At the beginning of a relationship, lovers live in the illusion that they are the first people on earth, magically created for each other. As if they have no past and cannot be. But the relationship is developing. And gradually we begin to be interested in what and how happened in the life of our “half” before we met her. We ask questions and find out the details. And we keep pushing, even if the answers make us suffer. Acute curiosity about the past of another, grief about the past love stories- what is behind them?

Looking for landmarks

“I just can’t stop: again and again I ask Andrey about his former life. I want to know everything about him!” - admits 34-year-old Inga, who married three years ago. “Questions about the past are dictated primarily by the natural desire to get to know another person better,” comments family psychotherapist Alexander Chernikov, “to get closer to understanding what he really is. And rejoice at the opportunity to appreciate a partner, including for his dissimilarity to us.

It is also important for us to understand what he went through, what actions he did, what he was guided by when choosing his former partners, and for what reasons they broke up. All this seems to help evaluate how we fit together. To make sure we're a really good couple... or to be entrenched in doubt.

But when the interest in the life of a loved one becomes too intrusive, when it is difficult to cope with our curiosity, this may mean that we are looking for something in his past that would allow us to feel more confident. “The feeling of love gives rise to anxiety, so we unconsciously look for some kind of landmark with which we can check,” explains psychoanalyst Sophie Kadalen. “And for some of us, the partner’s past plays a role.”

It seems that if you find out how he lived before, find out what and whom she loved, then you can understand how he or she will live on and what she will love tomorrow. But such an assumption is just our fantasy, because new love doesn't look like the old one. A unique alchemical reaction takes place between the lovers, over which they have no control, and the past, alas, can not say anything about their present or future.

When it's better to keep silent about the past

Is it always worth satisfying your partner's curiosity? There are cases when it is better to evade the answer, says psychotherapist Elena Ulitova. We do not coincide with another person completely and have the right to our own personal space. This separateness is part of our attraction to the other. When something is hidden, there is a feeling of mystery, a desire to unravel it. And when everything is open and accessible, the mystery disappears. If a partner asks us too insistently, sometimes there is an instinctive desire to close, not to answer. In this case, it makes sense to clarify what exactly he wants to know and why. Maybe it will be more beneficial for both of us to talk about our relationship in the present than to delve into the past. You should not answer questions about our life if the response hurts us - for example, a partner speaks badly about our friends or relatives, condemns our actions. By allowing someone to devalue our past, we lose a part of ourselves. And vice versa, if our story upsets the partner - for example, he considers himself in some way worse than someone from our past - this is also a reason to remain silent next time. If we still touch the painful for loved one topics, it is important to emphasize (with words or by touch) how dear he is to us.

A sign of uncertainty

“After graduate school, I worked under a contract for two years abroad. And until now, it is worth mentioning this, my husband is sure to sigh with annoyance. We have been married for 20 years, but he still seems to be jealous of my past, by the time I lived without him,” says 52-year-old Alexandra with a smile. “For some, as well as for Alexandra's husband, it is important to personally possess the object of their love,” says psychotherapist Elena Ulitova. - And it is difficult to accept that a loved one can enjoy in itself, just as it is difficult to overcome the conviction that he, like his past, should belong entirely to a partner. I think such a reaction is primarily a sign of insecurity in the relationship.

Mary is rather flattered by her husband's annoyance: jealousy for her past is evidence for her that she is still not indifferent to him. “Just don’t abuse such evidence of love,” Elena Ulitova warns. - Jealousy is one of the most powerful, destructive and painful emotions. If the partner suffers, the relationship will also suffer.”

Generosity required

Some women are opposed to their new spouse dating children from a previous marriage. Some men demand that their partner burn all the bridges that tie her to her former family. In doing so, they are trying to strengthen their family... but they risk having the exact opposite result. “Their demands are devastating, because a break with their past always gives rise to a strong internal stress, which can lead to depression, ”warns family therapist Alexander Chernikov.

“I think I could not love a man who speaks badly of his past life, - reflects 45-year-old Regina, who recent years lives with a new companion. - Although, to be honest, sometimes it’s hard for me to listen to my beloved talk about some pleasant moments- for example, about what he has a good relationship with kids. Especially since we don't have kids." Well, if passion does not want to know anything about the past, then a mature relationship in a couple, on the contrary, is based on its acceptance and respect for it. To save your love, you can not do without generosity and tolerance.

Stream of memories

“My partner worked in a theater troupe, they toured all over Europe, but by the time we met, his career had ended badly,” says 40-year-old Veronica, who has ten years of married life behind her. - And now, as soon as we meet some new people, he begins to talk non-stop about how happy he was then. like ours present life completely empty and uninteresting!

Do not lose sight of the fact that jealousy is a play for two. “If a partner always returns to his past, emphasizing that everything was better before, then the completely natural reaction of the other is an insult that may not speak of his jealous nature at all,” notes Elena Ulitova. “After all, if a person living with us all the time makes it clear that he has already seen everything and experienced everything before us, it’s just annoying.”

New love is never the same as the old one. Therefore, the past cannot say anything about the present or the future of lovers.

Where does such boasting come from? “When there is a crisis in a relationship, some begin to look back, sigh about their former life, and sometimes embellish it,” says Sophie Kadalen. - Behind such behavior, an indirect reproach addressed to the partner may be hidden: the person wonders if their relationship is good enough. Why else would memories suddenly fill his whole life?” When we compare the past with the present, the present usually loses - after all, the past is easy to idealize, we are free to do whatever we want with it. And the present day by day confronts us with new situations.

