Ecological problem is a change natural environmentas a result of human activity, leading to a violation of the structure and functioning nature . This is an anthropogenic problem. In other words, it arises from negative impact man to nature.

Environmental problems can be local (a certain area is affected), regional (a specific region) and global (the impact is on the entire biosphere of the planet).

Can you give an example of a local environmental problem in your region?

Regional problems cover the territories of large regions, and their influence affects a significant part of the population. For example, pollution of the Volga is a regional problem for the entire Volga region.

Drainage of the swamps of Polissya caused negative changes in Belarus and Ukraine. Water level change Aral Sea- the problem of the entire Central Asian region.

Global environmental problems are problems that pose a threat to all of humanity.

Which of the global environmental problems, in your opinion, cause the most concern? Why?

Let's take a quick look at how the environmental problems throughout the history of human development.

In fact, in a sense, the entire history of human development is a history of increasing impact on the biosphere. In fact, humanity in its progressive development proceeded from one ecological crisis to another. But crises in antiquity were local in nature, and environmental change were, as a rule, reversible, or not threatening people with total death.

Primitive man, engaged in gathering and hunting, involuntarily disturbed the ecological balance in the biosphere everywhere, spontaneously harmed nature. It is believed that the first anthropogenic crisis (10-50 thousand years ago) was associated with the development of hunting and overfishing of wild animals, when the mammoth, cave lion and bear disappeared from the face of the earth, on which the hunting efforts of the Cro-Magnons were directed. The use of primitive people fire - they burned the forests. This led to a decrease in the level of rivers and ground water. Overgrazing of pastures may have had the ecological result of the creation of the Sahara desert.

Then, about 2 thousand years ago, followed by a crisis associated with the use of irrigated agriculture. It led to the development of a large number of clay and saline deserts. But keep in mind that in those days the population of the Earth was not numerous, and, as a rule, people had the opportunity to move to other places that were more suitable for life (which is impossible to do now).

In the Age of the Great geographical discoveries the impact on the biosphere has increased. This is due to the development of new lands, which was accompanied by the extermination of many species of animals (remember, for example, the fate of American bison) and the transformation vast territories to fields and pastures. However global scope human impact on the biosphere acquired after the industrial revolution of the XVII-XVIII centuries. At that time, the scale of human activity increased significantly, as a result of which the geochemical processes occurring in the biosphere began to transform (1). In parallel with the progress of scientific technical progress the number of people has sharply increased (from 500 million in 1650, the conditional beginning of the industrial revolution, to the current 7 billion), and, accordingly, the need for food and manufactured goods has increased, in all more fuel, metal, cars. This has led to a rapid increase in the burden on ecological systems, and the level of this load in the middle of the XX century. - early XXI in. reached a critical value.

How do you understand in this context the inconsistency of the results of technological progress for people?

Mankind has entered the era of the global ecological crisis. Its main components:

• depletion of energy and other resources of the bowels of the planet
• Greenhouse effect,
• depletion of the ozone layer
• soil degradation,
• radiation Hazard,
• transboundary transfer of pollution, etc.

The movement of mankind towards an environmental catastrophe of a planetary nature is confirmed by numerous facts. People continuously accumulate the number of compounds that are not utilized by nature, develop dangerous technologies, store and transport a lot of pesticides and explosives pollute the atmosphere, hydrosphere and soil. In addition, the energy potential is constantly increasing, the greenhouse effect is being stimulated, etc.

There is a threat of loss of stability of the biosphere (violation of the eternal course of events) and its transition to a new state that excludes the very possibility of human existence. It is often said that one of the causes of the ecological crisis that our planet is in is the crisis of human consciousness. What do you think of it?

But for the time being humanity is able to solve environmental problems!

What conditions are necessary for this?

• The unity of good will of all the inhabitants of the planet in the problem of survival.
• Establishing peace on Earth, ending wars.
• Cessation of destructive action modern production on the biosphere (resource consumption, environmental pollution, destruction natural ecosystems and biodiversity).

Development of global models of nature restoration and science-based nature management.

Some of the points listed above seem impossible, or not? What do you think?

Undoubtedly, human awareness of the danger of environmental problems is associated with serious difficulties. One of them is caused by non-obviousness for modern man his natural basis, psychological alienation from nature. Hence the disdainful attitude to the observance of environmentally sound activities, and, to put it more simply, the lack of an elementary culture of attitude towards nature on various scales.

