In the early Middle Ages, Karela was characterized by rather strong remnants of tribal relations, but at the same time there was also a complex social organization, which gave significant advantages in confrontation with other peoples. In contrast to the Izhora, who emerged from the Karelians around the 6th century, and who retained a purely tribal management of the elders, the Karelians were already 7th century they elected princes for themselves, who bore the specific Karelian title of bringing down. Elected princes initially directed only the military affairs of the population that elected them and were neither feudal lords nor sovereign sovereigns, and their title was not inherited. Moreover, until the late Middle Ages, the practice of mixing the functions of the princes themselves and the elders of large Karelian churchyards, who often also bore the title of valites, continued. Therefore, it is reliable to determine exactly when the medieval Karelians developed precisely feudal states, very difficult. Initially, apparently, there were many small principalities, quite independent in internal affairs, but connected common customs and united against an external enemy. In addition, the Valites led the campaigns of the all-people militia and hired squads that existed among the Karelians to annex new lands (as a rule, these were campaigns to conquer the Lapps), and in the newly annexed territories, the power of the Valites was no longer limited by the authority of the elders and was essentially absolute.
It was assumed earlier that the ancient Karelian principalities were formed according to the ethnic principle - that is, they were proto-state formations of the so-called. five "kinds of Karelian children" - the five largest tribal associations of Karelia. However, as a result of research, it turned out that these clans had a meaning similar to castes in India, rather than being a means of intra-tribal self-identification [source not specified 223 days]. That is, the Karelian principalities were originally multi-ethnic state formations, formed according to a geographical, and not an ethnic principle. They were inhabited by both Karelians and representatives of other Finno-Ugric peoples (Izhora, Sum and Em, all, Lop), as well as Slavs.
Karelia and Russia
At the end of the 7th century, several western Karelian principalities were conquered and included in the composition of their state by the Danish king Ivar Broad Embrace, however, in the battle with allied army of all the Karelian valites, he was defeated and killed. In the VIII-IX centuries, it rises as the all-Karelian center of Korela, and the valit of this city is considered the oldest among others [source not specified 223 days]. Gradually, as a result of the process of centralization, by combining small Karelian churchyards and principalities, larger ones are formed, the main of which was considered the so-called. Actually Karelia - Karelian. Varsinais Karjala with its capital in Korela [source not specified 223 days]. Similar large princely centers with fortified castles were created in Vyborg and Tiversk, but their formation was interrupted by the Swedish expansion [source not specified 223 days]. As a result, the Vyborg Principality ceased to exist, and Tiversky became part of Karelia Proper, although the Tiversky princely table remained at least until 1411. Judging by the “Saga of Halfdan, the son of Eystein”, in the 10th century Karelia was already a completely centralized state.
As a result of the Swedish and Danish activity in the Baltic, the Karelian princes increasingly gravitated towards an alliance with Novgorod and in the 11th century they had already repeatedly participated in the campaigns of the Russian princes against em (a Finnish tribe that accepted Swedish vassalage and annoyed with raids) together with Yaroslav the Wise and then with his son Vladimir [source not specified 223 days]. In 1042, Vladimir established a treaty border with the Swedes along the Kyumi River to the west of Vyborg. At the same time, the small principalities are more and more integrated into the single Karelian state, although there is still a clear separation of Karelia Proper and other territories. To the north of Karelia Proper, the second large Karelian principality, Savo (Savolaks), is being formed. In the XII-XIII centuries, Karelia proper and the smaller principalities that recognized the seniority of its valita gradually integrated into the Novgorod Republic as allies (federates). At the same time, the onslaught of the Swedes did not weaken. After 30 years of permanent war on the Karelian Isthmus, in 1323 an “eternal” Orekhov peace was concluded between Sweden and the Novgorod Republic, also known as the Orekhovets peace treaty. Under the treaty, Novgorod ceded to Sweden a part of Karelia Proper up to the Sestra River, recognized Sweden's authority over Savolax and small Karelian principalities in southern Botnia, but on the other hand, the territory of northern Botnia, almost all of Lapland, the polar territories, Pomorie and Onezhye were included in the now unified Karelian principality. The semi-vassal status of the whole of Karelia in relation to Novgorod was finally officially fixed.
As part of the Novgorod Republic
After the Treaty of Orekhovo, in the territory ceded to the Swedes, the Karelian self-government was liquidated, all the land was requisitioned, and the locals were enslaved [source not specified 223 days]. In the part of the Karelian Principality that survived under Novgorodian rule, Karelian self-government continued for more than two hundred years. However, Novgorod already openly ignored the autonomy of Karelia and in 1333 gave Korela, along with its other suburbs, to be fed to Prince Narimund Gediminovich.
Here is what the Velvet Book says about Narimunta:
Narimant, after his father Ediman, sat down on the great princedom in Lithuanian, and let him scold from the Tatars, and fall into the hand of the Tatars, at the same time the former Grand Duke Ivan Danilovich in the horde, and ransomed Narimant, and let him go to the great reign. Narimant, having not reached his patrimony, was baptized according to his promise, and was named Gleb in holy baptism; and then his brothers and the whole land of Lithuania did not give him a great reign, but put Olgerd on the great reign, and took Narimant to Veliky Novgorod in the suburbs ...
As a result, in the winter of 1337-1338, the last attempt was made to sovereignize Karelia - in Korel, the Swedes were secretly called in, with their help they drove out the few Novgorodians and Lithuanians, and after that they drove the Swedes themselves out of the fortress, and using the frozen lakes of Vuoksa as winter roads, reached to Vyborg and tried to take it [source not specified 223 days]. During this time, the pro-Novgorod party in his rear rebelled, and as a result, the autonomy of the Karelian principality, as an age-old ally of Novgorod, was finally eliminated. Since that time there has been paradoxical situation- The Karelian principality became, in fact, a specific principality within the Novgorod land, and its territory was administratively divided between the Vodskaya and Obonezhskaya Pyatina, but at the same time, the Karelians living on the territory of the principality continued to obey their Valit. The status of the Novgorod “suburb” was finally assigned to Korela, and the valts were henceforth approved by Novgorod and received the status of posadniks. At the same time, the Valites continued to expand the territory of the Karelian Principality, in particular, the Kola Peninsula and the current Norwegian Arctic were annexed. During its maximum expansion, the Karelian principality covered the entire territory of modern Karelia and the Murmansk region, the northern and eastern provinces of Finland, part of polar Norway, as well as part of the Leningrad, Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions. In addition to the Valites, the Karelian principality after Narimund was ruled by four more specific Gediminovich princes, but after the beginning of the process of gradual subordination of the Novgorod land to the Moscow principality, the role of both the Valites and the specific princes was increasingly reduced. By the second half of the 15th century, the descendants of the Valites passed into the boyar class, and Ivan Vladimirovich Belsky was apparently the last specific prince of Karelsky. At that time, the Karelian principality in Novgorod and Moscow documents was sometimes called the Karelian land, although it was not administratively separated from the Novgorod land. Russia finally lost control over Korela and Karelia Proper according to the results of the Stolbovsky peace, and returned it to itself only after the Northern War.
