Home Literature Uyezds of the Nizhny Novgorod province in the 18th century. The history of the formation of the Nizhny Novgorod province

Uyezds of the Nizhny Novgorod province in the 18th century. The history of the formation of the Nizhny Novgorod province

Maps of the Nizhny Novgorod province

Detailed vintage maps Nizhny Novgorod province(regions) 20th century, 19th century, 18th century

Date of formation of the Nizhny Novgorod province - 1779. It included 3 provinces (Nizhny Novgorod, Alatyr and Arzamas) and 6 counties. The population at the beginning of the 20th century was 1,799,500 people, and the total area of the territory was 51,252 km 2.

In our electronic library maps of the Nizhny Novgorod province are available. We are digitizers vintage maps, land surveying maps and economic notes - write orders by email!
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4th layout without a year.(Makarevsky district)
Non-topographic map of reading institutions. The scale is set by eye Scale 1inch=4versts or 1cm=1680m.
The map is monochromatic, not detailed. There is no collection sheet as unnecessary.
- see sample map

Ardatovsky district
quantity: 19 A3 files (in five parts), the district is made along the borders of Catherine

See sample | prefabricated sheet

Arzamas county
quantity: 18 A3 files (in five parts), the county is made along the borders of Paul

See sample | prefabricated sheet

Balakhna district
quantity: 12 A3 files (in three parts), there are two versions of the Balakhna uyezd map varying degrees safety

See sample | prefabricated sheet

Gorbatovsky district
Quantity: 12 A3 files, there are two versions of the map of the Gobatovsky district of varying degrees of preservation, the meaning of the second version of the map of the Gorbatovsky district is to match the numbers from the EP

Lukoyanovsky district
Quantity: 16 A3 files (in four parts) within the boundaries when the map of Lukoyanovsky Uyezd included partly Pochinkovsky Uyezd with the city of Pochinki and did not border on Sergachsky Uyezd, on the border with which there were Knyagininsky Uyezd and Arzamas Uyezd

See sample | prefabricated sheet

Pochinkovsky district
Quantity: 16 A3 files (in four parts)

See sample | prefabricated sheet

Economic notes of the Gorbatovsky district, the alphabet of Mende dachas

Economic notes of Balakhna uyezd, alphabet of Mende dachas
quantity: about 100 sheets, handwritten, useful for 100% linking dachas to the map of Mende, Nizhny Novgorod province

Expected:

-Plan general survey Nizhny Novgorod province on a scale of 1 inch = 1-2 versts
Year of publication - approximately 1790s.
-Non-topographic map, color

To order PGM - inventory according to RGADA:
Provincial map m-4 c. Nizhny Novgorod province
Map of the Nizhny Novgorod Viceroyalty (for 13 districts) Nizhny Novgorod province
The same m-8 v. Nizhny Novgorod province
Provincial map (for 10 counties) m-4 c. Nizhny Novgorod province 1798
The same (unfinished) Nizhny Novgorod province
"Map for the passage of troops - Nizhny Novgorod province" m-10 c. Nizhny Novgorod province 1799
Provincial map m-16 c. Nizhny Novgorod province
Map of Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod provinces with their counties m-24 c. Nizhny Novgorod province
General county plan m-1 c. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district 1791
The same - 2nd copy. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
General county plan m-1 c. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district 179 ..
County map m-4 v. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
The same (rough) m-4 c. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
County map m-8 v. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
The same - 2nd copy. m-8 in. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
General county plan (atlas) in 5 parts. Part 1 m-2 c. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
Part 2 Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
continuation >>>

To order an electronic signature - inventory according to RGADA:
1. Brief provincial report card. 1 Tables No. 788-792 have different data Nizhny Novgorod province (1784-1797).
2. The same. 1 Nizhny Novgorod province (1784-1797).
3. The same. 1800 1 Nizhny Novgorod province (1784-1797).
4. The same. 1 Nizhny Novgorod province (1784-1797).
5. The same. 1 Nizhny Novgorod province (1784-1797).
6. Alphabet of dachas in thirteen counties. 64 m.f. Nizhny Novgorod province (1784-1797).
7. The alphabet of villages, churchyards and other settlements, indicating their distance from the provincial and county cities, the amount of church land, and so on. 58 m.f. Nizhny Novgorod province (1784-1797).
8. Economic notes for 268 dachas (Nos. dachas 221-268 added later), alphabets of dachas and owners, and a report card. m. f. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
9. Economic notes for 220 dachas. 40 m.f. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
10. Alphabets of dachas and owners. 8 m.f. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
11. Alphabets of owners. 4 m.f. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
12. Alphabets of dachas and owners. 1800 24 m.f. Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
13. Brief report card. 1 Nizhny Novgorod province Ardatovsky district
14. Economic notes for 331 dachas (Nos. dachas 320-331 added later), alphabets of dachas and owners, and a report card. m. f. Nizhny Novgorod province Arzamas district

NIZHNY NOVGOROD PROVINCE is an administrative-territorial unit in Russia in the Central Volga region.