To solve environmental problems, it is necessary for all people to develop a new way of thinking, to overcome the stereotypes of technocratic thinking, ideas about inexhaustibility natural resources and misunderstanding of our absolute dependence on nature. An unconditional condition for the further existence of mankind is the observance of the ecological imperative as the basis of ecologically safe behavior in all areas. It is necessary to overcome alienation from nature, to realize and implement personal responsibility for how we treat nature (for saving land, water, energy, for protecting nature). Video 5.

There is a saying “think globally, act locally”. How do you understand it?

There are many successful publications and programs devoted to environmental problems and the possibilities of their solution. AT last decade quite a lot of environmentally oriented films are being shot, and regular environmental film festivals have begun to be held. One of the most outstanding films is the environmental education film HOME (Home. A Travel Story), which was first presented on June 5, 2009 on World Environment Day by eminent photographer Yann Arthus-Bertrand and renowned director and producer Luc Bessonne. This film tells about the history of the life of the planet Earth, the beauty of nature, environmental problems caused by the destructive impact human activity on the environment, threatening the death of our common home.

It must be said that the premiere of HOME became an unprecedented event in the cinema: for the first time, the film was shown simultaneously in the largest cities of dozens of countries, including Moscow, Paris, London, Tokyo, New York, in the format open screening, and for free. Viewers saw the one and a half hour film on large screens installed in open areas, in cinema halls, on 60 TV channels (excluding cable networks), on the Internet. HOME was shown in 53 countries. However, in some countries, such as China and Saudi Arabia, the director was denied an aerial filming. In India, half of the footage was simply confiscated, and in Argentina, Arthus-Bertrand and his assistants had to spend a week in jail. In many countries, a film about the beauty of the Earth and its environmental problems, the demonstration of which, according to the director, "borders on a political appeal", was banned from showing.

Yann Arthus-Bertrand (fr. Yann Arthus-Bertrand, born March 13, 1946 in Paris) is a French photographer, photojournalist, Chevalier of the Legion of Honor and winner of many other awards

With a story about the film by J. Arthus-Bertrand, we finish our conversation about environmental problems. Watch this movie. He better than words will help you think about what awaits the Earth and humanity in the near future; to understand that everything in the world is interconnected, that our task now is a common one and for each of us - to try, as far as possible, to restore the broken by us ecological balance planets, without which the existence of life on Earth is impossible.

the video 6 hi den excerpt from the movie Home. The entire film can be viewed http://www.cinemaplayer.ru/29761-_dom_istoriya_puteshestviya___Home.html .

The scientific and technological revolution and the use of minerals of the earth, has led to the fact that ecological situation on our planet is deteriorating literally before our eyes. The level of pollution of the subsoil, hydrosphere and air layer of the earth is approaching a critical level. Humanity is on the threshold global catastrophe man-made nature. Fortunately, more and more government and public organizations understands the depth and danger of the problem.

Work to improve the current situation is gaining momentum. Now modern technologies offer many ways to solve environmental problems, from creating ecological species fuel, ecological transport to the search for new environmentally friendly energy sources and the reasonable use of the Earth's resources.

Ways to solve the problem

An integrated approach to environmental issues is needed. It should include long-term and planned activities aimed at all spheres of society.

For fundamental improvement environmental situation, both on earth as a whole and in a single country, it is necessary to implement measures of the following nature:

1. Legal. These include the creation of environmental laws. International agreements are also important.
2. Economic. Cleanup anthropogenic impact on nature requires serious financial investments.
3. Technological. In this area, there is a place where inventors and innovators disagree. The use of new technologies in the mining, metallurgical and transport industries will minimize environmental pollution. The main task is to create environmentally friendly energy sources.
4. Organizational. They consist in uniform distribution transport along streams to prevent its long accumulation in one place.
5. Architectural. It is advisable to plant large and small settlements, to divide their territory into zones with the help of plantations. Of no small importance is the planting of plantings around enterprises and along roads.

Special importance should be attached to the protection of flora and fauna. Their representatives simply do not have time to adapt to changes in the environment.

Current conservation measures

Awareness of the dramatic situation in ecology forced mankind to take urgent and effective measures to correct it.

