biography of the poet and creative motives, few people knew, or perhaps many simply forgot.
The childhood of Fedor Ivanovich
Fyodor Tyutchev was born in the village of Ovstug, about 30 kilometers north of Bryansk, in 1803. The village was located on the coast. The boy was brought up in a family where only French was spoken. And not only in the childhood years of Tyutchev's life, one could notice that he mainly uses this particular language. His letters are overwhelmingly, the articles written in later years, and even some of his poetry, all in French.
At the age of twelve, the boy was already translating Horace into Russian, and wrote his first poem at sixteen. Those who knew him in childhood noted his quick mind, remarkable erudition, and even the poetic gift that the young Tyutchev already possessed. Briefly speaking about the education of Fedor Ivanovich, several main stages of his education can be noted. In 1812, Tyutchev was entrusted with the care of the family teacher Semyon Raich. From 1819 to 1822 he studied at Moscow University. And already at the age of nineteen he entered the civil service in the Department of Foreign Affairs of St. Petersburg.
Poet's Career, or Life Abroad
Of course, it is important to know when Tyutchev was born and died, but first of all, it is worth talking about his life, career and creative way. Fedor Ivanovich never considered himself a professional poet. He often forgot the texts of poems in books. Sometimes they were found after his death. And very often Tyutchev did not care that his works were published. He never had a career as a poet. That is why Tyutchev's poetry did not have such popularity as, for example, Pushkin or Nekrasov.
He very early, still young, in 1822, left Russia and lived mainly in Germany, then a little in Italy, served as a diplomat. All this time, Fedor Ivanovich spoke Russian quite a bit in everyday life. It was not easy for him not to be a professional poet, and he even rarely used the Russian language. Fedor Ivanovich was a diplomat, and if not all of Tyutchev's life, then a very significant segment of it, was connected with a diplomatic career.
Noted political publicist
But the career achievements of Fyodor Tyutchev as a diplomat were not too impressive. In 1841, he was even dismissed and expelled from the Foreign Office. His significant achievements were elsewhere. Fedor Ivanovich was a man who was able to communicate with intellectual centers throughout Europe, who was accepted on an equal footing in England, Germany, and France by the main political thinkers of that time.
Tyutchev was one of the most influential political publicists. Later, in the memoirs of people who worked at that time in the military and foreign affairs departments of all these countries, there were references to his articles that were published in the European press. They said that it was in them that they felt a sense of world history and saw the outlines of future wars in Europe.
Not a career diplomat, but one of the main European historical and political thinkers. That's who the inconspicuous Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was. And you also need to know about this. Since this is also part of the biography of the poet. And not only information about when Tyutchev was born and died.
Poet and diplomat
Tyutchev's career as a poet is very intermittent. Even before leaving abroad, he began to publish in magazines and almanacs. But most often Fedor Ivanovich signed with initials. Tyutchev was born in 1803, and already in 1822 his writing career was cut short, and he disappeared from sight for a long time. Russian reader. However, in 1836 an event occurred that largely predetermined the fate of Russian poetry. At this time, Alexander Pushkin founded his own magazine Sovremennik.
The publication in this magazine is amazing. Here Fedor Ivanovich immediately appears as a genius and outstanding poet. But very few people then understood that this was the poetry of Tyutchev, a diplomat who lives abroad. The true career of Fyodor Tyutchev as a poet began in 1850.
Return to Russia
Although long years Tyutchev's life was connected with abroad, he finally returned to Russia a few years before 1850. Serves, occupies a row high positions. Fyodor Ivanovich was an official for special assignments under the sovereign, worked in the department of foreign censorship.
And now, at this time, all in the same magazine Sovremennik, where Nekrasov had already become the leader and published very famous people of that time, an article appears that describes the work of some poets. Including Fedor Ivanovich, and his initials are also deciphered.
Finally, after this publication, a new poet Fyodor Tyutchev entered the consciousness of the Russian reader. And already in 1854 a collection of his poems was published. But his unprofessional attitude towards poetry continues to persist.
Several cycles that make up the work of the poet
Returning to the poems of Fyodor Tyutchev, it should be noted that the entire small volume of the works of this poet can be divided into three equal parts. These are not often mentioned and not always read aloud. Then there are the philosophical ones, which are the most famous and very easy to identify. In them, basically, a person always remains alone with nature.
And the third cycle was called "Denisevsky", by the name of the common-law wife of Fyodor Ivanovich, the mother of his three children - Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva. These works had an effect on Russian poetry a huge impact. They were a kind of lyrical diary. They often talked about specific person. These poems became the story of the poet's love for Elena Alexandrovna.
Family history of Tyutchev, or Tragic events in the fate of the poet
A passionate affair with Denisyeva lasted for fourteen years. It ended with a terrible shock for the poet. The wife dies of tuberculosis in 1864. The following years are often overshadowed by tragic events. Almost immediately after the death of Elena Alexandrovna, their common son and daughter pass away. A year later, Tyutchev's mother dies, in 1870 - Dmitry, the eldest son.
Perhaps, against the background of these events, which covered the poet like a wave, Fyodor Ivanovich's health deteriorated sharply. And, probably, here you can answer the question of many readers about when Tyutchev was born and died. Having been born in 1803 and having lived a rather bright and eventful life, the poet died in 1873 from apoplexy.
Fedor Ivanovich thinks in verse
The most amazing property of Fyodor Ivanovich's poetry is that it is characterized by a complete identification of nature with man. The poet Tyutchev endows her with soul, feelings and even speech. She is completely human. Paying attention to many fragments of Fyodor Ivanovich's lyrics, we can conclude that the poet very often uses grammatical forms words or stress that are not very familiar to the ear ordinary reader. The thing is that Tyutchev is archaic not only for modern times, but also from the point of view of the nineteenth century.
The life of Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was not short when compared with poets who died early, such as Pushkin or Lermontov. But, nevertheless, all written by him lyrical works usually fit in one volume. But even this has a deep meaning. Tyutchev thinks in verse, so the same image or concept passes through different works.
And the key to the lyrics of Fyodor Tyutchev is that the reader cannot understand the meaning of this or that word, based on only one verse. It is necessary to read a few where this word occurs, and only then it will be possible to see how the energy of the meaning grows and comes to some kind of conclusion. Tyutchev does not just describe nature, he seems to be developing a language or thinking itself in Russian.
The "thinking" poetry of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev transformed the entire Russian culture. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev once said that one cannot argue about the work of Fyodor Tyutchev. Because one who is not able to feel the works of this author does not feel poetry at all.
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is an exceptionally lyrical poet. He did not leave a single epic or dramatic work, except for small and few translations from a foreign language.
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, Russian poet, was born into a noble family on November 23, 1803. He was the youngest son of Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna Tyutchev. The small homeland of the poet is the village of Ovstug Oryol province Bryansk district.
The father of the future celebrity of character was kind, meek and respected by all. Ivan Nikolaevich was educated in St. Petersburg, in the prestigious aristocratic educational institution - the Greek Corps, founded by Catherine in honor of the birth of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.
His wife, Ekaterina Lvovna, nee Tolstaya, was raised by her relative, aunt, Countess Osterman. The Tolstoy clan, to which Ekaterina Lvovna belonged, was ancient and noble, it also included outstanding Russian writers Lev Nikolaevich and Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy.
