do something against its will, desires, needs. Under the side in this case can be understood as an individual or a group of people (Khristenko, 2004).

The concepts of "violence" and "violent crime" in legal and psychological practice do not match. Foreign experts came to the conclusion that the concept of "violence" in relation to a person is very broad, and in addition to those actions that are covered by the Criminal Code, it also includes the following actions:

Coercion or encouragement to perform actions or deeds that a person does not want to do;

Involving a person in an activity through deceit, blackmail, manipulation, threat of physical violence or material damage, preventing the person from doing what he wants to do;

Abuse of power, and power is viewed broadly as the power of age (for example, an adult over children), the power of force, the power of popularity, the power of gender (for example, the power of a man over a woman) and other types of power.

Quite widespread is such a phenomenon as domestic violence (Osipova, 2005).

Based on a survey of the population in the United States (a similar study was conducted in a number of European countries with the same results), the severity coefficients of various crimes were determined (Table 1.1). As can be seen from the table, the most significant for people is sexual violence, which ranks second in severity after the death of the victim (Khristenko, 2005).

Table 1.1.

Signs of crimes and coefficients of severity of crimes according to the Sellin-Wolfgang index.

Violence may be individual or collective character and is always aimed at causing someone physical, psychological, moral or other damage.

Violence is divided into levels:

The level of the whole society, country;

The level of individual social groups;

The level of a small social group;

individual level.

The number of victims on different levels different. The most dangerous level, as noted by various authors (Antonyan), is the vertical manifestation of violence, that is, at the state level. In this case, any person, even occupying a high social position, becomes a potential victim.

As already mentioned, in this handbook we deal primarily with violence at the level of the individual.

The nature of violence can be divided into:

Explicit (open manifestation of violence);

Hidden (violence, veiled different ways), often achieved through financial impact (depriving the subject financial assistance, appropriations, etc.).

Almost any violence has the form of psychological violence, including physical violence - the fear of getting even more damage than is already there. Physical abuse can be seen as an extension of psychological abuse. The exception is unexpected physical violence: an unexpected attack, death, damage to any organs that led to the impossibility of resistance.

Thus, in modern psychology, the concept of "violence" includes any act, the main purpose of which is to control the behavior of a partner, imposing his will on him without taking into account his own interests, desires, feelings, etc. Violence is any method of behavior (simple or complex, verbal or non-verbal) used to control the thoughts, feelings and actions of another, against his desire, will or beliefs, but with a psychological ( and often material) benefit for the rapist.

Despite the fact that the term "violence" is used very widely, there is some ambiguity in the interpretation of the semantic content of this concept. For example, in jurisprudence, violence is the use by a certain class or other social group of various forms of coercion in order to acquire or maintain economic or political dominance, to win certain privileges.

Very often the term "violence" is replaced by the term "aggression". However, although these terms have similar semantic content, they are not completely identical (Khristenko, 2004). The term "aggression" is usually used to describe any active, attacking, destructive actions. The term "violence" is used very widely, often as a synonym for aggression, while having a slightly different interpretation.

Aggression- these are intentional actions aimed at causing harm to another person, group of people or animal; aggressiveness- this is a property of the individual, expressed in readiness for aggression (Rean, 1999).

Aggression - any form of behavior aimed at insulting or harming another living being who does not want such treatment (Baron, Richardson, 1999). This definition includes two different types aggression. Both of them are characteristic of animals: this is social aggression, which is characterized by demonstrative outbursts of rage, and silent aggression, similar to that which a predator shows when it sneaks up on its prey. Social aggression and silent aggression are associated with the functioning of different parts of the brain (Myers, 1998).

There are two types of aggression in humans: hostile aggression and instrumental aggression. The source of hostile aggression is anger. Her sole purpose is to cause harm. In the case of instrumental aggression, harm is not an end in itself, but a means to some other positive end.

Silmann ( Zillmann, 1979) replaced the terms "hostile" and "instrumental" with "stimulus-driven" and "drive-driven". Stimulus-driven aggression refers to actions that are taken primarily to eliminate or alleviate an unpleasant situation. harmful influence. Motivation-driven aggression refers to actions that are taken primarily to achieve various external benefits.

