Name: Beginnings of Chemistry - Modern course for applicants to universities - Volume 1. 2002.
The book is an attempt at a modern, comprehensive and systematic presentation of the fundamentals of chemistry, which must be known in the first place for applicants to universities. Its content is based on a thorough analysis of the programs of entrance examinations in chemistry of most universities (chemistry, medicine, biology, etc.), as well as specific examination tasks.
FOREWORD
Part I. THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY
Chapter 1. Basic concepts and laws of chemistry
§ 1.1. Natural Sciences. scientific method knowledge
§ 1.2. subject of chemistry
§ 1.3. Atomic-molecular theory. Proof of the existence of atoms and molecules
§ 1.4. Law of conservation of mass and energy
§ 1.5. Periodic Law. Discovery history
§ 1.6. Basic concepts of chemistry
§ 1.7. Gas laws
§ 1.8. Problems with solutions
§ 1.9. Tasks for independent decision
Chapter 2 The structure of the atom and the periodic law
§ 2.1. Models of the structure of the atom
§ 2.2. quantum numbers electrons
§ 2.3. Electronic configurations atoms
§ 2.4. The nucleus of the atom and radioactive transformations
§ 2.5. Periodic Law
§ 2.6. Problems with solutions
§ 2.7. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 3 chemical bond
§ 3.1. Education complex particles. Nature chemical bond
§ 3.2. covalent bond
§ 3.3. Valency of elements in covalent compounds
§ 3.4. Spatial structure molecules
§ 3.5. Ionic bond
§ 3.6. metal connection
§ 3.7. Intermolecular interactions
§ 3.8. Problems with solutions
§ 3.9. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 4 States of matter
§ 4.1. Characteristic properties gases, liquids and solids
§ 4.2. Phase diagrams of substances
§ 4.3. gases
§ 4.4. Liquids
§ 4.5. Crystalline substances
§ 4.6. Various forms the existence of substances
§ 4.7. liquid crystals
§ 4.8. Problems with solutions
§ 4.9. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 5 Physical and chemical laws of the course of chemical reactions
§ 5.1. Energy chemical transformations
§ 5.2. Chemical kinetics and catalysis
§ 5.3. Reversible and irreversible reactions. State chemical equilibrium
§ 5.4. The importance of knowledge about the patterns of chemical reactions for the management of chemical and technological processes in production
§ 5.5. Problems with solutions
§ 5.6. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 6 Physico-chemical theory of solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes
§ 6.1. The mechanism of formation of solutions and their classification
§ 6.2. Ideal and real solutions. Dissolution as physical and chemical process
§ 6.3. Solubility dependence various substances on the nature of the solvent, temperature and pressure
§ 6.4. Methods for expressing the concentration (composition) of solutions
§ 6.5. electrolytes and electrolytic dissociation
§ 6.6. Ionic equations reactions
§ 6.7. Salt hydrolysis
§ 6.8. Colloidal solutions
§ 6.9. Problems with solutions
§ 6.10. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 7 Classifications of chemical reactions
§ 7.1. General Consideration
§ 7.2. Classification by number and composition starting materials and reaction products
§ 7.3. Classification of reactions according to aggregate states
§ 7.4. Classification of reactions according to the type of particles carried
§ 7.5. Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions
§ 7.6. Problems with solutions
§ 7.7. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 8 Theory of redox processes
§ 8.1. Redox reactions
§ 8.2. Reducing agents and oxidizing agents
§ 8.3. Drawing up equations of redox reactions
§ 8.4. Quantitative characteristics OVR
§ 8.5. Electrolysis of solutions and melts of electrolytes
§ 8.6. Problems with solutions
§ 8.7. Tasks for independent solution
Part II. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Chapter 9 organic compounds
§ 9.1. Classification and nomenclature of simple and complex substances
§ 9.2. Classification and nomenclature of oxides
§ 9.3. Preparation and properties of salt-forming oxides
§ 9.4. Bases (metal hydroxides)
§ 9.5. acids
§ 9.6. salt
§ 9.7. Problems with solutions
§ 9.8. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 10 Hydrogen is a unique chemical element
§ 10.1. General Consideration
§ 10.2. Chemical properties of hydrogen
§ 10.3. Hydrogen production and its application
§ 10.4. Water and hydrogen peroxide
§ 10.5. Problems with solutions
§ 10.6. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 11 Subgroup of halogens
§ 11.1. General Consideration
§ 11.2. Chemical properties of halogens
§ 11.3. Obtaining halogens
§ 11.4. Halogen compounds
§ 11.5. The use of halogens and their compounds
§ 11.6. Problems with solutions
§ 11.7. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 12 Elements of the oxygen subgroup
§ 12.1. General Consideration
§ 12.2. Chemical properties of oxygen
§ 12.3. Chemical properties of sulfur
§ 12.4. Hydrogen sulfide. Sulfides and polysulfides
§ 12.5. Sulfur oxide (IV). Sulfuric acid. thiosulfate
§ 12.6. Sulfur(VI) oxide. Sulphuric acid
§ 12.7. Problems with solutions
§ 12.8. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 13 Subgroup of nitrogen in phosphorus
§ 13.1. general characteristics
§ 13.2. Chemical properties simple substances
§ 13.3. Hydrogen compounds nitrogen and phosphorus. Phosphorus halides
§ 13.4. Oxygen compounds nitrogen and phosphorus
§ 13.5. Meeting tasks
§ 13.6. Tasks for independent solution.