As part of Sweden
After the conclusion of the Peace of Stolbov, the kings of Sweden also adopted the title of princes of Karelian, and a significant territory of the Karelian principality, together with the capital Korela, renamed Kexholm, was included in the Grand Duchy of Finland that existed within the framework of the Swedish kingdom. According to other sources, the principality was not included in Finland (unlike the Principality of Orekhovets, which became the Noteborg fief), but was included in Sweden on the basis of a personal union. The territory of the principality was divided into administrative fiefs, in addition, several smaller feudal estates were created within the principality, for example, the county of Kronborg with its capital in the fortress of Kronborg (modern Kurkijoki), Kexholm County, etc. The policy of state protectionism in the Swedish kingdom in relation to the Swedes and partly to the Finns in the conquered lands, severe discrimination local residents on a national basis and religion led to a mass exodus of the Karelian, Russian and Orthodox population in general from the territory of Karelia Proper. Most of the refugees settled in that part of the Karelian land that remained part of Russia, and also formed large compact areas of Karelian settlement in the vicinity of Tikhvin, Tver and Valdai.
Karelian princes
In the Middle Ages, the name Karelia was understood as the territory of the so-called. "Properly Karelia" - the proto-state formation of the Karelian tribal unions, which for some time was part of the power of King Ivar Broad Embrace as a vassal. In contrast to the neighboring Izhora, which was ruled by tribal elders, the Karelians developed a military aristocracy, from which the first Karelian princes emerged, bearing the specific local title of bringing down.
Initially, there were several autonomous princely tables of the so-called. “kinds of Karelian children” - in Korel (Priozersk), Tiversk, Olonets and several other “Karelian towns”, among them the table in Korel was considered “senior”, perhaps in the future only the eldest of the princes bore the title of felling (a kind of analogue of the Grand Duke on Russia). The sovereign power of the local princes was finally abolished in 1338 after the conclusion (in 1323) of the Orekhovets Treaty and the ensuing "hush" - a kind of small civil war between supporters of integration with Novgorod (naturally supported by the Novgorodians) and supporters of the sovereignization of Karelia, who first asked for help from Sweden, and then successfully drove the Swedes out of Korela and tried to drive them out of Vyborg.
As a result, the pro-Novgorod party won, revolting and accepting the Swedes in Korela, the Karelian valit was overthrown, and the Karelian principality finally received the status of a “suburb” of Veliky Novgorod, which was under the administration of the Novgorod posadnik, in whose role, however, the Karelian valit could also be. After the conclusion of an agreement with the Swedes, the boundaries of the Karelian principality were determined - it included part of the current Leningrad, Murmansk regions, the Republic of Karelia and Finland.
Ten years after the conclusion of peace (according to the Pskov Chronicle a little earlier - in 1331), the Novgorodians, meaning to protect themselves both from the growing influence of Moscow and from the Livonians, invited the son of the first Grand Duke of Lithuania Gedimin, Narimund Gediminovich, to the Karelian reign, who accepted in baptism name Gleb. Then the Karelian specific table was inherited by his son Alexander [source not specified 221 days] and grandson Patrikey, who founded the Yam fortress in the lower reaches of the Luga (now - district center Leningrad region Kingisepp). The last Narimundovich in the Karelian reign was the great-grandson of Narimund, Prince Alexander Patrikeevich Patrikeev.
In 1443, the Novgorodians invited the son of Vladimir Olgerdovich of Kyiv, Ivan Vladimirovich, the first prince of Belsky, as a prince to Karelia. From that year on, he bore the title of Prince of Karelsky and Belsky, but his descendants inherited only the Belsky inheritance, and the Karelian - already nominally, since by this time Novgorod was increasingly falling under the influence of Moscow. In 1613, the Swedes occupied the entire territory of the Karelian Principality, and in 1617, after the conclusion of the Stolbovsky Peace, the Swedish kings took the title of princes of Karelian.
In 1721, the title of the princes of Karelian, following the title of the princes of Belsky, passed to the Russian emperors and entered their full title, but separately, and not in the form of the title of "princes of Karelian and Belsky"). After the abdication of Nicholas II on March 2, 1917, due to the refusal of the title for himself and his descendants, the nominal title of the princes of Karelsky and Belsky was again transferred to Koryavtsev-Ignatiev as the last to inherit him before. On December 16, 1917, by decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, titles, estates, honorary titles and ranks in Russia were abolished. However, from February to November 1918, after being elected to the throne by the Finnish Diet, the title of King of Finland and Karelia was held by the German Prince Karl of Hesse, son-in-law of the German Kaiser Wilhelm I
In 1700, the Northern War began between Russia and Sweden. Since 1701, Russian troops began raids on the Karelian Isthmus and in the Ladoga region. In 1703, Peter I captured Nienschanz and founded the Peter and Paul Fortress on Hare Island. The construction of St. Petersburg began.
In 1706, a Russian army of 18,000 men laid siege to Vyborg, but failed to take it.
In March 1710, Peter I led an ice campaign against Vyborg. In June 1710 Vyborg surrendered. In the same year, Russian troops occupied the city of Kexholm and the surrounding territories. The local population rebelled against the Swedes and swore allegiance to the Russian government. The century of Swedish rule in the Ladoga Karelia has ended. With the arrival of Russian troops, the Swedish population mostly fled, while the Finnish remained.
In 1715, the activity of the Valaam Monastery was resumed.
In 1721, the Treaty of Nystadt was concluded between Russia and Sweden, according to which Ladoga Karelia became part of Russia. After the reorganization of 1744, which expanded the territory Vyborg province, Hiitola, Kroneborg (Kurkieki) and Yakkima parishes entered the Kexholm district. The head of administration was the governor, he was assisted by a board consisting of an adviser and two secretaries. The head of the district, the governor, was subordinate to a clerk, bailiff, elders, managers for defense, roads and bridges.
Back in 1710, when Vyborg and Kexholm were liberated, Peter I began to grant villages and entire districts to his associates. So, on June 22, 1711, the lands in Hiitola were granted to Lieutenant Colonel G. V. de Gennin and then Sievers, 06/16/1720 in Yakkimat - Privy Councilor, Senator Yakov Fedorovich Dolgoruky.
In the vicinity of Kexholm and Vyborg in different time The Engineer Troops, the Arkhangelsk Regiment, and the Velikoluksky Chasseurs Regiment were quartered. The number of troops depended on the political situation.
The share of slash-and-burn agriculture in the middle of the 18th century was approximately 20%, and later it gradually decreased. Burns were made only in small areas on the islands and along the coastline, where there was a lower likelihood of fire spreading. With the slash and slash method of agriculture, after a fire, they planted rye or turnips, the next year again the same crops, then oats, buckwheat or rye. The field was used for 6-7 years, then left to be overgrown with shrubs and forests, and after 15-20 years it was again used for cutting.
Sowing of rye in 1724 in the parishes of Yakkima, Kurkieki, Hiitola was about 1000 barrels (a barrel is a measure of volume, which is 146.5 liters). The harvest was 1:5, on undercuts up to 1:8. Peasants cultivated only as much land as was required for living and paying taxes. It was not profitable to grow grain for sale.
In the 18-19 century. in. large forest tracts have been preserved, from which everyone could take plots for cutting and for construction needs. It was allowed to use alder, aspen and fallen trees for firewood. Shared forests were around villages or in other places determined by the community.
New house it was possible to build villages on the land only with the general permission of the inhabitants. The village took care of the state of the forest. Private forest ownership developed in the vicinity of Kurkiek much earlier than in other regions of Karelia. This was due to the fact that the area was densely populated and there were few forest areas.
According to the established tradition, the area of the forest adjacent to the house belonged to the family. No one else had the right to use the forest near someone else's house. Initially, with a low population density, the boundaries of forest holdings were conditional, since the houses were very far apart. Later, when the population density increased, the right of inheritable forest holdings appeared. Plots and boundaries of possessions were recorded in the documents.
In 1763, a decree was issued, according to which a large fine was imposed for the use of the owner's forest.