Dodge and Koyi ( Dodge, Coie, 1987) suggested using the terms "reactive aggression" and "proactive aggression". Reactive aggression involves retaliation in response to a perceived threat. Proactive aggression, like instrumental aggression, generates behavior (for example, coercion, influence, intimidation) aimed at obtaining a certain positive result.

Freud (Myers, 1998) believed that the source of human aggression is the transfer by the individual of the energy of the primitive drive to death (which he called the "death instinct") from himself to external objects. Lorentz, who studied animal behavior, viewed aggression as an adaptive rather than a self-destructive behavior. But both scientists are unanimous that the aggressive energy has an instinctive nature. In their opinion, if it does not find discharge, then it accumulates until it explodes or until a suitable stimulus releases it. Lorentz also believed that we do not have innate mechanisms for inhibiting aggression, since they would make us defenseless.

Criticism of all evolutionary theories aggression is based on the following arguments:

No genes directly associated with aggressive behavior have been found;

All arguments are based on observations of animal behavior;

The very logic of reasoning about the manifestations of the adaptability of any behavior raises doubts.

However, although the propensity of people to aggression does not necessarily qualify as an instinct, aggression is still biologically determined. In both animals and humans, scientists have found areas nervous system responsible for the manifestation of aggression. When these brain structures are activated, hostility increases; deactivating them leads to a decrease in hostility. Also, temperament - how receptive and reactive we are - is given to us from birth and depends on the reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. The chemical composition of the blood is another factor that affects the sensitivity of the nervous system to the stimulation of aggression. Those who are intoxicated are much easier to provoke aggressive behavior. Aggression is also influenced by the male sex hormone testosterone.

Drive theories suggest that the source of aggression is primarily an externally induced urge, or urge, to harm others. The most widespread among the theories of this trend was the frustration-aggression theory proposed several decades ago by Dollard and his colleagues (Baron and Richardson, 1999). The existing frustration-aggression theory is intended to explain hostile, not instrumental, aggression. According to this theory, an individual who has experienced frustration (i.e., blocking goal-directed behavior) has an impulse to aggression. In some cases, the aggressive impulse meets some external obstacles or is suppressed by the fear of punishment. However, even in this case, the impulse remains and can lead to aggressive actions, although in this case they will be aimed not at the true frustrator, but at other objects in relation to which aggressive actions can be performed without hindrance and with impunity, i.e. in this case, displaced aggression will appear.

Cognitive models of aggression consider the processes (emotional and cognitive) that underlie this type of behavior. According to theories this direction, the nature of a person's understanding and interpretation of someone's actions, for example, as threatening or provocative, has a decisive influence on his feelings and behavior. In turn, the degree of emotional arousal or negative affectation experienced by a person affects the cognitive processes of assessing threatening danger. Each person has stable patterns for the implementation of aggression, that is, the principles of sorting. These are areas of value. To sort the environment, a person uses the I-concept: only with the help of the latter, a signal from the outside world causes a resonance of the so-called “strings of the soul”.

And the last theoretical direction considers aggression primarily as a social phenomenon, namely, as a form of behavior learned in the process of social learning. According to social learning theories, a deep understanding of aggression can only be achieved by assessing whether:

1. how the aggressive model of behavior was learned;

2. what factors provoke its manifestation;

3. what conditions contribute to the consolidation of this model.

Aggressive reactions are acquired and maintained through direct participation in situations of manifestation of aggression, as well as passive observation. If aggression is an instinct or impulse, it means that a person is pushed to the appropriate behavior internal forces or external stimuli (for example, frustration). Social learning theories, on the other hand, argue that aggression appears only in appropriate social conditions.

The whole variety of forms of aggressiveness can also be divided into heteroaggression (focused on others) and autoaggression (focused on oneself). In turn, both hetero- and auto-aggression are divided into direct and indirect form. Direct heteroaggression is murder, rape, beating, etc.; indirect heteroaggression - threats, imitation of murder, insult, profanity, etc. The extreme manifestation of direct autoaggression is suicide. The category of indirect auto-aggression should include all psychosomatic diseases, adaptation diseases, all non-specific diseases of internal organs that have smooth muscles and autonomic innervation.

