Daria Rusinova, a graduate of school No. 276:

Not everything is so scary and creepy, the exam was not very difficult. But I think that such an exam is unacceptable for testing humanitarian knowledge. It is impossible to check humanitarian knowledge in the USE system.

I believe that not all USE questions were correct, there was too much fuss: students are brought to other schools, there are a lot of problems with passports, with filling out forms. All this affects the students, and one feels stress and some kind of external pressure. I disagree a little with the fact that you can check the Russian language in the USE system, because part "C" sets very clear parameters for writing essays. These settings must not be violated. For example, part of this essay should consist of three parts - introduction, middle and conclusion. The student should cite at least two or three examples from the literature and from own life. Standard - 250 words. It was very difficult for me to write according to the scheme, because I love the Russian language, I love writing long, beautiful essays, not equaling these standards of 250 words. It was difficult for me to cut down my thoughts, to make a clear, even scheme.

I studied in a humanitarian class, I had quite a few math lessons, at school I always had a "4" in mathematics, I wrote the Unified State Examination with a "3". I think that it is necessary to make a separate exam in mathematics for the humanities, who have 3 hours a week of this algebra with geometry, and for economists and techies who will learn this mathematics at a university, for whom it will be easy to solve examples increased complexity who have 9 hours of math per week. In fact, everyone has this problem. I have a lot of acquaintances wrote on enough good scores- 55, 57, but in theory they should have received more than 90 if they had 57. However, everyone received less, so the scale is very low. There is confusion and very big problems with the transfer of points on a hundred-point scale.

No one understands how 58 points suddenly become 80 out of 100.

I'm going to RSUH.

They decided to simplify their system and made the most minimal limit - 20 points.

From 20 points and above in the Russian language (the results in mathematics do not need to be brought there, since there is an admission to humanitarian specialties) is a test, because everyone understands that the exam is generally absurd in its essence. Then you need to take only two exams for many specialties - social studies and English.

Sergei Kazarnovsky, director of the Class Center:

I called my employee the other day and asked what he thinks about the exam? He said: “They set up a psychiatric hospital on a countrywide scale, someone doesn’t care, but someone can’t stand it.”

Imagine a girl best student Russia, around there are those who are jealous, and she suddenly gets the wrong assessment. The situation is very understandable, and not every person, including an adult, can withstand it. It seems to me that hysteria has permeated all of our education in the last 15-17 years. This applies to children, adults and teachers alike. There are already conflicts at school over who gets to take next year graduation class. They do not want to take because the rules of the game are not fully understood. Nobody asks us about anything. Nobody cares about our opinion. On one of the round tables"The then head of Rosobrnadzor of the Russian Federation, Viktor Bolotov, answered all questions like this:" No questions are needed, it will still be. And there are an infinite number of questions, today there is a huge risk on a national scale, because teachers begin to prepare children for the exam from the fifth grade, some ridiculous manuals have been created, and so on. One of my colleagues, the director of the school, says: “They started building the house from the roof, this is a revolution for educational system. The toughest version of the unified exam was chosen: you pass it once, if you don’t pass it, come back in a year.” Indeed, in the French undergraduate system, the exam can be taken twice, in the US it can be taken seven times. And we have the toughest situation you could choose, so it's not surprising that what happens happens. Over the past 15-17 years, there has not been a year that we have not redone something during the year. As far as I know, an expert council for the Unified State Examination is being created under the leadership of Adamsky. By the way, the exam gave its positive results. Suddenly, today they finally thought about what externships are, and now they want to close them, because externships are what education has devalued all my life. This was done so that people who could learn faster and more capable would go there. In theory, they were supposed to take exams there. But everything is exactly the opposite, the children who could not go to the 10th grade, after the tenth grade, came to the line at their school on September 1 and said to those who were already going to the 11th grade: “Hi, we are already at the university, At the institute". They went through the program for two years for money in a year. As for the USE in general, we can discuss the details for a long time, they really need to be discussed, and time will tell how it all works out. What should we do? We must learn to learn from children once what we have taught them, so that with our note they can go on to study or not go to study. But these are our problems, we must learn to do it, and not throw a tantrum. In the “Excerpts from the instructions for innovations in education and upbringing”, which were written on March 13, 1784 and signed by Catherine II, there are wonderful words: “Do not force learning, praise for differences. The art of teachers will be to make learning as easy as possible for the children.” Or this: “It is difficult for children to have diligence, it is impossible to teach fear. When they learn naturally and voluntarily, then they will study willingly, just like they play. We really have no other way. We have different ways education and different schools. We don't even know anything about it. And in Moscow there are about 30 different types schools. How can a parent know where to go, not in the sense of where it's cheaper or where better teacher, and where there is what his child needs? A huge poster above the pavilion at an education exhibition in France: “Of the three mistakes you made in life, you made two when choosing future profession". There are queues, parents with children to consult what to do next. And not only after school, but also after the 6th grade. I personally sat and listened to what they were talking about. It's an amazing story, they really try to understand what a child needs. In general, there was a unique situation when a psychologist asked a boy what his grades were. "Who do you want to be?" he asks him. "I want to be or a teacher primary school or a psychologist. The psychologist tells him amazing things: “You know, in order to be a primary school teacher, you need to know so much, you know how much you need to study. Psychology is another matter. And we have general scheme setting a test score that decides the fate of our students: “ Test scores USE participants calculated using linear transformation, translating the segment of the logit scale, limited by the assessment in logits corresponding to one primary score, and the score in logits corresponding to the primary score, one less than the maximum possible in the segment on the scale test scores from six to ninety-four inclusive. Graduates after passing the exam go on appeal to be added extra points so that later there will be a recalculation, but the curious thing is that universities do not fully disclose their clear passing scores. They first find out how many graduates in the whole country have passed the Unified State Examination and which ones have received points. In schools, there is a strict regulation of how many points correspond to such and such an assessment. You know, it feels like we hate our students, like we bully them. Every TV channel shows us how to cook a salad, but no one tells people what the USE is.