Water mills have been built on convenient river drops since ancient times. They acted in spring and autumn, when the water level was high in the rivers. When building on foreign territory, they negotiated with the owner of the threshold about his share of the income from the mill. Each villager could invest his share in the construction and in the future have a discount when paying for grinding.
Many mills were equipped with saws that could cut boards for construction. In the Yakkima estate on the Ihalanjoki River, Count Skavronsky owned a large sawmill, which had special access roads, places for storing logs and lumber. It is known that in 1779 15056 logs were processed there. The sawyer received 1 kopeck for processing each log. There were also sawmills on other rivers in Hiitola, Yakkima, Kurkieki. Yakkima was considered one of the largest suppliers of lumber in the Vyborg province.
In 1741 - 1743, Sweden unsuccessfully attempted to return part of Karelia, including the Ladoga region. In 1743, a peace treaty was signed in Abo, according to which the Kymengorod province with the cities of Hamina, Lappeenranta and Savonlinna were annexed to Russia. new frontier walked along the river Kyumi.
In 1744, the Vyborg province was formed, which included the counties of Vyborgsky, Keksgolmsky and Kyumengorodsky. State languages in the province were Russian, Swedish and German.
On the territory of the province, along with Russian laws, Swedish laws also continued to operate, which created great confusion. He did a lot to streamline legislation in 1772-1767. Governor Nikolai Engelhardt. His report of 1767, along with the work of Peter Frikkius (1807), provides the most detailed description of the province.
On July 11, 1743, Empress Elizabeth granted the future state chancellor, Count Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov of Yakkima, Kurkieki and Parikkala volosts. After the death of Count Vorontsov in 1767, the lands were transferred to his wife, the main court lady Anna Karlovna Skavronskaya and daughter Anna Mikhailovna. Countess Anna Mikhailovna married Privy Councilor, Chancellor Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov. In subsequent years, the land belonged to various heirs along the line of the Vorontsovs - Skavronskys.
In 1754, there were 33 villages in the Khitol volost, 29 in the Yakkim volost, and 33 in the Kurkiek volost.
The inhabitants of the Ladoga coast mainly used waterways and were good sailors. Merchants and industrialists were interested in the development of transport for trade with St. Petersburg and other territories of Russia.
In 1757 collegiate adviser Johann Wilhelm Tavast presented several projects for connecting the Saimaa lake system with Lake Ladoga. According to one of the options, the channel was supposed to have an exit to Ladoga through Lahdenpokhya. The project was approved in 1810. Some of the work has been completed, but in general it has not been completed. According to another option, the canal was to be built along the bed of the Hiitolanjoki River. This project also remained unfulfilled.
Surface roads connected Yakkim, Kurkieki, Hiitola with Vyborg and St. Petersburg. The roads were very bad. It was possible to drive without difficulty only in areas at the foot of the mountains, where there was rocky ground. Along the lowlands, the path narrowed to the width of the path. In winter, where possible, they shortened the path on the ice. From time to time, troops were brought in to maintain the condition of the roads. With the increase in the use of forests on an industrial scale, the development of postal communication and the expansion of landowners' estates, the state and private owners began to invest more in improving roads. Catherine II paid special attention to this.
Hunting continued in traditional ways. The birds were snared. Moose were fed and then hunted. Raids were organized against the wolves. There was a special position of a huntsman for organizing raids on wolves. He was assisted by another civil servant who notified people and announced the rules. In each village there was a person responsible for organizing the round-up, as a rule, this was done by the headman. Those who shied away from duty were punished in court. Foxes were hunted by professional hunters. Less often they hunted a bear.
Under Catherine II, about 200 new cities and many trading places were founded in Russia. In 1775 Sortavala and Kexholm received city status.
Holding fairs was beneficial for the local population, since it was not necessary to bear the cost of the road and it was possible to get a good income on the spot from the sale of grain, livestock products, handicrafts, as well as make the necessary purchases. In the winter of 1776, the court considered the issue of awarding the status of the city of Yakkima and Kronoborg (Kurkieki). The basis for the dispute was that swedish time Sieklahti of the Yakkim volost and Kronoborg were a city and a trading place. As a result of the trial, Yakkima and Kurkieki obtained permission to hold fairs.
I 
The market opened in November after the completion of agricultural work and lasted about two weeks. Goods were brought from St. Petersburg, neighboring cities and villages. On sale were grain, salt, boots, hats, suits, haberdashery, hardware.
The purchasing power of the population of the Ladoga region was not very high, nevertheless, the fair brought income to the inhabitants and merchants, and the peasants could receive the necessary goods through exchange. At the end of the trade, the county tax was collected.
Between fairs, large groups went to Vyborg for shopping and trade. They stayed there with friends and returned back a few days later. They drove cattle for sale, carried fish, meat, grain, skins, and tar.
Published by Catherine II in 1785 " Letter of Complaint"allowed any wealthy person to join the merchant guild. This contributed to the emergence of a large number of merchants in the Ladoga region and the revival of trade.
Kurkieki were famous throughout the area for breeding horses and making harness, especially bows and whips. Making bows and whips was a great art. The secrets of the craft were passed down from generation to generation and carefully guarded. One of the entertainments was the purchase, sale and exchange of horses. Often this took place “on a drunken head”, many court notes have been preserved about how the sobered-up owners tried to challenge the deal.
Traders traveled around the villages, buying everything they could from the peasants at bargain prices: skins, game, butter, pottery, knives. When a full sleigh was recruited, the goods were taken to St. Petersburg. Manufactory, salt were brought from the city in exchange for goods.
The trade in butter was very profitable. In the village, it cost about 15-17 kopecks per 1 kg, and in the city it was 3 kopecks more expensive. The goods were delivered by boat to St. Petersburg. Merchants stayed with former Kurkiekians who settled in the city. The capital grew rapidly due to the influx of residents from the surrounding villages. So, from 1723 to 1773. The city's population increased from 75,000 to 200,000.
Peddlers walked around the villages with small goods - threads, buttons, rings, combs, harmonicas, cards. After trading, they told the villagers about the capital's news.
In the summer, junk dealers roamed the villages. They collected rags for paper mills in long carts. The rags were exchanged for small goods. In stock were sweets, tea, coffee, cookies, whistles, clay toys. They called the people with jokes and jokes, told many funny stories.
For a large leather production in St. Petersburg, the purchase of tanning bark was organized. Korye was collected along the entire Ladoga coast. During the season, the harvester handed over several carts. The purchase price was 10-12 kopecks per pood. In St. Petersburg, they sold for 28-30 kopecks, including overhead costs. The annual export of bark from the Keksholm district was 150,000 pounds.
The inhabitants of the coast of Ladoga have been engaged in fishing for centuries. From the beginning of May to the beginning of July they fished with nets 3-4 versts long. Such a seine was pulled by several dozen people. It was considered a good day when the seine was thrown three times and 300 - 400 salmon came across. Whitefish were caught with nets about 300 meters long. Thousands of whitefish were hauled out a day.
Fishermen sold fish to wholesale buyers from St. Petersburg. Those came on specially equipped boats - soymas, which were adapted to transport live fish. The dormant fish was gutted and salted with spicy salting, and also taken for sale.
There were also other ways of fishing. So, two boats were walking side by side at a distance of 4 - 5 fathoms from each other. Each boat had a pole two fathoms long with a fixed net forming a pyramidal bag. They fished with fly rods. The fly was made from the wool of a squirrel's tail. They also fished with donkeys. Night fishing was also common. A good catch was considered to be about 10 pounds. Each house salted about 80 pounds of fish for the winter. They tried to stake out good fishing spots and not let strangers in there. Understandably, there was a lot of controversy.
In 1777 a wooden Lutheran church was built in Ilma.
