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Synonyms- words belonging, as a rule, to the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, but having a similar lexical meaning.

Examples of synonyms in Russian: cavalry - cavalry, bold - brave, go - walk.

They serve to increase the expressiveness of speech, avoid its monotony.

It is necessary to distinguish between synonyms and nominal definitions - the latter represent complete identity.

Synonyms in linguistics

Each synonym has its own special shade of meaning that distinguishes it from other synonyms, for example: red - scarlet - crimson - crimson.

Synonym classification

Synonyms, pointing to the same concept and having the same lexical meaning, differ in their expressive coloring, attachment to a certain style, frequency of use.

Many synonyms differ from each other at the same time lexical meaning and expressive colors.

So, synonyms can be differentiated:

1. according to the subjects they designate [synonyms "buffoon - actor - comedian - actor - artist" reflect different moments in the development of the theater and different attitude to the profession of an actor (cf. next paragraph)];
2. on social evaluation the designated object (synonyms "salary - salary" reflect a different attitude to the remuneration received for work);
3. by applicability in a particular style of speech (the synonyms “horse - horse” are not always stylistically reversible; in the verse “where are you galloping, proud horse?” the substitution of the synonym “horse” will produce a comic effect - “where are you galloping, proud horse?”) ;
4. by etymological meaning, which can give one of the synonyms a special color (synonyms "brave - fearless" connect general concept courage in the first case with "daring", "determination", in the second - with "lack of fear"; therefore, these synonyms in a known context can be applied as words opposite in meaning, as antonyms);
5. by the presence or absence of figurative meanings: for example, in the famous epigram Batyushkov K.N. Advice to the epic poet:

"What name do you want?
Your semi-wild poem
"Peter the Long", "Peter the Great", but only "Peter the Great"
Don't call her."

the absence of a figurative meaning in the first of the synonyms "big - great" is used.

"Grammar Synonyms"

Further, it should not be forgotten that any change in the forms of production, public relations, everyday life not only enriches the vocabulary of the language (see "Vocabulary"), but due to the class and professional differentiation of speakers, it often receives several designations, sometimes fixed in the literary language as synonyms. Compare: "airplane - airplane"(the first synonym is from the military terminology of the early 20th century). Especially contributing to the multiplication of designations is the desire of speakers not only to name the subject, but also to express their attitude towards it: cf. a wealth of synonyms around words denoting elementary, but worldly important facts; compare, on the other hand, a wealth of designations for the phenomena of political and public life, serving as the subject class struggle, - "worldeater", "fist"(in the mouth of the poor-middle peasant part of the peasantry), "strong man", "man of business"(in the mouth of the rural bourgeoisie itself). Thus, the accumulation of synonyms in a language is inevitably accompanied by their differentiation: the words included in the group of synonyms (the so-called nest of synonyms) retain differences in their shades, generated by their belonging different classes society, different social strata, different types speech communication, the differences described above and often leading to a complete loss of synonymy. Compare the fate of the Slavicisms of the type "citizen"(at "citizen"), etc.

To clarify the differential shades of synonyms, it is useful:

1. compare each of them with the most abstract, not emotionally colored designation of the object (identification method proposed by Balli);
2. find antonyms for them (for example, the antonym "sorrow" will be "joy", antonym "sorrow" - "jubilation");
3. substitute one synonym for another in a certain context;
4. establish the presence of other (portable) meanings for each of the nests of a synonym (examples cf. above);
5. take into account the grammatical structure of each of the synonyms ( "carelessly - carelessly").

Synonyms in taxonomy

Only one of all synonyms can be the name by which a given taxon is to be known. Usually this is the synonym that was published earlier than others.