Yulia Latynina, journalist

“I have a hard time getting along with people and prefer not to break off relationships for a long time. But I never try to somehow "fix" the other person. As a rule, we like something in another, but we don’t like something. But it's all so closely intertwined! If you change what you don’t like, something will definitely happen in the part that you like. My position is this: what a person wants, he tells about his past. If he does not want to talk about something, you should respect him. Of course, if he is generally silent like a fish, then, excuse me, I will not be interested: I want to listen to him. Not to find out his ins and outs, but because he is interesting to me. Whether or not to talk about my past is another choice for me. Why impose yours on him? First of all, he is interesting - the way he is. Not red, green or blue. There is no need to repaint it - this is perhaps the main thing.

Past wounds

Often, when we are jealous, we awaken in us the little girl or boy that we once were. They always live within us and just wait for a reason to manifest. Unconsciously, some of us like to reopen old wounds: such people experience an almost masochistic pleasure when childhood rivalry is awakened, the eternal question: “Who mom and dad love more?”

“Such a person from childhood considers himself so unattractive that he is always afraid that they will stop loving him, and he is convinced that his partner, no matter what happens, will always prefer his past life to him,” notes Elena Ulitova. But with such a low self-esteem of a person, no partner can give him sufficient self-confidence. Only work on yourself will help to cope with deeply hidden anxiety.

Erotic Charge

“I can’t help myself! We have been married for eight years, but even now I happen to wake my husband up to ask him how it was with others, ”admits 34-year-old Arina.

“A lot of people get excited by imagining their partner with someone else,” says Elena Ulitova. - Asking about the details, we immerse the partner in erotic memories, which in themselves are a powerful sexual stimulus: he (she) re-experiences his desire and transfers it to us. Even if we are jealous at the same time - and this is almost always the case - it is the ambiguity of the experience, which combines both challenge, competition, and sensual attraction, that gives the relationship an additional edge.

Understand and rethink

“Albina's ex-husband was not a poor man,” says 36-year-old Konstantin. - She and I have been together for six years, and all this time I have been jealous of her - not for him, but for that material well-being which he provided for her. She moved in with me with some priceless crockery. In each plate, as if there was already a reproach for me. I figured it out later, and so little by little these plates just slipped out of my hands, until there was nothing left of the service! Thank God we had the sense of humor to just laugh at it."

Humor is one of the best antidotes for understandable jealousy of a partner's past. It always helps to re-look at the situation with an open mind. It seems that in this case, the "priceless dishes" served as a kind of expiatory sacrifice: Konstantin transferred his feelings to it - and freed himself from them along with the plates. Having discovered this relationship, the couple laughed together: such moments of mutual understanding are a great way to accept the past of a loved one.

06.03.2007, 16:12

Suggest questions for discussion

Can you learn from your own mistakes?
Can you take care of your past?
Should we remember the past?
How to get rid of the psychological trauma of childhood?
Is the past a chimera or an integral part of me?
Is the past my life or my dying?
Influence of the past life on the present.
The benefits and harms of past experience
Overcoming the past
Back to the roots
The past as the creator of the present and the future
The past as a brake on self-development

06.03.2007, 16:30

How does he relate to his past with love?
Just like treating with love, well ... let's say ... your knee. You just have it and that's it.

It depends on what you mean by study. There will be some learning anyway. For example, the ability to be afraid of dogs.

If by this we mean maintaining memory in working condition, then yes.
Should we remember the past?
Depends on the situation.

There are many options. Gestalt therapy, NLP, psychoanalysis, craniotomy at last!

An integral part of

This is experience, this is life.

Absolute
The benefits and harms of past experience
The benefits and harms of the knee.
Overcoming the past
elaboration, understanding
Back to the roots

Too many questions for one topic.
:)

Governor

06.03.2007, 16:43

If you depict a person in the space-time continuum, then he will be something similar to a snake. A small tail stretches from the hospital (or where he was born there), penetrating an uncountable number of times native home, nursery, school, university, various works and places of rest, constantly thickening and approaching the head, which is his present appearance and is in his present location and time.

Now, this whole serpent, except for the tiny head, is in the past. Everything that each of us represents is his past. And I sincerely do not understand those who say that he has no past (hello Sifo and Kryukov). Our serpent crawls, absorbing all new spaces and changing in time. He intersects with thousands of other kites and with himself. To take away his past is to cut off his head. Those. finish him off.

* How does he relate to his past with love?

To treat oneself, one's surroundings, life and people with love means to treat one's and their past with love. After all, we are all space-time snakes. Love not only your head, but also your body and tail, as every real snake does.

* Can you learn from your own mistakes?

Not "mona", but "nuna" (as in a joke). Only very wise people know how to learn (also) from strangers.

* Is it possible to take care of your past?

By taking care of the present, you are taking care of the past of your future.

* Is it worth remembering the past?

Necessarily. Human memory is arranged in such a way that the brightest and brightest moments are remembered. Those who are not so lucky in life. Whoever remembers evil is in its power.

* How to get rid of the psychological trauma of childhood?

The question is large and complex, lies in the competence of hypnologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists. Iero, probably, will tell in detail.