In 1792-1795. a student of the famous architect Tuomas Suikkanen was built wooden church in Hiytola (Kulikovo).
In the late 1780s, swedish king Gustav III again made an attempt to capture the Karelian Isthmus, including Ladoga. Military operations continued sluggishly from 1788 to 1790, since the Swedish king did not particularly count on success, and Catherine II did not want to send best divisions to the Karelian theater of operations.
In the vicinity of Kurkiek, various groups of troops were moving at that time. During the war between Russia and Napoleon, the Velikoluksky regiment was stationed in Kurkieki and Hiitola, and the Petrozavodsk Jaeger and Sofia infantry regiments were stationed in Yakkima. Relations between the military and the local population were good. The village elders carried out the orders of the military, helped in the purchase of food, in the organization of transportation and in the search for housing. Grain and provisions were partially brought from St. Petersburg or purchased from the population.
There was a settled system, peasant farms supplied and maintained their soldiers, who served in the infantry or in the service staff.
In 1797, a recruiting system for recruiting into the army was introduced in the Vyborg province. The call came in the spring. The draft age was from 18 to 37 years. Teenagers 10-15 years old were taken to the fleet. Mostly took orphans, landless, single. From 500 people of the population recruited 3-5 recruits. Service in the army lasted 25 years. It was possible to avoid military service by paying a huge sum of 2,000 rubles for those times.
In 1781, Yakkima, Kurkieki and Parikkala passed to Count Pavel Skavronsky, a distant relative of Catherine I.
In 1797, Kurkieki and half of Yakkim passed to the Vorontsovs. 04/30/1797 Ekaterina Pembroke (daughter of General of Infantry Count Semyon Romanovich Vorontsov) sold Kurkieki and part of Yakkim's lands to Privy Councilor, Senator, Count Alexander Kushelev-Bezborodko. Its lands were divided into three parts: 1. Terva with the adjacent villages of Tervajärvi, Huhtervu, Kostamojärvi; 2. Bezborodko (Lumivaara, Ihala, etc.); 3. Kushelevka (Sorola, Kokonniemi, etc.). Part of the lands of Yakkim remained state-owned.
In 1797, the Lakhdenpokhya estate was sold to the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, and in 1798 to the Valaam Monastery and belonged to him for some time. With the money of Count Mikhail Larionovich Vorontsov, in the second half of the 18th century, a Lutheran church was built in Kurkieki, and over time a overhaul funded by his daughter Catherine Pembroke. Count Kushelev-Bezborodko in the middle of the 19th century donated a significant amount of money for the construction of the Yakkimskaya kirka.
In 1808 a new war began between Russia and Sweden. Troops under the command of General Alekseev operated in Finland. However, the fighting for the Russians was unsuccessful. Alekseev was thrown back to Sortavala.
The situation changed with the change of command. Prince Mikhail Petrovich Dolgoruky, who arrived in the troops, defeated the Swedish troops. However, on October 15, 1808, in a battle near Idensalmi, the prince was killed. The prince was the groom Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna, sister of Emperor Alexander I and a very noble person.
In 1809, the Peace of Friedrichsgam was signed, according to which Finland became part of the Russian Empire. Finland began to be called the Grand Duchy of Finland, and received relative independence. Finland had its own parliament, its own currency, its own judicial system, its own army. In fact, from that moment on, Finland becomes a state.
403 rub
Sochi and the Black Sea coast. Anapa, Novorossiysk, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Greater Sochi, Central Sochi, Adler, Krasnaya Polyana, Abkhazia. Guide
Do you want to become the owner of a magical orange key to all gates Black Sea coast, from Anapa to Adler? The most popular beaches, coastal water parks, havens for wild lovers... Special attention given to heroes rich history North Caucasus, because it is they who are revered here along with the gods. In the margins inside the book you will find the exact distances between the objects proposed for walking, so that you can calculate your strength and manage everything that you have planned.
All information updated and updated in 2017.
379 rub
Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad is one of the most beautiful cities in Russia. It proudly stands at the confluence of the Pregol River into the Kaliningrad Bay and is administrative center Kaliningrad region.
Hospitable, enterprising and open to all nations, the handsome Kaliningrad.
The city of Kaliningrad is growing, and with it the wealth of our entire great Motherland - Russia.
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Built in the form of a guide book, the book includes historical sketch development of architecture on the territory of the Belarusian, Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian Soviet Socialist Republics, album of illustrations and reference part.
454 rub
the left side of Lake Onega, partly occupied by Korels, is said to have many inhabitants, who, due to the abundance of iron ores, have many private iron factories; in some of them, they say, they make a deliberate way of not high price and a fair amount. The palace and economic peasants living on both sides of the Onega are almost all schismatics, they live very poorly, because their arable farming is even less than that of the peasants living along the Svir, and the harvests are much worse, and they bring rye, oats and barley with water, buying without there is little for the whole year in the city of Ladoga and Vytegra, for which men earn money, leaving for St. Petersburg and Petrozavodsk for various jobs, others for whole year, and others for the summer, and the remaining houses are burned to Petrozavodsk for sale to coal factories, drive tar and travel with cargo from Petrozavodsk to St. Petersburg, but have no other fishing. Although, in Lake Onega, quite a variety of fish are caught, namely: palya, and salmon, and suckers, bream, pike perch, whitefish, pikes, perches and other small lake and river fish, and occasionally sherashpers, however, they don’t make much profit from this fishing, then they only sell it to one passing through, and even then at a very cheap price, but they don’t take it to the cities, but are content with fish themselves all year.
Pyotr Ivanovich Chelishchev (1745-1811) - a close friend of A. N. Radishchev, his classmate in St. Petersburg Corps of Pages and the University of Leipzig. Due to lack of evidence, he was not involved in the Radishchev case, but was under strong influence his humanistic ideas. Ten months after his friend was exiled to Siberia in 1791, Chelishchev undertook a trip to the northern region, during which he kept a “detailed journal”, in which, day after day, he recorded the most valuable information of an economic and ethnographic nature.
The only large industrial enterprise was Onegzavod in Petrozavodsk. Based on the words of old workers, it can be said with confidence that a lot of underground factory folklore developed on it, but this folklore was carefully hidden from the eyes of former collectors and reached Soviet folklorists only in insignificant fragments. But the Karelian village had other, infinitely vast themes for artistic use in the song: family life, love lyrics, recruiting, soldiering; these ditties have come down to us, and through them we can trace today a number of social moments from the life of old Olonia. For these lyrical ditties, such delicate drawings, such delicate colors were found in their time, that even today, after many decades, when from the economy and life old Russia only sad memories remain, nor do we carefully collect and cherish these lyrical miniatures as a valuable artistic heritage.
Finns, -to Baltic Sea moved before the birth of Christ, in the XIII century they were conquered by the Swedes and under their influence they adopted agriculture, the Lutheran faith, social order. The Finns have not lost their nationality and their language has been preserved in primitive purity to the present day.
Karelians - Finnish tribe, now strongly Russified. The main sources of livelihood for the Karelians are: agriculture, cattle breeding and fishing; live quite prosperously, they speak Russian.
Confession: Orthodox and partly Lutheran.
The reactionary circles of Finland, speculating on the national feelings of the Karelian people, promising all sorts of wealth, tried to win over the working people of Karelia and capture it. They sent armed bands to Karelia, raised kulak revolts against the Soviet regime, agitated among the Karelian population for joining Finland, staged Karelian congresses consisting of kulaks and their followers.