I won't surprise anyone if I say that serious money is behind this, including those that have already been allocated, and so on. The exam is a very expensive thing. They say - let's build stadiums so that children leave the streets and go in for sports. Do you know how much it costs to build a stadium near a school? About 7-8 million rubles. And crazy money has been allocated for the Unified State Examination, but this does not surprise anyone.

Evgeny Bunimovich, Moscow City Duma deputy, chairman of the Moscow City Duma commission on science and education:

It seems to me that we are constantly driving ourselves in one direction, then in the other. Let's remember where we started: after all, our traditional exams were also unified state ones. It’s just that no one believed them anymore, each school learned to write their school exams like this: teachers took them together with their students, and then the directors also pulled out gold medalists separately. That is, we have brought everything to complete absurdity. But in this situation, some kind of transition is needed, some optimal model needs to be sought. Instead, the most rigid model was adopted. Moscow was the last to enter the USE experiment, Moscow kept saying: "Let's make it voluntary." If a person is going to a university, and this university accepts the Unified State Examination, then he himself will go to take the Unified State Examination because he wants to go there, he needs it, and so on. But we always want to administer from above. At first, for one year it was like this: in one district - the Unified State Examination, in the other - the usual exam, and calls began from there and from there. One called: “I want to take the exam, because I need a certificate somewhere, but they tell me that it’s impossible,” and the other called: “I don’t want the exam, but they force me to take it!” As soon as we introduced the principle of voluntariness, all complaints immediately ended. Another thing is that there are many other problems. An independent examination, apparently, is necessary, where to go from this. At the same time, I completely disagree with the fact that an exam in Russian is impossible in USE form, in the form in which it is given. Probably, it can be better or worse, but TOEFL is passed by the whole world, it is trusted, even when it is taken outside of America - in Russia, in China, wherever you want. You can also make normal technologies when a person comes to the institute and it turns out that he speaks English after TOEFL. I gave the example of TOEFL because it is possible to test the knowledge of the language with the help of such independent testing. This is an expensive, serious, responsible job, and not such a hack when you take 250 words and make whatever you want out of them.

Literature is a completely different question, because it is not the Russian language. There are technologies in the Russian language that need to be checked, evaluated: whether a person is literate or illiterate. Moreover, I want to say that in Moscow the results in the Russian language are not bad, only 4.5 percent of twos. But passing the exam is a situation of constant inflation. Once again, let's be honest that 5 percent of twos is absolutely normal, there are no 100 percent of threes in the world.

But our old habit that there can be no twos in the exam is a false habit, it is a wrong habit. What happened before? Instead of teaching the student, the teacher taught, called him to the director, and he put up the same "three" instead of "two", only this happened not at the level of the state order, but at the level of each school. If you want to live normally, our dear teacher, then put “three”, not “two”, otherwise you have two, it turns out you didn’t teach. There are many more twos in mathematics in Moscow, although the data are absolutely the same as in Russia, about 20 percent. Is it a lot or a little? I believe that this indicates the wrong exam technology. Because if in Russian they checked some general literacy, which is needed by any person who writes some kind of application, and the exam is initially simple, then in mathematics they still want to measure everyone with one ruler - those who enter the Mekhmat, love mathematics, are interested in it 9 hours a week, and those who who has 3 hours in the humanities class. A normal humanities student who has 3 hours of math a week has never seen the problem from the second half of this exam solved. It is impossible to measure, for example, the distance from me to my neighbor and to the moon with one ruler. These are different exams. So it is here in France - three different options math exams.

I want us to have two versions of the math exam. One for those who want to enroll in technical universities, to universities, and another in order to be able to check general knowledge mathematics. That is, there should be one exam - the basic USE, and the second - the profile one, depending on where you are applying. And in other subjects there should be the same situation, for example, for a linguist who is going to enter humanitarian university, Russian will be the main language.

Our textologists, who claim that they know everything in this world and that they have some kind of technology, cannot explain this to anyone. If a technology needs to be explained within an hour, then this is not a technology for a state exam.

Since September 1, I wanted to ask for one thing - to explain the rules for this year to us. Not May 1st, but September 1st. Who should explain?