Ekaterina Lvovna, mother of Fedenka Tyutchev, was a graceful woman with a sensitive and tender soul. Ekaterina Lvovna was very smart. It is possible that her mind, the ability to see the beautiful, to feel the world subtly, inherited younger son, the future famous Russian poet Fyodor Tyutchev.
Native estate, the Desna River, an old garden, linden alleys - wonderful places where he grew up future poet. The Tyutchev family was dominated by peace and harmony.
Fedor Ivanovich received his initial upbringing in his father's house. home teacher Tyutcheva - Raich, a connoisseur and translator of Ariosto and Torquato-Tasso, awakened poetic talent in him, and in 1817, on his recommendation, Tyutchev was already elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature for his translation from Horace.
The powerful influence of alien poetry was joined by an equally powerful influence of alien life and nature, when, after graduating from Moscow University, Tyutchev in 1823 was appointed as part of the Russian mission to Munich and left his homeland for 22 years. (In 1823, he was assigned as a supernumerary official to a mission in Munich, the capital of the then Bavarian kingdom, where he went at the end of that year). In Munich, he became interested in German idealistic philosophy, was familiar with Schelling. Tyutchev's friend in the Bavarian kingdom was Heinrich Heine.
In 1825, Fedor Ivanovich was granted the chamber junkers; in 1828 - appointed second secretary at the mission in Munich; in 1833 he left as a diplomatic courier for Nauplia. Tyutchev's service places changed in subsequent years.
In 1836, a notebook with Tyutchev's poems, transported from Germany to Russia, fell into the hands of A.S. Pushkin. Alexander Sergeevich publishes the poet's poems in his journal Sovremennik.
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev spent a significant part of his life (due to his choice of the type of official activity) abroad, but he was always with Russia in soul, did not lose his spiritual connection with his homeland.
In 1846, Tyutchev received a new appointment: to be on special assignments with state chancellor.
In 1848, Fedor Ivanovich became a senior censor at the special office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
On October 6, 1855, Tyutchev was appointed, by the Highest command, to the members of the committee for the caesural review of the posthumous works of V.A. Zhukovsky prepared for publication.
Then, in 1857, he was promoted to full councilor of state and appointed chairman of the St. Petersburg Committee for Foreign Censorship. In 1861 and 1863, Tyutchev became a knight of the orders of St. Stanislav and St. Anna of the first degrees and was promoted to privy councilor in 1865.
Tyutchev's first poems were published in 1826, in the almanac "Urania", where three of his works were placed: "To Nisa", "Song of the Scandinavian Warriors", "Glimmer".
Tyutchev's works were not immediately accepted by his contemporaries. But everything changed in 1854, after the publication of an article by I.S. Turgenev in Sovremennik. It was called like this: "A few words about the poems of F.I. Tyutchev." In it, Turgenev called Tyutchev "one of our most remarkable poets, bequeathed to us by Pushkin's greetings and approval."
Two months after the publication of the article, all the works of Tyutchev collected by the editors of Sovremennik were published in a separate book called: “Poems by F. Tyutchev. St. Petersburg, 1854", and the editors stated that she "placed in this collection those poems that belong to the very first era of the poet's activity, and now they would probably be rejected by him."
The second edition of Tyutchev's poems was published in 1868, in St. Petersburg, under the following title: “Poems of F.I. Tyutchev. New (2nd) edition, supplemented with all the poems written after 1854.
The 70s of the 19th century became one of the most difficult in the life of the poet. He loses loved ones, and this affects his poetic gift. Since 1873, the poet has been haunted by illnesses that he could not cope with. In May of the same year, a decision was made to transfer Tyutchev to Tsarskoye Selo. Death came on July 15, 1873. On July 18, the Russian poet Fyodor Tyutchev was buried in St. Novodevichy cemetery.
Tyutchev's poems have been translated into German and published in Munich. The best analyzes of Tyutchev's poems belong to N.A. Nekrasov and A.A. Fet.
Tyutchev was one of the most knowledgeable, most educated, witty people of his time. He was and remains a great Russian poet, highly revered by his descendants.
The Tyutchev family was typical noble family of his time, in which fashionable French coexisted with strict observance domestic traditions. In addition to Fedya, the family of court adviser Ivan Nikolayevich Tyutchev and his wife Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya had two more children - the eldest son Nikolai, later a colonel of the General Staff, and daughter Daria, married to Sushkov.
Fedor's early childhood passed in Ovstug. The boy lived in a fantasy world. From 1813 to 1819, Tyutchev's home teacher of Russian literature and tutor was the poet, translator and journalist S. Raich (Semyon Yegorovich Amfiteatrov), then a student at Moscow University, according to I.S. Aksakov, "a man in the highest degree original, disinterested, pure, forever abiding in a world of idyllic dreams, the personified bucolic himself, combining the solidity of a scientist with some kind of virgin poetic ardor and infantile gentleness. "He managed to convey to his pupil his ardent passion for Russian and classical (Roman) literature, undoubtedly positive moral influence on him.
In 1821 F.I. Tyutchev graduated from Moscow University, department of verbal sciences. On March 18, 1822, he was enlisted in the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. On June 11, he went to Munich, to the post of supernumerary officer of the Russian diplomatic mission in Bavaria.
“About his appearance,” wrote one of his close acquaintances, “he generally cared very little: his hair was for the most part disheveled and, so to speak, thrown to the wind, but the face was always clean-shaven; in his clothes he was very careless and even almost slovenly; the gait was really very lazy; growth was small; but this wide high forehead, these live Brown eyes, this thin chiseled nose and thin lips, often folding into a scornful grin, gave his face great expressiveness and even attractiveness. But the enchanting power was imparted to him by his vast, highly sophisticated and unusually flexible mind: it is difficult to imagine a more pleasant, more varied and entertaining, more brilliant and witty interlocutor. In his company, you immediately felt that you were dealing not with an ordinary mortal, but with a person marked by the special gift of God, with a genius ... "
In Munich, he met and became friends with Heinrich Heine, often talked with the philosopher F.W. Schelling and other scientists from the University of Munich. In the diary of P.V. Kireevsky preserved Schelling's review of Tyutchev: "This is an excellent person, very educated person with whom you are always willing to talk. "Here, at the beginning of his diplomatic career, he fell in love with the young Countess Amalia Lerchenfeld. The girl reciprocates. Fyodor exchanged watch chains with the beauty, and in exchange for gold he received only silk. But, apparently , at the insistence of her parents, "beautiful Amalia" married Tyutchev's colleague, Baron Krudener, in 1825. Subsequently, Tyutchev retained good relations with the Krudener couple. In 1870, on the waters in Carlsbad, the poet met his former lover, who had long since buried her first husband and became Countess Adlerberg. Thanks to this meeting, famous poem"K.B." (these letters are an abbreviation of the rearranged words "Baroness Krüdener").
I met you - and all the past
In the obsolete heart came to life;
I remembered the golden time
And my heart felt so warm
The poem was set at the end of the 19th century to music by S. Donaurov, A. Spirro, B. Sheremetev, L. Malashkin. However, the romance was most famous in the arrangement of the wonderful singer I.S. Kozlovsky.
At twenty-two, Tyutchev was married to the young widow of a Russian diplomat, Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer. Tyutchev was four years younger than his wife, besides, she had four children from her first marriage. The beauty and femininity of Eleonora Tyutcheva is evidenced by her
portraits. "... I want you who love me to know that not a single person has ever loved another as much as she did me. I can say, having assured myself of this from experience, that in eleven years there has not been a single day in her life, when for the sake of my well-being she would not agree, without a moment's hesitation, to die for me ... ", Fedor wrote to his parents about his first wife. More than once she had to act in the difficult role of "patron or guardian" of her husband - and always with the same success. Eleanor gave him three daughters.