The most popular activities are:

1. Reducing household and industrial waste. This is especially true for plastic utensils. It is gradually being replaced by paper. Research is underway to eliminate bacteria that feed on plastic.
2. cleaning Wastewater. To provide various industries billions are spent annually by human activities cubic meters water. Modern treatment facilities allow to clean it to a natural state.
3. Transition to clean sources energy. This means phasing out atomic energy, engines and furnaces running on coal and oil products. Usage natural gas, wind, solar energy and hydroelectric power plants ensures the cleanliness of the atmosphere. The use of biofuels can significantly reduce the concentration of harmful substances in exhaust gases.
4. Protection and restoration of lands and forests. New forests are being planted in the clearing areas. Measures are being taken to drain the land and protect it from erosion.

Constant agitation in favor of ecology changes people's views on this problem, inclining them to careful attitude to environment.

Prospects for solving environmental problems in the future

In the future, the main efforts will be aimed at eliminating the consequences of man-made human activities and reducing harmful emissions.

For this, there are such prospects:

1. Construction of special plants for the complete disposal of all types of waste. This will allow not to occupy new territories for landfills. The energy obtained from combustion can be used for the needs of cities.
2. Construction of thermal power plants operating on the "solar wind" (Helium 3). This substance is on the moon. Despite the high cost of its production, the energy obtained from " solar wind» thousands of times greater than the heat transfer from nuclear fuel.
3. Transfer of all transport to power plants operating on gas, electricity, batteries and hydrogen. This decision will contribute to the reduction of emissions into the atmosphere.
4. Cold nuclear fusion. This option for generating energy from water is already under development.

In spite of serious damage caused to nature, humanity has every chance to return it to its original form.

Global Environmental Issue #1: Air Pollution

Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air, which contains, in addition to vital oxygen, a whole list of harmful suspended particles and gases. Air pollutants are conditionally divided into 2 types: natural and anthropogenic. The latter prevail.

Things are not going well with the chemical industry in the best way. Factories emit such harmful substances as dust, oil ash, various chemical compounds, nitrogen oxides and much more. Air measurements showed the catastrophic state of the atmospheric layer, polluted air causes many chronic diseases.

Atmospheric pollution is an environmental problem, familiar to the inhabitants of absolutely all corners of the earth. It is especially acutely felt by representatives of cities where ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, energy, chemical, petrochemical, construction and pulp and paper industries operate. In some cities, the atmosphere is also heavily poisoned by vehicles and boilers. These are all examples of anthropogenic air pollution.

As for the natural sources of chemical elements that pollute the atmosphere, they include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion (dispersion of soil and rock particles), the spread of pollen, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radiation.

Consequences of atmospheric pollution

Atmospheric air pollution adversely affects human health, contributing to the development of heart and lung diseases (in particular, bronchitis). In addition, atmospheric pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide destroy natural ecosystems, destroying plants and causing the death of living creatures (particularly river fish).

The global environmental problem of atmospheric pollution, according to scientists and government officials, can be solved in the following ways:

limiting population growth;

reduction in energy use;

improving energy efficiency;

waste reduction;

transition to environmentally friendly renewable energy sources;

air purification in highly polluted areas.

Global Environmental Issue #2: Ozone Depletion

The ozone layer is a thin strip of the stratosphere that protects all life on Earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.

Causes of the environmental problem

Back in the 1970s. environmentalists have discovered that the ozone layer is destroyed by exposure to chlorofluorocarbons. These chemicals are found in coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners, as well as solvents, aerosols/sprays, and fire extinguishers. To a lesser extent, other anthropogenic influences also contribute to the thinning of the ozone layer: space rockets, flights of jet planes in the high layers of the atmosphere, testing of nuclear weapons, reduction of the planet's forest lands. There is also a theory that global warming contributes to the thinning of the ozone layer.

Consequences of ozone depletion

As a result of the destruction of the ozone layer, ultraviolet radiation passes unhindered through the atmosphere and reaches the earth's surface. Exposure to direct UV rays adversely affects human health by weakening immune system and causing diseases such as skin cancer and cataracts.

World Environmental Issue #3: Global Warming

Like the glass walls of a greenhouse, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor allow the sun to heat our planet and at the same time prevent the reflection from the earth's surface from escaping into space. infrared radiation. All these gases are responsible for maintaining the temperature acceptable for life on earth. However, the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide and water vapor in the atmosphere is another global environmental problem, called global warming (or the greenhouse effect).