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Literature

• Aleksandrova Z. E. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: Ok. 9000 synonymic series / Ed. L. A. Cheshko. - 5th ed., stereotype. - M.: Rus. yaz., 1986. - 600 p.
• Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: In 2 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of the Russian Language; Ed. A. P. Evgenieva. - L .: Nauka, 1970.

see also

Links

• (Trishin) - St. 525,000 words and approx. 2 million synonymous links.
• A. A. Gornfeld.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• [synonym dictionary.rf/ Full online dictionary synonyms of the Russian language]

The article uses the text from the Literary Encyclopedia 1929-1939, which has passed into the public domain, since the author - R. Sh. - died in 1939.

An excerpt characterizing Synonyms

The plate seemed to him not clean; he pointed to the stain and dropped it. Tikhon picked it up and handed it to the barman. The little princess was not unwell; but she was so irresistibly afraid of the prince that, hearing how he was in a bad mood, she decided not to go out.
“I am afraid for the child,” she said to m lle Bourienne, “God knows what can be done from fright.
In general, the little princess lived in the Bald Mountains constantly under a feeling of fear and antipathy towards the old prince, which she was not aware of, because fear prevailed so much that she could not feel it. There was also antipathy on the part of the prince, but it was drowned out by contempt. The princess, having settled down in the Bald Mountains, especially fell in love with m lle Bourienne, spent days with her, asked her to spend the night with her, and often spoke with her about her father-in-law and judged him.
- Il nous arrive du monde, mon prince, [Guests are coming to us, prince.] - said m lle Bourienne, unrolling a white napkin with her pink hands. - Son excellence le prince Kouraguine avec son fils, a ce que j "ai entendu dire? [His Excellency Prince Kuragin with his son, how much have I heard?] - she said inquiringly.
“Hm… this excellence boy… I appointed him to the collegium,” the prince said indignantly. - And why the son, I can not understand. Princess Lizaveta Karlovna and Princess Marya may know; I don't know why he's bringing this son here. I don't need. And he looked at the blushing daughter.
- Unhealthy, right? From the fear of the minister, as this blockhead Alpatych said today.
- No, mon pere. [father.]
No matter how unsuccessfully m lle Bourienne got on the subject of conversation, she did not stop and chatted about greenhouses, about the beauty of a new blossoming flower, and the prince softened after the soup.
After dinner he went to his daughter-in-law. The little princess sat at a small table and chatted with Masha, the maid. She turned pale when she saw her father-in-law.
The little princess has changed a lot. She was more bad than good, now. The cheeks drooped, the lip rose up, the eyes were drawn down.
“Yes, some kind of heaviness,” she answered the prince’s question about what she felt.
- Do you need something?
- No, merci, mon pere. [thank you, father.]
- Well, well, well.
He left and went to the waiter's room. Alpatych, bowing his head, stood in the waiter's room.
- Abandoned road?
- Zakidana, Your Excellency; sorry, for God's sake, for one stupidity.
The prince interrupted him and laughed his unnatural laugh.
- Well, well, well.
He extended his hand, which Alpatych kissed, and went into the office.
In the evening Prince Vasily arrived. He was met on the preshpekt (as the avenue was called) by coachmen and waiters, with a shout they drove his wagons and sledges to the wing along a road deliberately covered with snow.
Prince Vasily and Anatole were given separate rooms.
Anatole was sitting, taking off his camisole and propping himself on his hips, in front of the table, on the corner of which he, smiling, intently and absently directed his beautiful big eyes. He looked at his whole life as an uninterrupted entertainment, which someone for some reason undertook to arrange for him. So now he looked at his trip to the evil old man and to the rich ugly heiress. All this could come out, according to his assumption, very well and funny. And why not marry, if she is very rich? It never interferes, thought Anatole.
He shaved, perfumed himself with the care and panache that had become his habit, and with a good-natured victorious expression innate in him, holding high beautiful head entered the room to his father. Near Prince Vasily, his two valets bustled about, dressing him; he himself looked around him animatedly and nodded merrily to his son as he entered, as if he were saying: “So, that’s how I need you!”