In early 1833, Tyutchev became interested in Ernestine Dernberg, nee Baroness Pfefel. Ernestina did not love her husband Baron Fritz Dernberg. In Munich, the doors of court and aristocratic salons flung open before this couple. The young woman was among the first beauties of Munich. During the first meeting of the poet with Ernestine, her husband suddenly felt ill and, inviting her to stay at the ball, went home. Saying goodbye to Tyutchev, he said: "I entrust my wife to you." A few days later, the baron died of typhoid fever. Much remained vague in the history of Tyutchev's relationship with Ernestina. She destroyed the poet's correspondence with her, as well as her letters to her brother, her closest friend, from whom she never had any secrets. But also what survived in the form of mysterious dates under the dry flowers of the herbarium album, constant companion beloved Tyutchev, in the form of hints accidentally not crossed out by her diligent hand in Tyutchev's later letters to her, testifies that it was not alien to "explosions of passions", "tears of passions", a hobby similar to love-friendship for the beautiful Amalia. No, it was the same fatal passion that, according to Tyutchev, "shakes existence and ultimately destroys it."
Probably in the spring of 1836, Tyutchev's novel received some publicity. Eleonora Tyutcheva tried to commit suicide by inflicting several wounds on her chest with a dagger from a fancy dress. The poet wrote to I.S. Gagarin: "... I expect from you, dear Gagarin, that if someone in your presence decides to present the case in a more romantic, perhaps, but completely false coverage, you will publicly refute the ridiculous rumors." He insisted that the cause of this incident was "purely physical". In order to avoid a scandal, the amorous official was transferred to Turin (Sardinian kingdom), where in October 1837 he received the position of senior secretary of the Russian mission and even replaced the temporarily absent envoy. But before that, in 1836, in the III and IV volumes of Pushkin's Sovremennik, 24 Tyutchev's poems were published under the title "Poems sent from Germany" and signed "F.T."
At the end of 1837 the poet met Dernberg in Genoa. Tyutchev understands that the time has come to part with the woman he loves.
So here we were destined
Say the last sorry...
But Eleanor died in 1838. Shortly before that, she experienced a terrible shock during a fire on the steamer "Nicholas I", on which she and her daughters were returning from Russia. Tyutchev was so upset by the loss of his wife that he turned gray overnight ...
Time has healed his spiritual wound. Tyutchev became interested in Ernestina. The poet arbitrarily left for Switzerland to connect with his beloved. In July 1839, Tyutchev married Dernberg in Bern. The official notice of Tyutchev's marriage was sent to St. Petersburg only at the end of December and signed by the Russian envoy in Munich, D.P. Severin. The long "non-arrival from vacation" was the reason that Tyutchev was excluded from the list of officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and deprived of the title of chamberlain.
After his dismissal from the post of senior secretary of the Russian mission in Turin, Tyutchev continued to remain in Munich for several more years.
At the end of September 1844, having lived abroad for about 22 years, Tyutchev with his wife and two children from his second marriage moved from Munich to St. Petersburg, and six months later he was again enrolled in the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; at the same time the title of chamberlain was returned to the poet. He served as an official for special assignments under the State Chancellor, senior censor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1848-1858), then chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee, and did a lot to weaken the censorship oppression.
"Tyutchev is the lion of the season," P.A. Vyazemsky, an eyewitness of his first successes in the St. Petersburg secular circle. Tyutchev remained such a permanent "lion of the season", a fascinating interlocutor, a subtle wit and a favorite of salons until the end of his days.
When Tyutchev's passion for Denisyeva began is unknown. Her name first appeared in the Tyutchev family correspondence in 1846 and 1847. Elena Alexandrovna belonged to an old but impoverished noble family. She lost her mother early. Her father, Major A.D. Denisiev, remarried and served in the Penza province. Elena Alexandrovna remained in the care of her aunt, the inspector of the Smolny Institute, in which, after moving to St. Petersburg, Tyutchev's daughters from their first marriage, Daria and Ekaterina, were brought up. Denisyeva also studied there. She was 23 years younger than the poet. Together with her aunt, Elena Alexandrovna visited the poet's house. Tyutchev also met her at the Smolny Institute when visiting his daughters. According to Denisyeva's relative Georgievsky, the poet's fascination grew gradually, until finally aroused from Denisyeva "such a deep, so selfless, such a passionate and energetic love that it embraced his whole being, and he remained forever her prisoner ..."
In August 1850, Tyutchev, together with Denisyeva and his eldest daughter Anna, made a trip to the Valaam Monastery. The poet's daughter, apparently, was not yet aware of the close relationship that had been established between her father and Denisyeva.
In the eyes of that part of Petersburg society to which Tyutchev and Denisyeva belonged, their love acquired the interest of a secular scandal. At the same time, cruel accusations fell almost exclusively on Deniseva. Before her, the doors of those houses were closed forever, where before she was a welcome guest. Her father disowned her, her aunt A.D. Denisyeva was forced to leave her place at the Smolny Institute and, together with her niece, move to a private apartment.
The love of Tyutchev and Denisyeva continued for fourteen years, until her death. They had three children. All of them, at the insistence of their mother, were recorded in the metric books under the name Tyutchevs. She loved the poet with a passionate, selfless and demanding love, which brought many happy, but also many difficult moments into his life.
Fedor Ivanovich wrote: "... Do not worry about me, for I am guarded by the devotion of a being, the best ever created by God. This is only a tribute to justice. I will not tell you about her love for me; even you, perhaps, have found would be excessive..."
If Denisyeva was rejected by society, then Tyutchev still remained a regular in St. Petersburg aristocratic salons, he constantly attended receptions with the Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna and Elena Pavlovna. Tyutchev did not break with his family. He loved both of them: his lawful wife Ernestine Dernberg and the illegitimate Elena Denisieva, and suffered immensely because he was unable to answer them with the same fullness and indivisibility of the feeling with which they treated him.
"Worship female beauty and the charms of female nature, - the memoirists confirmed, - was Fyodor Ivanovich's constant weakness from his earliest youth, - worship, which was combined with a very serious and even very soon passing passion for one or another person.
Tyutchev's first book of poems appeared only in 1854. In February, I.S. Turgenev proudly informed S.T. Aksakov: "... Persuaded Tyutchev (F.I.) to publish his collected poems ..." Beginning in the mid-1860s, Tyutchev's personal life was overshadowed by a series of heavy losses. In the poem “On the Eve of the Anniversary of August 4, 1864,” Tyutchev writes: “Tomorrow is the day of prayer and sorrow, // Tomorrow is the memory of a fateful day ...” On this day, Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva died of consumption, “ last love"Tyutchev. The story of this love is captured in a cycle of poems that constitute the pinnacle of Tyutchev's intimate lyrics ("Oh, how deadly we love ...", "Oh, do not disturb me with a fair reproach ...", "Predestination", "I knew my eyes - oh, those eyes...", "Last Love", etc.). The death of his beloved was a blow from which the poet could not recover for a long time. "... Only with her and for her I was a person, only in her love, in her boundless love for me, I was aware of myself ... "Grief, repentance, late regrets, a sense of doom, hope for reconciliation with life - everything resulted in extremely frank verses that made up the famous "Denisiev cycle".