Law of conservation of mass and energy.
After proving the existence of atoms and molecules, major discovery atomic-molecular theory became the law of conservation of mass. It was formulated in the form philosophical concept by the great Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (1711-1765) in 1748 and confirmed experimentally by himself in 1756 and independently of him French chemist A.-L. Lavoisier in 1789
The mass of all substances entering into a chemical reaction is equal to the mass of all products of the reaction.
Experiments on the combustion of substances, which were carried out before Lomonosov, suggested that the mass of substances in the process of the reaction is not preserved. When heated in air, mercury turned into red scale, the mass of which was more mass metal. The mass of ash formed during the combustion of wood, on the contrary, is always less mass original substance.
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book The Beginnings of Chemistry - A Modern Course for Applicants to Universities - Volume 1 - Kuzmenko N.E. Eremin V.V. Popkov V.A. - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
7th ed., revised. and additional - M.: 2002. Volume 1 - 384 pages; Volume 2 - 384s.
The book is an attempt at a modern, comprehensive and systematic presentation of the fundamentals of chemistry, which must be known in the first place for applicants to universities. Its content is based on a thorough analysis of the programs of entrance examinations in chemistry of most universities (chemistry, medicine, biology, etc.), as well as specific examination tasks.
The manual is intended for schoolchildren, applicants and teachers. The guide lays out the basics modern chemistry that every graduate needs to understand high school and it is absolutely necessary to know for everyone who sees himself as a student - a chemist, physician or biologist of the XXI century. The new edition reflects recent achievements chemistry and new tasks of entrance examinations are given.
Volume 1
Format: pdf
The size: 1 0.8 MB
Watch, download:drive.google
Volume 2
Format: pdf
The size: 10 MB
Watch, download:drive.google
VOLUME 1.
FOREWORD
Part I. THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY
Chapter 1. Basic concepts and laws of chemistry
§ 1.1. Natural Sciences. Scientific method of knowledge
§ 1.2. subject of chemistry
§ 1.3. Atomic-molecular theory. Proof of the existence of atoms and molecules
§ 1.4. Law of conservation of mass and energy
§ 1.5. Periodic law. Discovery history
§ 1.6. Basic concepts of chemistry
§ 1.7. Gas laws
§ 1.8. Problems with solutions
§ 1.9. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 2
§ 2.1. Models of the structure of the atom
§ 2.2. Quantum numbers of electrons
§ 2.3. Electronic configurations of atoms
§ 2.4. The nucleus of the atom and radioactive transformations
§ 2.5. Periodic Law
§ 2.6. Problems with solutions
§ 2.7. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 3
§ 3.1. Formation of complex particles. The nature of the chemical bond
§ 3.2. covalent bond
§ 3.3. Valency of elements in covalent compounds
§ 3.4. Spatial structure of molecules
§ 3.5. Ionic bond
§ 3.6. metal connection
§ 3.7. Intermolecular interactions
§ 3.8. Problems with solutions
§ 3.9. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 4
§ 4.1. Characteristic properties of gases, liquids and solids
§ 4.2. Phase diagrams of substances
§ 4.3. gases
§ 4.4. Liquids
§ 4.5. Crystalline substances
§ 4.6. Various forms of existence of substances
§ 4.7. liquid crystals
§ 4.8. Problems with solutions
§ 4.9. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 5
§ 5.1. Energy of chemical transformations
§ 5.2. Chemical kinetics and catalysis
§ 5.3. Reversible and irreversible reactions. State of chemical equilibrium
§ 5.4. The importance of knowledge about the patterns of chemical reactions for the management of chemical and technological processes in production
§ 5.5. Problems with solutions
§ 5.6. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 6
§ 6.1. The mechanism of formation of solutions and their classification
§ 6.2. Ideal and real solutions. Dissolution as a physical and chemical process
§ 6.3. The dependence of the solubility of various substances on the nature of the solvent, temperature and pressure
§ 6.4. Methods for expressing the concentration (composition) of solutions
§ 6.5. Electrolytes and electrolytic dissociation
§ 6.6. Ionic reaction equations
§ 6.7. Salt hydrolysis
§ 6.8. Colloidal solutions
§ 6.9. Problems with solutions
§ 6.10. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 7. Classifications of chemical reactions
§ 7.1. General Consideration
§ 7.2. Classification according to the number and composition of starting substances and reaction products
§ 7.3. Classification of reactions according to aggregate states
§ 7.4. Classification of reactions according to the type of particles carried
§ 7.5. Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions
§ 7.6. Problems with solutions
§ 7.7. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 8
§ 8.1. Redox reactions
§ 8.2. Reducing agents and oxidizing agents
§ 8.3. Drawing up equations of redox reactions
§ 8.4. Quantitative characteristics of OVR
§ 8.5. Electrolysis of solutions and melts of electrolytes
§ 8.6. Problems with solutions
§ 8.7. Tasks for independent solution