In turn, violence, as well as aggression:

It is first of all an action, not a desire to act;

Makes any changes to the structure of the application object beyond its will.

Violent actions always have an inner meaning, they are committed in order to achieve some goal, which is not always recognized by others and even by the rapist himself.

Thus, in some cases, when the purpose of violence was to cause harm, the concepts of "aggression" and "violence" are identical and their use as synonyms is legitimate.

As already mentioned, aggression and violence can be physical and psychological in nature.

It is believed that the main methods of psychological violence are most often:

Isolation (informational and even physical deprivation; deprivation of information or strict control over it);

Discredit (deprivation of the right to own understanding and opinion; ridicule and unconstructive criticism);

Monopolization of perception (forced fixation of attention on the aggressor, since he is the main source of threats);

Strengthening trivial requirements (many small rules that are impossible not to break; therefore, there are constant reasons for nitpicking, which causes chronic guilt);

Demonstration of the “omnipotence” of the rapist (in any case, the rapist tries to demonstrate and emphasize his supercompetence, comparing himself with the “clumsy” victim; moreover, both everyday and professional skills and even physical strength. The purpose of such comparisons is to instill fear, a sense of failure, as opposed to the "authority" of the rapist);

? "accidental indulgences" (the rapist sometimes rewards his victim with attention and warm feelings, but does this either rarely, or inappropriately, or in order to reinforce the behavior the aggressor needs, or in a paradoxical and unexpected way - so as to cause disorientation and stun);

Humiliation and mockery, ridicule in the presence of other people;

Control over the satisfaction of physical needs (for food, sleep, rest, etc.), which leads to physical exhaustion of the victim;

Constant threats with or without reason, easily turning into physical violence;

Use of psychoactive substances (such as alcohol);

Inconsistent and unpredictable requirements;

Frequent and unpredictable mood swings of the aggressor, in which the victim is "guilty";

Forced to do ridiculous and aimless work.

If we consider psychological violence more broadly, then it can also include various methods psychological impact(influences): psychological coercion, attack, manipulation and a number of others. These are actions that also fall into the category of "mind control strategies." The goal of "mind control strategies" is to manipulate the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of others in a given context over a period of time, resulting in a relatively greater benefit to the manipulater than to the affected. The changes that are made can precisely focus or act on a wide range of human relationships. They may appear suddenly or develop gradually, they may be evoked with or without the awareness of any manipulative or persuasive intent of the agent of influence, and they may result in temporary or permanent changes.

Although some types of mind control use what are called "exotic" techniques, such as hypnosis, drugs, and harassing attacks directly on the brain, most forms of mind control are more mundane ( Schwitzgebel, Schwitzgebel, 1973; Varela, 1971; Weinstein, 1990). They rely on the use of fundamental human needs to achieve compliance or obedience to the desired rules and behavioral instructions of the agent of influence ( Deikman, 1990; Milgram, 1992). Although some agents of influence are "compliance professionals" working within an institutional setting, especially governmental, religious, military or business settings, many of them are also "intuitive persuaders" who regularly use the "poke method", a tactic of home means of achieving malleability for personal gain and control over others, often work colleagues, friends, and relatives ( Cialdini, 1993; Zimbardo, Leippe, 1991).

The mechanism of compliance (the compulsion of one person to comply with the demand of another) can be understood if one considers the propensity of people to automatic, stereotyped responses ( Ash, 1951; barker, 1984; Cialdini, 1993; franks, 1961; Zimbardo, 1972). Representatives of most social groups have "created" a set of qualities (or traits) that play the role of triggers in the process of compliance, that is, a set of specific pieces of information that usually "tell" a person that agreeing to a demand is most likely correct and beneficial. Each of these pieces of information can be used as a tool to influence people to agree to a demand.

AT classical work on the psychology of influence, R. Cialdini (Cialdini, 1999) considers several basic principles (rules) that are most often used as an instrument of influence.

The principle of reciprocity. In accordance with this rule, a person tries in a certain way to repay what another person has provided him. The reciprocity rule often forces people to conform to the demands of others. The essence of one of the favorite "profitable" tactics of a certain kind of "compliance professionals" is to give something to a person before asking him for a favor in return.