For the first time about-ra-zo-va-na according to the pri-go-vo-ru Se-na-ta dated January 26 (February 6), 1714 on the ter-ri-to-rii, you-de-len-noy from the Kazan guberniya.

The administrative center is the city of Nizh-niy Nov-go-rod.

In 1714-1717, they de-lissed to the county: Ala-tyr-sky, Ar-za-mas-sky, Balakh-nin-sky, Vasil-sky, Go-ro-ho-vets cue, Kur-mysh-sky, Mu-rom-sky, Ni-zhe-go-rod-sky, Yury-e-vets-Po-vol-sky, Yad-rinsky. By decree of Tsar Peter I of November 22 (December 3), 1717, the Nizhny Novgorod province was returned to the Kazan province. Again, you de-le-na from it by the decree of Peter I of May 29 (June 9), 1719. It was de-lissed into 3 provinces: Ala-tyr-skaya (Ala-tyr-sky, Kur-mysh-sky, Yad-rin-sky county), Ar-za-mas-sky and Ni -same-go-rod-sky (Balakh-nin-sky, Ni-zhe-go-rod-sky, Yur-e-vets-Po-vol-sky county).

The area is over 48.8 thousand km2 (1794), over 83.4 thousand km2 (1923). On-se-le-nie over 816 thousand people (1785), St. 1.1 million people (1847), St. 1.5 million people (1897), St. 2.5 million people (1923).

In the 18th century, in the Nizhny Novgorod province, active-but-vi-va-elk su-to-building, the center of someone-ro-th was Nizhny Nov-go- clan and Ba-lah-nin-sky district (Ba-lah-na, se-la Go-ro-dets, Wa-si-le-wa slo-bo-da, Ku-bin-tse-vo, Cher -noe). One of the leading races is yav-la-moose ka-na-top-rya-de-nie (Nizhny Novy-go-rod, Gor-ba-tov-sky district), pain-sho-go times-ma-ha dos-tig-la co-vein industry (Ar-za-mas, village of Bo-go-rod-skoe Gor-ba-tov-sko-go county, the village of Bol-shoe Mu-rash-ki-no Knya-gi-nin-sko-go district, the village of Go-ro-dets of Balakh-nin-sko-go district). The general-Russian-Ssian-sign-whether had chu-gu-no-pla-vil-nye and the same-le-zo-de-la-tel-nye you-ksun-skie-vo -dy Ba-ta-she-out.

Maps of the Nizhny Novgorod province

Name				example	sb.list	download
PGM Pochinkovsky district	2c	1792	75.3mb
Pilot map of the river. Volga from Rybinsk to Nizhny Novgorod	500m	1929	202.1mb
PGM Arzamas district	2c	1785	86.9mb
PGM Ardatovsky district	2c	1785	52.7mb
PGM Lukoyansky district	2c	1785	36.4mb
PGM Makaryevsky district	2c	1785	40.5mb
PGM Balakhna district	2c	1785	32.4mb
PGM Knyaginsky district	2c	1785	49.3mb
PGM Nizhny Novgorod district	2c	1785	36.8mb
PGM Gorbatovsky district	2c	1785	28.7mb
PGM Sergachsky district	2c	1785	22.8mb
PGM Vasilyevsky district	2c	1785	39.03mb
PGM Semyonovsky district	2c	1785	103.9mb
EP Vasilyevsky district		to.XVIIIc	28.2mb
EP Nizhny Novgorod district		to.XVIIIc	63.7mb
EP Makarievsky district		to.XVIIIc	74.4mb
Map of Mende 1c		XIX century	600.49mb
Lists of populated places		1859	26,22 mb

Maps available for free download

Maps are not available for free download, about getting maps - write to mail or ICQ

Historical information on the province

Nizhny Novgorod province- administrative-territorial formation with the center in Nizhny Novgorod, separated from the Kazan province according to the regional reform of Peter I (1714-1719). In the years Soviet power during economic zoning The USSR was transformed first into the Nizhny Novgorod Territory (by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 14, 1929), and then into the Gorky Region (1937).

Story

After Nizhny Novgorod finally became under the control of the Muscovite state in the middle of the 15th century, the administration of the territories of nearby lands took place on the basis of localism. The adjacent territories form the Nizhny Novgorod district, bordering on the Kurmysh, Arzamas, Murom, Balakhna, Gorohovets, Suzdal, Yuryevsky districts.

To late XVI century from settlements Nizhny Novgorod region camps are formed - collections of possessions different nature(palace, owner, monastery) without any single administrative structure

Berezopolsky camp (Birch Field, Berezopolye) - the most populated territories located near Nizhny Novgorod in the interfluve of the Oka, Volga, Kudma and Kishma. On the territory of the camp there was a “well-formed structural unit”- the village of Bogorodskoye“ with villages and villages ”, granted in 1615 by Tsar Kuzma Minin and his family for organizing the Nizhny Novgorod militia.

Zakudemsky camp was located east of Berezopolye, being for Nizhny Novgorod “across the Kudma River”, from where its name came from. The successful settlement of the territories was facilitated by the foundation at the mouth of the Kerzhenets River of the Makaryevo-Zheltovodsky Monastery, which in the 17th century became one of the most powerful Nizhny Novgorod feudal lords.