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Rosobrnadzor. They set these rules, they are obliged to explain them on September 1st. On departure, not on arrival. Second important point, as it seems to me, is an insane demonization of the Unified State Examination and, on the contrary, the assertion that the Unified State Examination will solve all problems, all this is the same absurdity. It’s just that the USE is some kind of exam that you need to take calmly and understand that there are such subjects as literature that cannot be checked in the form of the USE. This means that it is not necessary to abolish literature, but to look for other forms of examination. Another one a big problem- our traditions school education. Maybe they are bad, but then let's start from the bottom and explain what is wrong there, why we need to lead to this, and not to another. Voluntariness, a variety of forms, a flexible system, humanitarian subjects, which, of course, should be considered differently.

We have not yet succeeded in creating a system of transparent elections. Why, then, do we think we can create an independent examination? It's all tied together, you see. We need public control, but it cannot be only in the USE. It will either be on a national scale, or it will not be. If it does not exist, then no examinations - neither this nor that - will be either honest or objective. This is completely obvious.

Vadim ZHIRAVOV, director of school No. 1944:

I am an ardent supporter of the unified state exam as a kind of independent qualitative assessment students' knowledge. And today, it seems to me, this is the only system that is somehow developed and which shows more or less objective knowledge students in our schools.

The fact that today we have about 24-25 percent of twos in mathematics, 10 percent of twos in the Russian language, it seems to me that these are generally underestimated indicators, they should be higher. Corruption, of course, is present in the unified state exam, but if we do not consider the personal civic position of leaders educational institutions or we will say that it is they who are doing this, we will not prosecute them for the incorrect conduct of the unified state exam, we will not cope with this problem anyway.

I think only about one thing: if a child studies well at school, or, so to speak, he is taught well, then he does not care in what form to take final exams, however, the child needs to be prepared a little for this procedure, quite a bit, because nothing is fundamentally complicated there is no unified state examination. Our school has existed for 10 years, for 10 years it has shown high results regardless of whether we conduct exams in the form of the Unified State Examination or in another form. I have 29 graduates, in the Russian language two of them are 100 points, one scored 94.3 points, the other - 87 points.

If you speak by school scale marks, it turned out like this: out of 29 people, 21 received a “5” mark, and 8 people received a “4” mark. Exactly the same results in mathematics, except that, of course, we don’t have a hundred points in mathematics, but the status of the school is humanitarian, therefore, of course, it was more difficult with mathematics, but still there are 18 fives in mathematics and 11 fours in mathematics. I believe that these are absolutely objective indicators, or rather, I believe that these are somewhat overestimated indicators due to the fact that the scale for assessing students' knowledge is not entirely objective. That is, it seems to me that strong students are able to complete tasks of level "A" and "B" in 20-30 minutes as much as possible. In any case, this gives today an opportunity for students who do not have connections, who cannot break through somewhere, to get some real chance for admission to higher educational establishments.

If earlier we talked about the fact that parents came to school and asked: “What percentage of your students go to higher educational institutions?”, And we answered: “50, 60, 70 percent”, now no one asks this, because that all schools, regardless of their status, send 100 percent of 11th-grade students directly to higher educational institutions.

It seems to me that today there is such a situation that literally in a year we will have more places in higher educational institutions in the first year than secondary graduates general education schools, it is absolutely clear that we are not going anywhere from this. When we were all in school, we had four, five classes in parallel, and only two 9th grades were formed. Now, with the obligatory average general education, despite the fact that the system of vocational education has been completely destroyed, all graduates of the 9th grade without exception go to the tenth grade.

In the last 2-3 years, the outflow of students from the 9th and 10th grades to schools that work according to the external study system has sharply increased. Why? Everyone is afraid of the next year, that those children who do not study will not pass this unified state exam, but they have the opportunity this year to receive a certificate under the external study system. This year, the Unified State Examination in mathematics began at 10 o’clock, and at 10.05 and 10.10 the first children came out, passing in full clean work and saying, "We don't care, the two-plus-one system works." That's enough for me".

In external studies, children are not taught, they only control the knowledge of students. If earlier the most gifted children studied there, who are able to independently master school curriculum, then today completely different children study there. In my opinion, in Moscow it was a legalized form for the sale of certificates; an external student does not mean anything else. Now the children have stopped going to external studies, because next year they all have to take a unified state exam.

Alexander SEREBROV, Hero Soviet Union, pilot-cosmonaut:

I conducted the first lessons from space, I have been the president of the All-Russian Aerospace Society Soyuz for twenty years and I think: it would be better if the money spent on the Unified State Examination would be spent on additional education, because only thanks to additional education we flew into space, received the Academy of Sciences and so on.

I know that Viktor Antonovich Sadovnichiy, the rector of Moscow State University, accepted a guy who got a hundred points on the Unified State Examination, and two months later he expelled him, because he didn’t understand anything at all.