There is another way to force a person to make concessions using the reciprocity rule. Instead of being the first to render a favor that will lead to a return favor, the individual may initially make a concession that will push the opponent to return the concession.

The principle of commitment and consistency. Psychologists have long discovered that most people strive to be and appear consistent in their words, thoughts, and deeds. Three factors underlie this tendency to consistency. First, consistency in behavior is highly valued by society. Secondly, consistent behavior contributes to solving the most different tasks in everyday life. Thirdly, consistency orientation creates opportunities for the formation of valuable stereotypes in the complex conditions of modern existence. Consistently adhering to previously made decisions, a person may not process all relevant information in standard situations; instead he should just remember earlier decision and react accordingly.

The principle of social proof. According to the principle of social proof, people, in order to decide what to believe and how to act in a given situation, are guided by what other people believe and do in a similar situation. The tendency to imitate was found in both children and adults. This tendency is manifested when committing the most different actions such as making a decision to buy something, donating money to charitable causes, and even getting rid of phobias. The principle of social proof can be applied to induce a person to comply with this or that requirement; wherein this person report that many people (the more the better) agree or agreed with this requirement.

The principle of social proof is most effective in the presence of two factors. One of them is insecurity. When people are in doubt, when the situation seems uncertain to them, they are more likely to pay attention to the actions of others and consider these actions to be correct. For example, when people are in doubt about the need to help someone, the actions of others influence their decision to help much more than in an obvious emergency. The second factor in the presence of which the principle of social proof has greatest influence, this is a similarity. People are more likely to follow the example of those who are similar to them.

The principle of favor. People prefer to agree with those individuals who are familiar and sympathetic to them. Knowing about this rule, "compliance professionals" usually try to look as attractive as possible.

The second factor influencing the attitude towards a person and the degree of compliance is similarity. People always like those people who are similar to them, and they are more willing to agree with the requirements of just such people, often unconsciously. It has also been observed that people who lavish praises evoke favor. Listening to compliments, including those spoken for selfish reasons, can lead to backfire because it makes people more accommodating.

Another factor that, as a rule, affects the attitude towards any person or object is a close acquaintance with him.

The principle of authority. The tendency to obey legitimate authorities is due to the centuries-old practice of instilling in members of society the idea that such obedience is right. In addition, it is often convenient for people to obey the orders of true authorities, since they usually have large stock knowledge, wisdom and strength. For these reasons, reverence for authorities may arise unconsciously. Obedience to authority is often presented to people in a rational way decision making.

The principle of scarcity. According to the principle of scarcity, people value more what is less available. This principle is often applied to take advantage of compliance techniques such as quantity-limiting tactics or deadline, with which the "professionals of compliance" try to convince us that access to what they offer is strictly limited.

The principle of scarcity has on people strong influence for two reasons. First, because things that are difficult to acquire tend to be more valuable, assessing the availability of an item or experience is often a rational way of assessing its quality. Second, when things become less accessible, we lose some of our freedom.

According to the theory of psychological reactance, people respond to the restriction of freedom by increasing the desire to have it (along with the goods and services associated with it) in full.

The principle of "instant" influence. In conditions modern life of particular importance is the ability to quickly accept right decisions. Although all people prefer well-considered solutions, the variety of forms and fast pace modern life often does not allow them to carefully analyze all the relevant pros and cons. Increasingly, people are being forced to take a different approach to decision-making, an approach that is based on stereotypical behaviors, whereby the decision to give in (or agree, or believe, or buy) is made on the basis of a single, usually trustworthy, piece of information.

The following are definitions of the various types psychological influence(Dotsenko, 1996; Steiner, 1974; Jones, 1964; Sidorenko, 2004).

Argumentation- presenting and discussing arguments in favor of certain decision or position in order to form or change the attitude of the interlocutor to a given decision or position.

self-promotion- announcing your goals and presenting evidence of your competence and qualifications in order to be appreciated and thereby gain advantages in elections, when appointed to a position, etc.