Strelitzky camp (Strelitz) - territories on the right bank of the Volga at the mouth of the Oka, directly opposite Nizhny Novgorod. The camp was formed only to XVII century, having absorbed the lands of the Strelitzky volost and the Seima beekeepers.

In addition to the camps, the territories belonging to the palace possessions were well distinguished: palace villages with surrounding villages, villages from the Lukinskaya plow with a center in the village of Lukino, the poppy village of Slobodskoye, associations of beekeepers and Mordovian villages.

During the 17th century, some volosts passed into Nizhny Novgorod subordination from neighboring counties. So Lyskovskaya and Murashkinskaya are added from the Kurmysh district owner's volosts passed to the boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov. By that time, the population of the villages of Lyskovo and Murashkino exceeded the population of Kurmysh by dozens of times. There were also reverse processes. So part of the settlements of the Tolokontsevskaya volost passed to the state Zauzolskaya volost of the Balakhna district.

In the course of the development of noble landownership, almost all settlements palace parishes, Mordovian settlements and beekeepers pass into the possession of feudal lords. To mid-seventeenth centuries, the largest in the Russian state possessions of feudal lords (Morozov, Cherkassky, Vorotynsky, Prozorovsky) are concentrated in the territories of the Nizhny Novgorod district.

In 1682 localism was abolished, the main administration was carried out with the help of governors. Before early XVIII century, among the Nizhny Novgorod governors, P. M. Apraksin, G. G. Pushkin, Yu. A. Sitsky, A. Yu. Sitsky, S. L. Streshnev, Yu. P. Trubetskoy, P. V. Sheremetev are mentioned.

Formation of the province

During the provincial division of 1708, which was carried out in the course of the regional reforms of Peter I, Nizhny Novgorod was included in the Kazan province. In January 1714 northwestern part its territory was allocated to the Nizhny Novgorod province. In addition to Nizhny Novgorod, the province included the cities of Alatyr, Arzamas, Balakhna, Vasilsursk, Gorokhovets, Kurmysh, Yuryevets, Yadrin with adjacent territories. In 1717, the province was abolished, the territories returned to the Kazan province, but two years later, by decree of Peter I of May 29, 1719, the province was again recreated.

In the course of the administrative reform of Catherine II in 1778, the territories of the province first became part of the Ryazan governorate, and in 1779 the Nizhny Novgorod governorship was established, which included the old Nizhny Novgorod governorate, as well as parts of the Ryazan and Volodimir (Vladimir) governorships and part of the Kazan province. Under Paul I, the reverse renaming takes place: the governorships were renamed into provinces.

In October 1797, the size of the Nizhny Novgorod province was increased at the expense of the territories received during the division of the Penza province. After the accession to the throne of Alexander I on September 9, 1801, the Penza province was restored to its previous volume. In connection with Zemstvo reform since 1865, an institute was introduced in the Nizhny Novgorod province local government- land.

Geography

Nizhny Novgorod province bordered on the following provinces: in the west - with Vladimir, in the north - with Kostroma and Vyatka, in the east - with Kazan and Simbirsk, in the south - with Penza and Tambov.

The area of the province was 48,241 km² in 1847, 51,252 km² in 1905.

The rivers Oka and Volga (from Nizhny Novgorod) divided the territory of the province into two significantly different in relief, geological structure, soils and vegetation of the part: northern - lowland and southern - upland.

Population

According to the All-Russian population census Russian Empire In 1897, 1,584,774 people (744,467 men, 840,307 women) lived on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod province. Of these, the urban population is 143,031.

Territorial composition provinces

In 1796, the following counties were part of the hebernia:

Ardatovsky ( county town- Ardatov),

Arzamassky (Arzamas),

Balakhninsky (Balakhna),

Vasilsursky (Vasilsursk),

Gorbatovsky (Gorbatov),

Knyagininsky (Knyaginino),

Lukoyanovsky (Lukoyanov),

Nizhny Novgorod (Nizhny Novgorod),

Semyonovsky (Semyonov),

Sergachsky (Sergach).

The territorial composition did not change until the disappearance of the Russian Empire. The area of the province is 53.5 thousand km².

Post-revolutionary changes

After the revolution of 1917, the composition of the province underwent significant changes.

1922 - added to the province:

Varnavinsky and Vetluzhsky districts of the Kostroma province,

6 volosts of the Koverninsky district;

almost the entire Kurmysh district of the Simbirsk province,

4 parishes Tambov province.

1924 - four volosts were transferred to the Mari Autonomous Region, one volost - to the North Dvina province.

1929 - the Nizhny Novgorod Territory is formed, which includes:

Chuvash ASSR;

Mari Autonomous region;

Votskaya Autonomous Region.

1932 - Nizhny Novgorod was renamed the city of Gorky, and the Nizhny Novgorod Territory - Gorky.

1934 - 1936 - from the Gorky region stood out:

Kirov region;

Udmurt ASSR;

Mari ASSR;

Chuvash ASSR.