Ernestina Tyutcheva's attitude towards the poet at that time is best characterized by her own words: "... his grief is sacred to me, whatever its cause." Tyutchev, carried away by Denisyeva, could not imagine his existence without Ernestine, this holy woman. He wrote to his wife: "How much dignity and seriousness in your love - and how petty and how pathetic I feel compared to you! .. The farther, the more I fall into own opinion and when everyone sees me as I see myself, my work will be over."
The poet outlived his "last love" to Denisiev for nine years. Upon learning of Tyutchev's death, Turgenev wrote to Fet from Bougival: "Dear, smart, as smart as day Fedor Ivanovich, forgive me - goodbye!"
They don’t argue about Tyutchev, who doesn’t feel him,
thus proves that he does not feel poetry.
I.S. Turgenev
Childhood
F.I. Tyutchev was born on December 5 (November 23), 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Oryol province (now the Bryansk region) in the family of a hereditary Russian nobleman Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev. As a child, Fedenka (as his family affectionately called him) was the favorite and darling of the family. Of the three children, the poet's mother, nee Tolstaya, singled out her son Fedor in particular. His extraordinary talent was revealed early: in the thirteenth year he was already successfully translating the odes of Horace, competing with his first teacher and friend, the poet Semyon Yegorovich Raich. Parents spared nothing for the education of their son. Already in childhood, he knew the French language to the subtleties and later used it as his native language.
Adolescence. Moscow
As a teenager, Tyutchev and his parents moved to Moscow. In the capital, the future poet began to attend lectures on the theory of poetry and the history of Russian literature by the then famous poet, critic and professor of Moscow University A.F. Merzlyakova. Exercises in poetry were considered at that time a natural part of the liberal arts education. However, Fyodor Tyutchev's pen tests attracted the attention of his mentors. In 1818, his poem "The Nobleman (Imitation of Horace)" was read by Merzlyakov at the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, which was the poetic debut of the fourteen-year-old poet. Unfortunately, the text of this poem has been lost.
In 1919, Tyutchev entered the verbal department of Moscow University, where he had been going for two years as a volunteer.
In November 1821, Tyutchev graduated from the university with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences and was appointed to serve in the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs, located in St. Petersburg. At the family council, it was decided that the brilliant abilities of "Fedenka" could make a career as a diplomat. No one seriously thought about poetry ...
Service in the diplomatic field. Acquaintance with German philosophers and poets
In mid-1822, Tyutchev entered the diplomatic service and left for Germany. In Munich, the young poet lived an intense spiritual life, zealously studying philosophy, being carried away by romantic art. Even then he bought wide popularity as a man of versatile education and extraordinarily witty. In Munich, he became close friends with the romantic philosopher Friedrich Schiller and the freedom-loving poet Heinrich Heine.
Having become acquainted in Russia with the ideas of Schelling, in Germany the poet could communicate with the philosopher himself, who argued that the realm of nature and the realm of the spirit (history) are related to each other and that understanding of both is given through contemplation and art. Schelling's philosophy had a decisive influence on Tyutchev's worldview.
Abroad ( last years in Italy, in Turin) he stayed in total Twenty-two years. It is no coincidence that among the first works of Tyutchev there are so many translations (especially by German poets). Returning to Russia, Tyutchev served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was a censor and chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. He did not make a career as a diplomat, only in 1828 he was given the position of junior secretary at the Russian mission. Tyutchev himself, years later, admits that he "did not know how to serve." Not only couldn't, but he couldn't. For the simple reason that he was born a poet, not an official.
Publications in Sovremennik
Alas, during his life in Munich, Tyutchev was not known as a poet either among his compatriots or abroad. Published during these years in his homeland in Raich's magazine "Galatea", his poems went unnoticed. So far, only close friends of Tyutchev paid attention to them, and there were few of them ...
Finally, in 1836, copies of some of Tyutchev's poems, with the help of Zhukovsky and Vyazemsky, came to Pushkin, who, according to contemporaries, "was delighted." Pushkin, in the third issue of his journal Sovremennik, placed (an unheard of thing!) sixteen poems at once under the general title: "Poems sent from Germany" signed "F.T." The next fourth issue added eight more poems. Tyutchev's poems continued to be published in Sovremennik after Pushkin's death until 1840. This publication, which can be considered an event in the literature of that time, passed by the consciousness of the majority of compatriots.
Tyutchev himself treated the fate of his poetic creations surprisingly indifferent. He did not care about printing them, and only through the efforts of his friends could his lyrical masterpieces see the light of day. Upon returning to Russia from Germany, in the 40s, Tyutchev did not publish at all. And suddenly, in 1850, the young poet Nikolai Nekrasov, publisher of the Sovremennik magazine, published an article in which he fully quoted twenty-four of his old poems from Pushkin's Sovremennik with an enthusiastic review! Four years later, the writer Ivan Turgenev took it upon himself to publish a collection of Fyodor Tyutchev's poems and also wrote a commendable article about him. The first collection of the poet, who has already exceeded fifty! In the XIX century, the case is almost the only one.
Poems about Russia
Tyutchev's poetic activity, which lasted half a century, from the 20s to the 70s, fell at the time of major political events in Russia Western Europe- stormy revolutionary upheavals. Until the end of his days, the poet had hope for Russia (“One can only believe in Russia”), faith in her exceptional historical role, a dream of her as a country that brings the world the beginnings of unity and brotherhood, a dream now based on trust in the people. Tyutchev, like Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, believed in a special moral consciousness of the Russian people. Many of Tyutchev's poems are imbued with ardent love for the motherland and people.
Philosophical lyrics
And yet the most deep connection Tyutchev with the era, with its hot springs, did not affect the responses to social problems, but in the poet's philosophical reflections on the attitude of a contemporary person. In Russian literature Tyutchev belongs to the poetry of thought. Its traditions were laid down in the 18th century in philosophical odes M.V. Lomonosov and G.R. Derzhavin. The poet also took into account the philosophical lyrics of Pushkin. In Tyutchev's lyrics, a person realizes a previously unthinkable and frightening freedom: he realized that there is no god above him, that he is one on one with nature - the hope for "sympathy from heaven", for personal immortality, has been lost. A person "craves faith, but does not ask for it," since "there is no point in praying." This consciousness gave rise to a mood of pessimism even among strong people (for example, among Turgenev's Bazarov). And Tyutchev often grieves over the fragility of the human race.
Poems: “The love of the earth and the charm of the year ...”, “Spring thunderstorm”, “I remember the golden time ...”, “So, there are moments in life ...”, “All day she lay in oblivion ... "," There is in the autumn of the original ... "
Lyrics of nature and its connection with inner world human
Tyutchev constantly compares man with nature and often, it would seem, not in favor of the first: man is weak, vulnerable, he is always in torment for the past, in worries about the future - nature “does not know about the past”, she lives in all the fullness of the momentary, immediate life; man is bifurcated, contradictory - nature is characterized by inner harmony, "an imperturbable order in everything." But no one in Russian poetry, like Tyutchev, feels the unity of world being.
Tyutchev's nature helps a person to understand himself, to appreciate in himself the significance of purely human qualities: consciousness, will, individuality, to see that the spiritual elements depend on them. Consciousness itself seems to increase the “helplessness” of a person, but the disharmony generated by thought does not humiliate, but elevates him. So, according to Tyutchev, a person suffers from the fact that he is not able to fully realize himself, from the contradiction between the plan and its implementation, feeling and word.