The British, who invaded Soviet Karelia in the summer of 1918, also tried to flirt with the Karelian people. They hypocritically propagated their "disinterestedness" and high "liberation" goals of the campaign. The British did not disdain any means to achieve their selfish imperialist goals. They used the famine experienced by the Karelian population in 1918-1919, promising the delivery of food and other goods and in every possible way inducing the Karelian peasantry to go over to their side.
On the east slope Maaselgi, on the banks of the Ladvozero, in the Kalevala region of the Karelian-Finnish SSR, the village of Ladvozero is widely spread, in which the famous singers of Karelian-Finnish runes from the Perttunen family lived.
One of the representatives of this genus, Arkhip Ivanovich Perttunen, was born around 1754. The exact date of his birth has not been established. He grew up in a poor Karelian family and, in his own words, from his father he received the runes he performed, which perpetuated his name.
when Novgorod was going through an extremely difficult internal strife (1132-1141) and neighboring tribes began to revolt, only "Karelians alone ... acted in his interests against other Finnish tribes." This aptly noticed fact overturns the indiscriminate enrollment of Karelians without any specific data for this in the ranks of the so-called "submissive tributaries".
D.V. Bubrich is right, calling the Karelians “an ally and friend of the Russian people in the North” - they really were connected common interests. The well-being of Novgorod's trading operations largely depended on the degree of friendliness of the Karelians who occupied the territory of modern Karelian Isthmus.
Agriculture, cattle breeding, weaving, pottery and blacksmithing - this is the characteristic of the economy on Oyat in the 11th century. For the existence of any trade relations in to some extent indicate Central Asian dirhems, West German pfennigs and English pennies found in the Oyati mounds and in treasures on neighboring rivers.
At the end of the XVII century. The Old Believers, hiding from the persecution of the government in the dense Obonezh forests, organized on the Vyga River, 40 km from Povenets, the Vyg community, which existed for more than 150 years. Having created a hostel, the Vygovites developed in it great activity by copying the books they need Based on tradition Old Russian writing, the Vygovites, at the same time, developed some new technique, speeding up and facilitating the rewriting of manuscripts, brought a lot of new things to the very design of the manuscript book, both in the field of graphics and in the field of its ornamentation.
It took a long time to prepare the manuscript, despite the division of labor existing at the school between the artist who performed the work on writing headpieces, miniatures and initials, and the copyist of the text. No more than ten or eleven sheets of text were written per day on four-size paper, and larger manuscripts were written even more slowly. Large hagiographic collections were copied over several months and up to six months.
To early XIX century total number Ascribed peasants of the Olonets mining factories amounted to 20.167 revision souls. According to the patrimonial instruction, approved by the Berg Collegium on January 11, 1799, the heads of the factories had “economic, administrative and police power” over the ascribed peasants. Among numerous lakes, dense forests and swampy swamps, 898 settlements were scattered, united in 44 volosts headed by volost elders. The volost elder was subordinate to the sots, tenths, tax collectors and foresters (all together they made up the rural authorities and the police). By decree of August 7, 1797, the volosts were supposed to have a population of about 3 thousand souls. However, given the lack of roads and the sparsely populated Olonets region, volosts with a population of 150 to 1000 male souls were created here, since.
to leave the rural population “without special supervision living there could not have taken place.”
Professor Laxman (Proceedings of the Imperial Free Economic Islands, 1763) wrote about the soils of the Olonets province: “The whole land can be conveniently divided into 2 parts, namely: dry or fertile, wet and almost unfertilizing .. If we take into consideration the soils located on dry land, then they consist mostly of sandy silt filled with round, then large, then small pebbles, with which the surface is strewn.Other types of earth are: silt, sand, containing iron particles clay, and multi-colored calcareous oily earth."
Academician Severgin in his "Review Russian Finland or mineralogical and other notes made during a trip along it in 1804,” says even more briefly about soils: or, finally, consisting of bare stone.
This "Olonets black soil with 7% humus", judging by the density and growth of the rye growing in this place, should be considered very fertile and, to a certain extent, rewards the northerner for the unproductiveness of other soils of the north. Thus, the very first information about the "Olonets chernozem ", developing on shungites, and we find the data of bulk analyzes of this soil in this work by F. 10. Levinson Lessing, related to recent years the last century.
The ceremony associated with preparing the groom for marriage was relatively simple. It came down mainly to symbolizing the marital nature of his relationship with his bride and thereby contributing to their development. This is most clearly seen in such customs as demonstrative kissing and riding together with the bride through the village. It must be said that it was customary for the majority of Karelians to arrange joint pre-wedding skating for the spouses.
Girlfriends steamed the bride with a fresh birch broom. Often the broom was decorated with mites or different flowers, in some places it was called “lembi broom” (lempivasta). When leaving the bathhouse, the girls threw the broom on its roof or, having untied it, threw the rods up to “raise their lembi”.
The monograph is devoted to the study of wedding lamentations - one of the most characteristic genres for the oral folk art of the Russian North. Lamentations are considered in the ritual context: their place and role in the ritual action, the semantics of motifs and images, dating back to ancient ideas and cults, the relationship with other verbal and non-verbal texts of the wedding ceremony. The main common motives and meanings for the work of this genre among the neighboring Finno-Ugric peoples are also explored.
The publication is intended for folklorists, ethnographers, cultural historians, as well as for all those interested in folk traditions.
Karelians-Ludiks and Karelians-Livviks make up the indigenous population of most of southern Karelia. Karelians speaking the Ludikov dialect (lyydikot) occupy a narrow strip that stretches from north to south from vil. Shaydoma in the north of the Kondopoga region through the Spasskaya Guba, Pryazha to the southernmost point of the republic - the Loyanitsky bush of villages (Mikhailovsky village council) of the Olonets region (Kuud "arvi). To the west of the Karelians live Karelians who speak the Livvik dialect (livvikot). To the north of the Karelians -Livviks and Karelians-Ludiks live Karelians who speak the proper Karelian dialect (karjalaiset), and to the east and partly to the south - Veps.
in a number of cases, we find Russian fairy tales close to the Karelian versions of the plots, only among Russians living on the territory of Karelia. If among the Karelians some version is widespread and nationally unique, while among Russians such a version is found only in Karelia in single records and, moreover, it reveals some “weak points” in the logic of the plot unfolding, we have reason to talk about the influence of the Karelian tradition on northern Russian fairy tale. But such facts are much rarer than facts of the reverse order.
AT literary sources According to the history of the Olonets metallurgical plants, there is almost no information about the appearance and activity in the region of the first private iron-smelting and iron-working plants, with the exception of modest information about the Marselns-Butenant plants, which ceased to exist at the beginning of the 15th and 11th centuries and had no organic connection with the development of local metallurgy.
At the request of Fefil Terentyev and Ivan Antonov, state peasants assigned to the factories of the Kizhi Pogost of the Karelian third, Fefil Terentyev and Ivan Antonov, "... according to the power of the decree sent from the State Berg College of E. I. V. to the decree in the past 1730 April 10 days ..." it was ordered ".. .they as a petitioner near their houses on the Tivdey river, on their taxable land on a squeak or on lep thresholds, to build a small hammer for an iron hut and stack them from purchased blown small creats ... ", "... which they will buy for the Olonets district and in the Lopsky graveyards with the peasants ... "
The Tivdia plant existed for 9 years, until 1740. In 1736, the plant was inactive: the dam and the hammer were being repaired. "The plant produced about 200 pounds of iron and structure per year, for which up to 400 pounds of krits were spent. So, for example, in 1737 "...bought in Lopsky graveyards from various peasants I will lay cast-iron small bells for forging in the number of 130 weighing 330 pounds, which the bells are blown out in small blast furnaces, and from that cast-iron forged I will lay... 188 pounds 20 pounds ...".