1936 - Gorky region renamed Gorky region

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Nizhny Novgorod province - an administrative-territorial formation with a center in Nizhny Novgorod, separated from the Kazan province according to the regional reform of Peter I (1714-1719). During the years of Soviet power, during the economic zoning of the USSR, it was first transformed into the Nizhny Novgorod Territory (by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 14, 1929), and then into the Gorky Region (1937). History After Nizhny Novgorod finally became under the control of the Muscovite state in the middle of the 15th century, the administration of the territories of nearby lands took place on the basis of localism.

The adjacent territories form the Nizhny Novgorod district, bordering on the Kurmysh, Arzamas, Murom, Balakhna, Gorohovets, Suzdal, Yuryevsky districts. By the end of the 16th century, camps were formed from the settlements of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory - a combination of possessions of a different nature (palace, owner, monastic) without any single administrative structure , Volga, Kudma and Kishma.

On the territory of the camp there was a "well-formed structural unit" - the village of Bogorodskoye "with villages and villages", in 1615 granted by Tsar Kuzma Minin and his family for organizing the Nizhny Novgorod militia. Zakudemsky camp was located east of Berezopolye, being for Nizhny Novgorod “across the Kudma River”, from where its name came from. The successful settlement of the territories was facilitated by the foundation at the mouth of the Kerzhenets River of the Makaryevo-Zheltovodsky Monastery, which in the 17th century became one of the most powerful Nizhny Novgorod feudal lords. Strelitzky camp (Strelitz) - territories on the right bank of the Volga at the mouth of the Oka, directly opposite Nizhny Novgorod. The camp was formed only by the 17th century, having absorbed the lands of the Strelitz volost and the Seima beekeepers.

In addition to the camps, the territories belonging to the palace possessions were well distinguished: palace villages with surrounding villages, villages from the Lukinskaya plow with a center in the village of Lukino, the poppy village of Slobodskoye, associations of beekeepers and Mordovian villages. During the 17th century, some volosts passed into Nizhny Novgorod subordination from neighboring counties. So from the Kurmysh district, Lyskovskaya and Murashkinskaya possessory volosts are added, which passed to the boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov. By that time, the population of the villages of Lyskovo and Murashkino exceeded the population of Kurmysh by dozens of times. There were also reverse processes. So part of the settlements of the Tolokontsevskaya volost passed to the state Zauzolskaya volost of the Balakhna district.

In the course of the development of noble land ownership, almost all settlements of palace volosts, Mordovian settlements and beekeepers pass into the possession of feudal lords. By the middle of the 17th century, the largest possessions of feudal lords in the Russian state (Morozov, Cherkassky, Vorotynsky, Prozorovsky) were concentrated in the territories of the Nizhny Novgorod district. In 1682 localism was abolished, the main administration was carried out with the help of governors. Until the beginning of the 18th century, P. M. Apraksin, G. G. Pushkin, Yu. A. Sitsky, A. Yu. Sitsky, S. L. Streshnev, Yu. P. Trubetskoy, P. V. Sheremetev were mentioned among the Nizhny Novgorod governors. Formation of the province In the course of the division of the provinces in 1708, which was carried out in the course of the regional reforms of Peter I, Nizhny Novgorod was included in the Kazan province.

In January 1714, the northwestern part of its territory was allocated to the Nizhny Novgorod province. In addition to Nizhny Novgorod, the province included the cities of Alatyr, Arzamas, Balakhna, Vasilsursk, Gorokhovets, Kurmysh, Yuryevets, Yadrin with adjacent territories. In 1717, the province was abolished, the territories returned to the Kazan province, but two years later, by decree of Peter I of May 29, 1719, the province was again recreated. In the course of the administrative reform of Catherine II in 1778, the territories of the province first became part of the Ryazan governorate, and in 1779 the Nizhny Novgorod governorship was established, which included the old Nizhny Novgorod governorate, as well as parts of the Ryazan and Volodimir (Vladimir) governorships and part of the Kazan province.

Under Paul I, the reverse renaming takes place: the governorships were renamed into provinces. In October 1797, the size of the Nizhny Novgorod province was increased at the expense of the territories received during the division of the Penza province. After the accession to the throne of Alexander I on September 9, 1801, the Penza province was restored to its previous volume. In connection with the zemstvo reform, since 1865, the institute of local government, the zemstvo, was introduced in the Nizhny Novgorod province. Geography Nizhny Novgorod province bordered on the following provinces: in the west - with Vladimir, in the north - with Kostroma and Vyatka, in the east - with Kazan and Simbirsk, in the south - with Penza and Tambov. The area of the province was 48,241 km² in 1847, 51,252 km² in 1905.

The Oka and Volga rivers (from Nizhny Novgorod) divided the territory of the province into two parts that differed significantly in relief, geological structure, soils and vegetation: the northern - lowland and the southern - upland. Population According to the All-Russian census of the Russian Empire in 1897, 1,584,774 people (744,467 men, 840,307 women) lived on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod province. Of these, the urban population is 143,031. (Knyaginino), Lukoyanovsky (Lukoyanov), Nizhny Novgorod (Nizhny Novgorod), Semyonovsky (Semyonov), Sergachsky (Sergach).