Suggestion- conscious unreasoned impact on a person or a group of people, with the aim of changing their state, attitude to something and creating a predisposition to certain actions.

Infection- transfer of one's state or attitude to another person or group of people who somehow (not yet found an explanation) adopt this state or attitude. The state can be transmitted both involuntarily and arbitrarily, assimilated - also involuntarily or arbitrarily.

Awakening the impulse to imitate- the ability to cause the desire to be like oneself. This ability can be both involuntary manifested and arbitrarily used. The desire to imitate and imitation (copying someone else's behavior and way of thinking) can also be arbitrary and involuntary.

Favor formation- attracting the addressee's involuntary attention to himself by showing the initiator of his own originality and attractiveness, expressing favorable judgments about the addressee, imitating him or rendering him a service.

Request- an appeal to the addressee with an appeal to satisfy the needs or desires of the initiator of the impact.

Ignoring- deliberate inattention, absent-mindedness in relation to the partner, his statements and actions. Most often it is perceived as a sign of neglect and disrespect, but in some cases it acts as a tactful form of forgiveness for tactlessness or awkwardness made by a partner.

Attack- a sudden attack on someone else's psyche, committed with or without conscious intention and is a form of emotional stress discharge. Making disparaging or offensive judgments about a person's personality; rude aggressive condemnation, defamation or ridicule of his deeds and deeds; a reminder of the shameful or regrettable facts of his biography; peremptory imposition of their advice, etc.

A psychological attack carries many features of a physical attack, being its symbolic replacement.

An attack can be made:

With a specific purpose;

For a specific reason;

For a specific reason and with a specific purpose.

In the first case, we can talk about a targeted attack, in the second - about an impulsive attack, in the third - about an all-out attack. An attack operation can take three forms:

Destructive criticism;

Destructive statements;

destructive advice.

1. Destructive criticism- This:

Disparaging or offensive judgments about a person's personality;

Rough aggressive condemnation, defamation or ridicule of his deeds and deeds, significant people for him, social communities, ideas, values, works, material objects, etc.;

Rhetorical questions aimed at discovering and “correcting” shortcomings.

2. Destructive statements- This:

Mentions and reminders of objective facts of a biography that a person is not able to change and which he most often could not influence (national, social and racial origin; urban or rural origin; occupation of parents; illegal behavior of someone close; their alcoholism or drug addiction in the family, hereditary and chronic diseases, natural constitution, especially growth, facial features, myopia or other visual impairment, hearing, etc.);

3. Destructive advice- This:

Peremptory directions, commands and instructions not implied by partners' social or work relationships.

Compulsion- is the stimulation of a person to perform certain actions with the help of threats (overt or implied) or deprivation.

Coercion is possible only if the coercive person really has the ability to implement threats, that is, the authority to deprive the addressee of any benefits or to change the conditions of his life and work. Such possibilities can be called controlling. By forcing, the initiator threatens to use his controlling abilities in order to get the desired behavior from the addressee.

In the most brutal forms of coercion, threats of physical violence may be used. Subjectively, coercion is experienced as pressure: by the initiator - as their own pressure, by the addressee - as pressure on him from the initiator or "circumstances".

Forms of coercion:

Announcement of rigidly defined deadlines or ways of performing work without any explanation or justification;

Imposition of non-negotiable prohibitions and restrictions;

Fear of possible consequences;

The threat of punishment, in the most brutal forms - physical violence.

Coercion is a method of influence that is limited in the scope of its possible application, since the initiator of influence must have leverage of non-psychological pressure on the addressee.

One of the most common types of psychological influence is manipulation. Psychological manipulation is a type of psychological influence that leads to a hidden excitation in another person of intentions that do not coincide with his existing desires. Manipulation also usually means a hidden (or subconscious) psychological impact on the interlocutor in order to achieve beneficial behavior for the manipulator. That is, manipulation is a hidden coercion, programming of thoughts, intentions, feelings, attitudes, attitudes, behavior.

The Oxford Dictionary defines manipulation as “the act of influencing or controlling people or things with dexterity, especially with disparaging connotations, such as hidden control or processing” (Dotsenko, 2003).