- No, no jokes, father, is she very ugly? BUT? he asked, as if continuing a conversation that had been carried on more than once during the journey.
- Full. Nonsense! The main thing is to try to be respectful and prudent with the old prince.
“If he scolds, I will leave,” said Anatole. I can't stand these old people. BUT?
“Remember that everything depends on you.
At that time, the arrival of the minister with his son was not only known in the maid's room, but appearance both of them have already been described in detail. Princess Marya sat alone in her room and tried in vain to overcome her inner agitation.
“Why did they write, why did Lisa tell me about it? After all, this cannot be! she said to herself, looking in the mirror. - How do I get into the living room? Even if I liked him, I could not be myself with him now. Just the thought of her father's gaze horrified her.
The little princess and m lle Bourienne have already received all the necessary information from the maid Masha about what a ruddy, black-browed handsome minister's son was, and about how papa dragged their feet by force to the stairs, and he, like an eagle, walking up three steps, ran after him. Having received this information, the little princess with m lle Bourienne, still audible from the corridor with their animated voices, entered the princess's room.
- Ils sont arrives, Marieie, [They have arrived, Marie,] you know? - said the little princess, waddling her stomach and sinking heavily into an armchair.
She was no longer in the blouse in which she sat in the morning, and she was wearing one of her best dresses; her head was carefully removed, and on her face there was a revival, which, however, did not hide the drooping and dead outlines of her face. In the attire in which she usually went in society in St. Petersburg, it was even more noticeable how much she had grown ugly. On m lle Bourienne, too, there was already imperceptibly some improvement in the outfit, which made her pretty, fresh face even more attractive.
- Eh bien, et vous restez comme vous etes, chere princesse? she spoke. – On va venir annoncer, que ces messieurs sont au salon; il faudra descendre, et vous ne faites pas un petit brin de toilette! [Well, are you staying, what were you wearing, princess? Now they will come to say that they left. You will have to go downstairs, and at least you dressed up a little bit!]
The little princess got up from her chair, called the maid, and hurriedly and cheerfully began to invent an outfit for Princess Marya and put it into execution. Princess Marya felt insulted in her feelings. dignity the fact that the arrival of the bridegroom promised to her excited her, and she was even more offended by the fact that both of her friends did not even imagine that it could be otherwise. To tell them how ashamed she was for herself and for them meant betraying her excitement; moreover, to refuse the dress that was offered to her would lead to lengthy jokes and insistence. She flared up Perfect eyes her face went out, her face became covered with spots, and with that ugly expression of the victim, most often stopping on her face, she surrendered to the power of m lle Bourienne and Lisa. Both women cared quite sincerely about making her beautiful. She was so bad that the thought of rivalry with her could not come to any of them; therefore they are quite sincere, with that naive and firm conviction women, that an outfit can make a face beautiful, set about dressing her.
- No, really, ma bonne amie, [my good friend,] this dress is not good, ”said Lisa, looking sideways at the princess from afar. - Tell me to file, you have a masaka there. Right! Well, after all, it may be that the fate of life is being decided. And this is too light, not good, no, not good!
It was not the dress that was bad, but the face and the whole figure of the princess, but m lle Bourienne and the little princess did not feel this; it seemed to them that if they put a blue ribbon on their hair, combed up, and lowered a blue scarf from a brown dress, etc., then everything would be fine. They forgot that the frightened face and figure could not be changed, and therefore, no matter how they modified the frame and decoration of this face, the face itself remained pitiful and ugly. After two or three changes, to which Princess Mary obediently obeyed, at the moment she was combed up (a hairstyle that completely changed and spoiled her face), in a blue scarf and a smart dress, the little princess walked around her twice, with a small hand here she straightened a fold of her dress, there she tugged at her scarf and looked, bowing her head, now from one side, then from the other.

Different in pronunciation and spelling, but having a similar lexical meaning.

Examples of synonyms in Russian: cavalry - cavalry, bold - brave, go - walk.