The territorial composition did not change until the disappearance of the Russian Empire.

The area of the province is 53.5 thousand km².

Post-revolutionary changes After the revolution of 1917, the composition of the province underwent significant changes. 1922 - the following were added to the province: Varnavinsky and Vetluzhsky districts of the Kostroma province, 6 volosts of the Koverninsky district; almost the entire Kurmysh district of the Simbirsk province, 4 volosts of the Tambov province. 1924 - four volosts were transferred to the Mari Autonomous Region, one volost - to the North Dvina province. 1929 - the Nizhny Novgorod Territory is formed, which includes: the Chuvash ASSR; Mari Autonomous Region; Votskaya Autonomous Region. 1932 - Nizhny Novgorod was renamed the city of Gorky, and the Nizhny Novgorod Territory - Gorky. 1934 - 1936 - from the Gorky region stood out: Kirov region; Udmurt ASSR; Mari ASSR; Chuvash ASSR. 1936 - Gorky region renamed Gorky region

Barysheva Julia

AT this study considers the formation and development of the Nizhny Novgorod region, economic activity Nizhny Novgorod. It also talks about famous people who contributed to the development of the province and the whole country.

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All-Russian research competition local history works"Fatherland"

Research topic: "To the 300th anniversary of the formation of the Nizhny Novgorod province"

Work performed by: Manager:

Barysheva Yulia Sergeevna Pakhunova Elena Lvovna

8th grade student history teacher

MBOU "Polkh-Maidanskaya MBOU" Polkh-Maidanskaya

Secondary general education Secondary general education

school" school"

st. Youth, house 116 st. Youth, house 116

Voznesensky District Voznesensky District

Nizhny Novgorod Region Nizhny Novgorod Region

607344 607344

S. Polkhovsky Maidan

2013-2014 academic year year

1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 3

2. Main part ……………………………………………………. 3

2.1. The history of the formation of the Nizhny Novgorod province……. ………...four

2.2. Life and development of the Nizhny Novgorod region……………. ………….7

2.3. Well-known fellow countrymen from Nizhny Novgorod………………………………..12

3.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………. ......................fourteen

4. Bibliography…………………………………………………………….15

1. Introduction

The history of the native land... Think about these words. The history of that corner of the earth where you were born, where you live, where, perhaps, your fathers and grandfathers lived. A history rich in events, notable for glorious and great names. What are these events in the past and present of our native land? What place does he occupy in common history our motherland? Who are the people who are proud of fellow countrymen - Nizhny Novgorod and Gorky? I tried to find answers to these questions in my work.

2. The main part.

Located in the center of the European part of the Russian Federation, the Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky) region covers an area of 75 thousand square kilometers. This is only one three hundredth part of our country, but such a territory could accommodate the Netherlands and Sweden or Belgium and Denmark together.

The history of the Nizhny Novgorod - Gorky land goes back to hoary antiquity. And already its first pages speak of the independence, love of freedom of our ancestors.

2.1. Main part. The history of the formation of the Nizhny Novgorod province.

From the very first years of its existence, Nizhny Novgorod became a stronghold of Russia in its struggle against the Volga-Kama Bulgarians, who made their aggressive raids on Russian lands. More than once, with weapons in their hands, the inhabitants of Nizhny Novgorod also rose against the Tatar-Mongol conquerors. At the beginning of the 17th century, the national militia, led by Nizhny Novgorod Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, played a decisive role in the liberation of Moscow from foreign invaders. The merits of Nizhny Novgorod citizens in the Patriotic War of 1812 are known.

Our motherland, his people occupy a prominent place in the Russian freedom movement. Nizhny Novgorod participated in the Decembrist uprising, in the populist movement.

At the end of the last century on industrial enterprises x Nizhny Novgorod and its suburbs of Kanavin and Sormovo, Marxist ideas began to spread among the workers.Formation of the Volga military flotilla in the years civil war, the construction of the Balakhna paper mill, the Bor glass plant, the Gorky automobile, machine-tool and other plants, the Gorky hydroelectric power station, the selfless work of the Gorky people in the days of the Great Patriotic War- all this heroic pages our history.

2014 marks the 300th anniversary of the creation of the Nizhny Novgorod province. It was then, back in 1714, that our region, uniting the Russian lands of the Volga-Oka interfluve with the cities of Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas and Balakhna, by the will of Emperor Peter the Great, for the first time gained administrative independence, becoming a full-fledged subject of the Russian state. The three centuries that have passed since then have confirmed the correctness of this government decision and made it possible to fully reveal the economic and spiritual potential of the Nizhny Novgorod region, which has written glorious pages in the history of Russia. This anniversary makes it possible to recall again the "works and days" of Nizhny Novgorod residents, preserved archival documents and popular memory.