Who invented it, the Unified State Examination, why is it needed? What, we did not live well without him? What, we didn't know where what school is worth? We have a correspondence school of physics and technology at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, we prepare well. For example, I have already trained one cosmonaut, he works for me at Energia, this is a guy from Novomoskovsk.

Lev AYZERMAN, teacher of school No. 303, honored teacher of Russia:

Passed at school proms Are we aware that these are special proms: Today, for the first time in our history, a generation of children graduated from school, most of whom were not born in the Soviet Union. And this is very serious in order to understand that the time has come to take stock of what we have done.

AT recent times the new head of Rosobrnadzor, Lyubov Glebova, is very actively developing funds mass media a thought that seems to me false and vicious. This thought is this: yesterday we all lived in an atmosphere of lies, the student knew “two”, we wrote him “three”, finally the era of truth has come, the exam gives us a true picture of what is. But this is not true. Only yesterday there was such a primitive lie, and today the lie is perverted.

In Russian, part "C" is estimated out of 20 points for 12 parameters. Russian language: no spelling mistake - two points, one spelling mistake - one point, two mistakes - zero. I ask: how much will it be if there are 54 errors? Answer: the same zero. The same for punctuation: no mistakes - two points, one mistake or two - one point, if more - zero. I ask: how much will it be if there are 75 errors? Also zero. In practice, you can get a four and five in the Unified State Examination, being absolutely illiterate, because for this the student loses only four points out of 60, and every teacher knows this. I train students for the exam, I call it training, the students whom I have already trained, almost all write the exam for "four" and "five". In two days they write an essay and make up to 8-10 mistakes. When I say: how will you finish school, they say: well, we will lose four points in the letter, but still it does not solve. Therefore, under the guise of state certification, under the guise of the fact that this is such a nationwide norm, we graduate illiterate children, because there will be 90 mistakes, 40 mistakes or 3, it will still be the same zero. Therefore, the modern USE in the Russian language does not give an objective picture. I'm not talking about the fact that it includes questions that are not included in the school curriculum, and there is some kind of unfortunate "portionation" that I have not known about all my life and which in literary encyclopedia it is written that this is a little-known term, but it is required that students know all this. Or why normal cultured person know which vowel is soft and which is hard? I'm afraid most won't. This is not necessary in order to speak Russian.

The second side of the question is perhaps the most tragic. The point is that everything that happens in last years at school, I would describe it as such a trend: there is a massive brainwashing of students and teachers. And teachers, I emphasize. because USE system requires one thing: bring everyone to the same denominator. And when the boy who participates in creative competition university, passes it, he is accepted to a university, gets 10 points on the exam, this does not mean a boy, but a system of criteria.

I was convinced of this when recently at a commission where I defended the interests of my students (they didn’t want to let me go to the commission at all, because I had a passport and a certificate stating that I work at a school, and they told me that they had instructions to let only those who have a notarized power of attorney that I am entrusted with protecting the interests of their student), asked the student to show in the work of the student what claims there are. They say: it is illogical (as the reviewers wrote). I say: show with your finger where this illogicality is. You know, they tell me, there should be seven red lines here, and she only has six. This is the reduction of everyone to the same denominator, so that everyone has the same, so that everyone has the same feeling, a step to the right, a step to the left is considered an escape. Here's the worst. And the teacher coaches on it. When I, escorting my students to the exam, told them: “Guys, write whatever you think,” they said: “No, we will write what they want us to think,” because this is a system that kills living thought, living creativity, disfigures both students and, of course, unfortunately, teachers. This is tragic problem. Today, in recent years and decades, the teacher in the country has stopped reading. We once (and still have it) had a magazine called Literature at School. It was written out by almost every philologist of the country. Now in Moscow it is prescribed by 3.5 percent of teachers. We get first-class books for free, which are given in ten to fifteen copies for teachers, but these books lie and gather dust, no one reads them. Why? But not necessary. In order to train for what is required for the exam, you don’t need to read, you don’t need to think, you don’t need to think, but you need to do what I do every week in these lessons - training.

Vladimir TIKHOMIROV, President of MESI:

We are constantly conducting research on how and what is happening in other countries, especially during the formation of information society, at a time when access to education is not only declared, but also expanded thanks to the Internet.

In developed and developing countries today the situation is such that 50-60 percent of the working population is trained annually. The trend is as follows: in 80-90 percent of cases, there is a clear trend of annual retraining of adults. In a knowledge-based economy, this is required much more frequently. To replenish the knowledge of employees, retraining is necessary not only once a year, but even once a month, or even daily. In Russia today, only 2.5 percent of people undergo annual advanced training.

The unified state exam seriously complicates the implementation of such programs as lifelong learning - “life long lening”, obtaining the second, third, fourth and fifth higher education. Today, within the framework of the introduced USE, if a person wants to enter a second higher education, no matter how old he is - 30, 40 years old, and so on, he will be forced to take the USE. To be honest, I doubt very much that there will even be the same number of people who want to take the unified state exam and enroll in programs of a second or higher education, as now. I say this not by hearsay: our university and the universities that are members of the consortium train people under the programs of the second and third higher education, we have candidates and even doctors of sciences. Industry has changed, the structure of industry has changed. People are forced to get new and new professions. USE seriously hinders this development. I think that after 30 years it is unlikely that someone will go to take the exam, because this requires significant efforts.