They serve to increase the expressiveness of speech, avoid its monotony.

It is necessary to distinguish between synonyms and nominal definitions - the latter represent complete identity.

Synonyms in linguistics

Each synonym has its own special shade of meaning that distinguishes it from other synonyms, for example: red - scarlet - crimson.

Synonym classification

Synonyms, pointing to the same concept and having the same lexical meaning, differ in their expressive coloring, attachment to a certain style, frequency of use.

Many synonyms differ from each other in both lexical meaning and expressive coloring.

So, synonyms can be differentiated:

1. according to the objects they designate (synonyms buffoon - actor - comedian - actor - artist reflect different moments in the development of the theater and different attitudes towards the profession of an actor [cf. next item]);
2. according to the social assessment of the designated object (synonyms salary - salary reflect a different attitude to the remuneration received for work);
3. by applicability in a particular style of speech (synonyms horse - horse stylistically not always reversible; in the verse "Where are you galloping, proud horse?" synonym substitution horse will produce a comic effect - “Where are you galloping, proud horse?”);
4. by etymological meaning, which can give one of the synonyms a special color (synonyms bold - fearless they associate the general concept of courage in the first case with “daring”, “determination”, in the second - with “lack of fear”; therefore, these synonyms in a known context can be applied as words opposite in meaning, as antonyms);
5. by the presence or absence of figurative meanings: for example, in the famous epigram Batyushkov K. N. “Advice to an epic poet”:

What name do you want
Your semi-wild poem
"Peter the Long", "Peter the Great", but only "Peter the Great"
Don't call her.

used the absence of the first of the synonyms big - great portable meaning.

Ways of occurrence of synonyms

The enrichment of the language with synonyms is carried out continuously, and the differentiation of synonyms is also continuous, up to the complete loss of their synonymy. Of course, the reason for this movement of synonyms should be sought not only in the self-contained laws of the development of language and in the laws of individual thinking, but also in the analysis of its social conditioning. The enrichment of the language with synonyms is carried out different ways. One of the main ways is crossing dialects on consolidation national language, and partly even earlier - with the formation of larger tribal dialects; since each dialect has its own vocabulary for denoting certain phenomena and objects, the resulting language often contains doublets for denoting the same phenomena. Especially strongly this duplication of designations captures the vocabulary colloquial speech associated with household items; studies on the vocabulary of colloquial speech (especially in detail in Germany) show the territorial distribution of words of this type, acting as equal synonyms in literary language. Compare: in Russian designations for berries - boletus - lingonberry, osseous - stone, which vary with different writers depending on their native dialect.

Another way to create doublet notation in a language is development of writing in a foreign language (Latin in Western Europe, Old Church Slavonic in Kievan and Moscow Rus). word penetration oral speech in writing and words writing orally create numerous stylistically different synonyms: compare: in Russian enemy - enemy, gold - gold and other so-called Slavicisms.

Further, we should not forget that any change in the forms of production, social relations, and everyday life not only enriches the vocabulary of the language, but due to the class and professional differentiation of speakers, it often receives several designations, sometimes fixed in the literary language as synonyms. Compare: airplane - aircraft(the first synonym is from the military terminology of the early 20th century). Especially contributing to the multiplication of designations is the desire of the speakers not only to name the object, but also to express their attitude towards it: cf. a wealth of synonyms around words denoting elementary, but worldly important facts; compare, on the other hand, the wealth of designations for the phenomena of political and social life that serve as the subject of class struggle - parasite, fist(in the mouth of the poor-middle peasant part of the peasantry), strong man, economic man(in the mouth of the rural bourgeoisie itself). Thus, the accumulation of synonyms in a language is inevitably accompanied by their differentiation: the words included in the group of synonyms (the so-called nest of synonyms) retain differences in their shades, generated by their belonging to different classes of society, different social strata, different types of verbal communication, the differences described above and often leading to a complete loss of synonymy. Compare the fate of the Slavicisms of the type citizen(at city ​​dweller), etc.