Among the great transformations carried out in Russia at the initiative of Emperor PeterI, the reform of the administrative-territorial structure of the country is rightfully considered one of the most important. Back to top XVIII century, Russia was a conglomerate of districts of different sizes, directly subordinate to the capital. The territory of the counties was historically formed in ancient times and in no way corresponded to the changed economic conditions, communication routes, a network of settlements, so it became simply impossible to manage this conglomerate. That is why the sovereign-reformer accepts only the right decision: instead of counties are created major regions named after the province. The first stage of the reform, which began in 1708, turned out to be unsuccessful: the initially created eight provinces, huge in area, were poorly managed, since the connection between provincial centers and remote outskirts was too weak, and the means of communication were very imperfect. By 1714, it was decided to separate from the largest Kazan province an independent province of Nizhny Novgorod. About this at the behest of Peter I a decree was adopted, signed by four senators on January 26, according to the old style (February 6, according to the new style; the difference in styles for the 18th century is “plus 11 days”). The province included: Nizhny Novgorod and other large centers of the Volga-Oka interfluve - Vasil (now Vasilsursk), as well as the cities of Yuryevets, Yadrin, Alatyr, Murom, Gorokhovets, the lower reaches of the Kerzhents and Vetluga rivers. The governing bodies created at the same time for new province, relied on previous experience (however, creatively reworked taking into account common European practice). At the head of the region was the governor, placed under the supreme supervision of the Senate, but in fact controlled directly by the sovereign. The governor ruled the region with the help of advisers - landrats, who were elected local nobility; the number of landrats ranged from 8 to 12. The governor also included landrichters (for the court on land affairs), chief commandants and commandants (for military affairs). The province was divided into provinces headed by zemstvo commissars. By the way, the terminology, German in origin, borrowed from the recently annexed Baltic lands, did not take root well in the Russian "outback": the provinces were still called counties, the zemstvo commissars - governors ... But in the end, the names "province" and "governor" survived until our days. It is noteworthy that reforming in those days often took place by the method of “trial and error”. In 1717, the Nizhny Novgorod province was abolished, the territories returned to the Kazan province, but two years later, by decree of Peter I of May 29, 1719, the province with the center in Nizhny Novgorod was again recreated. During the reign of Catherine II a somewhat smaller Nizhny Novgorod governorship was created, territorial arrangement which took into account what happened in XVIII in. changes in settlement and communication routes. In 1797, the governorship again received the name "Nizhny Novgorod Governorate", but now it consists of only 11 counties: Nizhny Novgorod, Ardatovsky, Arzamas, Balakhninsky, Vasilsky, Gorbatovsky, Knyagininsky, Lukoyanovsky, Makarievsky, Semenovsky, Sergachsky. The counties were divided into 252 volosts. This administrative-territorial division did not change until 1917. Up until the 1920s. did not change and the area close to modern borders regions (except for the northern regions).

2.2. Life and development of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The main occupation of the population of the province in the XVIII century was Agriculture. The most developed agriculturally were the southern and southeastern districts with their black earth soils. In the northern and central Volga districts of the province, agriculture was less developed, because the lands here were poor, unsuitable for cultivating bread. Agricultural production could not provide the peasants with everything necessary for life. They did not have enough money to pay taxes to the landowner. Therefore, the peasants were engaged in various crafts. The opening of navigation caused a demand for workers on the banks of the Volga-nurse. Peasants went to barge haulers and porters. The work was hard and the pay was very low. The proverbs of those years say: “Water carries down, bondage leads up” or “Walked tow, but nothing to eat.” The peasants were engaged in metalworking, soap making, leather dressing, canvas, rope production, and spoon production. Handicrafts of the Nizhny Novgorod province were in great demand. Wooden utensils, spoons, bast mats and coolies, felted hats and shoes, felt mats, Pavlovian knives, locks, tools were sold all over Russia and even exported abroad. Commodity-money relations they penetrated deeper and deeper into the village, among the peasants. The system of serfdom itself led to this. The quitrent system of economy led to the stratification of the peasantry. Some of them carried the heavy yoke of forced labor all their lives, others - the most skillful, and most importantly, resourceful - managed to accumulate capital, which was enough to organize their own workshop. Having become rich, they in turn used hired labor. Developed in the region manufacturing production. Vyksunsky is interesting in this regard. mountainous area. The industry that had developed here was in the hands of the Batashev brothers, immigrants from Tula. The serfs were employed in their iron-smelting and iron-working factories. By 1775, on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod province, the Batashevs had 7 factories. On the basis of handicraft and industrial production, Nizhny Novgorod cities. During the implementation of the new administrative reform, a number of rural settlements(Knyaginin, Makariev, Gorbatov, Sergach, etc.) were turned into cities. In addition, there were many industrial villages and settlements in the province, which, in terms of economic development, approached cities. Among them should be called Pavlovo, Bogorodskoe, Bezvodnoe, Lyskovo, Murashkino. major center industry, shipping and trade was Nizhny Novgorod. Handicraft production (with the use of hired labor) was widely developed in the city: tailoring, shoemaking, kalachny, nailing, etc. By the end of the century there were about sixty forges alone. Craftsmen, according to the nature of their work, united in workshops headed by elected foremen. Spinning production in Nizhny Novgorod grew from year to year. In 1797, ropes and white line were made here for 100 thousand rubles. There were tanneries, malt factories, breweries, a brick factory, a pottery factory, a steel factory, a sailing cloth factory, and a linen factory. Industrial establishments belonged to merchants, they employed civilian workers. Bottom played important role in trade. In the mid-70s, up to 2200 ships passed through it during the season. There were up to 70 thousand people working there. In the bowels of the feudal-serf economy, new economic relations- capitalist.