For the entire period of operation, the plant forged iron and the style "1842 pounds 31 pounds". This official figure, shown by the breeder for "tithe" taxation.
The factory buildings of the Povenets plant, according to Rozhkov (32), consisted of: 4 blast furnaces, flashing forges with 3 hammers, 4 small hammers for pulling iron on ship nails and small crafts, a wire machine with seven machines, an anchor, a forge with about 4 forges, which were in a dilapidated state at the time of the transfer. All ore and supplies were transferred to the farmer: lime, coal, Brusensky stone (sandstone from the Brusno island on Lake Onega, used as a mountain stone)
Until the start-up of the water plant, it was allowed to maintain the cheese-making furnaces built by them "... and to have cast iron smelting and iron business ..." and .... to take tithe from them and for a fee from that date on his obligation of twenty rubles a year .. ."
According to the breeder, Vokhtozero iron is "very suitable for weapons making", and neither at the Siberian state and "particular" factories, nor in other places such iron was made.
The beginning of the Vokhtozero plant should be considered the cheese house of the peasant of the Syamozero volost, Stepan Alekseev, built by him in 1734 with permission and an agreement with the overseer of the Konchezero plant, Yakov Blank, in the Ganch Bolote tract. Stepan Alekseev undertook to supply the Konchezersky plant with 10 kopecks per pood of chicken. The quantity of the delivery is not indicated, but there is an indication that Stepan Alekseev sold kritsa and "... at the full price of various ranks to people until October 1736 ..."
The organization of the first porcelain production in Russia in the middle of the 18th century caused a need for domestic raw materials necessary for the composition of the porcelain mass, for the manufacture of capsules, as well as for the construction of some factory installations. A significant part of the work on finding mineral raw materials for the manufacture of porcelain was carried out on the territory of the former Olonets province, now the Karelian-Finnish SSR. Here, such important materials as quartz for porcelain mass, refractory clay for the production of capsules, as well as quartz rocks for the manufacture of millstones were found and used in porcelain production. Somewhat later, feldspar found application in porcelain production, which also began to be mined in the former Olonets province.
Vinogradov's experiments in compiling porcelain masses began, apparently, in 1746, when Gunger was still at the "porcelain manufactory" in St. Petersburg. Among the various manuscript materials stored in the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow) and belonging to Vinogradov, there are his records of the compositions of the porcelain masses he experimented on.The Central State Archive of the Karelian-Finnish SSR (Petrozavodsk) stores documents testifying to the search, on the instructions of Vinogradov, for raw materials in the territory of the former Olonets province, necessary for the organization of porcelain production in St. Petersburg.
Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, the Vepsians were called not Vepsians, but chuds, chukhars. This is explained by the fact that for the Russian population, many foreigners who did not speak Russian, but in a language foreign to them, were “not their own”, i.e., “foreigners”, hence the Chud, Chukhar. The root of the words chud, chukhar is clear to us - it is “not ours”, alien (oh), alien (anin).2 So Russian population could be called later X-XI centuries. and the entire ancient chronicle. And is it not the ego that is the reason for the “disappearance” of the Ves and the appearance of the Chud in the area of the White Lake and in the area of the water main of the Svir River?
So, at present, the Vepsians live in small scattered groups of settlements.
We have given a very insignificant list of toponymic material on a wide strip now inhabited by the Russian population. The number of such names could be increased many times over if the names of tracts, fields, etc. were included in it. But the above list gives us reason to think that the northern Vepsians historically came into contact with the southern Vepsians and they were the local population on the Svir , who lived here before the Russian Novgorod colonization. Consequently, the tribal groups of Veps, now living separately to the north and south of the river. Svir, until the IX-X centuries. n. e., that is, before the settlement of the Svir basin by Russians, they were one tribe - the Veps. This is also confirmed by linguistic data: the identity of the language of the Vepsians, who now live south and north of the Svir.
To determine the type of performer, it is important to take into account not only the range and methods of varying the text, but also the material for variation. They are the "epic reserve" inherent in this epic, the general epic fund, other folklore genres and their texts. The traditional character of storytellers' epics is also a typological determinant of their work.
Verkhovische-zd.: crown of the head, parietal part (“Yes, on the head, yes, Dobrynushka / There was a birthmark on the top”),
Contrary - unpleasantly, annoyingly (“This word came to the king in defiance”),
Rejoice - rejoice.
Forked (birch) - winding, twisted.
To own - to own, to possess ....
Karelian peasants had to fight for centuries against accumulations of boulders that prevented the cultivation of fields for agricultural crops. In order to clear a small arable plot of boulders, it was often necessary to expend the strength of more than one generation of one or another village. Who traveled around Karelia, could not help but notice piles of collected boulders among the fields and even stone fences around arable land cleared of them. Sometimes boulders serve as a serious obstacle in the construction of roads. But there is also a positive side of this geological factor. In areas that do not have bedrock outcrops close to the surface, for example, granite and sandstone, boulders, most often composed of strong rocks, turn out to be the only material for the foundations of buildings, when laying highways, etc.
Geologists have found out the origin of boulders, the ways and reasons for their movement and accumulation.
On the territory of Karelia, extensive archaeological research- habitats of ancient Karelian settlers. parking primitive man belong to the Stone Age and the Early Metal Age. Excavations of such sites have yielded rich material material. by which we can judge the nature and cultural level of the prehistoric population of Karelia.
Back in the 1860s, L. A. Inostrantsev found, in the neighborhood of the Olonets Plain, on the banks of the Syassky and Svirepoy canals, the first such settlement with the remains of stone tools, bones of primitive man, contemporary animals and fish. The findings of A. A. Inostrantsev, described by him in a special work, deeply interested the scientific world. In 1940, near the village of Ryshkola, Olonetsky District, on the territory of the Olonetsky Plain. new, more northern sites of the Stone Age were discovered with stone axes and chisels made of gray and black dense shale and pottery.
Weeping, known in Greece under the name of mirologists (“sad-words” in the translation of N. I. Gnedich), Raevsky proposed to call “shouts” (from the verb “shout”), as ordinary people usually say.
Crying or lamentations belong to ritual poetry. Funeral rites have existed since time immemorial. deepest antiquity a person sincerely believed that the deceased acquires a special power of influence on the world around him, that the dead person has the properties of a dark and hostile element. As a result, there was a need for special wires to the "other world", in farewell to the dead.
I.A. Fedosova, N.S. Bogdanov and A.M. Pashkova - the largest screamers of the Russian North. Their cries entered science and became the property of the general readership.
Lamentations- a ritual genre known to almost all peoples of the world. However, most peoples know only funeral lamentations. The traditional funeral rite prescribed not only certain ritual actions, but also the pronunciation of verbal texts, in which both regret for the deceased and the despair of the survivors were to be expressed ('it was read that lamentations have not only emotional, but also magical meaning - they they make it easier for the deceased to go to another world and protect the living from further exposure to evil forces.They were uttered in a certain situation, they conveyed that emotional overstrain that possessed the mourners, they seemed to be magnetized by the feelings of the mourners and made an unusually strong impression.They not only expressed and concentrated the experienced , by and contributed emotional release. If, according to the Russian proverb, “tears shake grief”, then lamentations can “help” him even more - the grieving woman not only cries, but also pronounces her grief, relieving her soul, shares her grief with loved ones, comprehends her misfortune and thereby preparing to overcome it.