Part II. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Chapter 9
§ 9.1. Classification and nomenclature of simple and complex substances
§ 9.2. Classification and nomenclature of oxides
§ 9.3. Preparation and properties of salt-forming oxides
§ 9.4. Bases (metal hydroxides)
§ 9.5. acids
§ 9.6. salt
§ 9.7. Problems with solutions
§ 9.8. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 10
§ 10.1. General Consideration
§ 10.2. Chemical properties of hydrogen
§ 10.3. Hydrogen production and its application
§ 10.4. Water and hydrogen peroxide
§ 10.5. Problems with solutions
§ 10.6. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 11
§ 11.1. General Consideration
§ 11.2. Chemical properties of halogens
§ 11.3. Obtaining halogens
§ 11.4. Halogen compounds
§ 11.5. The use of halogens and their compounds
§ 11.6. Problems with solutions
§ 11.7. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 12
§ 12.1. General Consideration
§ 12.2. Chemical properties of oxygen
§ 12.3. Chemical properties of sulfur
§ 12.4. Hydrogen sulfide. Sulfides and polysulfides
§ 12.5. Sulfur oxide (IV). Sulfuric acid. thiosulfate
§ 12.6. Sulfur(VI) oxide. Sulphuric acid
§ 12.7. Problems with solutions
§ 12.8. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 13
§ 13.1. general characteristics
§ 13.2. Chemical properties of simple substances
§ 13.3. Hydrogen compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus. Phosphorus halides
§ 13.4. Oxygen compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus
§ 13.5. Meeting tasks
§ 13.6. Tasks for independent solution
VOLUME 2.
Chapter 14
§ 14.1. General Consideration
§ 14.2. Chemical properties of carbon and silicon
§ 14.3. Oxygen compounds of carbon and silicon
§ 14.4. Carbides and silicides
§ 14.5. Some remarks about the germanium subgroup
§ 14.6. Problems with solutions
§ 14.7. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 15 alkaline earth metals
§ 15.1. General Consideration
§ 15.2. Chemical properties of metals
§ 15.3. s-metal compounds
§ 15.4 Problems with solutions
§ 15.5 Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 16 Main subgroup SH group
§ 16.1. General Consideration
§ 16.2. Physical and Chemical properties aluminum and boron
§ 16.3. Production and use of boron and aluminum
§ 16.4. Boron and aluminum compounds and their properties
§ 16.5. Problems with solutions
§ 16.6. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 17 transition metals
§ 17.1. general characteristics
§ 17.2. Chromium and its compounds
§ 17.3. Manganese and its compounds
§ 17.4. Iron and its compounds
§ 17.5. Copper and its compounds
§ 17.6. Zinc and its compounds
§ 17.7. Silver and its compounds
§ 17.8. Problems with solutions
§ 17.9. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 18
§ 18.1. general characteristics
§ 18.2. Chemical compounds noble gases
§ 18.3. Application of noble gases
§ 18.4. Problems with solutions
§ 18.5. Tasks for independent solution
Part III. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Chapter 19
§ 19.1. Subject organic chemistry. Theory of structure
§ 19.2. Classification of organic compounds
§ 19.3. Nomenclature of organic compounds
§ 19.4. Isomerism of organic compounds
§ 19.5. Mutual influence of atoms in a molecule and reactivity of organic compounds
§ 19.6. general characteristics organic reactions
§ 19.7. Industrial production of organic compounds
§ 19.8. Problems with solutions
§ 19.9. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 20 Limit hydrocarbons
§ 20.1. Alkanes
§ 20.2. Cycloalkanes
§ 20.3. Problems with solutions
§ 20.4. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 21 double bond
§ 21.1. Alkenes
§ 21.2. Alkadienes (diene hydrocarbons)
§ 21.3. Problems with solutions
§ 21.4. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 22
§ 22.1. General Consideration
§ 22.2. Obtaining alkynes
§ 22.3. Chemical properties of alkynes
§ 22.4. Problems with solutions
§ 22.5. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 23 aromatic hydrocarbons(arenas)
§ 23.1. General Consideration
§ 23.2. Preparation and chemical properties of arenes
§ 23.3. Orientation (replacement) rules in benzene ring
§ 23.4. Problems with solutions
§ 23.5. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 24
§ 24.1. Monohydric alcohols
§ 24.2. Polyhydric alcohols
§ 24.3. Phenols
§ 24.4. Problems with solutions
§ 24.5. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 25 Carbonyl compounds
§ 25.1. general characteristics
§ 25.2. Preparation and chemical properties
§ 25.3. Problems with solutions
§ 25.4. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 26
§ 26.1. General Consideration
§ 26.2. Preparation and chemical properties carboxylic acids
§ 26.3. Individual representatives carboxylic acids
§ 26.4. Problems with solutions
§ 26.5. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 27 Esters. Fats. Detergents
§ 27.1. Esters
§ 27.2. Fats and oils
§ 27.3. Soaps and detergents
§.27.4. Problems with solutions
§ 27.5. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 28
§ 28.1. Monosaccharides
§ 28.2. disaccharides
§ 28.3. Polysaccharides
§ 28.4. Problems with solutions
§.28.5. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 29
§ 29.1. Limit aliphatic amines
§ 29.2. Aniline - the simplest aromatic amine
§ 29.3. Problems with solutions
§ 29.4. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 30