What is happening in other countries? Pay attention to the experience of two countries whose economies are always on the buzz - Finland and South Korea. For people after 23 years of age, separate special programs for higher education, when it is absolutely not required to present a document on secondary vocational education. And, moreover, the practically federal component that we have in the standards is being removed. We need to pay attention to this experience.

Indeed, since 2001 we have all been told that the main objective Unified State Examination - to reduce corruption in universities, in higher educational institutions. We then warned and said that corruption would be transferred to another level, that it would be transferred to schools and would progress.

What is really happening in higher educational institutions today? Based on the experience of last year, I can say that it is not uncommon for applicants to come to our university, we tell them in advance what our passing score is, and then in some cases we raise it. Applicants say: “Why didn’t you tell us? We would bring not 90, but 98, 95, 96. In general, as much as you need. Tell me how much you need, so much will be.

Knowing our country, knowing that we cannot defeat corruption in such areas human activity, suppose as law enforcement, organs state power, we want to defeat corruption in such mass phenomenon as education, where 60 thousand schools. Whatever police apparatus we create, it will not be enough for us, this police apparatus will never cope with this phenomenon. I am absolutely convinced that further development The USE will certainly contribute to the development of corruption in even greater volumes.

How the proposals will improve the effectiveness of the exam, that it is necessary to check the knowledge or understanding of the processes.

The USE appeared in 1966-1967 in France, when France ceased to be colonial power. individual states, which was part of it, gained independence. And the youth of these countries that gained independence wanted to study in the metropolis, that is, directly in France. And then the French came up with this remote test exam, which was carried out in those former colonial territories.

And the one who successfully passed this exam could already come to enter the universities of France. And in 1966-1967, the French took on this test exam in all your best universities such graduates. By the beginning of 1968, they realized that they were in the most difficult situation. And the payments began. Because those who came and entered according to the results of this exam, they were simply not able to study.

This caused a wave of student unrest: these expelled students took to the streets of Paris. The pogroms began. All this ended with the fact that in November 1968 the entire government of General de Gaulle resigned. But in 1971, the Public Chamber of France, very concerned about this whole situation, decided that there should be no more unified test remote exams. Otherwise, as determined by the Public Chamber, another year or two and from the higher education of France there will be no stone left unturned.

But on the other hand, this was very quickly perceived by other people who went to carry out education reform in the United States. In 1968, a whole team went there under the leadership of Professor Andre King from Great Britain, and they took this French system. As a result, America was infected with this contagion, and by the 1990s, this led to the fact that virtually the entire education system in the United States collapsed. For a long time they could not understand what was happening with them, but in 2009, Obama, having come to the presidency, began to listen to the opinion of the most famous people, including Bill Gates. Bill Gates is not only the richest man in the world, but he is also one of the smartest. So, Bill Gates told him: either we end this testing system or we will be a country of idiots! And judging by his age, Bill Gates studied under this system. Studied. Therefore, he experienced it himself, he knew what he was talking about.

The introduction of the USE in Russia was carried out by special group which has been in operation since the mid-1990s. First under the guidance of Mr. Soros, and then came special brigade. Some of this brigade became unofficial advisers to the Russian Ministry of Education. They coordinated very quickly at the base. high school economy, which was established in 1992 with a special grant from the World Bank. And so this team of advisers began to implement this thing, knowing perfectly well what the result would be.

But Obama in January 2009 turned to the US Congress with a request to immediately abolish all types of testing, especially final testing after finishing school. And he even asked Congress for $5 billion to restore the old classical system exam certifications.

Anatoly Wasserman tried to make a proposal to improve the efficiency of the Unified State Examination, he proposed to entrust the preparation of tests to specialists in compiling questions for intellectual games. In such games, it has long been determined how to ask questions in order to test not knowledge, but understanding of the material, how to detect leakage of materials.

Let's try to take into account the fact that it is more important to understand the processes taking place in nature and society, then why do we need to memorize dates and facts, it is much more important why this happens, which can be predicted based on the available information, Similar approach important in the study of social science and history, today we just learn the facts, history shows that states often manipulate facts, distort the information that is provided to citizens. Look at the situation in Ukraine, remember the rewriting of history in Soviet period. All this suggests that understanding is much more important than memorization, do not forget - information without analysis is not the most rational waste of time. Incidentally, this applies not only to social sciences, but also to the natural ones to the same extent. The teaching of mathematics all over the world is reduced to a formal presentation of the material, when information is not given, where knowledge can be applied, what are the limits formal use formulas, for example, by applying some formulas in the same geometry, you can get the value of an angle that does not exist in nature (the angle formed by segments, straight lines or vectors that never intersect in space.) And similar tasks are offered in textbooks and manuals.