The poetic heritage of the wonderful Zaonezhskaya peasant woman Irina Andreevna Fedosova is one of the highest achievements of the poetic creativity of the Russian peasantry of the past
"The mummers in Karelia were called khukhlyaks (huhl'akat, kuhl'akat, huuhel'nikat), among some of the people - smuutat (from the Russian "troubles", "troublemakers"), and in the western part of the Kalevalsky district - kummat (from Finnish and Karelian, kumma - “miracle”) There were also some local terms, for example, in Tungud special group the mummers were made up of bucolic ones. Painted and smeared with soot, with sticks and logs, they burst into houses noisily and staged brawls. Bukolitsy also attacked other artels of "peaceful" mummers, and if "they see boys on the street, they will push them full pants of snow" (2581/1, Tunguda village).
The terms Khukhlyak, Khukhlik, Khukhol, Khukholnik and others similar to them, used in Karelia and the Arkhangelsk region, are considered by O. A. Cherepanova to be Finno-Ugric in origin. (hu-), which, in turn, is an onomatopoeia of breathing (cf.: spirit). Yu. X. Toivonen in « Etymological Dictionary Finnish” combines huu- with the concepts of “soul of the deceased”, “human soul”, finding correspondences in other language systems.3 In the dictionary of V.I. With the terms hurri and hurrikas (descending from the above huu-), denoting certain actors in the wedding ritual and the rite of initiation, elements of disguise and allegory are associated in the Karelian and Finnish traditions (“wolf”, “bull”, “bear” etc.), having, apparently, the purpose of hiding their own essence at the moment of the absence of the patronage of personal spirits (transitional period), at the same time marking their inferiority in this way and trying to obtain the patronage of the spirits of a new social status through this attribute. Terms such as, for example, khukhor - "miller" (zaonezh.) are also probably associated with the above mythological basis already due to the specifics of the profession, which was charged with connection with evil spirit(see below). It is possible to link the stem hu(u)- and the Karelian huhuta - "to scream" (cf. Here, of particular interest are such meanings of the verb as huhuta kaskelle - letters, “shout to burn”, which means to call, conjure the wind (cf .: Russian “clicking”), huhuta pirulle - “call the devil or goblin”, etc. Ukrainians and Western Slavs"to hum" means "to call out to the mermaids".
In the Karelian villages of Tver, the term čuudot - miracles - existed to designate mummers in turned-out fur coats, with tow hair, the same mustache and beard. "strange" ("everything seems to be seen at Christmas time") is commonly used. Chudy are known to the Veps and Komi and, possibly, are based on the ethnonym "chud, chudy", denoting a semi-legendary people who once lived here, the mention of which can only be found in legends. In particular, the term chudilko - "masked" - was widespread in the Vytegorsk region. It is worth mentioning another term from Syamozero - kruhl "atta, as the mummers were called here. In its direct meaning, the word is used to refer to a large burden, shock. “It was like a good shock, a kind of big kruhlyatta” (Suoyarvi, Korpiselkya village) .
The mummers in Karelia began to walk around the yards immediately after Christmas. The rounds lasted until Epiphany, when one of the mummers could bathe in Jordan, removing sins. "
The Zaonezhsky peninsula, located in the northern part of Lake Onega, has become world famous thanks to its unique monuments of wooden architecture. The Kizhi Ensemble is truly the embodiment of high culture its creators. Skillful hands of Zaonezhsky masters-artists created spacious solid dwellings, decorated with wooden lace, durable and elegant carved furniture were made, fast-moving beauties of the Kizhanka boat were built. Decorative and applied arts and handicrafts reached a high flourishing in Zaonezhye.
In this article, we will consider some Veps cherished holidays of the late 19th - early 20th centuries dedicated to the protection of livestock. They are of interest because they represent a kind of compressed expression of the stratifications of past eras, are associated with the fate of former value systems, the history of ideas, structural and functional transformations of the studied ethnos. AT late XIX- early XX century. Veps sacred holidays - zavetan praznikad - included not only church rituals ( religious processions, “lifting” icons, prayers), but also many elements of ancient folk origin that have been preserved in the festive terminology, in the subject, sex and age, actional symbolism of rituals, in places and at times of festivities; they were combined in different ways in the Veps ethno-local groups.
In relatively recent times, turn of XIX-XX centuries, a characteristic and significant phenomenon of the Karelian folk calendar there were public (basically, apparently, patrimonial or fratrial) holidays with animal sacrifices, held during the summer calendar cycle, mainly in July-August.
Brief references to sacrifices from different districts There are a lot of Karelia in the literature and field materials. This article presents material about sacrifices unknown to the Russian reader, compiled from several of the most complete and characteristic descriptions of the rite.
At first, straw hats were sold to local farmers at a fabulously cheap price., 3 - 5 kop. apiece, and some of them were taken out on Sundays to the market in the town of Olonets, located 12 versts from the place of production, but the sale there was met with the most insignificant. Straw hats were sold more profitably in the Svirsky Monastery, at the Trinity Fair, and then they began to be sent to St. Petersburg.
In Karelia and the Arkhangelsk region, they still say: “to sew a boat”, instead of “to build a boat” or “to make a boat”, although now it is the construction of a boat on nails that is meant. At the same time, only older people remember that the verb "to sew" once had a direct meaning. According to them, the last embroidered boats existed “before the war”, then the craftsmen switched to nails, and with the change of generations, the technology was completely lost. The design, shape and basic building techniques remained the same, thanks to which the reconstruction required only one step, the reverse transition from nails to sewing with roots. I had a solid experience in building traditional boats on nails: on Vodlozero for many years I built such boats to order, they are still used for fishing and household purposes. The sewing technique was helped by the discovery of fragments of boat boards with preserved holes, grooves, and remnants of stitches. These boards survived due to the fact that they were reused in the old country house like flooring in the attic; their age is probably not so great - 70–100 years, the material is pine, made using a manual longitudinal saw. In addition, we managed to collect a lot of oral testimonies from older people, most of whom remembered sewn boats from 1930–1940.
First people on the territory of Karelia appeared here after the disappearance of ice sheets - VII-VI millennium BC. e. The main industries for ancient population Karelia were hunting and fishing. Already by the 1st millennium BC. e. rudiments appear in the field of animal husbandry and agriculture, the development of iron has begun. It is known that by the end of the 1st millennium AD Karelia was inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes. So, the Karelians lived in the area of the Karelian Isthmus and on the Northern Ladoga Region, the Vepsians - between Lake Ladoga and Onega, the Saami (Lop) - even further to the north. Here, in the areas of Lake Onega and the White Sea, they began to penetrate and Slavic tribes , engaged in salt production, agriculture and marine crafts, in particular fishing.
History of Karelia during the Vikings
In the 7th century Karelia is mentioned as an independent state of the Karelians under the control of Ivar the Acquirer (the king also received another nickname - Ivar the Wide Embrace). In the 10th century, Karelia is mentioned in the Saga of Halfdan, son of Eystein.
Karelia as part of the Novgorod Republic
From the 11th century to 1338, the Karelian land was part of Novgorod Republic as an autonomous region. In 1277 - 1278, a campaign was undertaken by the Novgorod squad led by Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich, after which the region became known as the Korelsky land, and the city of Korela became the center. The administration of this territory was carried out by the service prince and governor.
In 1338, uprisings broke out in the Korelsky land, and then it was given to the Lithuanian prince Narimont.
Karelia as part of the Russian state
In 1478, most of Karelia, which was part of the Novgorod Republic, became part of Novgorod the Great together with Novgorod the Great. Russian state. Earth Novgorod boyars, who were here, were confiscated to the state treasury.
In the 17th - 18th centuries, the Karelians and Russians held back the Swedish expansion, so in 1610 - 1611 the local population fought stubbornly in the defense of the city of Korel, which the Swedish troops were able to take only after 6 months of the siege.