* The past - a chimera or my integral part?

Your past is you.

* Is the past my life or my dying?

Life. Dying, death never lies in the past of a living person. Are we all alive?

* Influence of the past life on the present.

Your serpent determined the place and time where you are now, as well as your appearance, the contents of your memory and soul. Could anything have more impact than this?

* The benefits and harms of past experience

The benefit is that this is the richest material for the analysis and synthesis of new solutions, behavior patterns, and error correction. The harm may be that a person overestimates the value of past experience. For example, depressed by constant failures, he refuses new attempts.

* Overcoming the past

The past cannot be overcome. But it can be done. Right now.

* Back to the roots

This is also a separate and large topic. In a nutshell, everyone needs it.

* The past as the creator of the present and the future

See about the space-time serpent.

* The past as a brake on self-development

Yes, it happens. The serpent is stuck in swamps and thickets and cannot move on. But he's not a simple snake - a magical one. He grows. It grows at any moment of time and it is not at all necessary to pull out a stuck body from the swamps, you can freely lay new way growing body. There are many examples of how people who were on the verge of despair and disaster pulled themselves by the hair, like Münghausen, and started a new successful life. There would be a desire, but the mechanisms and methods have been worked out for centuries ...

06.03.2007, 17:09

The past is what determines the assessment of the present and what creates the future. Or rather, not the past itself, but the memory of it. And the farther into the memory of the past, the stronger its influence. It can be said that all life collisions, events and accomplishments, the essence is unplayed children's games, unexperienced children's fears, unfulfilled childhood dreams ...
But, as some NLP ers say,

It's never too late to have a happy childhood. And love your own past. For,

You live today exactly as you yourself feel about your past.

blind spot

06.03.2007, 22:46

How does he relate to his past with love?
- Why?

Can you learn from your own mistakes?
- Yes. Usually once is enough.

Can you take care of your past?
- Yes, to compose legends, to decorate.

Should we remember the past?
- Individually. In the circle of friends and joint, nice.

How to get rid of the psychological trauma of childhood?
- The Enelpers know.

Is the past a chimera or an integral part of me?
- My memory through the prism of my current perception and experience.

Is the past my life or my dying?
- Neither one nor the other.

Influence of the past life on the present.
- Definitely there is.

The benefits and harms of past experience
- Why is there a name for negative and interfering beliefs - cockroaches - and there is no analogue for positive ones? Harm in cockroaches, benefit in antonym (conditionally, bees).

Overcoming the past
- Like any overcoming of oneself, it is extremely resource-intensive. There are other options.

Back to the roots
- Traditionally useful.

The past as the creator of the present and the future
- Why how?

The past as a brake on self-development
- It is also its frame. The issue of balancing rigid and flexible structures.

06.03.2007, 22:50

There was such a story. There was a period when I had a lot of free time, I had the opportunity to devote it to reviewing my own life, and I began to remember the past, including the numerous mistakes that had taken place in it. Gradually I realized that I can forgive myself for them, that the experience gained is very nice. Everything turned out to be very nice, for a short time I restored my self-esteem to enough high level. (Before that, it was quite underestimated due to not too pleasant circumstances). Having done all this work, I was sure that now my life would be very easy and simple, but I was wrong. I did not know that indulging in memories, I got bogged down in such a terrible quagmire that it is even difficult to describe. In general, when I again fell into the whirlpool of events, I realized that I was guided in life not better, but worse than before. Dealt with the past, but almost lost the present.
And now I'm thinking - and figs with him, with this past, the less you return to him, the better. Life experience-always different past experience does nothing for the present.

Assemblage point

06.03.2007, 22:59

How does he relate to his past with love?

Consciously. Understand and appreciate the precious experience of the past. Let go of the negative and learn to use the positive moments...:)

Can you learn from your own mistakes?

Necessary. We do them in order to learn :)

Can you take care of your past?

I don't really understand the question. ..Probably yes. How about intimate, pleasant moments, which we are either given a new creative power, or about those indicative moments that teach us, help us to re-realize something again and again, to understand even deeper ...

]Is it worth remembering the past?

Worth as needed.

How to get rid of the psychological trauma of childhood?

By establishing the causes and working through them gradually ...

Is the past a chimera or an integral part of me?

An integral part ... exactly as much as I need :)

Is the past my life or my dying?

This is my story... :)

Influence of the past life on the present.

Constantly. What I am now is the result of the past.

The benefits and harms of past experience

Both options are present ... But in the end, there should be benefit ... even through harm :)

Overcoming the past

Time helps. It teaches and heals.

Back to the roots

"Back to the Future?" :) I'm looking for my return to the Origins in the Future :)

The past as the creator of the present and the future

Partially. But more is just an experience, an application to "my personality", living and developing here and now ...

The past as a brake on self-development

It happens. Some "blocked", not adequately resolved situations ... stupor in the end, phobias and internal conflicts.
Because of them, them hidden influence in the present, and sometimes you have to go into the past in search of new solutions and revisions of the puzzle...
In case of a solution, an impetus to further development ...

07.03.2007, 15:38

How does one relate with love to one's past? Loving yourself

Is it possible to learn from your own mistakes? It is possible, and as a rule it happens ....

Can you take care of your past? Yes. Do not remember him with a bad word. Think only of light...

Is it worth remembering the past? Of course!. It's like looking at antiques!