AT Russian schools exams started. At the end of May, the graduates passed the Unified State Examination in Russian language, literature and geography, and on June 2 they passed an exam in mathematics. The Unified State Exam has existed in Russia for 15 years, but it is still criticized, demanded to be canceled or at least made voluntary. However, what was criticized in the early 2000s and what is being criticized now are not the same thing. During its existence, the Unified State Examination has changed a lot and now only remotely resembles the original idea of ​​the reformers. Meduza reminds those who over the past 15 years have not encountered - either as a graduate or as a parent of a graduate - school exams why they came up with the exam and what single exam evolved in the course of its evolution.

Why was the USE invented?

The system of admission to higher educational institutions before the appearance of the Unified State Examination looked like this. First, graduates had to pass exams at school, after a few weeks - in universities, and, as a rule, several at once. Some universities had "flows" - it was possible to pass exams at one institute, fail and then try yourself in another place or at another faculty of the same institute. In other words, applicants had to live in constant exam stress for two months and sometimes take more than ten different exams during this time. Final grades final exams could be thrown out immediately - in college life no one paid attention to them (unless, of course, the student received a gold medal).

Such a system could not provide all students with equal opportunities: graduates from the regions had to go to exams in Moscow or another Big City- and they chose not those places where they would really like to study, but those that are closer. Muscovites had the opportunity to prepare for admission with a teacher from the desired university, and often “tutoring” was a veiled form of bribe: instead of knowledge, children received “patronage” at entrance exams.

The unified state exam was conceived as a solution to the problem of accessibility of higher education for schoolchildren in all regions of the country and as a way to defeat corruption in universities. To do this, it was decided to change the form of final exams and make them a substitute for entrance tests.

The first - experimental - the Unified State Examination was held in 2001. Then they formed basic principles unified state exam. Unlike traditional final exams USE students They had to hand over the premises of an unfamiliar school, and the work was given for verification to teachers unfamiliar with the children. The exam itself to a large extent consisted of multiple choice tests. results USE graduates could send to different universities avoiding trips to an unfamiliar city and long entrance examinations.

Why was the USE criticized?

Few reforms have undergone such strong criticism like the reform of final exams. Most of all, opponents of the reform were annoyed by the "guessing game" in the new exam - in their opinion, with the help of tests it is impossible to test the real knowledge of schoolchildren, not to mention their ability to "think outside the box" and be creative in solving problems. Critics of the Unified State Examination also emphasized that teachers would have to train children for tests and, because of this, they would fall general level education. “Schematic preparation leads to schematic knowledge. And neither parents, nor schoolchildren themselves, nor universities, nor employers, nor the country need such knowledge, ”said, for example, in 2013 the Vice-Speaker of the State Duma and Professor of Moscow State University Ivan Melnikov (the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, from which he was elected, even during the discussion reform took an intolerant position in relation to the Unified State Examination).

Parents also complained that the exam is now more like military operation and turns into a terrible stress for children. In the regions, they were perplexed why the exam could be passed only in Russian, and not in national language. One such complaint in 2009 reached Supreme Court: Aida Kamalova, a resident of Tatarstan, considered that the ban on taking the exam in the Tatar language violates the rights of her daughter, and also puts her in an unequal position compared to those who study in Russian at school. The court considered that it was legal to conduct the exam only in Russian.

Among the unconditional supporters of the unified state exam was not even Russian President Vladimir Putin (it was he who signed the law on the introduction of the unified state exam). In 2014, Putin promised to think about the abolition of the exam for those who are not going to universities; in 2015 he admitted that the exam was still not perfect, and in 2016 he even stated that if he had to take the exam now, he would prefer to draw a ticket rather than go through the exam.

The scandals that now accompany the examination period every year have not added to the popularity of the USE. In 2009, the media reported on the invasion of "100-pointers" from Chechnya, Dagestan and Ingushetia. It was alleged that they entered several universities at once and at the same time could not write even a formal application without errors (Lyubov Glebova, who then headed Rosobrnadzor, called these messages a “myth”). abnormal high scores for an exam in some regions led to the emergence of "USE-tourism", when schoolchildren a few months before the final exams were transferred to schools in other subjects of the federation. In 2011, assignments for the Unified State Examination in mathematics leaked to the Internet, and for the money you could get answers to the exam. In 2013, there was a scandal around the exam in Stavropol: early USE there were seven 100-point works in the region, with the right to early exam issued by the same doctor. Among the pre-schedule were the children of officials.

Scandals surrounding final exams began to appear, among other things, because new system made it possible to track results. The USE never became an effective remedy for corruption, but made it possible to notice it and catch the hand of those who receive school certificates fraudulently.

How has the USE changed?

Changes to the USE have been made throughout its existence. Most of them were more like cosmetic changes, but so many changes have accumulated over the 15-year period that the USE in its current form has become little like the experimental exam that was first held in 2001.

Students of the St. Petersburg gymnasium No. 168 during the rehearsal of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language

Photo: Sergey Kulikov / Interpress / PhotoXPress

From the exam gradually disappears test part. This year, there were multiple-choice questions in only 7 out of 14 subjects; this part is excluded from exams in the Russian language, mathematics, literature, history, geography, social science and computer science. From next year, those who pass physics, chemistry and biology will not see the tests either.