Tyutchev is a recognized master of the lyrical landscape. But his landscape poems are difficult to separate from philosophical ones. He does not have purely descriptive sketches of a morning in the mountains or an autumn evening, although there are poems bearing such names.
With two or three capacious strokes, he is able to create a symbolic landscape, expressing both the inner life of nature and the important spiritual state of man.
Poems: "Not what you think, nature ...", "The earth still looks sad ...", "The stream thickened and darkens ...", "Tears of people, oh tears of people ..."
love lyrics
The state of falling in love was for Tyutchev as natural as intense reflections on the problems of being. Finding inner purity and clarity, it turns out, is very difficult. In the "liberated soul" chaotic, destructive forces- the beginning of individualism and egoism. Tyutchev considered selfishness the disease of the century, and he experienced its poisonous effect. He wrote about this in a cycle of poems dedicated to Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, a woman with whom he had a long, passionate and “illegal” love, before whom he felt constant guilt.
Tyutchev's "last love" lasted fourteen years. In 1864, his beloved died of consumption. Tyutchev blamed himself alone for her death: after all, without parting with his family, he put his beloved woman in an ambiguous position. The aristocratic circle to which Denisyeva belonged turned away from her.
Tyutchev's poems dedicated to Denisyeva entered the treasury of the world's love lyrics and thus, as it were, rewarded this woman for her suffering.
last love
Oh, how in our declining years
We love more tenderly and more superstitiously...
Shine, shine, parting light
Last love, evening dawn!
Half the sky was engulfed by a shadow,
Only there, in the west, radiance wanders,
- Slow down, slow down, evening day,
Last, last, charm.
Let the blood run thin in the veins,
But tenderness does not fail in the heart ...
Oh, last love!
You are both bliss and hopelessness.
Between mid 1851 and early 1854
Tyutchev is not a singer of ideal love - he, like Nekrasov, writes about her "prose" and about the amazing metamorphoses of feelings: addiction to the dearest unexpectedly turns into torment, a "fatal duel." But he affirms with his lyrics the high standards of relationships: it is important to understand the beloved, to look at oneself through his eyes, to live up to one’s hopes, awakened by love, to be afraid of not only low, but even mediocre actions in relations with a loved one. All this is not only declared, but also revealed by the character of the heroine - a woman of rare courage and beauty, and by the amazing confession of the poet, who asks, as a benefactor, the painful memory of an early departed friend:
Oh Lord, give burning suffering
And dispel the deadness of my soul
You took it, but the flour of remembrance,
Deliver living flour to me through it.
Tyutchev's "Denisiev cycle" precedes the philosophical and psychological novels of F.M. Dostoevsky and L.N. Tolstoy.
Poems: “To N.”, “No matter how furious slander ...”, “Do not say: he loves me as before ...”.
Tyutchev's lyrics give rise to a tension of feelings and thoughts, it captures with a sound recording in which the voices of life itself are heard: the rhythms and interruption of the wind, waves, forest noise, a disturbed human heart. AT poetic style Tyutchev combines musical, melodic motifs and oratory and rhetorical techniques.
The structure of his speech strikes with the neighborhood of Slavicisms, mythological images with unusual unexpected forms and phrases:
Here quietly, quietly
As carried by the wind
Smoky-light, hazy-lily
Suddenly, something fluttered through the window.
Tyutchev is especially close to our contemporaries with his belief in the endless possibilities of man - and as a separate person, concealing in his soul " the whole world”, and as all mankind, capable of creating a new nature.
Literature
L.M. Lotman. F.I. Tyutchev.// History of Russian literature. Volume three. Leningrad: Nauka, 1982, pp. 403–427.
D.N. Murin. Russian literature 2nd half of XIX century. Thematic lesson planning for grade 10. St. Petersburg: Smio Press, 1998, pp. 57–58.
Nina Sukhova. Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev // Encyclopedia for children "Avanta +". Volume 9. Russian literature. Part one. Moscow, 1999, pp. 505–514.
G.K. Shchennikov. F.I. Tyutchev // F.I. Tyutchev. Poems. Khabarovsk book publishing house, 1982, pp. 5–14.
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev- a famous Russian poet, publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, diplomat - was born in the Oryol province, Bryansk district, the Ovstug estate, which belonged to his old noble family, on December 5 (November 23 according to the old style), 1803. Elementary education Fyodor was at home; the famous poet-translator S. Raich worked with him. Learning Latin and Poetry ancient rome, as a 13-year-old teenager, Tyutchev was already translating Horace. In 1819, one of these poems, which was a free translation, was published. At the age of 14, he attended Moscow University (Faculty of History and Philology) as a volunteer, in 1818 he became a student of this educational institution. In 1819 he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.
After graduating with brilliant results from the university in 1821, young Tyutchev became an employee of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs - one of his relatives, Count Osterman-Tolstoy, helped him in this. In 1822, Tyutchev, having received a modest position as a freelance attache, leaves for the Bavarian kingdom, in Munich, where he serves in the Russian diplomatic mission. While abroad, Tyutchev met F. Schelling, became a friend of Heine, became interested in German idealist philosophy.
Beginning with adolescence Tyutchev periodically published his poems, but they appeared only occasionally and did not make a special impression on anyone. The situation changed in 1836: a notebook with Tyutchev's poems sent from Bavaria ended up with A. Pushkin, causing him admiration and surprise. The result was the publication of Tyutchev's writings in the journal Sovremennik. And yet, the real glory will come to Tyutchev much later.
Many people were associated with their stay abroad. important events biography of Tyutchev. So, in 1826, he married a local aristocrat, Eleanor Peterson. In 1833, Tyutchev began an affair with Ernestine Dernberg, which led to a loud scandal and caused the diplomat to be transferred from Munich to Turin. The ship sailing from St. Petersburg to Turin crashed, and this event had such a detrimental effect on the health of Tyutchev's wife that in 1838 she died. The activities of Fyodor Tyutchev in the field of diplomacy - although not the most successful in terms of career, but long - unexpectedly interrupted in 1839, but he lived abroad until 1844.
Nicholas I highly appreciated Tyutchev's contribution to strengthening the authority of Russia, and upon arrival at home he was given a position in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the title of chamberlain. Since 1848, he was the senior censor in this ministry. It is known that he vetoed the distribution in the country of the "Manifesto of the Communist Party", translated into Russian. During this period, he practically did not compose poetry, publishing articles of journalistic content in French.
In the 50s. recognition came to Tyutchev as a poet. His poems are out a separate collection in 1854 and brought him fame as one of the best Russian poets, Turgenev, A. Fet, Chernyshevsky, N. Nekrasov spoke with enthusiasm about his work. The poet's position in relation to the Russian autocracy was embodied in the works: Tyutchev believed that this best form state structure, to which Slavic peoples must lean on the mission of resisting the revolutions engulfing Europe. On the other hand, the poet made Russian landscapes and events an object of chanting, and soon many poets picked up this tradition.
Despite the enormous prestige earned in the cultural community of the capital, Tyutchev did not abandon public service in favor of studying literature on professional basis. Being a real state councilor, Tyutchev in 1858 headed the committee of foreign censorship. He holds this position until his death, although more than once he had to endure all sorts of troubles, for example, in the form of a collision with members of the government. On August 30, 1865, he was promoted to Privy Councillor.