How to get rid of the psychological traumas of childhood? To understand first of all that people inflicted these injuries not from evil, but out of ignorance ... And then try to prevent this from happening!

The past - a chimera or my integral part? This is my life. My past life...

The past is my life or my dying? Life! Light sadness...

The influence of a past life on the present. Very significant. Past joys, past grievances, associations of smells, music... If the first time I went to a restaurant it was very uncomfortable for me, I still can't stand going to restaurants...

Benefits and harms of past experience Benefit ..... We studied, we learned, we learned.
Harm .... there are attachments that prevent us from doing something, fears, negative memories ....

Overcoming the Past Why overcome it? It needs to be respected and used....

Back to basics You mean? Live only in memories? Or always return to the past, to past lovers, to past places of work?

The past as the creator of the present and the future The influence of experience on life is determined....

The past as a brake on self-developmentYes?

08.03.2007, 02:08

How does he treat his past with love? Meditate .., remember only the good, drink for the good ..

Is it possible to learn from your own mistakes? "My years are my wealth"

Can you take care of your past? No

Is it worth remembering the past? "My life, or did you dream about me?"

How to get rid of the psychological trauma of childhood? a. Do not remember the bad ..
b. Contact a psychologist
c. take cold baths more often.

The past - a chimera or my integral part? an integral part of life

Is the past my life or my dying? This is an album with old photographs

The influence of a past life on the present. These are my old clamps and complexes, this is my character and my victories and defeats

I don’t know the benefits and harms of past experience .., there is benefit, there is harm, what more, I find it difficult to say

Getting over the past sometimes you gotta get over yourself

Return to the roots again from the beginning?? no, thank you!

The past as the creator of the present and the future All educational, psychological and experimental material is laid down in the past.

What should be the attitude of a person to the past? V. Belov proposes to think about this problem.

In the proposed test, the narrator, being in his native village, tries to convince himself that he needs to live only in the present. He tries not to look at his father's house, he does not want to "reopen the past." Only in this way, Belov believes, can one "be modern." However, the author understands that there is an inextricable connection between a person and the past, with the history of his ancestors and his homeland. So, the meeting of the hero of the text with a birch makes him remember his childhood. Warm memories seem to take them to another world, but then the narrator again recalls that "one must be ruthless to the past."

Thus, Belov comes to the idea that there is no need to live in the past; one's history, one's roots - all this must be respected and honored, but one must live in the present.

I fully agree with the opinion of the author. Time is the most valuable thing a person has. Unfortunately, time is running out, people are dying, life passes, but at the same time it continues, new people are born. Therefore, one cannot dwell only on the past, it must be respected, and one must live in the present.

Let us turn to B. Vasiliev's story "My horses are flying". In this work, the author recalls his whole life, saying that "he is already on his way from the fair." With particular trepidation, Vasiliev recalls his native city Smolensk, an old oak tree in the center of the city, which, together with the inhabitants, has survived all the troubles and misfortunes. Thus, Vasiliev recalls the history of his great and small homeland, he is proud of her and speaks of an inextricable connection with his roots.

Talking about the past great writer D. S. Likhachev in "Letters about the good and the beautiful." In the letter "Once again about the monuments of the past," the author recalls the impression that the Church of the Assumption in Moscow made on him. After that, he began to study ancient Russian architecture. D. S. Likhachev seriously thinks about the fact that many monuments of Russian cultures- cultures of our past, present and future are perishing due to inattention, and sometimes abuse by some people. So, Likhachev brings us to the idea that the past must be protected, because "it instills a sense of responsibility to the Motherland."

Summing up, it is important to note that all people belong to the past differently. However, each of us must respect the history of our Motherland, honor our ancestors and not forget our roots.

Thanks in advance, sorry if the check takes you a lot of time.

Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) -

1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for bitter and dire consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central ones in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in the poem “By the Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova's poem "Requiem". Sentence state system based on injustice and lies, A.I. Solzhenitsyn makes in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and respect for them .
The problem of caring for cultural heritage has always been at the center of everyone's attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change political system was accompanied by the overthrow of former values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, Academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The estates of Kuskovo and Abramtsevo were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the church, the Kremlin is preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). Chingiz Aitmatov called a man, who does not remember his kinship, who lost his memory, mankurt (“Stormy stop”). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not realize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous for society - the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city if they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know dates of the start of the war, the names of commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about Kursk Bulge...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, who does not honor his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
4) The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a farmstead, but the whole Earth. All nature, where in the open space he could show all the properties of a free spirit, ”wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without purpose is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry". His hero - Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Gimalaysky - dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches it, but at the same time almost loses it. human form(“He has grown fat, flabby ... - just look, he will grunt in a blanket”). A false goal, fixation on the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs to live constant movement, development, excitement, improvement...
I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.
5) The meaning of human life. Search for a life path.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama " former people who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, the exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind", he passionately urges the reader, who enters adulthood, to take with him all the "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is a movement endless road. Some travel along it “with official necessity”, asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened of this road, run to their wide sofa, because “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual “I”. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to rough flattery, the cause of which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I? - these questions are countless times scrolled in my head until a sober understanding of life comes. On the way to it, and the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and a person lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.
6) Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic war, a former blockade survivor, recalls that, during a terrible famine, his life was saved by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front to him, a dying teenager. “I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved kept a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy happened in Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When a fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But she didn’t save herself - she didn’t have time.
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of Man". It tells about tragic fate a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.
7) The problem of indifference. Callous and callous attitude towards a person.
“People who are satisfied with themselves”, accustomed to comfort, people with small property interests - the same heroes of Chekhov, “people in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in "Ionych", and teacher Belikov in "The Man in the Case". Let us remember how “chubby, red” Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides on a troika with bells, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red”, shouts: “Hold on!” “Hold on right” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. On their prosperous path of life there should be no obstacles. And in Belikov’s “no matter how it happens” we see only indifferent attitude to other people's problems. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - philistines, townsfolk who imagine themselves to be "masters of life."
8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the characters exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…”, both the anti-aircraft gunners and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead, Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade out of the battlefield.
9) The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns around dire consequences: bipedal creature with " dog heart"- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, there is no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that very soon there will be an elixir of immortality. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
10) The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of charm, morally healthy beauty
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the motherland were often combined. rural life always perceived as the most serene, natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. Nekrasov in a poem and poems drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are, how hospitable Russian women are. A lot is said about the originality of the farmstead way of life in Sholokhov's epic novel "Quiet Flows the Don". In Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matyora" the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
11) The problem of labor. The pleasure of meaningful activity.
The theme of labor has been repeatedly developed in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stoltz, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. Similar example we see in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's yard". His heroine does not perceive forced labor, as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay "My" she "lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.
13) The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia was touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol digression poem "Dead Souls" compares Russia with a "brisk, irrepressible troika". “Rus, where are you going?” he asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in the poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn rises, bright and hot. And it will be so forever indestructible. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! He is sure that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the inhabitants of the city had a huge impact on the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
15) The problem of anticulture.
This problem is relevant even today. Now there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Literature is another example. Well the theme of "deculturation" is revealed in the novel "The Master and Margarita". MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature revered.
16) The problem of modern television.
In Moscow for a long time operated by a gang that was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they confessed that their behavior, their attitude to the world a huge impact provided the American film "Natural Born Killers", which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture and in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts, they got acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person became addicted to the TV, and he had to be treated in special clinics.
17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use of foreign words in the native language is justified only if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers struggled with the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into a Russian phrase. It makes no sense to write concentration when we have our own good word- thickening.
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with an awkward synonym he invented - a water cannon. Practicing in word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested speaking instead of an alley - prosad, billiards - a spherical ball, he replaced the cue with a spherical ball, and called the library a bookkeeper. To replace the word he did not like galoshes, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.
18) The problem of the destruction of natural resources.
If they began to write about the misfortune threatening mankind in the press only in the last ten or fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story "After the Fairy Tale" ("The White Steamboat"). He showed the destructiveness, the hopelessness of the path, if a person destroys nature. It takes revenge by degeneration, lack of spirituality. The same theme is continued by the writer in his subsequent works: "And over a century the day lasts" ("Stormy Station"), "Plakha", "Cassandra's Brand".
A particularly strong feeling is produced by the novel "The Scaffolding Block". Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife from human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with a person, predators look more humane and "humane" than the "crown of creation." So for the sake of what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
19) Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower…” Main character- Vasily Ivanovich is a modest employee who won a pleasure trip to nature.
20) The theme of war in literature.
Very often, congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky over their heads. We don't want their families to be exposed ordeal war. War! These five letters carry a sea of ​​blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. The pain of loss has always filled the hearts of people. From everywhere where there is a war, you can hear the groans of mothers, the crying of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
A lot of trials of the war fell on the lot of our country. AT early XIX century, Russia was shaken by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L. N. Tolstoy in his epic novel War and Peace. guerrilla war, battle of Borodino- all this and much more appears before our eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of the war. Tolstoy tells that for many the war has become the most common thing. They (for example, Tushin) commit heroic deeds on the battlefield, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do in good faith. But war can become business as usual not only on the battlefields. whole city can get used to the idea of ​​war and continue to live, resigning itself to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L. N. Tolstoy narrates about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “ Sevastopol stories". Here, the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is their eyewitness. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set before himself definite purpose- tell your reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombardment of the city did not stop. New and new fortifications were required. Sailors, soldiers worked in the snow, rain, half-starved, half-dressed, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, great patriotism. Together with them, their wives, mothers, and children lived in this city. They got so used to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to either the shots or the explosions. Very often they brought meals to their husbands right in the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the whole family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with bloody hands to the elbows ... busy near the bed, on which, with open eyes and talking, as if in delirium, senseless, sometimes simple and touching words lies wounded under the influence of chloroform.” War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, whatever goals it pursues: “... you will see the war not in the correct, beautiful and brilliant formation, with music and its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death ... ”The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they defend it. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But it will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war with fascism Soviet people perform an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers devoted their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. it hard times It is also characteristic that in the ranks of the Red Army, women fought on an equal footing with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They struggled with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasilyev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to railway, absolutely sure that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: it is impossible to retreat, but to stay, because the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, cannons, shots, screams, groans... But they did not break down and gave the most precious thing they had - their lives - for victory. They gave their lives for their country.