To clarify the differential shades of synonyms, it is useful:

1. compare each of them with the most abstract, not emotionally colored designation of the object (identification method proposed by Balli);
2. find antonyms for them (for example, antonym sadness will be joy, antonym sorrow - exultation);
3. substitute one synonym for another in a certain context;
4. establish the presence of other (portable) meanings for each of the nests of a synonym (examples cf. above);
5. take into account the grammatical structure of each of the synonyms ( carelessly - carelessly).

Related videos

Synonyms in taxonomy

Only one of all synonyms can be the name by which a given taxon is to be known. Usually this is the synonym that was published earlier than others.

Literature

• Aleksandrova Z. E. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: Ok. 9000 synonymic series / Ed. L. A. Cheshko. - 5th ed., stereotype. - M.: Rus. yaz., 1986. - 600 p.
• Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: In 2 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of the Russian Language; Ed. A. P. Evgenieva. - L .: Nauka, 1970.

Synonymy is one of the key themes practical work with the language (be it writers, journalists, editors, translators), and when reading or analyzing any text. The more in the language synonymous means, the richer and more expressive it is.

Synonymy as a expression plan variability exists at almost all levels of the language, but first of all, of course, at the lexical and syntactic level.

There are no complete synonyms and cannot exist. And that's why.

First, herself external form words carries certain associations, connotations, allusions, caused by both origin (etymology) and " former life" of this lexeme, and its external similarity or dissimilarity to other words given language, which for speakers and users of this language are also included in a certain associative series.

Secondly, even if for a short period of time two words are used to designate, it seems, the same object or concept, then between them quickly enough happens semantic or stylistic differentiation.

Here are examples of similar (synonymous) words and expressions (from my head, not from a dictionary):

- "meal" and "meal"

- "capital", " main city", "metropolis"

- "youth", "young people", "young generation"

- "scam", "lie", "scam", "swindle", "rip off", "deceit"

The paradox lies precisely in the fact that, on the one hand, synonyms, if considered as such words with similar meanings that can be used interchangeably in certain contexts, undoubtedly exists. On the other hand, synonymous relations very conditional and elusive.

Dozens released today synonymous dictionaries. But not everything that is included in them can be attributed to synonyms. Often it is rather associative series words that are close in meaning, which can only be classified as synonyms with a very big stretch, since they can very rarely be interchangeable.

Pick a synonym to this or that word it is difficult also because the meanings of words themselves are by no means always unambiguous.

And not everything is in dictionaries. Synonymously, the abstract-bookish layer of vocabulary is more developed and described. This is undoubtedly the merit of the writers. But in the sphere of political, economic, business vocabulary synonyms are more difficult. So journalists and translators often have to look for or invent the necessary synonyms themselves.

I wanted to look at synonyms for such a topical word as "corruption", but there was no such article in the dictionary.

Yu.Novikov

They serve to increase the expressiveness of speech, allow you to avoid the monotony of speech.

It is necessary to distinguish between synonyms and nominal definitions - the latter represent complete identity.

Yu.D. Apresyan. Lexical synonyms. Definition of lexical synonyms (www.nspu.net) - in Cyrillic Windows encoding
As part of the first approach synonyms are defined as words that have the same lexical meaning, but differing in its shades.

Synonymy is a relative concept. The degree of synonymy can even be zero for language units that do not have common semantic components.

In the following, we will talk about exact synonyms, if the interpretations of the two words are completely the same, and o inaccurate synonyms, or quasi-synonyms if they have a large general part. Already here it should be emphasized that the division of synonyms into exact and inexact does not mean at all that the real subject theories of lexical synonymy are only exact synonyms. Just semantic transformation theory requires a clear distinction between the two commits in the dictionary, because otherwise you won't be able to show them different attitude to the system paraphrasing.