To late XVIII century in the Lower there were 26 churches, 3 monasteries, more than 30 taverns and taverns, and only one folk school.In 1768, there was a strong fire in the city, which raged in the riverine part and destroyed the shopping streets adjacent to the piers. After the fire, architect A.V. Kvasov drafted a new city plan. The project was presented to the Empress and approved in 1770.

New construction has begun. The streets became straighter and wider, more spacious than the squares. Houses were no longer hidden in gardens and front gardens, but faced the streets with their facades.

Buildings under construction in the Kremlin administration: in 1786 - the building of offices, in 1788 - the house of the vice-governor. big event for the city was the opening in 1798 of a public theater. AT last decade century in Nizhny arises literary circle, which included the most educated nobles and commoners.

It was stormy, disturbing for Russia early XIX century. The troops of Napoleon, who decided to subjugate the whole world, invaded its borders. The Patriotic people's war. And 13 years later, the first armed uprising against the autocratic-feudal system took place in Russia - the uprising of the Decembrists. Nizhny Novgorod took the most direct participation in these events, showed themselves to be true patriots. They collected more than a million rubles for the maintenance of the militia, which was formed in Nizhny Novgorod in October 1812, and in December already participated in the persecution Napoleonic army who fled from Moscow. Detachments of Nizhny Novgorod fought courageously and boldly. They not only drove the enemy from the territory of Russia, but also continued to actively operate in the campaign of 1813-1814, together with the Russian army entered Paris. Significant events caused by the war also took place in public life cities. In 1812, the university, archives, post office and other institutions were evacuated to Nizhny from Moscow. The city offered hospitality to many Muscovites, including seriously wounded soldiers. Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod province in the plans of the Decembrists were assigned special role. In Russkaya Pravda by P. I. Pestel, it was written that after the overthrow of the autocracy, Nizhny Novgorod should become the capital Russian state. The decay of feudalism deepened with every decade, and by the 50 m In the years of the 19th century, a crisis of the serf system began. started in the country industrial revolution. In the Nizhny Novgorod Territory, the number of manufactories is increasing. In 1827, 24 industrial enterprises worked in Nizhny Novgorod, in 1832 there were already 30 of them. Hired labor was used at all enterprises. IN 20- In the 1930s, the first steamboats appeared on the Volga, and by the 1940s, the first joint-stock companies, Along the Volga and Mercury, were formed. In 1817, a fair was transferred from the walls of the Makariev Monastery to Nizhny Novgorod. Its significance for the life of the city and the entire region can hardly be overestimated. Suffice it to say that tens of millions of rubles worth of goods were delivered to the fair, which, as you know, was the largest in Russia. They traded flour and metal, furs and porcelain, salt and spices, silk and sugar, icons and books. They also traded in people: on Nizhny Novgorod Fair landowners brought their serfs for sale. During the fair, up to 200-250 thousand people came to the city. Where, if not at the fair, one could be convinced of the wealth of Russia! But this wealth was concentrated only in the hands of the "masters of life." During the period of transition to a capitalist economy, the peasantry is stratified - farm laborers and a wealthy population appear. The development of capitalist relations had a decisive influence on the Nizhny Novgorod province. The city grew. More and more stone buildings became in it; the territory of the Kremlin, embankments and congresses were put in order; sidewalks, cobblestone pavements appeared on many streets. In 1847, residents of the city get the opportunity to use running water. External relations are also improving: Nizhny now connects a highway with Moscow, construction of the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway begins. 30s XIX years centuries were the time when the fame of the poetic genius of A. S. Pushkin spread throughout Russia. It was at this time that Pushkin visited the Nizhny Novgorod Territory, where the estate of his family Boldino was located. The poet visited him three times. The autumn of 1830, when Pushkin was "stuck" on the estate for a long time (there was cholera in the province, and there were strict quarantines set on the roads around), received wide recognition in the history of literature. famous name"Boldino autumn".

By the beginning of the 20th century, the Nizhny Novgorod province was the leading commercial and industrial region of the Volga region. The chimneys of 600 factories and factories were smoking, early in the morning up to 70 thousand workers were hurrying to the factory gates. At the beginning of the 20th century, individual Pavlovsk and Arzamas manufactories turned into real factories using a large number of machines. At this time, embarks on the path of transformation into industrial centre and the village of Bogorodskoye. Nizhny Novgorod supplied not only Russia, but also many other states with the products of its enterprises. Total population workers in the city and suburbs at that time was about 20 thousand people. The Nizhny Novgorod province was one of the central industrialized provinces of Russia.