But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed up in the fire of malice, everything depreciates: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, here is the extreme rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain ...
People become weapons in the hands of the authorities. Breaking into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become forever strangers. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others tell about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of the First cavalry army Budyonny. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry”. The stories of Cavalry tell about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of stories we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army, their cold-bloodedness and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but, what is more terrible, they can finish off their wounded comrade without a second's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves his reader the right to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is a harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Perhaps the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on earth, when our earth will meet the day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the period Battle of Stalingrad when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone out of a skeleton and go against a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the "time of grief", their steadfastness, courage, daily heroism - that's true reason victory. In Y. Bondarev's novel " Hot Snow"The most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned under their feet, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?
The problem of the moral strength of a simple soldier
The bearer of people's morality in the war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from V. Nekrasov's story "In the trenches of Stalingrad." He is barely literate, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety hut in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And it will come to the point - he will show these Germans where the crayfish hibernate.
The expression "people's character" most of all corresponds to Valega. He went to war as a volunteer, quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not honey either. In between fights, he does not sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut, shave, mend boots, build a fire in the pouring rain, darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries, mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant boy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that such a soldier as Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that unites the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. Get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is such an episode in V. Nekrasov (“In the trenches of Stalingrad”): a dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And to see this to the hero of the novel is simply unbearable...
But even in war, soldiers do not live by “a single bullet”: in short hours rest they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming from shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not change their spiritual predilections. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them back across the Volga, and drying up their souls and minds.
21) The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in the poem "Motherland" says that he loves motherland, but can not explain for what and why.
Can't start with this greatest monument ancient Russian literature, as "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". To the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people, all thoughts, all feelings of the author of the “Word ...” are turned. He speaks about the vast expanses of his Motherland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of “Words...” is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. This is primarily the Russian people. Narrating about the campaign of Igor, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsy “for the Russian land”. His warriors are “Rusichi”, Russian sons. Crossing the border of Russia, they say goodbye to their homeland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “O Russian land! You're over the hill."
In a friendly message "To Chaadaev" the fiery appeal of the poet to the Motherland to dedicate "the souls of beautiful impulses" sounds.
22) The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.
The modern writer V. Rasputin stated: "To speak today about ecology means to speak not about changing life, but about saving it." Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the depletion of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that "there is a gradual addiction to danger," that is, a person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem connected with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea was so bare that the coast from the seaports went for tens of kilometers. The climate has changed dramatically, the extinction of animals has occurred. All these troubles have greatly affected the lives of people living in the territory. Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The bare bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral contains millions of tons of poisonous salts. This problem cannot but excite people. Expeditions were organized in the 1980s decisive tasks and the causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and researched the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article "In the fate of nature - our fate" reflects on the relationship of man with the environment. “Today there is no need to guess, “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” Then the Volga itself groans, dug up and down, constricted by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of mankind.
The problem of the relationship between a person and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work "The Block". He showed how a man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.
The novel begins with a description of life wolf pack, which lives quietly until the advent of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, not thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was only the difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: "Fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the shots, thought that the whole world was deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation..." In this tragedy, Akbara's children die, but this is her grief does not end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs die. For the sake of their goals, people could "gut the globe like a pumpkin", not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone she-wolf reaches out to people, wants to move her maternal love on a human child. It turned out to be a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of a she-wolf shoots at her, but hits his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people to nature, to everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and good people.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: "Humanity spends billions not only not to suffocate, not to perish, but also to preserve the nature around us." Of course, everyone is well aware healing power nature. I think that a person should become both its owner, and its protector, and its smart transformer. A slow-moving river, a birch grove, a restless bird world ... We will not harm them, but we will try to protect them.
In this century, man is actively invading natural processes shells of the Earth: extracts millions of tons of minerals, destroys thousands of hectares of forest, pollutes the waters of the seas and rivers, emits toxic substances. One of the most important environmental issues century was water pollution. Sharp deterioration the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot, will not affect people's health, especially in areas with dense population. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept through the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people's health for a long time to come.
Thus, as a result of economic activity, a person causes great damage to nature, and at the same time to his health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activity should carefully treat all life on Earth, not tear himself away from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.
23) Man and state.
Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. Had only 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked by a special tragedy in the history of literature of the twentieth century. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list can be continued) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in his work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have been crossed out writer's biography A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel "Doctor Zhivago" during the period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded Nobel Prize for a novel. The Union of Writers expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person who discredits worthy title Soviet writer. And this is for the fact that the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creation - the only way immortality of the creator. “For the authorities, for the livery, do not bend either conscience, or thoughts, or neck” - this is the testament of A.S. Pushkin ("From Pindemonti") was decisive in the choice creative way true artists.
The problem of emigration
The feeling of bitterness does not leave when people leave their homeland. Some are forcibly expelled, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets his Fatherland, the house where he was born, his native land. For example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers", written in 1921. This story, it would seem, is about an insignificant event: the Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mow and sing. But it was in this insignificant moment that Bunin managed to discern the immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the narrative is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. Not without reason, while reading "Kostsov" by Bunin in Paris on literary evening(there were two hundred people), according to the memoirs of the writer's wife, many cried. It was a cry for the lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.
The emigrant of the third wave, S. Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, took with him the only suitcase, “old, plywood, covered with cloth, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with him to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: a double-breasted suit lay on top, a poplin shirt underneath, then, in turn, a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories, memories of the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of priceless, absurd in their own way, but single life. Eight things - eight stories, and each - a kind of report on the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to academician D.S. Likhachev, "the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category." Not single intelligent person only from your own conscience. The title of an intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly carried by the heroes of B. Pasternak (“Doctor Zhivago”) and Y. Dombrovsky (“Faculty of Useless Things”). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any manifestation, be it Civil War or Stalinist repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high rank. One of them is the hero of Y. Trifonov's story "Exchange" Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law did not develop in the best way. Dmitriev is initially indignant, criticizing his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive headsets: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind - "Suitcase" by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by the journalist S. Dovlatov to America would have caused Dmitriev and his wife only a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for the hero Dovlatov, things have no material value, they are a reminder of past youth, friends, and creative searches.
24) The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I want to turn to A. Vampilov's play "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and the daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, they are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful deeds of the children, asks them only one thing: not to leave him alone. The protagonist of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest father man. His intervention helps to survive difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one.
25) The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.
In Pushkin's story "Dubrovsky", a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended in the death of the main characters.
“The word about Igor's regiment” Svyatoslav says “ golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsy on Russian lands.
26) Caring for the beauty of the native land.
In Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot the White Swans"