Second half of the 60s. was noted in his biography by a number of tragic personal events that made the most painful impression on the poet: in a few years he lost his closest people. In 1872, with Tyutchev's health, there were serious problems: left hand failed, eyesight deteriorated, intense headaches began. Having experienced a stroke on January 1, 1873, as a result of which the left side of the body lost sensitivity, Tyutchev did not survive the next apoplexy, which happened on July 15, 1873.
Biography from Wikipedia
Youth
Fedor Tyutchev. 1806-1807
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23, 1803 in the Ovstug family estate of the Bryansk district of the Oryol province. Received home education. Under the guidance of the teacher, poet and translator S. E. Raich, who supported the student's interest in versification and classical languages, studied Latin and ancient Roman poetry, and at the age of twelve he translated the odes of Horace. Since 1817, as a volunteer, he began to attend lectures at the Verbal Department at Moscow University, where his teachers were Alexei Merzlyakov and Mikhail Kachenovsky. Even before enrollment, he was admitted to the number of students in November 1818, in 1819 he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.
Career abroad
Having received a certificate of graduation from the university in 1821, F. Tyutchev enters the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs and goes to Munich as a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission. Here he met Schelling and Heine and in 1826 married Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer, from whom he had three daughters. The eldest of them, Anna, later marries Ivan Aksakov.
The steamer "Nikolai I", on which the Tyutchev family sails from St. Petersburg to Turin, is in distress in the Baltic Sea. When saving Eleanor and the children, Ivan Turgenev, who was sailing on the same ship, helps. This disaster seriously crippled the health of Eleonora Tyutcheva. She dies in 1838. Tyutchev was so saddened that, after spending the night at the coffin of his late wife, he allegedly turned gray in a few hours. However, already in 1839, Tyutchev married Ernestine Dernberg (nee Pfeffel), with whom, apparently, he had a relationship while still married to Eleanor. Ernestine's memories of a ball in February 1833, at which her first husband felt unwell, have been preserved. Not wanting to interfere with his wife's fun, Mr. Dernberg decided to go home alone. Turning to the young Russian with whom the baroness was talking, he said: "I entrust my wife to you". This Russian was Tyutchev. A few days later, Baron Dörnberg died of typhus, the epidemic of which engulfed Munich at that time.
In 1835, Tyutchev received the court rank of chamberlain. In 1839, Tyutchev's diplomatic activity was suddenly interrupted, but until 1844 he continued to live abroad. In 1843, he met with the all-powerful head of the III department of His Own Imperial Majesty office of A. Kh. Benckendorff. The result of this meeting was the support by Emperor Nicholas I of all Tyutchev's initiatives in the work to create a positive image of Russia in the West. Tyutchev was given the go-ahead for an independent appearance in the press on political issues relations between Europe and Russia.
Of great interest to Nicholas I was the anonymously published article by Tyutchev "Letter to Mr. Doctor Kolb" ("Russia and Germany"; 1844). This work was given to the emperor, who, as Tyutchev told his parents, "found all his thoughts in it and seemed to ask who its author was."
Service in Russia
F. I. Tyutchev. 1860-1861 Photo by S. L. Levitsky
Returning to Russia in 1844, Tyutchev again entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1845), where from 1848 he held the position of senior censor.
Almost immediately upon his return, F. I. Tyutchev actively participates in Belinsky's circle.
Not printing poems at all during these years, Tyutchev appeared with journalistic articles in French: “Letter to Mr. Doctor Kolb” (1844), “Note to the Tsar” (1845), “Russia and the Revolution” (1849), “Papacy and The Roman Question” (1850), and also later, already in Russia, an article written “On Censorship in Russia” (1857). The last two are one of the chapters of the unfinished treatise "Russia and the West", conceived by him under the influence of the revolutionary events of 1848-1849.
In this treatise, Tyutchev creates a kind of image of the thousand-year-old power of Russia. Outlining his "teaching about the empire" and the nature of the empire in Russia, the poet noted its "Orthodox character." In the article “Russia and the Revolution”, Tyutchev carried the idea that in “ modern world There are only two forces: revolutionary Europe and conservative Russia. The idea of creating a union of Slavic-Orthodox states under the auspices of Russia was immediately outlined.
During this period, Tyutchev's poetry itself was subordinated to state interests, as he understood them. He creates many "rhyming slogans" or "journalistic articles in verse": "Gus at the stake", "To the Slavs", "Modern", "Vatican anniversary".
On April 7, 1857, Tyutchev received the rank of real state councilor, and on April 17, 1858 he was appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. In this post, despite numerous troubles and clashes with the government, Tyutchev stayed for 15 years, until his death. On August 30, 1865, Tyutchev was promoted to privy councilor, thereby reaching the third, and in fact, even the second step in the state hierarchy of officials.
During his service, he received 1,800 chervonets in gold and 2,183 rubles in silver as awards (prizes).
The grave of F. I. Tyutchev in the cemetery Novodevichy Convent in St. Petersburg
Until the very end, Tyutchev was interested in the political situation in Europe. On December 4, 1872, the poet lost his freedom of movement with his left hand and felt sharp deterioration vision; he began to suffer excruciating headaches. On the morning of January 1, 1873, despite the warnings of others, the poet went for a walk, intending to visit friends. On the street, he had a stroke that paralyzed the entire left half of his body. On July 15 (27), 1873, Fyodor Tyutchev died in Tsarskoe Selo, at the age of 71. On July 18, 1873, the coffin with the body of the poet was transported from Tsarskoye Selo Petersburg and was buried in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.
Poetry
According to Yu. N. Tynyanov, small poems Tyutchev is a product of decomposition voluminous works odic genre that developed in Russian poetry of the XVIII century (Derzhavin, Lomonosov). He calls Tyutchev's form a "fragment", which is compressed to short text Oh yeah. "Thereby composition structures Tyutchev’s are as tense as possible and look like hypercompensation for constructive efforts ”(Yu. N. Chumakov). Hence the “figurative excess”, “oversaturation of components of various orders”, which make it possible to convey the tragic feeling of the cosmic contradictions of being.
One of the first serious researchers of Tyutchev, L. V. Pumpyansky, considers the most feature poetics of Tyutchev so-called. "Doublets" - images repeating from poem to poem, varying similar themes "with the preservation of all its main distinguishing features":
The vault of heaven, burning with star glory
Mysteriously looks from the depths, -
And we are sailing, a flaming abyss
Surrounded on all sides.- "How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth ..."
She, between the double abyss,
Your all-seeing dream cherishes -
And with the full glory of the starry firmament
You are surrounded from everywhere.- "Swan"
This determines the thematic and motive unity of Tyutchev's lyrics, the components of which are precisely Tynyan's "fragments". Thus, according to Roman Leibov:
... the interpreter is faced with a well-known paradox: on the one hand, "no single poem by Tyutchev will be revealed to us in all its depth, if we consider it as an independent unit" ... On the other hand, Tyutchev's corpus is frankly "random", we have texts that are not institutionally attached to literature, not supported by the author's will, reflecting the hypothetical "Tyutchev heritage" is obviously incomplete. The "unity" and "crowding" of Tyutchev's poetic heritage make it possible to compare it with folklore.
Very important for understanding Tyutchev's poetics is his fundamental distance from the literary process, his unwillingness to see himself as a professional writer and even disregard for the results of his own work.