Lexical synonymy. Synonyms in Russian. (shkola.lv)
Synonyms (gr. synonymos - the same name) are words that are different in sound, but identical or close in meaning, often differing stylistic coloration.

A group of words consisting of several synonyms is called synonymous next (or nest). Synonymic rows can consist of both heterogeneous and single-rooted synonyms.

Members of the synonymic series can be not only individual words, but also set phrases(phraseological units), as well as prepositional case forms

There are currently different points views on the definition, types and use of synonyms in speech. Let's take a closer look at the topic different sides. Some of the information will be familiar school curriculum some of which you will hear about for the first time.

What are synonyms?

Synonyms of the Russian language are words of one part of speech, different in spelling and sound, having identical or close lexical meaning. In short: synonyms are words with a similar meaning.

Developed Skill to use the riches of the Russian language, including synonyms, speaks of high professionalism and skill of a person as a writer.

Synonym examples

Let's give examples of synonyms for words different parts speech.

• Wanderer (noun) - pilgrim, traveler, wayfarer, pilgrim;
• Cheerful (adjective) - joyful, festive, jubilant, iridescent;
• Run (verb) - rush, rush, hurry;
• Quickly (adverb) - very fast, lively, agile, smart, dashing, greyhound;
• Drawing (general participle) - depicting, painting, drawing, imagining, outlining;
• Ah (interjection) - so hot, oh, wow.

In the dictionary site you will find more more examples- use the search form or alphabetical index.

Synonymous series

A group of words from several synonyms is called a synonymic row, which can consist of both heterogeneous and single-root words: face - face, fisherman - fisherman, fisherman.

In the synonymic row, the first word is the dominant. It is basic and stylistically neutral. Other words can be of different expressive and stylistic shades: brave (neutral) - daring (folk poetic), fearless (bookish), dashing (colloquial). Phraseological units may be present in the synonymous series: A lot - over the edge, darkness is dark, chickens do not peck.

Types of synonyms

Consider points of view famous linguists on the topic of dividing synonyms into types.

Division of Rosenthal D.E.

Since completely identical words there is little in Russian, so they say that synonymy can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent. lesser degree. There are several types of synonyms:

1. Absolute or complete;
2. semantic;
3. Stylistic or expressive-stylistic;
4. Semantic-stylistic.

Absolute or complete synonyms are usually called words that can be fully interchanged, their meanings are completely the same: battle - battle, throw - throw, huge - huge. Absolute synonyms are often found among scientific terms: spelling - spelling, linguistics - linguistics, linguist - linguist.

Semantic synonyms are also called conceptual, ideographic. These are words that differ in shades of meaning. Semantic synonyms are able to convey the subtlest nuances in the designation of facts. They make our speech richer, deeper, more accurate, allow us to describe in detail the phenomena of reality. For example, wet - wet, damp (indicates the degree of moisture saturation).

Stylistic or expressive-stylistic - synonyms that have differences in expressive-emotional coloring and are used in different styles of speech. For example, an infection (special) is an infection (colloquial), a wife (general use) is a spouse (official), parents (common use) are parents (slang).

Synonyms with expressive-emotional coloring help to use in speech exactly those words that are appropriate in this context. speech situation. It creates excellent opportunities for creativity, which is very much appreciated by the artists of the word.

Semantic-stylistic - synonyms that differ in shades in meaning and stylistically. Most of them are in Russian. For example, wander (book) - move without a specific direction; circle (colloquial) - change direction, but always come to one place; stray (colloquial) - look for the right direction; to fornicate (colloquially) - to go in search of the right path.

Contextual synonyms

Words that are not in the same synonymous series can act as synonyms in the context. They can be called contextual (situational, occasional (random), author's).

The girl sang and danced happily. The beauty and coquette was the favorite of dad and mom. The words "girl", "beauty", "coquette", "darling" are contextual synonyms.