Our region today is one of the largest industrial and agricultural areas Russian Federation. Its cities and villages are growing and prettier, its industry is becoming more and more powerful, its agriculture is more and more productive, and its transport is more and more developed. I believe that our region has made a significant contribution to the development of the whole country. In my opinion, the economy of our region is connected by strong, inseparable threads with the economy of the country, its regions and republics. Trucks and cars with the GAZ brand are running along the roads of the Motherland - they are made in Nizhny. Motor ships are sailing along the rivers, ships are rushing.Gives our regional center country machine tools and machines, televisions and precision instruments, clothes and shoes. The Nizhny Novgorod region is taking bread from its fields, giving people the products of their livestock farms and their vegetable plantations. Dzerzhinsk chemical products, Kstovo oil products, Vyksa metal, Pavlovsk buses, Balakhna paper, Borsky glass, Khokhloma painted products, and to be honest - half-Maidan matryoshka - all this and much, much more, created by the hands of our fellow countrymen, is known to all country.

2.3. well-known fellow countrymen from Nizhny Novgorod.

But the most important wealth of our region is people.

In list wonderful people who glorified their homeland, we proudly call Nizhny Novgorod residents of Gorky: the mechanic Kulibin, the mathematician Lobachevsky, the physiologist Sechenov, the Decembrist Bestuzhev-Ryumin, the great revolutionary democrat Dobrolyubov, the composer Balakirev, the founder of socialist realism Maxim Gorky, the pilots Nesterov and Chkalov, the founder of Stakhanov movement in the automotive industry Busygin, Heroes of the Great Patriotic War - Nikonov, Filchenkov, Smirnov, twice Heroes Soviet Union Vorozheikin, Ryazanov, Geroev Socialist Labor- our contemporaries.

An outstanding role in the Decembrist movement was played by Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, one of the five Decembrists who were executed on July 13, 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

The son of a landowner in the village of Kudreshki, Gorbatov district, Bestuzhev-Ryumin was a wonderful an educated person. Becoming a member Southern Society, he accepted Active participation in the preparation of the revolutionary "catechism", conducted agitation among the soldiers, established contact with the Polish secret society, was one of the organizers of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Comrades noted his sharp mind, energy, dedication. They eagerly listened to him, they followed him - it was not for nothing that many of Bestuzhev-Ryumin's friends followed him into a secret society.He was distinguished among the Decembrists by the most extreme views, he proved the need for the extermination of all royal family. After the uprising was defeated, the tsarist court prepared for him a cruel, savage reprisal: Bestuzhev-Ryumin was sentenced "to be quartered." Only the fear of public condemnation forced Nicholas I to replace this medieval execution with a gallows.

Here, in Nizhny Novgorod, a man grew up and passed his “universities”, whose name our city has been bearing since 1932 - Maxim Gorky (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov (1868-1936). A native of a bourgeois family, brought up in the house of his grandfather Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin .

Dreaming of entering the university, in the spring of 1884 he left for Kazan, where he met revolutionary-minded people and participated in the work of student circles. With a margin life experience and rich impressions from the "variegated" Russian reality A. Peshkov in 1889 returned to his homeland. During this period, he became close to the Nizhny Novgorod intelligentsia, attended meetings of political circles, met with V. G. Korolenko, who provided the novice writer with comprehensive assistance and support.

Life, the events of the city, people, their destinies - everything is fixed in the memory of the future writer in order to be reborn again in the images and characters of his works. Here, in Nizhny, Alexei Maksimovich created a legend about folk hero Danko, “The Song of the Falcon”, “The Song of the Petrel” and others were written here. Here A. M. Gorky writes the novel "Foma Gordeev" - the first major piece of art denouncing the existing system in Russia.A. M. Gorky takes an active part in all revolutionary events in Nizhny Novgorod.

In Nizhny Novgorod in 1836, the son Nikolai was born into the family of the city priest Alexander Ivanovich Dobrolyubov. After 20 years, the name of Nikolai Dobrolyubov was known to all reading Russia. Having left for St. Petersburg to continueeducation, he entered the Main pedagogical institute, began to engage in literary creativity.

The name of the great Russian critic, poet, revolutionary democrat Nikolai Aleksandrovich Dobrolyubov is dear to the people of Gorky. One of the streets of the city, institute foreign languages bear his name. In 1970, a memorial museum was opened in the house where he was born (Oktyabrskaya St.).

3. Conclusion.

One of the finest and highest human feelings- love to motherland. Wherever the roads of life take us, wherever we have to live and work, we must not forget the land where we were born and raised, that corner of the earth from which the Motherland begins for each of us.

4. Bibliography:

1. D. Smirnov “Pictures of Nizhny Novgorod life XIX”, 1948;

2. A. E. Eliseev “Stories about hometown» 1958;

3. A. I. Tyurina "History of the Gorky region" 1981;

4. A. V. Sedov et al. “Facts. Developments. People "1981;

5. N. I. Kupriyanov “Notes of local historians” 1991;

6. Internet resources.