§ 30.1. Amino acids
§ 30.2. Peptides
§ 30.3. Squirrels
§ 30.4. Problems with solutions
§ 30.5. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 31
§ 31.1. Six-membered heterocycles
§ 31.2. Compounds with a five-membered cycle
§ 31.3. Structure nucleic acids
§ 31.4. Biological role nucleic acids
§ 31.5. Problems with solutions
§ 31.6. Tasks for independent solution
Chapter 32
§ 32.1. General characteristics of polymers
§ 32.2. plastics
§ 32.3. fibers
§ 32.4. Rubbers
§ 32.5. Problems with solutions
§ 32.6. Tasks for independent solution
ANSWERS TO TASKS
SUBJECT INDEX
How to read books in pdf formats, djvu - see section " Programs; archivers; formats pdf, djvu and etc. "
Size: px
Start impression from page:
transcript
1 The beginnings of chemistry. A modern course for applicants to universities. Kuzmenko N.E., Eremin V.V., Popkov V.A. 7th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Exam, Volume 1-384s.; Volume 2-384s. The book is an attempt at a modern, comprehensive and systematic presentation of the fundamentals of chemistry, which must be known in the first place for applicants to universities. Its content is based on a thorough analysis of the programs of entrance examinations in chemistry of most universities (chemistry, medicine, biology, etc.), as well as specific examination tasks. The manual is intended for schoolchildren, applicants and teachers. The manual outlines the basics of modern chemistry, which should be understood by every high school graduate and absolutely necessary to know for anyone who sees himself as a student - a chemist, physician or biologist of the 21st century. The new edition reflects the latest achievements in chemistry and presents new tasks for entrance examinations. Volume 1. Format: pdf / zip Size: 10 Mb Download Letitbit.net Vip-file.com Shareflare.net Volume 2. Format: pdf / zip Size: 9 Mb Download Letitbit.net Vip-file.com Shareflare.net CONTENTS VOLUME 1.1/12
2 PREFACE Part I. THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY Chapter 1. Basic concepts and laws of chemistry 1.1. Natural Sciences. Scientific method of knowledge 1.2. Subject of chemistry 1.3. Atomic-molecular theory. Proof of the existence of atoms and molecules 1.4. The law of conservation of mass and energy 1.5. Periodic law. History of discovery 1.6. Basic concepts of chemistry 1.7. Gas laws 1.8. Problems with solutions 1.9. Tasks for independent solution Chapter 2. The structure of the atom and the periodic law 2.1. Models of the structure of the atom 2.2. Quantum numbers of electrons 2.3. Electronic configurations of atoms 2.4. The nucleus of the atom and radioactive transformations 2.5. Periodic law 2.6. Problems with solutions 2.7. Tasks for independent solution Chapter 3. Chemical bond 3.1. Formation of complex particles. The nature of the chemical bond 3.2. Covalent bond 2 / 12
3 3.3. Valency of elements in covalent compounds 3.4. Spatial structure of molecules 3.5. Ionic bond 3.6. Metal bond 3.7. Intermolecular interactions 3.8. Problems with solutions 3.9. Tasks for independent solution Chapter 4. States of matter 4.1. Characteristic properties of gases, liquids and solids 4.2. Phase diagrams of substances 4.3. Gases 4.4. Liquids 4.5. Crystalline substances 4.6. Various forms of existence of substances 4.7. Liquid crystals 4.8. Problems with solutions 4.9. Tasks for independent solution Chapter 5. Physical and chemical laws of chemical reactions 5.1. Energy of chemical transformations 5.2. Chemical kinetics and catalysis 5.3. Reversible and irreversible reactions. State of chemical equilibrium 5.4. The importance of knowledge about the patterns of chemical reactions for the management of chemical and technological processes in production 5.5. Problems with solutions 3 / 12
4 5.6. Tasks for independent solution Chapter 6. Physico-chemical theory of solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes 6.1. The mechanism of formation of solutions and their classification 6.2. Ideal and real solutions. Dissolution as a physical and chemical process 6.3. Dependence of the solubility of various substances on the nature of the solvent, temperature and pressure 6.4. Methods for expressing the concentration (composition) of solutions 6.5. Electrolytes and electrolytic dissociation 6.6. Ionic reaction equations 6.7. Hydrolysis of salts 6.8. Colloidal solutions 6.9. Tasks with solutions Tasks for independent solution Chapter 7. Classifications of chemical reactions 7.1. General consideration 7.2. Classification according to the number and composition of the initial substances and reaction products 7.3. Classification of reactions according to aggregate states 7.4. Classification of reactions according to the type of transferred particles 7.5. Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions 7.6. Problems with solutions 7.7. Tasks for independent solution Chapter 8. Theory of redox processes 8.1. Redox reactions 8.2. Reducing agents and oxidizing agents 4 / 12