In 1617, according to the Stolbovsky treaties, Russia had to transfer the Karelian Isthmus to Sweden, which caused a mass resettlement of Karelians within the Russian state.
History of Karelia during the Russian Empire
Under Peter I, several factories were built in Karelia, which played significant role in northern war with Sweden, and the Petrovsky Plant, founded in 1703, grew to modern city Petrozavodsk.
In the 18th century, Karelia was part of the first St. Petersburg and then the Novgorod province, and in 1784 it became the Olonets province with the center in Petrozavodsk.
History of Karelia in the second half of the 18th century it developed quite rapidly. Timber harvesting enterprises appeared in the region, and after the abolition of serfdom, the first sawmills appeared in the region with steam engines. Karelia becomes one of the most important places in the empire for the supply of timber, from here it went to St. Petersburg and for export abroad.
In the middle of the 19th century, steamships began to move on Lake Onega and on the White Sea. In the years 1914 - 1916 passed through the territory of Karelia Murmansk railway, which made it possible to connect this important region with the rest of the country.
Soviet authority came to Karelia in November 1917 - October 1918. In 1918, Karelia became the site of fierce battles between the Red Army and the troops of the Entente and the White Guards. By the summer of 1919, a situation had developed, thanks to which the detachments of the White Guards and the Entente were able to capture the northern coast of Lake Onega and Karelian Pomorye, and the detachments of the Finns - the western regions of Karelia bordering Finland.
The situation changed after the fighting in the Petrozavodsk region, Vidilitsa and Lizhma, when in the summer - autumn of 1919 Red Army seized the initiative, and in February - March 1920, as a result of the offensive, the opponents were finally defeated.
The latest manifestations of unrest in the territory of Karelia were peasant uprisings, which were supported by the Finnish armed forces invading from abroad. By February 1922, these speeches were completely eliminated by the Red Army.
On July 25, 1923, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Karelian Labor Commune was transformed into the Karelian ASSR. As in other parts of the Soviet Union, forced collectivization was carried out in Karelia.
On November 26, 1939, the shelling of the positions of the Soviet troops near the border village of Mainila, the blame for this was assigned to Finland. Were torn apart diplomatic relations, and on November 30, the Red Army invaded Finland. A month before, the Finnish People's Army, which was to become an armed stronghold for the puppet government of Otto Kuusinen.
The leadership of the Red Army planned to end the war quickly and with little bloodshed, but these plans were not destined to come true. Frontal attack of the Red Army on the fortifications Mannerheim lines ended not just in failure, but in great defeat. The Red Army stalled, unable to overcome even the first line of defense.
Only having gathered reinforcements of the Red Army, on February 1, 1940, it was possible to resume the offensive in the area of the Karelian Isthmus. Every day, for several days, Finnish positions were subjected to powerful artillery shelling.
Auxiliary strikes of two divisions of the Red Army in the area Lake Ladoga, ended in the encirclement and destruction of these divisions.
On February 11, 1940, in the morning, the main offensive began, during which several defensive lines were taken with heavy losses. Finnish army. Heavy fighting continued until the signing of a truce.
After the signing of the peace treaty, the territories ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union were united with Soviet Karelia, and the Karelian-Finnish SSR was formed.
During Great Patriotic War The army of Finland, an ally of Nazi Germany, invaded the territory of the USSR. From 1941 to 1944, most of the Karelian-Finnish USSR was occupied by the Finns. Lots of civilians and Soviet military personnel ended up in Finnish camps. Parts of the Finnish troops also fought german army However, despite great efforts, the Finns did not immediately succeed in occupying all of Karelia. The German units as part of the Finnish army failed to take the heavily fortified Rybachy Peninsula. were especially hard battles for Petrozavodsk, which was defended by units of the 114th division of the Red Army.
During the occupation on the territory of Karelia, according to Finnish data, more than 18,000 Soviet citizens died out of 64,000 who passed through the Finnish camps.
Many of the inhabitants of Karelia were forced to flee from the invaders to other regions of the Soviet Union, and men in large numbers went to serve in the Red Army, many of them in 1944 liberated their “small” Motherland from the Finns.
Post-war period in the history of Karelia
After the war Karelia gradually began to return to a peaceful way of life, industrial enterprises, collective farms and state farms were restored. However, by the middle - the end of the 70s in Karelia, as well as in other regions of the Soviet Union. The rate of industrial and social growth, which was primarily due to the fact that the administrative-command system of government could not quickly respond to new crisis phenomena.
August 9, 1990 as a result various factors, first of all, the crisis of state power, the Supreme Council of Karelia decided to approve a declaration proclaiming state sovereignty Karelian ASSR. On November 13, 1991, the Karelian ASSR was renamed the Republic of Karelia, and on March 31, 1992, a federal treaty was signed on the entry of Karelia into the Russian Federation.
The 90s in Karelia, as well as throughout Russia, were marked by the fact that the level of trust in the state was low, the growth of market relations often led to an increase in crime in the region, it is worth noting the raider seizures of many enterprises in Karelia.
Situation gradually stabilized, and by the end of the 1990s, the region gradually began to cope with crisis situations.
Now Karelia is not only one of the centers of the woodworking and metallurgical industry, it is one of the important regions in the north of Russia, connecting the port of Murmansk with central regions countries.
The territory of Karelia began to be populated in the postglacial period. By this time, tribes of the Finno-Ugric group already lived on the territory of Karelia.
With the advent Kievan Rus the territory of Karelia, as it were, also belonged to it, but how incomprehensible - Karelia was an independent part. After the collapse of Kievan Rus in the 12th century. Karelia became part of the Novgorod feudal republic. In 1227, Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Novgorod baptized Karelians in Orthodox faith. Orthodoxy was also adopted by the Vepsians ( little people Karelia, even less than the Karelians).
In 1478, Karelia, along with other lands of Veliky Novgorod, was annexed to the Russian state.
At the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. the expansion of Sweden to the east is again intensifying. In 1610-1611. Russians and Karelians heroically defended the city of Korela from the Swedish troops, who managed to capture the city only after a 6-month siege. According to the Stolbovsky Treaty of 1617, Russia was forced to leave the Karelian Isthmus behind Sweden.
Under Peter 1, a group of mining plants (Petrovsky, Povenetsky, Alekseevsky, Konchezersky) was built on the territory of Karelia, which played during the Northern War of 1700-1721. important role in providing the Russian army and navy with guns, guns and other equipment. the plant (1703) gave life to the settlement of the same name, which later grew up in the city of Petrozavodsk.
In the 19th century, steamboat traffic began on Lake Onega and the White Sea. But in general, by the beginning of the twentieth century. The economy of Karelia largely retained its traditional agrarian and commercial image.
The "camp sector of the economy" played a significant role in the development of Karelia in the 20th century. One of the first camps in the country appeared in the region - SLON, Belbaltlag, Soroklag. The hands of the prisoners built the White Sea-Baltic Canal, the Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill, the Pindush shipyard and other objects. By 1940, Belbaltlag produced more than 50% of the timber harvested in the KASSR.
After the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. The Karelian ASSR was transformed on March 31, 1940 into the Karelian-Finnish SSR. The status of a union republic was maintained until 1956, when Karelia again became an autonomous republic within the RSFSR.
During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, most of the territory of Karelia was occupied by Finnish and Nazi troops.
Karelia has long been famous for its high level of folk artistic culture. The original icons of the ancient masters of the region and unique monuments wooden architecture - the Kizhi Ensemble (1714-1874), the Kondopoga Assumption Church (1774), the Kemsky Assumption Cathedral (1711-1717) and others. famous epic "Kalevala".
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