The reasons global warming

During the 20th century, the average temperature on earth increased by 0.5 - 1?C. The main cause of global warming is considered to be an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to an increase in the volume of fossil fuels burned by people (coal, oil and their derivatives). However, according to the statement Alexey Kokorin, head of climate programs World Fund wildlife (WWF) Russia, "the largest number greenhouse gases produced by power plants and methane emissions during the extraction and delivery of energy resources, while road transport or associated petroleum gas flaring causes relatively little environmental damage”.

Other prerequisites for global warming are the overpopulation of the planet, the reduction in the area forest areas, ozone depletion and littering. However, not all ecologists place the responsibility for the increase in average annual temperatures entirely on anthropogenic activities. Some believe that the natural increase in the abundance of oceanic plankton also contributes to global warming, leading to an increase in the concentration of the same carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Consequences of the greenhouse effect

If the temperature during the 21st century increases by another 1 ? C - 3.5 ? C, as scientists predict, the consequences will be very sad:

sea ​​levels will rise (due to melting polar ice), the number of droughts will increase and the process of land desertification will intensify,

many species of plants and animals adapted to existence in a narrow range of temperatures and humidity will disappear,

hurricanes will increase.

Solving an environmental problem

To slow down the process of global warming, according to environmentalists, the following measures will help:

rising prices for fossil fuels,

replacement of fossil fuels with environmentally friendly ( solar energy, wind energy and sea currents),

development of energy-saving and waste-free technologies,

taxation of emissions into the environment,

minimization of methane losses during its production, transportation through pipelines, distribution in cities and villages and use at heat supply stations and power plants,

introduction of carbon dioxide absorption and binding technologies,

tree planting,

reduction in family size

environmental education,

application of phytomelioration in agriculture.

Global Environmental Issue #4: Acid Rain

Acid rain, containing fuel combustion products, also poses a threat to the environment, human health, and even to the integrity of architectural monuments.

The effects of acid rain

Contained in polluted precipitation and fog solutions of sulfuric and nitric acid, aluminum and cobalt compounds pollute the soil and water bodies, adversely affect vegetation, causing dry tops of deciduous trees and oppressing conifers. Due to acid rain, crop yields are falling, people are drinking water enriched with toxic metals (mercury, cadmium, lead), marble architectural monuments are turning into gypsum and eroding.

Solving an environmental problem

In order to save nature and architecture from acid rain, it is necessary to minimize the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

Global Environmental Issue #5: Soil Pollution

Every year people pollute the environment with 85 billion tons of waste. These include solid and liquid waste industrial enterprises and transport, agricultural waste (including pesticides), household waste and atmospheric fallout of harmful substances.

The main role in soil pollution is played by such components of industrial waste as heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, thallium, bismuth, tin, vanadium, antimony), pesticides and petroleum products. From the soil, they penetrate into plants and water, even spring water. In a chain, toxic metals enter the human body and are not always quickly and completely removed from it. Some of them tend to accumulate over many years, provoking the development of serious diseases.

Global Environmental Issue #6: Water Pollution

Pollution of the oceans, underground and surface waters of land is a global environmental problem, the responsibility for which lies entirely with man.

Causes of the environmental problem

The main pollutants of the hydrosphere today are oil and oil products. These substances penetrate into the waters of the oceans as a result of the collapse of tankers and regular discharges of wastewater from industrial enterprises.

In addition to anthropogenic oil products, industrial and domestic facilities pollute the hydrosphere with heavy metals and complex organic compounds. Leaders in poisoning the waters of the oceans minerals and biogenic elements are agriculture and the food industry.

The hydrosphere does not bypass such a global environmental problem as radioactive contamination. The prerequisite for its formation was the disposal of radioactive waste in the waters of the oceans. From the 1949s to the 1970s, many powers with a developed nuclear industry and atomic fleet purposefully stockpiled harmful radioactive substances into the seas and oceans. In the places of burial of radioactive containers, the level of cesium often goes off scale even today. But "underwater polygons" are not the only radioactive source of pollution of the hydrosphere. The waters of the seas and oceans are enriched with radiation as a result of underwater and surface nuclear explosions.