Case #33 Score: 2

Items

9. When I was a child, I had to decide everything myself.

24. Before the war I served in the army.

I wish my mother was alive.

this feeling that

I mean nothing.

Final interpretation: Acutely feels the absence of a mother, rejection, emotionally lonely.

Case #11 Rating: 1

Items

9. When I was a child, I thought a lot.

24. Before the war I went to school.

39. If I were young again, I I would have done everything the way I did.

54. My most vivid memory from childhood - how my father beats me.

Final interpretation: Has bad memories, but doesn't seem to be badly traumatized by them.

Case #82. Rating: 0

Items

9. When I was a child, everything seemed important.

24. Before the war I lived alone.

39. If I were young again, i would work hard.

54. My most vivid childhood memory is graduation.

Final interpretation: Feels free. Positive feelings. Memories of Achievement.

14. Attitude towards the future

Case #33 Score: 2

Items

5. I see the future in black colors.

20. I hope for cure.

35. Once I willon a horse.

50. When I get older, I even more stupid.

Final interpretation: Pessimist. There is no hope for one's own sources of happiness or success.

Case #48 Rating: 1

Items

5. I see the future indefinitely.

20. I hope at the end of school.

35. Once I I'll be better.

50. When I get older, I I hope to get a good house.

Final interpretation: Unsure of himself, but generally an optimist.

Case #64 Rating: 0

Items

5. I see the future light.

20. I hope for work.

35. Once I I'll be with the money.

50. When I get older, I will be better.

Final interpretation: Seems confident in achieving his material goals.

15. Goals

Case #9 Score: 2

Items

3. I always wanted kill someone.

i would be alone.

33. My secret dream in life - become famous.

Total.

Final interpretation: Direct expression of hostility. Rejects society. Extravagant, unrealistic.

Case #19 Rating: 1

Items

3. I always wanted be an actor.

18. I would be absolutely happy if would be rich.

33. My secret dream in life - to be rich.

49. What I want most from life happiness.

Final interpretation: Seems to identify happiness with material success.

Case #79 Rating: 0

Items

3. I always wanted to be happy.

18. I would be absolutely happy if I have earned enough money to provide for my family well.

33. My secret dream in life - achieve something in life.

49. What I want most from life good health.

Final interpretation: Desires material prosperity for the family, as well as for himself. He sees the importance of health for a happy life.

Illustrative case.

The following responses, final interpretations, and independent clinical views of the psychiatrists who observed the respondent were obtained from Sax's experimental study of SSCT.

Respondent No. 6 Man 19 years old

Diagnosis: mixed psychoneurosis of severe degree.

I. ATTITUDE TO THE MOTHER SCORE: 2

14. My mother bothered me.

29. My mother and I strongly attached to each other.

44. I believe that most mothers love their children.

59. I like my mother, but she bothered me a lot.

Final interpretation: Very concerned about the emotional relationship with the mother and problems related to this relationship.

(Clinical Impression: Ambivalent addiction with desires for incest and hostility.)

II. ATTITUDE TO FATHER SCORE: 2

1. It seems to me that my father rarely showed his affection for me.

16. If only my father behaved like a father.

31. I wish my father acted like a man.

46. ​​It seems to me that my father doesn't act like a real man.

Final interpretation: Shows the need for a relationship with an adequate paternal image. Feels that his own father is not suitable for this role.

(Clinical Impression: Father is not strong personality. Doesn't want to identify with him.)

III. ATTITUDE TO FAMILY MEMBERS RATING: 2

12. Compared to most families, my family more strict and more European.

27. My family treats me like to a smart person.

42. Most families I know happy.

57. When I was a child, my family didn't pay enough attention to me.

Final interpretation: Feels like his family rejected him as a child, but now they respect him. Feels harmed by the rigid attitudes of parents and the adult world. ( Clinical Impression: Compulsive loyalty based on addiction.)

IV. ATTITUDE TO WOMEN RATING: 0

10. I imagine the perfect woman how beautiful and attractive.

25. I think that most girls looking for husbands.

40. I believe that most women have good qualities.

55. I like the least in women ( no answer).

Final interpretation: Good, but timid.

(Clinical Impression: Extreme libidinal impulses that frighten him.)