We brought a bug to the village. Our husky became an assistant to my grandfather on the hunt. The dog showed itself better side. The words "bug", "like" and "dog" are contextual synonyms.

This type of synonymy is limited only by the context, is individual character and is not considered in dictionaries of synonyms. The distinction in Russian should be strict, not exemplary. This calls into question the legitimacy of singling out these words as contextual synonyms.

The division of Lekant P.A.

Lekant P.A. highlights the absolute stylistic synonyms and treats them in much the same way as described above. But semantic synonyms rightly calls quasi-synonyms (from Latin “quasi” “almost, approximately”, Greek “synonymos” “of the same name”) or imaginary / partial synonyms. Quasi-synonyms have lexical meanings that coincide, but not completely. They, unlike absolute synonyms are not interchangeable in all contexts.

Lekant P.A. divides quasi-synonyms into 2 types.

• Words that partially coincide in lexical meaning: road - path, carry - drag, day - day. They are in species-specific relationships. Each synonym is distinguished by its peculiarity in the lexical meaning. The two words "greedy" and "stingy" in one context can replace each other as full-fledged synonyms, but not in another.
  He distributed his money to the poor, he is considered not greedy (that is, "not stingy").
  For comparison, another context.
  He is greedy: he wants to grab more. (Here it can not be replaced by "stingy").
  Or else: in the synonyms of “run” and “rush”, the first word has a wider meaning, and the second emphasizes the peculiarity.
• Synonymous words that are interchangeable only within the context are genus-species relations, that is, they denote species and generic concepts: dog - shepherd dog - Druzhok, minerals - metal - iron.

Phraseological synonyms

All linguists consider phraseological synonyms as separate view within the framework of a large topic about phraseology. Phraseologisms also form synonymous rows and have the same properties as ordinary synonyms.

Phraseological synonyms may differ from each other in stylistic coloring.
Don’t leave a stone unturned (bookish) - inflict reprisals (general use) - cut it like a nut (colloquial) - ask pepper (colloquial).

Phraseological synonyms may differ in the degree of intensity. Each following phraseological unit calls a more intense action compared to the previous one.
Shed tears - shed tears - drown in tears - cry out all the tears.

Some phraseological synonyms components may be repeated.
The game is not worth the candle - the game is not worth the candle; set a bath - set a pepper; hang your head - hang your nose; chasing dogs - chasing a loafer.

The wealth of phraseological synonyms, as well as lexical ones, creates huge expressive possibilities language.

Using synonyms in speech

AT in general terms synonyms are used in speech for:

1. More accurate and correct expression of thought (compare: alien and foreign);
2. Giving emotional coloring(more accurate and vivid expression of thought);
3. Avoidance of tautology (repetitions);
4. Links of related sentences in the text.

Rosenthal D.E. describes this topic in great detail.

Synonyms in Russian perform important function expressiveness of speech. They create unlimited possibilities more precise use. While working on the text, we Special attention we devote to the selection of synonyms in order to avoid tautologies. We use that single word which is the most suitable. At the same time, the choice of the exact word is determined by the peculiarities of the individual style.

Synonyms in the text can perform different functions:

1. Refinement function;
2. Mapping function;
3. opposition function;
4. Substitution function;
5. Gain function.

The refinement function is used to refine a single concept.
Before me was a simple man, ordinary and unremarkable.

The matching function assumes that synonyms in the same context can have different shades of meaning.
I believe in goodness, no, rather I even believe in it.

opposition function
She did not speak, but whispered so that no one could hear her.
He didn't laugh, he laughed out loud.

The substitution function is used to avoid tautologies.
Mom gave her daughter a casket of heavenly color. Surprisingly, this chest was very suitable for the eyes of a little girl.

The amplification function suggests that synonyms can be used as homogeneous members sentences and help enhance expression.
The soldiers in battle were brave, courageous and unusually persistent.
The stringing of synonyms often creates a gradation.
Our river was big, even huge.