Consequences of radioactive contamination of water

Oil pollution of the hydrosphere leads to the destruction natural environment habitats of hundreds of representatives of oceanic flora and fauna, the death of plankton, sea birds and mammals. For human health, the poisoning of the waters of the oceans also poses a serious danger: fish and other seafood “infected” with radiation can easily get on the table.

Human activity in relation to nature is aggressive. Unfortunately, Russia is no exception. It remains one of the most polluted countries in the world and faces many serious environmental problems. The main threats to the country's environment, as well as the necessary steps to address them, are described below.

Deforestation

Large-scale fires in and broadleaved forests lead to increased carbon release and an increase in rates. After cutting down, the nature of the lighting changes. Because of the abundance sunlight plants that prefer shade die. Fertility is reduced, the process of erosion occurs. When it decomposes in the soil root system releases a lot of nitrogen. It prevents the growth of new trees and plants. Swamps often form in place of pine and cedar forests.

Wood loss has been proven to reach 40%. Every second tree is cut down in vain. It will take at least 100 years to fully restore the destroyed forest areas.

Energy production and the environment

The largest sources of environmental pollution are thermal power plants. Their boilers burn fossil fuels. CHP emits into the air particulate matter and . Due to the large release of unused energy, thermal pollution. The operation of power plants leads to acid rain, the accumulation of greenhouse gases, which negatively affects the nearest settlements.

Nuclear power plants bear a high risk of catastrophes. In normal mode, they emit a lot of heat into the reservoirs. During NPP operation radiation do not exceed allowable norms. But for radioactive waste complex processing and disposal procedures are required.

Some time ago it was believed that hydroelectric power plants are incapable of causing harm. However, the damage to the environment is still noticeable. For the construction of a power plant, artificially created reservoirs are needed. large area such reservoirs are shallow. It causes overheating of water, collapse of banks, flooding and death of fish.

Pollution of water and reservoirs

According to scientists, the diseases of people living in ecologically disadvantaged areas are associated with poor quality water. Most of harmful substances flowing into water bodies are completely dissolved in water, which is why they remain invisible. The situation is constantly getting worse. It can turn into an ecological catastrophe at any moment.

A difficult situation has developed in large metropolitan areas, standing on the rivers. Industrial enterprises that are concentrated there poison nearby areas, and even remote areas, with effluents. penetrates deep into the ground and renders unusable underground springs. Environmental damage is caused by agricultural regions. Reservoirs in these places are polluted with nitrates and animal waste.

Every day, water comes from sewage, which contains residues detergents, food and faeces. They allow pathogens to develop. Once in the human body, it provokes a series infectious diseases. Most of treatment facilities outdated and unable to handle the increased load. This negatively affects the flora and fauna of water bodies.

Air pollution

Industrial enterprises are the main source of pollution. There are about thirty thousand plants and factories in the country that regularly emit harmful impurities into the atmosphere, a large number of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde and sulfur oxide.

In second place are exhaust gases. The main source of the problem are used cars, the lack of special filters on them, poor road surfaces and poor organization. traffic. Released into the atmosphere carbon dioxide, lead, soot, nitrogen oxides. More than others from exhaust gases suffer big cities with extensive road networks.

The European part of Russia is flat. From the west, polluted air masses from other states. Due to industrial emissions from neighboring countries, tons of oxidized nitrogen and sulfur regularly enter Russia. Siberia suffers from harmful substances of Kazakhstani industry. Factories Chinese provinces poison the Far Eastern regions.

The problem of radioactive contamination

Radioactivity associated with the development of ores, nuclear explosions in peaceful purposes and waste disposal. More recently, natural radiation background was 8 microroentgen per hour. Testing of weapons, mining of minerals and nuclear reactions in the energy sector have significantly increased these figures. Leakage of hazardous substances may occur during transport or storage of sources radioactive elements. The most dangerous of them are strontium-90, cesium-137, cobalt-60 and iodine-131.

Life time nuclear power plant is 30 years old. After that, the power units are decommissioned. Until recently, waste was disposed of like ordinary garbage, which caused enormous damage to the ecology of Russia. Today, there are special containers for storage and burial grounds for them.