5 8.3. Drawing up equations of redox reactions 8.4. Quantitative characteristics of OVR 8.5. Electrolysis of solutions and melts of electrolytes 8.6. Problems with solutions 8.7. Tasks for independent solution Part II. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 9. The most important classes inorganic compounds 9.1. Classification and nomenclature of simple and complex substances 9.2. Classification and nomenclature of oxides 9.3. Preparation and properties of salt-forming oxides 9.4. Bases (metal hydroxides) 9.5. Acids 9.6. Salts 9.7. Problems with solutions 9.8. Problems for independent solution Chapter 10. Hydrogen is a unique chemical element General consideration Chemical properties of hydrogen Production of hydrogen and its application Water and hydrogen peroxide Problems with solutions Problems for independent solution Chapter 11. Subgroup of halogens 5 / 12
6 11.1. General consideration Chemical properties of halogens Obtaining halogens Compounds of halogens Application of halogens and their compounds Tasks by solutions Problems for independent solution Chapter 12. Elements of the oxygen subgroup General consideration Chemical properties of oxygen Chemical properties of sulfur Hydrogen sulfide. Sulfides and polysulfides Sulfur oxide (IV). Sulfuric acid. Thiosulfate Sulfur oxide (VI). Sulfuric acid Tasks with solutions Tasks for independent solution Chapter 13. Nitrogen subgroup in phosphorus General characteristics Chemical properties of simple substances Hydrogen compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus. Phosphorus halides Oxygen compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus
7 VOLUME 2. Chapter 14. Subgroup of carbon and silicon General consideration Chemical properties of carbon and silicon Oxygen compounds of carbon and silicon Carbides and silicides Some remarks about the subgroup of germanium Problems with solutions Problems for independent solution Chapter 15. Alkali and alkaline earth metals General consideration Chemical properties of metals Compounds of s-metals 15.4 Problems with solutions 15.5 Problems for independent solution Chapter 16. Main subgroup III of the group General consideration Physical and chemical properties of aluminum and boron Obtaining and using boron and aluminum Compounds of boron and aluminum and their properties Problems with solutions Problems for independent solution Chapter 17. Major transition metals 7 / 12
8 17.1. General characteristics Chromium and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Iron and its compounds Copper and its compounds Zinc and its compounds Silver and its compounds Problems with solutions Problems for independent solution Chapter 18. Noble gases General characteristics Chemical compounds of noble gases Application of noble gases Tasks for independent solution Part III. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 19. General characteristics of organic compounds Subject of organic chemistry. Theory of structure Classification of organic compounds Nomenclature of organic compounds Isomerism of organic compounds Mutual influence of atoms in a molecule and reactivity of organic compounds General characteristics of organic reactions 8 / 12
9 19.7. Industrial production of organic compounds Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving Chapter 20. Saturated hydrocarbons Alkanes Cycloalkanes Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving Chapter 21. Hydrocarbons with a double bond Alkenes Alkadienes (diene hydrocarbons) Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving Chapter 22. Hydrocarbons with a triple bond (alkynes) General consideration Preparation of alkynes Chemical properties of alkynes Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving Chapter 23. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes) General consideration Preparation and chemical properties of arenes Orientation (substitution) rules in the benzene ring 9 / 12
10 23.4. Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving Chapter 24. Hydroxyl compounds Monohydric alcohols Polyhydric alcohols Phenols Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving Chapter 25. Carbonyl compounds General characteristics Preparation and chemical properties Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving Chapter 26. Carboxylic acids General consideration Obtaining and chemical properties of carboxylic acids Separate representatives of carboxylic acids Tasks with solutions Tasks for independent solution Chapter 27. Esters. Fats. Detergents Esters Fats and oils Soaps and detergents 10 / 12
11 Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving Chapter 28. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving Chapter 29. Amines Saturated aliphatic amines Aniline the simplest aromatic amine Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving Chapter 30. Amino acids, peptides and proteins Amino acids Peptides Proteins Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving Chapter 31. Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds Six-membered heterocycles Compounds with a five-membered cycle The structure of nucleic acids 11 / 12
12 31.4. The biological role of nucleic acids Problems with solutions Problems for independent solution Chapter 32. Synthetic macromolecular compounds(polymers) General characteristics of polymers Plastics Fibers Rubbers Problems with solutions Problems for self-solving ANSWERS TO PROBLEM INDEX 12 / 12
Contents Editor's Preface... 3 Introduction... 5 Part I. FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY Section 1. Basic concepts and laws of chemistry 1.1. Definition and subject of chemistry...9 1.2. Initial information about the structure of atoms.
Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "SIBERIAN STATE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY"
CHEMISTRY ENTRY PROGRAM The Chemistry program for university applicants consists of four parts. The first part presents the main theoretical concepts chemistry, which should
Chemistry. 2400 tasks for schoolchildren and university applicants. Kuzmenko N.E., Eremin V.V. M.: Bustard, 1999. - 560s. The book is the most complete problem book in chemistry for schoolchildren to date.
General provisions Entrance tests in chemistry for applicants for undergraduate and specialist programs at the Siberian State University. M.F. Reshetnev are an exam conducted in a written
Municipal treasury educational institution"Sulevkent middle comprehensive school" Report on monitoring work I_SDAM_USE_III_STAGE in grade 11 Chemistry 2017 Report on diagnostic work:
PROGRAM CONTENT Section 1. Chemical element Topic 1. The structure of atoms. Periodic law and periodic system chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev. Modern views about the structure of atoms.
Single State exam in CHEMISTRY qualifier of content elements and requirements for the level of training of graduates educational organizations for the unified state exam in chemistry
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION vocational education"North Caucasian State Humanitarian and Technological
Municipal budgetary educational institution"Gymnasium 8" "Agreed" "I approve" Deputy Director of the MBOU for UVR "Gymnasium 8" T.G. Chmyr "29" 08 207 Considered at the meeting of the UMO
UDC 373.167.1:54 BAK 24th7 M 55 M 55 Meshkova O. Â. ÅÃÝ. Chemistry: universal reference book / O.V. Meshkov. Ì. : Suzuza-press, 2013. 352 p. (ÅÃÝ. Universal Reference). ISBN 978-5-99550-658-4 Reference
RESULTS OF THE UNIFIED STATE EXAM IN CHEMISTRY (June 11, 2009) Korolev 2009 1
MBOU School 23 Report on monitoring work in chemistry in grade 11 Republic of Bashkortostan, 2017 Contents Page 1. General results works 3 1.1. General characteristics work done 3 2. Comparison
APPROVED by the Rector of FGBOU VO “RSU named after A.N. Kosygin" V.S. Belgorod 2017 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION federal state budgetary educational institution of higher
Unified state exam in CHEMISTRY measuring materials Unified State Exam 2000 in Chemistry prepared by the Federal State scientific institution
PROGRAM IN CHEMISTRY Scope of requirements 1. Subject and tasks of chemistry. Phenomena chemical and physical. The relationship of chemistry with others natural disciplines. 2. Basic provisions of the atomic and molecular theory.