According to the Minister of Education Dmitry Livanov, over time, tests in the exam will be completely abandoned. “We plan to phase out part A from the tasks of the Unified State Exam of all options in all subjects,” he told the Izvestia newspaper in 2014. As a result, only part B will remain in the exam, which requires simple answers and is checked by a computer, and part C, where students need to give a detailed answer (it is checked by two independent experts). Livanov also said that in the exam in humanitarian subjects will appear in the future oral part, which will make the exams very similar to those that were taken 15 years ago with tickets.

Finally, the idea of ​​the Unified State Examination as the only exam that schoolchildren will have to take has undergone changes. Eleventh graders still have to write graduation essay- now in order to get admission to the exam. Some graduates also have to take entry exams. Five educational institutions have won the right to conduct their own tests: Moscow and St. Petersburg State Universities, Moscow State Linguistic University, Kutafin Moscow State Law Academy and Dobrolyubov Nizhny Novgorod Linguistic State University. Along with this right, corruption risks have returned to universities, and graduates from the regions must again go to unfamiliar cities and take exams there.

Unified State Exam (USE) are exams for individual items, which must be taken by all graduates of a complete general education high school. The unity of these exams lies in their two features:

• their results are simultaneously taken into account in the school certificate and when entering universities;
• when conducting these exams throughout Russia, the same type of tasks and a single assessment scale are used, which makes it possible to compare all students by level of preparation.

These are free final exams that are held in May-June of each year in the regions by decision local authorities education management with the help of federal KIMs (control and measuring materials) and the results of which are taken into account as in graduation certificates, and in certificates sent by applicants to universities in these regions, as well as some others that also count the results of the USE.

Who rents: graduates of schools in May - June.

Who conducts: regional educational authorities.

Methodological basis: control and measuring materials developed in Moscow following the results of the All-Russian competition of CMM developers.

Payment: for free.

Who takes into account:

• schools in certificates;
• universities and colleges of experimental regions - at least 50% of their specialties;
• some universities of non-experimental regions.

For graduates of previous years and residents of non-experimental regions, the so-called "July session" is provided, which is held on USE materials in universities in the second half of July.

More about the exam

The unified state exam was introduced on the territory of the Russian Federation in some of its regions relatively recently. Since 2009, the USE has become practically the only form state (final) certification and the main way of entering a secondary school or university. February 9, 2007 President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin signed The federal law“On amendments and additions to the law Russian Federation"On Education", adopted earlier State Duma and the Federation Council, which means the final introduction of a new examination system. Since 2009 USE year spend all Russian regions without exception. This is in line with the principles public policy in the field of education in Russia — the creation of a unified educational space.

AT this document it is written that it will be possible to use the results of the unified state exam when enrolling in a university within two years after passing the exam. The law also provides for the possibility of all universities and colleges to conduct additional entrance examinations, if this is due to the specifics of a particular specialty and requires specific inclinations and training in the field of the chosen specialty, for example, physical endurance or creative inclination of an applicant for certain kind art.

Some higher education institutions may be eligible to conduct entrance examinations in a specialty, including those that were accepted during the Unified State Examination. What are the main goals of the adoption of the USE and what is the result of its introduction in our state? The task, of course, is the same - this is an attempt to create the same starting positions when passing final tests at school and entering universities. When conducting this type of final tests throughout our country, the same complexity of the task and a single gradation of assessment will be applied, these measures will allow us to compare students according to their skill level.

The exam is held in special conditions, which will not give in any case to doubt the correctness of the results. Test results, as well as free-form short answers, will be checked using computer program people specially recruited for this purpose. Regarding detailed answers in free form, these answers will be checked by independent experts invited to a largely predetermining course further fate graduate event.

What are the goals of the exam

The introduction of the USE has several goals at once. First, it helps to ensure equal conditions when entering a university and passing final exams at school, since when conducting these exams throughout Russia, the same type of tasks and a single assessment scale are used, which makes it possible to compare all students by level of training. In addition, the exam is conducted in conditions that ensure the reliability of the results. The results will be checked on computers (answers to tasks of type “A” (choice from options) and type “B” (short free answers), answers to tasks of type “C” (detailed free answers) are checked by independent experts. This will reduce the so-called "targeted tutoring" (for the purpose of admission to certain universities) and bribery.

Another goal is an attempt to improve the quality of education in Russia through more objective control and higher motivation to successfully complete it. Children need to be well prepared for exams so that they pass them successfully, so that their results can be compared, and taught to pass such exams - new task for our teachers.

Finally, an important consideration is to relieve graduates-applicants by reducing the number of exams, instead of final exams and entrance exams, they will take State exams, their results will be taken into account both in the school certificate and when entering universities. A more distant goal is to promote a fair redistribution of financial flows between universities. AT strong universities at the same time, after stronger applicants will go more money(according to the GIFO mechanism - “state nominal financial obligations”).