Tyutchev does not write poetry, writing down already existing text blocks. In a number of cases, we have the opportunity to observe how work is progressing on the initial versions of Tyutchev's texts: to the vague, often tautologically designed (another parallel with folklore lyrics) core, Tyutchev applies different kind"correct" rhetorical devices, taking care of eliminating tautologies, clarifying allegorical meanings(Tyutchev's text in this sense unfolds in time, repeating common features the evolution of poetic techniques described in the works of A. N. Veselovsky, devoted to parallelism - from the undivided identification of phenomena of different series to a complex analogy). It is often at the late stage of work on the text (corresponding to the consolidation of its written status) that the lyrical subject is introduced pronominally.
periodization
According to Yuri Lotman, Tyutchev's work, amounting to a little more than 400 poems, with all his inner unity can be divided into three periods:
- The 1st period is the initial, 1810s - early 1820s, when Tyutchev creates his youthful poems, archaic in style and close to the poetry of the 18th century.
- 2nd period - the second half of the 1820s - 1840s, starting with the poem "Glimpse", the features of his original poetics are already noticeable in Tyutchev's work. This is a fusion of Russian odic poetry of the 18th century and the traditions of European romanticism and Schiller's pantheism.
- 3rd period - 1850s - early 1870s. This period is separated from the previous one by a decade of the 1840s, when Tyutchev writes almost no poetry. During this period, numerous political poems were created (for example, "Modern"), poems "in case" and a poignant "Denisyev cycle". Magazine "Contemporary".
love lyrics
In love lyrics, Tyutchev creates a number of poems, which are usually combined into a “love-tragedy” cycle, called the “Denisiev cycle”, since most of the poems belonging to it are dedicated to E. A. Denisyeva. Their characteristic comprehension of love as a tragedy, as a fatal force leading to devastation and death, is also found in early work Tyutchev, therefore it would be more correct to name the poems related to the "Denisiev cycle" without reference to the poet's biography. Tyutchev himself did not take part in the formation of the "cycle", therefore it is often unclear to whom certain poems are addressed - to E. A. Denisyeva or his wife Ernestina. Tyutchevology has repeatedly emphasized the similarity of the "Denisiev cycle" with the genre lyrical diary(confession) and the motives of Dostoevsky's novels (morbidity of feeling).
The love of eighteen-year-old Tyutchev for the young beauty Amalia Lerchenfeld (the future Baroness Krudener) is reflected in his famous poem“I remember the golden time ...” Tyutchev was in love with the “young fairy”, who did not reciprocate, but visited the poet in his declining years. It is to her that his poem “I met you, and all the past”, which became the famous romance to the music of L. D. Malashkin, is dedicated.
Letters
More than 1,200 letters from Tyutchev have come down to us.
Tyutchev and Pushkin
In the 1920s, Yu. N. Tynyanov put forward the theory that Tyutchev and Pushkin belong to such different areas of Russian literature that this difference excludes even the recognition of one poet by another. Later, this version was disputed, and it was substantiated (including documented) that Pushkin quite consciously placed Tyutchev’s poems in Sovremennik, insisted before censorship on replacing the excluded stanzas of the poem “Not what you think, nature ...” with rows of dots, considering it was wrong not to designate the discarded lines in any way, and on the whole he was very sympathetic to Tyutchev's work.
Nevertheless, the poetic imagery of Tyutchev and Pushkin actually has serious differences. N.V. Koroleva formulates the difference as follows: “Pushkin draws a person living an ebullient, real, sometimes even everyday life, Tyutchev is a person outside everyday life, sometimes even outside reality, listening to the instant ringing of an aeolian harp, absorbing the beauty of nature and bowing to her, yearning for the “deaf groanings of time”.
Tyutchev dedicated two poems to Pushkin: "To Pushkin's Ode to Liberty" and "January 29, 1837", the last of which radically differs from the works of other poets on Pushkin's death by the absence of direct Pushkin's reminiscences and archaic language in its style.
Museums
- The museum-estate of the poet is located in Muranovo near Moscow. It went into the possession of the poet's descendants, who collected memorial exhibits there. Tyutchev himself, apparently, has never been to Muranovo. On July 27, 2006, a fire broke out in the museum on an area of 500 m² from a lightning strike. As a result of the fire, the manor house was seriously damaged, but soon its restoration began, which was completed in 2009. Many exhibits were also damaged, but almost in in full The museum's collections were saved. Since 2009, the museum began to restore the exposition, adding new exhibits as they are being restored. Full restoration of the exposition is planned for 2014.
- The Tyutchev family estate was located in the village of Ovstug (now the Zhukovsky district Bryansk region). The central building of the estate, due to its dilapidated state, was dismantled into bricks in 1914, from which the volost foreman, deputy State Duma IV convocation, Dmitry Vasilyevich Kiselev built the building of the volost government (preserved; now - the museum of the history of the village of Ovstug). Park with a pond for a long time were in a state of disrepair. The restoration of the estate began in 1957 thanks to the enthusiasm of V. D. Gamolin: the surviving building was transferred to the museum of F. I. Tyutchev rural school(1871), the park was restored, a bust of F. I. Tyutchev was installed, and in the 1980s, the building of the estate was recreated according to the surviving sketches, into which the museum’s exposition moved in 1986 (it includes several thousand original exhibits). In the former building of the museum (former school) there is an art gallery. In 2003, the building of the Assumption Church was restored in Ovstug.
- Family estate in the village of Znamenskoye on the Kadka River (now the Uglich district Yaroslavl region). The house, the dilapidated Church of the Sign of the Mother of God (built in 1784) and the park of extraordinary beauty have survived. The brick double-altar church with the Nikolsky chapel was built at the expense of the local landowner N. A. Tyutchev, the poet's grandfather. From it to the very porch of the manor house leads the Tyutchev alley of centuries-old pines. It was planned to reconstruct the estate, but no action was taken for 2015.
When the war with the French began in 1812, the Tyutchevs gathered to evacuate. The Tyutchev family left for the Yaroslavl province, in the village of Znamenskoye. There lived the grandmother of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev from the side of his father, Pelageya Denisovna Panyutina. She had been seriously ill for a long time; relatives found my grandmother alive, but on December 3, 1812, she died. The Tyutchevs decided not to return to burned Moscow, but to go to their estate in Ovstug. Raich also left Znamensky with them, future mentor and friend of Fedenka Tyutchev.
A year and a half after the death of my grandmother, the division of all property began. It was supposed to take place between three sons. But since the elder Dmitry was rejected by the family for marrying without parental blessing, two could participate in the section: Nikolai Nikolaevich and Ivan Nikolaevich. However, Znamenskoye was an indivisible estate, a kind of Tyutchev's majorate. It could not be divided, changed or sold. The brothers did not live in Znamenskoye for a long time: Nikolai Nikolaevich was in St. Petersburg, Ivan Nikolaevich - in Moscow, besides, he already had an estate in the Bryansk province. Thus, Nikolai Nikolaevich received Znamenskoye. In the late 1820s, Nikolai Nikolaevich died. Ivan Nikolayevich (the poet's father) became the guardian of his brother's children. All of them settled in Moscow and St. Petersburg, with the exception of Alexei, who lived in Znamenskoye. It was from him that the so-called "Yaroslavl" branch of the Tyutchevs went. His son, Alexander Alekseevich Tyutchev, that is, the nephew of Fyodor Ivanovich, was the district marshal of the nobility for 20 years. And he is the last landowner of Znamensky.