Report on the rehearsal exam in chemistry in the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg 1. The structure of the work Each version of the work consists of three parts and includes 43 tasks. Part 1 contains
Department of Health of the City of Moscow State Budgetary Vocational Educational Institution of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow " Medical College 2" APPROVED APPROVED by Methodological
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education First Moscow State medical University name
Planned subject results development subject As a result of studying chemistry at basic level the student must know / understand the most important chemical concepts: substance, chemical element, atom,
CHEMISTRY PROGRAM THE THEORY OF THE STRUCTURE OF SUBSTANCE. BASIC LAWS OF CHEMISTRY Theory of the structure of matter Atom. Molecule. Chemical element. Substance. Molecular and structural formulas. Compound atomic nuclei. Structure
PROGRAM IN CHEMISTRY The program is based on the mandatory minimum content of the secondary (complete) general education and consists of three sections. The first section is devoted theoretical foundations chemistry. AT
Program entrance examinations is intended for applicants entering on the basis of vocational education, as well as for certain categories of applicants, determined by the Procedure for admission to training
"APPROVED" Director Federal Institute pedagogical measurements"AGREED" Chairman of the FIPI Scientific and Methodological Council in Chemistry Unified State Exam in CHEMISTRY SPECIFICATION of the examination
Chemistry 1. The purpose and objectives of the discipline The purpose of mastering the discipline "Chemistry" is: mastering knowledge about the chemical component natural science picture world, the most important chemical concepts, laws and theories;
PROGRAM OF ENTRANCE TESTS IN CHEMISTRY FOR APPLICANTS TO UrFU IN 2014 theoretical provisions chemistry as one of the most important natural
CHEMISTRY, class Specification of control measuring materials for holding the unified state exam in CHEMISTRY in year 0 Unified state exam in CHEMISTRY Specification of control measuring instruments
Analysis of the implementation of the All-Russian verification work in chemistry in the 11th grade Varaksina L.N., Senior Lecturer of the Department of EMO GAOU DPO IROST
TICKETS FOR CHEMISTRY 10-11 CLASS. TICKET 1 1. Periodic law and periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev on the basis of ideas about the structure of atoms. The value of the periodic law for
1 The program of the entrance test in the general subject "chemistry"! Chemistry Subject and tasks of chemistry. The place of chemistry among the natural sciences. Atomic-molecular doctrine. Molecules. Atoms. permanence
PROGRAM OF THE ENTRANCE EXAM IN CHEMISTRY An applicant to a university must show knowledge of the basic theoretical provisions of chemistry as one of the most important natural sciences that underlie scientific understanding
INTRODUCTION TEST PROGRAM IN CHEMISTRY The program is based on the mandatory minimum content of secondary (complete) general education and consists of three sections. The first section is devoted to theoretical
CHEMISTRY, class Unified State Exam in CHEMISTRY
Adopted at the meeting admission committee VolgGTU protocol 1 dated 11/16/2015 The program of entrance examination in chemistry to the Volgograd State Technical University The program is based on
Municipal budgetary educational institution "School 4 "Harmony" with in-depth study individual items» Samara city district WORKING PROGRAM Subject chemistry_ Class 0- Number of hours
Adopted at a meeting of the Academic Council of the KubGMU of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia Minutes 1 of January 27, 2012 Alekseenko 2012 PROGRAM
PROGRAM OF ENTRANCE TEST ON THE SUBJECT "CHEMISTRY" At the exam in chemistry entering the university must: - show knowledge of the basic theoretical provisions; - be able to apply theoretical
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution higher education"Kaluga State University them. K.E. Tsiolkovsky"
CHEMISTRY Theory of the structure of matter Atom. Composition of atomic nuclei. Chemical element. The constancy of the composition of matter. Relative atomic and relative molecular mass. The law of conservation of mass, its meaning
Test programs in chemistry Subject and tasks of chemistry. The place of chemistry among the natural sciences. Atomic-molecular doctrine. Molecules. Atoms. The constancy of the composition of matter. relative atomic and relative
Specification of control measuring materials for diagnostic thematic works in preparation for the exam in CHEMISTRY (for 45 minutes). The purpose of the KIM is to assess the level general education
The program of the entrance examination in chemistry, conducted by FSBEI HE "Dagestan State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation independently in 2017 Part
ANALYTICAL REPORT OF THE SUBJECT COMMISSION ON THE RESULTS OF THE USE IN CHEMISTRY 1 The report was prepared by A.N. Levkin, Deputy Chairman subject commission in Chemistry 2 1. PREPARATION FOR THE UNIFIED STATE
PROGRAM OF ENTRANCE EXAMS IN CHEMISTRY TO SARATOV STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY IN 2009 1. Subject of chemistry, its tasks. The place of chemistry among the natural sciences, the relationship of sciences with chemistry.