Is it possible to retake the exam

You cannot retake the exam on the basis of an unsatisfactory grade. But the result obtained at the exam will not haunt a person all his life. Validity USE certificates determined until December 31 current year, so next year you can again take the entrance exams in the form in which they are conducted by the chosen university.

Where, who and how conducts the exam

The unified exam is conducted by decision of the State Regional (regional, republican) examination committee in the PES appointed by the regional education authorities, which can be located in universities and basic schools. Pre-appointed teachers are allowed to conduct exams. The presence of subject teachers in the corresponding or related subject (mathematics - physics, history - social science) at the exam should be excluded. The organizers of the PES, as a rule, do not include teachers of those educational institutions whose graduates take the USE in this PES.

Each auditorium with a capacity of up to 15 people inclusive must have two organizers plus one organizer for each subsequent group of up to 15 alumni. Only one student is allowed to sit at one table, that is, each graduate must be provided with a separate numbered workplace (table and chair), to which the organizers must have Free access. Placement of all graduates of the same class (group) in the same classroom of the point conducting the exam unacceptable.

What additional materials can be used on the exam

All general subjects not allowed use of any additional materials, Besides:

in physics - a non-programmable calculator;

in chemistry - a non-programmable calculator, periodic system chemical elements DI. Mendeleev, tables of the solubility of salts, acids and bases in water and the electrochemical series of voltages of metals.

Note. Programmable is a calculator in which you can record a sequence of operations in memory and play this sequence (ie, program). In addition to the listed materials, the use of all others is prohibited, for example, you cannot use a calculator on the exam in mathematics and bilingual dictionary on the exam in a foreign language.

What tasks does the exam consist of

The exam in each subject includes questions and tasks of three different types:

• tasks with a choice of answers from four proposed;
• tasks with a short free answer (one word or number);
• tasks with a detailed free answer (including verbal justification, mathematical derivation, etc.)

Who creates the exam assignments

The process of creating USE assignments is a complex multi-stage procedure. In many cases, the variant contains tasks composed by different authors and those that have gone through several stages of editing - after reviewing by specialists approved by the USE commission under the ministry, after pilot tests on students (after approbation), etc. USE assignments are called control and measuring materials (KIMs), which are developed Federal Institute pedagogical dimensions.

What is the KIM competition and why is it needed

KIM competition - competition "Control measuring materials for the unified state exam". The purpose of the competition is to provide a unified state exam with high-quality control measuring materials. Competition objectives:

• identification of teams of authors and individual authors who have the necessary scientific and methodological potential to participate in the development of control measuring materials for the unified state exam;
• selection test items to include them in the bank of tasks of the unified state exam (USE).

How do the results of the exam on the school certificate

The regulation "On the conduct of a unified state exam" (approved by order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated April 9, 2002 No. 1306, registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on May 8, 2002 No. 3420) provides for the final grades in the certificate:

• a higher mark - with a difference of one point between the annual mark and the USE mark;
• the mark obtained as the arithmetic mean of the annual mark and the USE mark, if the difference between them is more than one point, while rounding is done towards a higher score.

Note: this rule means that "triples" will retain triples in their certificates even if they receive "deuces" in the USE. Teachers in schools are required to comply with this rule when grading in the certificate.

How are USE results taken into account in universities

According to the results of the exam, each student in each subject receives a certificate with their results on a 100-point scale. The student (applicant) sends this certificate to the selection committee of the university of interest to him. If a student is interested in several universities at once, then he can send copies of his certificates certified at the school to all these universities, and this can be done in absentia - by mail. university admissions committees are required to consider all certificates sent, including copies, and inform each applicant who sent an application (certificates) whether he gets with his total points (in subjects approved admission committee this university for this specialty) in the number of budgetary or paid places according to the competition.

It is clear that the result of such absentee competition depends not only on the score of a given student, but also on the scores of his "competitors" - other applicants who sent their applications to the same university for the same specialty (faculty). Therefore, if you do not get into a more reputable university (for a more prestigious specialty) with your score, an applicant may receive an invitation from a less reputable university. In the near future, it is planned to post dynamic “rating lists” on the Internet (lists of applicants in descending order of competitive points) for each faculty of each university that enrolls applicants according to USE data. Such an operational way of informing will allow applicants to quickly orient themselves in the current situation and timely send their application to the university where his scores allow him to be among the students.

Benefits of the USE:

• more opportunities to enter a university;
• objective, impartial assessment of knowledge;
• reducing the burden on graduates (the exam is taken once);
• reduction of corruption, bribery in the field of education;
• it is easier for non-residents to enter any university;
• The exam is the same for everyone.

Disadvantages of the exam:

• testing does not reveal knowledge;
• making the exam process more difficult there are questions in the exam that cannot be answered at the institute);
• increased workload on students children at school are overwhelmed - another stress for children);
• inattention to the difference in the conditions of schoolchildren's education;
• failure USE results for university admission Prestigious institutes don't take this into account anyway);
• absence individual approach to the graduates.

Information sources

• Briefing "USE and the Republican exam in 2007 and prospects for 2008, 2009"

More on the topic

• Demonstration versions of the Unified State Examination in various subjects 2005-2007