Memory
In honor of F. I. Tyutchev, the asteroid (9927) Tyutchev, discovered by astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory on October 3, 1981, is named.
A family
- grandfather - Nikolai Andreevich Tyutchev Jr.(1720-1797). Wife - Pelageya Denisovna, born Panyutin(1739-December 3, 1812)
- Father - Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev(October 12, 1768-April 23, 1846)
- Mother - Ekaterina Lvovna(October 16, 1776 - May 15, 1866), daughter of Leo Vasilyevich Tolstoy (1740 - October 14, 1816) and Ekaterina Mikhailovna Rimskaya-Korsakova (? -1788). She was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. Her father's sister, Anna Vasilievna Osterman, and her husband F. A. Osterman played a big role in the fate of her niece and her family. Mother's brother - A. M. Rimsky-Korsakov. Children of Ivan and Catherine:
- Nikolay Ivanovich(June 9, 1801 - December 8, 1870). Colonel General Staff. Died single. The last owner of the Tyutchev family estate: the village of Gorenovo (now the Roslavl district of the Smolensk region).
- Fedor
- 1st wife: Tyutcheva, Eleonora Fyodorovna. Their kids:
- Tyutcheva, Anna Fedorovna (1829-1889), maid of honor, author of memoirs. Husband - Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich
- Tyutcheva, Daria Fedorovna (1834-1903), maid of honor
- Tyutcheva, Ekaterina Fedorovna (1835-1882), maid of honor
- 2nd wife: Pfeffel, Ernestine. Their kids:
- Tyutcheva, Maria Fedorovna(1840-1873), married since 1865 to Nikolai Alekseevich Birilev (1829-1882)
- Dmitry Fedorovich(1841-1870), married to Olga Alexandrovna Melnikova (1830-1913)
- Tyutchev, Ivan Fyodorovich(1846-1909), married since 1869 to Olga Petrovna Putyata (1840-1920), niece of the wife of E. A. Baratynsky, daughter of the literary critic N. V. Putyata. Their kids:
- Sofia(1869-1957). The teacher of the children of Nicholas II.
- Olga (1871-?)
- Fedor (1873-1931)
- Tyutchev, Nikolai I.(1876-1949), collector, founder and first director of the Muranovo Estate Museum.
- Catherine(1879-1957), married V. E. Pigarev. It is from this marriage that the branch of the Pigarevs, the modern descendants of the poet, comes.
- Beloved - Deniseva, Elena Alexandrovna(the relationship lasted 14 years). Their kids:
- Elena (1851-1865)
- Tyutchev, Fedor Fyodorovich (1860-1916)
- Nicholas (1864-1865)
- Beloved - Hydrangea Lapp. “The details of this long relationship are unknown to us. A foreigner came to Russia with Tyutchev and subsequently gave birth to two sons (...) The poet died in 1873 and bequeathed to Mrs. Lapp the pension that was legally due to his widow Ernestina Fedorovna. The widow and children sacredly fulfilled last will husband and father, and for twenty years, until the death of Ernestina Feodorovna, Hortensia Lapp received a pension, which was given to her by the widow of an official. That's all we know about this love story."
- Nikolai Lapp-Mikhailov, died in 1877 in the battle of Shipka
- regimental doctor Dmitry Lapp, died a few months after the death of his brother and was buried in Odessa.
- 1st wife: Tyutcheva, Eleonora Fyodorovna. Their kids:
- Sergey(April 6, 1805 – May 22, 1806)
- Dmitry(February 26, 1809 - April 25, 1815)
- Basil(January 19, 1811) died in infancy
- Daria Ivanovna(June 5, 1806-1879), in the marriage of Sushkov.
- paternal aunt - Evdokia (Avdotya) Nikolaevna Meshcherskaya(monastic Eugene) (February 18, 1774 - February 3, 1837) - abbess, founder of the Boriso-Gleb Anosin convent.
- paternal aunt - Nadezhda Nikolayevna(1775-1850), married to Sheremetev, mother of Anastasia, future wife of the Decembrist Yakushkin and Pelageya (1802-1871), future wife of M. N. Muravyov-Vilensky.
Stay in St. Petersburg
- February - May 1822 - Angliskaya embankment, now 10, house of A.I. Osterman-Tolstoy;
- August 1843 - Hotel "Demut" - Embankment of the Moika River, 40, then - Hotel Tirak;
- September - October 1844 - Coulomb's hotel on Mikhailovskaya Square;
- October 1844 - May 1845 - Angliskaya Embankment, now 12, house of M. Markevich;
- August 1845 - March 1846 - Demuth Hotel;
- March 1846 - June 1847 - Field of Mars, now house 3, house of E. I. Safonov;
- September 1847 - August 1850 - Mokhovaya Street;
- September 1850 - May 1852 - Nevsky Prospekt, 68 (Lopatin's house);
- September 1852 - Nevsky Prospekt, 54/3 (Demidov's house);
- October - December 1852 - Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street (furnished rooms);
- March - April 1853 - Field of Mars (Safonov's house);
- September 1853 - Klee hotel;
- November 1854 - Dirty street (near Semenovsky parade ground).
- November 1854-1872 - Nevsky Prospekt, 42 (the house of L. I. Lazarev, the house of the Armenian Church of St. Catherine) *.
Stay abroad
- 1822-1828 - Munich, Herzogspitalstrasse (Herzogspitalstrasse), 1139; later - 12;
- June - July 1827 - Paris, Rue d'Artois, 21;
- 1829 - Munich, Ottostrasse, 248 (later - 4);
- 1830 - Munich, Karolinenplatz (Karolinenplatz), 1 - area in Maxvorstadt;
- late 1837 - Turin, furnished rooms;
- June - July 1838 - Munich, Briennerstrasse, 4 (boarding house of aunt Eleonora Tyutcheva, Baroness Hanstein), then Wittelbacherplatz, 2 - Neusigel house;
- August 1838 - Turin, hotel;
- September 1839 - Munich, Briennerstrasse, 18;
- February 1840 - Ottostrasse, 250 (later - 6);
- from October 15, 1840 - Karlstrasse (Karlstrasse), 54/1;
- October 27, 1842-1844 - Ludwigstrasse, 7 (the house of the flour merchant Kopp);
- summer 1844 - Paris;
Compositions
- Tyutchev F.I. Complete collection of poems / Vst. Art. B. Ya. Bukhshtaba. - M.: Soviet writer, 1957. - 424 p. (Library of the poet. Large series)
- Tyutchev F. I. Poems / Comp., article and note. V. V. Kozhinova. - M.: Sov. Russia, 1976. - 334 p. (Poetic Russia)
- Tyutchev F.I. Complete collection of poems / Comp., prepared. text and notes. A. A. Nikolaev. - L.: Owls. writer, 1987. - 448 p. Circulation 100,000 copies. (Library of the poet. Large series. Third edition)
- Tyutchev F.I. Complete collection of poems in two volumes. / Ed. and comment. P. Chulkova. - M.: Publishing Center "Terra", 1994. - 960 p.
- Tyutchev F.I. Complete Works. Letters: In 6 volumes / M .: Publishing Center "Classics", 2005. - 3504 p.
- Tyutchev F.I. Russia and the West / Comp., entry. article, translation and comment. B. N. Tarasova / Ed. ed. O. A. Platonov. - M.: Institute of Russian Civilization, 2011. - 592 p.