Synonyms and associations

Do not confuse synonyms with associations, which sometimes have a close lexical meaning. For example, for the word summer, associations can be "holidays" and "Egypt", which are not synonymous (not everywhere and not everyone has summer - it's vacation or Egypt).

cavalry, bold - brave, go - walk.

They serve to increase the expressiveness of speech, avoid its monotony.

It is necessary to distinguish between synonyms and nominal definitions - the latter represent complete identity.

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✪ Learn Russian Synonyms

✪ Russian language 37. Antonyms and synonyms - Shishkin school

✪ Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms. Russian video lesson Grade 5

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Synonyms in linguistics

Each synonym has its own special shade of meaning that distinguishes it from other synonyms, for example: red - scarlet - crimson - crimson.

Synonym classification

Synonyms, pointing to the same concept and having the same lexical meaning, differ in their expressive coloring, attachment to a certain style, frequency of use.

Many synonyms differ from each other in both lexical meaning and expressive coloring.

So, synonyms can be differentiated:

1. in terms of the subjects they designate [synonyms "buffoon - actor - comedian - actor - artist" reflect different moments in the development of the theater and different attitudes towards the profession of an actor (cf. next paragraph)];
2. according to the social assessment of the designated subject (synonyms "salary - salary" reflect a different attitude to the remuneration received for work);
3. by applicability in a particular style of speech (the synonyms “horse - horse” are not always stylistically reversible; in the verse “where are you galloping, proud horse?” the substitution of the synonym “horse” will produce a comic effect - “where are you galloping, proud horse?”) ;
4. according to the etymological meaning, which can give one of the synonyms a special color (the synonyms “brave - fearless” connect the general concept of courage in the first case with “daring”, “determination”, in the second - with “lack of fear”; therefore, these synonyms in a known context can be used as words opposite in meaning, as antonyms);
5. by the presence or absence of figurative meanings: for example, in the famous epigram of Batyushkov K. N. Advice to the epic poet:

"What name do you want?
Your semi-wild poem
"Peter the Long", "Peter the Great", but only "Peter the Great"
Don't call her."

the absence of a figurative meaning in the first of the synonyms "big - great" is used.

"Grammar Synonyms"

Further, we should not forget that any change in the forms of production, social relations, and everyday life not only enriches the vocabulary of the language (see. "Vocabulary"), but due to the class and professional differentiation of speakers, it often receives several designations, sometimes fixed in the literary language as synonyms. Compare: "airplane - airplane"(the first synonym is from the military terminology of the early 20th century). Especially contributing to the multiplication of designations is the desire of the speakers not only to name the object, but also to express their attitude towards it: cf. a wealth of synonyms around words denoting elementary, but worldly important facts; compare, on the other hand, the wealth of designations for the phenomena of political and social life that serve as the subject of class struggle - "worldeater", "fist"(in the mouth of the poor-middle peasant part of the peasantry), "strong man", "man of business"(in the mouth of the rural bourgeoisie itself). Thus, the accumulation of synonyms in a language is inevitably accompanied by their differentiation: words that are part of a group of synonyms (the so-called nest of synonyms) retain differences in their shades, generated by their belonging to different classes of society, different social strata, different types of verbal communication, differences characterized above and often leading to a complete loss of synonymy. Compare the fate of the Slavicisms of the type "citizen"(at "citizen"), etc.

To clarify the differential shades of synonyms, it is useful:

1. compare each of them with the most abstract, not emotionally colored designation of the object (identification method proposed by Balli);
2. find antonyms for them (for example, the antonym "sorrow" will be "joy", antonym "sorrow" - "jubilation");
3. substitute one synonym for another in a certain context;
4. establish the presence of other (portable) meanings for each of the nests of a synonym (examples cf. above);
5. take into account the grammatical structure of each of the synonyms ( "carelessly - carelessly").