Household waste

Garbage is conditionally divided into plastic, paper, glass, metal, textiles, wood and food residues. Some materials are not exposed. The country has accumulated billions of tons of waste and the numbers are constantly growing. For ecology big problem are illegal dumps.

Thousands of hectares of land remain under the rubble, suitable for Agriculture. Dumping, that is, the disposal of waste in the sea, pollutes the water. Factories constantly emit waste, including radioactive waste. Smoke from garbage burning contains heavy metals.

environmental protection

The State Duma began to actively adopt laws in the field of ecology in 2012. They are aimed at combating illegal logging, provide for tougher penalties for the trade in rare animals and plants, and also strengthen the protection natural areas. Realization is practically invisible.

The Russian environmental movement is of great importance. The All-Russian Society for the Conservation of Nature regularly conducts raids, inspections of enterprises and various examinations. It is engaged in cleaning recreation areas, planting forests and much more. The Wildlife Conservation Center solves environmental problems.

And are of great importance. They not only protect flora and fauna. Their activities are aimed at developing ordinary people culture of responsibility for the environment.

Solving environmental problems

Partially deforestation will be solved by planting new trees. In the field of logging, control over the activities of companies is necessary. State environmental organizations need to monitor the forest fund. Significant forces should be directed to the prevention of spontaneous fires. Businesses should start recycling wood.

Increasingly, plants and factories are trying to improve equipment. On the territory of Russia suspended the activities of the organization with high rates pollution emissions. Public transport and cars have been converted to EURO-5 fuel standards with low emission standards. Supervision of the activities of hydroelectric power plants is being strengthened.

In the regions, a waste separation program is being actively introduced. Solid residues will subsequently become recyclable. Large hypermarkets offer to abandon plastic bags in favor of eco-bags.

The state needs to take care of the education of the population. People need to be aware of the real scale of the problems and exact numbers. Advocacy for the conservation of nature should be carried out at school. Children should be taught to love and care for the environment.

The ecological situation is rapidly deteriorating. If you do not transcend to solve problems now, you can finally destroy forests and reservoirs, deprive yourself and your children of normal conditions for existence.

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In the 21st century, the question of resolving critical issues ecology and conservation of the earth's ecosystem for future generations. And the solution of the main environmental problems of our planet depends not only on the targeted policy of the world powers, but also on each person individually.

As the main problems of the ecosystem the globe can be distinguished:

Pollution airspace earth. The existence of all life on earth largely depends on the degree of air pollution. In almost all developed countries of the world, air pollution by emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicle exhausts reaches critical level. And although at present almost all enterprises are equipped with latest systems clearing this is clearly not enough. The state of the earth's air basin is steadily deteriorating.

· Deforestation. As you know, the forest is the green lungs of the globe. It is thanks to him that the air is enriched with oxygen and purified from harmful impurities. Economic activity human has led to the fact that deforestation is being carried out at a catastrophic pace, and the restoration of the green massif of the globe leaves much to be desired.

Depletion of fertile soil layer. Due to mass deforestation and improper agrotechnics of agricultural land, the fertile soil layer is steadily depleted. Take, for example, the virgin lands of Kazakhstan, where, due to improper agricultural practices, thousands and thousands of hectares of land have suffered from wind erosion. In addition, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides leads to the poisoning of all life on earth.

· One more topical issue for mankind is a decrease in stocks fresh water. This process is closely related to the reduction of forest areas and the pollution of the water basin by waste from industrial enterprises. Already today, it is forbidden to swim in the basins of many rivers and lakes, since water pollution exceeds all allowable limits. a lack of drinking water threatens in the future environmental catastrophe.

· Extermination of the animal world of the earth. Human life in a special way affects the safety of the fauna of the globe. So deforestation, pollution of water bodies leads to the disappearance of many rare animals inhabiting our planet. So quite a lot of animals that were found in our forests and fields literally 50 years ago are on the verge of extinction or have disappeared from the face of our planet. And although quite a few nature reserves have been created in the world where human activity is prohibited, animal world land is steadily decreasing. Poachers also put their hand to this, who, for the sake of profit, are ready to kill the last tiger in the Siberian taiga. And if this process is not stopped, our descendants will know about wild animals only from pictures.

The problem of disposal of municipal solid waste is quite actual task today, especially for big cities. And if we do not want the land to turn into one big dump, this problem must be solved without delay. And although processing plants are being created, they are clearly not