2 Explanatory note The program was developed on the basis of a mandatory minimum content of secondary (complete) general education in chemistry. Content of the program 1. Subject and tasks of chemistry. physical phenomena
Entering the university must show knowledge of the basic theoretical provisions of chemistry as one of the most important natural sciences that underlie the scientific understanding of nature. The candidate must be able to apply
Entrance Test Program in Chemistry for foreign citizens applicants for undergraduate and specialist degree programs The program is intended for applicants in the following areas:
CONTENTS Foreword... 3 Introduction... 4 1. The subject of chemistry... 4 2. The role of chemistry in the development of industry and Agriculture... 4 3. Chemistry and protection environment... 6 SECTION I. THEORETIC
PROGRAM OF ENTRANCE TESTS IN CHEMISTRY TO PSU IN 2016 CONTENT OF THE PROGRAM IN CHEMISTRY for entrants Section 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY Modern ideas about the structure
PROGRAM IN CHEMISTRY GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS At the exam in chemistry, applicants to the academy must show: 1) a clear knowledge of the basic laws of chemistry and the provisions of the theory of the structure of matter, on which all modern
CHEMISTRY, class Specification of control measuring materials for holding the unified state exam in CHEMISTRY in year 0 Unified state exam in CHEMISTRY Specification of control measuring instruments
Draft Specification of control measuring materials for holding the unified state exam in CHEMISTRY in 2018 2 Unified state exam in CHEMISTRY Specification of control measuring instruments
Content: Low level for grades 8-9 (1 time per week) ...... 3 low level for grades 8-9 (2 times a week)... 5 Average level for grades 8-9 (1 time per week) ....... 8 Intermediate for grades 8-9
ENTRY TEST PROGRAM IN CHEMISTRY IN FGBOU VPO "STATE UNIVERSITY OF UNPK" IN 2015 Part I. Basics theoretical chemistry The subject of chemistry. The place of chemistry in natural science. Mass and energy. Basic concepts
1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Pedagogical University» QMS DP 4.2.3. 02 MI QMS documentation management 4.2.3. 09-2008 Introductory program
PROJECT All-Russian test work in CHEMISTRY DESCRIPTION OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN TEST WORK IN CHEMISTRY Grade 11 was prepared by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "FEDERAL INSTITUTE
Abstract outline on the topic Alkanes (saturated or saturated hydrocarbons, paraffins) Surname, name, group Alkanes is to write out a definition homologous series alkanes: make a table of the first ten representatives
Working programm elective course "Chemistry" for grade 11 for 2016-2017 academic year author: teacher of biology and chemistry Kolosnitsyna S.V. s.zubovo 2016 Explanatory note elective course"Chemistry" is intended
The program in chemistry is based on the Mandatory minimum content of basic educational programs federal component state standards basic general and secondary (complete) general
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State agricultural university» Entrance Test Program Chemistry Entrance Test Program
STANDARD OF SECONDARY (FULL) GENERAL EDUCATION IN CHEMISTRY PROFILE LEVEL profile level secondary (complete) general education is aimed at achieving the following goals: mastering the system
Department of Education of the Artemovsk City District Municipal Autonomous Educational Institution of the Artemovsk City District "Secondary School 56 with in-depth study
In a textbook written by professors Faculty of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University and First Moscow State Medical University named after I. M. Sechenov, the foundations of modern chemistry are outlined in the volume school curriculum in-depth level. The most important theoretical concepts of chemistry, the principles of classification of substances and reactions, the chemical properties of classes of organic and inorganic substances. Solutions are provided at the end of each chapter. typical tasks and various tasks for independent solution are proposed (the answers to them are at the end of the book). Tutorial will be useful to schoolchildren graduation classes to prepare not only for graduation and entrance exams but also for the Olympics different levels- from school to international. For schoolchildren enrolled in the basic and advanced programs, students of non-chemical universities, teachers and teachers of chemistry.
Natural Sciences. Scientific method of knowledge.
Since ancient times, man has tried to cognize Nature (or, what is the same, the Universe, the world etc.) and understand your place in it. Important role in the knowledge of the world has always belonged to science. Since the Middle Ages, there have been hints of the division of sciences into exact (natural) and elegant (humanitarian or, as physicists joke, unnatural), which was more or less formalized in the XVIII-XEX centuries. Exact sciences study the laws of development material world, humanitarian sciences- the laws of development of society. The natural (exact) sciences include mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology. Math takes special place. The fact is that scientific way Obtaining information about the world around is based on observation and measurement. It has always been like this - both then, when people counted only on their fingers, and now, when there are fantastically complex devices for experiments with unique accuracy. To express the results of measurements, people have long come up with numbers. Mathematics is the science of numbers and their relationships. Thus, mathematics is a creation of pure Reason, it deals with objects created by man, while the rest natural Sciences study Nature, which appeared independently of man.
The development of science passes through the birth scientific theories(ideas), their formation, flourishing and aging. In a primitive presentation, it looks like this. Suppose a theory correctly describes a certain range of phenomena. As this field of knowledge develops, experiments (measurements) are performed that give new information. And finally, sooner or later there are data that contradict this theory. Then scientists create a new model based on new principles and concepts, consistent with the experiment. New model it can be a development and modification of an old model (as it often happens) or it can radically change our previous ideas. Revolutions in science are very rare. The last "revolution" in chemistry was due to quantum mechanics.
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Beginnings of Chemistry, Kuzmenko N.E., Eremin V.V., Popkov V.A., 2016 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
Download pdf
Below you can buy this book at the best discounted price with delivery throughout Russia.