V. ATTITUDE TO HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS SCORE: 2

11. When I see a man and a woman together, i envy them.

26. I think about married life, which this is amazing.

41. If I had a sexual relationship, I don't know exactly how I would react.

56. My sex life makes me feel guilty.

Final interpretation: Lack of confidence in one's sexual skills or ability to establish relationships. Complemented by guilt.

(Clinical Impression: Strict superego. Rough upbringing.)

VI. ATTITUDE TO FRIENDS AND ACQUAINTANCES RATING: 1

8. It seems to me that a real friend - I would become attached to him.

23. I don't like people who are tall and huge.

38. Most of all I like people who like me.

53. When I'm away, my friends talk about me.

Final interpretation: Dependent and passive.

(Clinical Impression: Well socialized. well received.)

VII. ATTITUDE TO BORS AT WORK AND AT SCHOOL GRADE: 0

6. My superiors are responsible people.

21. At school, my teachers loved me.

36. When I see that the boss enters, I continue to study

current affairs.

51. People who I consider higher than me in position should be more charming than me.

Final interpretation: Respects superiors and is well received by them.

(Clinical Impression: Well controlled addiction.)

VIII. ATTITUDE TO SUBJECTS SCORE: 2

4. If I were in a responsible position, I would do everything to become a good leader.

19. If people worked under my direction, I would let them go too easily.

34. People who work for me don't like me.

48. Giving orders to other people, I feel their dislike for me.

Final interpretation: Afraid that he will not be able to contain the hostility that has arisen due to power.

(Clinical impression: Unknown.)

IX. RELATIONSHIPS WITH COLLEAGUES AT WORK AND SCHOOL GRADE: 0

13. At work, I get along best with everyone.

28. Those with whom I work are good people.

43. I like working with people who work and fulfill their obligations.

58. My co-workers usually love me.

Final interpretation: Feels that colleagues treat him well and are on the same team with him.

(Clinical Impression: Attentive, good employee.

X. FEARS SCORE: 2

1. I know it's stupid, but I'm afraid to stand out and be rejected.

22. Most of my friends don't know that I'm afraid of being rejected and standing out.

37. I would like to get rid of the fear of letting myself go.

52. Sometimes my fears make me withdraw into myself and even vomit.

Final interpretation: Fear that any achievement with

his side is rejected by others, makes him withdraw or

manifests itself in digestive symptoms.

(Clinical Impression: Libidinous impulses, hostility, temptations.)

XI. GUILT SCORE: 2

15. I would give anything to forget the time when I become hysterical.

30. My greatest mistake was (without an answer).

45. When I was younger, I felt guilty about all my sexual experiences.

60. The most disgusting thing I have ever done is keep myself from full development their abilities.

Final interpretation: Guilt associated with sexual sensations predetermined the development of his personal potential.

(Clinical Impression: Masturbation, libidinal feelings towards girls, mother and sisters.)

XII. ATTITUDE TO OWN ABILITIES RATING: 1

2. When circumstances are against me, I feel sad.

17. I believe that I have the ability to do whatever I see fit.

32. My biggest weakness is fear.

47. When luck turns away from me, I wait for it to return to me.

Final interpretation: Feels like he has great potential, but becomes depressed when faced with circumstances. Passive and depressed when dealing with them.

(Clinical Impression: Too much ambition in terms of ability. I would like to be more brilliant.)

XIII. ATTITUDE TO THE PAST SCORE: 1

9. When I was a child, I was given little attention.

24. Before the war, I was happy.

39. If I were young again, I might do what I did.

54. My most vivid childhood memory is my relationships with girls.

Final interpretation: Felt rejected. Impressed with childish sexual experience.

(clinical view: Preoccupied with masturbation and his ill health.)

XIV. ATTITUDE TO THE FUTURE SCORE: 0

5. I see the future bright.

20. I hope when I will be better.

35. One day I will really be happy.

50. When I get older, I will be wiser.

Final interpretation: An optimistic outlook on health, happiness and intellectual growth.

(Clinical Impression: No conflicts. Feels capable of doing what he wants.)

XV. GOALS SCORE: 1

3. I have always wanted to stand out.

18. I would be absolutely happy if I were smarter.

33. My secret dream in life is to be famous.

49. Most of all I want a little intelligence from life, then I can get everything else.

Final interpretation: Wants to be famous and stand out despite the fears mentioned above. The goals are somewhat vague.

(Clinical Impression: Wife, family, middle-class life.)

GENERAL CONCLUSION (RESPONDENT No. 6)

1. Main areas of conflict and frustration: Mother, father, family members, heterosexual relationships, subordinates, fears and guilt.

2. Relationships between attitudes: The problem of close emotional connection with the mother, the absence of a father figure and a strict upbringing led to timidity towards women, a lack of confidence in sexual skills and a strong sense of guilt in connection with sexual desires. A sense of rejection as a child and an inadequate father figure left him fearful of not being able to handle hostility in leadership positions.

3. Personality structure:

(a) degree of response - responds primarily to internal impulses (X and XI);

(b) emotional adjustment - emotionally trapped (37);

(c) maturity - egocentric goals and lack of sexual adjustment reflect moderate immaturity;

(d) level of reality - there is a tendency to overestimate one's potential (17);

(e) the manner in which conflicts are expressed - the need for recognition and acceptance (VI, VIII, IX), conflicts with fear of hostility and rejection by others (X). The conflict is expressed through withdrawal, passive dependence and digestive disorders.