The metaphor of psychological manipulation contains three important features:

The idea of ​​"picking up"

A prerequisite for maintaining the illusion of independence of decisions and actions of the addressee of the impact,

The skill of the manipulator in the implementation of methods of influence.

There are also five groups of features, each of which has a generalized criterion that claims to be included in the definition of manipulation:

1. generic trait - psychological impact;

2. the attitude of the manipulator to another as a means of achieving their own goals;

3. the desire to get a one-sided win;

4. the hidden nature of the impact (both the fact of the impact and its direction);

5. using (psychological) strength, playing on weaknesses. In addition, two more criteria turned out to be somewhat isolated:

6. motivation, motivational introduction;

7. skill and skill in the implementation of manipulative actions.

There are a number of clarifying definitions of manipulation.

Manipulation is a type of psychological influence in which the skill of a manipulator is used to covertly introduce goals, desires, intentions, relationships or attitudes into the psyche of the addressee that do not match those that the addressee has in this moment.

Manipulation is a psychological impact aimed at changing the direction of another person's activity, performed so skillfully that it goes unnoticed by him.

Manipulation is a psychological impact aimed at implicitly inducing another to perform certain actions by the manipulator.

Manipulation is a skillful inducement of another to achieve (pursue) an indirectly embedded goal by the manipulator.

The degree of success of manipulation largely depends on how wide the arsenal of means of psychological influence used by the manipulator and how flexible the manipulator is in their use. Usually, the means of manipulation are reduced to several groups (given in the order corresponding to the frequency of their mention):

1. information handling;

2. concealment of manipulative influence;

3. the degree and means of coercion, the use of force;

4. target exposure;

5. The theme of roboticity, machine-likeness of the addressee of the impact.

There are the following means by which the deployment of manipulative influence is carried out.

1. Determination of the impact vector based on subtasks. For example, diverting the attention of the addressee from a certain area, limiting attention to the required content, reducing the criticality of the addressee, increasing one's own rank in his eyes, introducing the required desire, intention, aspiration into the consciousness of the addressee, isolation from the influence of other people, control of other possible interference and etc.

2. Selection of the type of force (weapon of influence) to exert pressure. For example, seizing the initiative, introducing your topic, reducing the time to make a decision, bringing to a state (or choosing the moment) when the criticality of the addressee is reduced, advertising oneself or hinting at broad connections and opportunities, demonstrating (or imitation) one’s own qualifications, appealing to those present , the creation of a mythical majority, etc.

3. The search for a motive through which you can penetrate into the mental sphere, "get into the soul." It will not necessarily be the desire for success, money, fame or sexual satisfaction. Any significant motive can turn out to be “strings of the soul”: worries due to short stature (fullness, illness, shoe size), pride that he is an intellectual in the fourth generation (eldest son, Don Cossack), hobbies, curiosity, intolerance towards some type of people, etc.

4. Gradual build-up of pressure along various lines (if required):

Density increase (a number of influences similar in content or form);

The totality of the impact - its diversity, variety of channels and targets of impact;

Constancy - perseverance, reaching to importunity;

Intensity - increasing the power of influence.

The most common consequences of any type of violence are:

Low self-esteem of the victim, extremely distorted self-concept;

Emotional maladaptation and disorientation (chronic guilt; "burnout" - inability to experience positive emotions; frequent depression; hypersensitivity; high anxiety; repressed need for love - they want warmth, but are afraid of close relationships; pessimism, a sense of a failed, "unhappy" life);

Intellectual dysfunctions (inflexibility, uncriticality, narrowness of thinking; low concentration of attention; bad memory etc.; "mental blocks" in personally significant situations; sometimes up to derealization, when situations of violence are repressed - "this is all a dream");

Learned helplessness, inability to make independent decisions and responsible actions;

They are waiting for someone to solve their problems, push them to the right life choice and deed, hence the lack of initiative of the victims of violence in work and personal life;

Diverse and extensive psychosomatic disorders. The consequences listed above lead to the constant reproduction of dependent relations "rapist - victim". The victim unconsciously seeks strong man» or becomes a rapist herself (identification with the aggressor); there may be mixed options. In mothers, the tendency to violence is often transferred to children.