Exploration of the oceans

The world ocean, which occupies 71% of the Earth's surface, has always played important role in communication between countries and peoples. However, until the middle of the twentieth century, all activities in the Ocean gave only 1-2% of world income. With the development of scientific and technological revolution, a comprehensive study of the World Ocean took on a different scale.

First, the aggravation of global energy and raw materials problems has led to the emergence of offshore mining and chemical industry, marine energy. Achievements of scientific and technological revolution open up prospects for a further increase in the production of oil and gas, ferromanganese nodules, for extraction from sea ​​water isotope of hydrogen-deuterium, for the construction of giant tidal power plants, for the desalination of sea water.

Secondly, the aggravation of the global food problem increased interest in biological resources Oceans, which so far provide only 2% of the food needed by mankind. The potential for the withdrawal of seafood without the threat of disturbing the existing balance is being evaluated by scientists different countries from 100 to 150 million tons. An additional reserve is the development of mariculture. In Japan, a program is being implemented to expand marine farms and plantations, which in 2000 planned to receive 8-9 million tons of "seafood" products and satisfy half of the population's total demand for fish and seafood. In the USA, India, the Philippines, shrimp, crabs, mussels are bred on marine farms, in France - oysters. AT tropical countries it is planned to use coral islands to create whale and dolphin farms.

Third, the deepening of international geographical division labor, the rapid growth of world trade is accompanied by an increase in maritime transport. This caused a shift in production and population to the sea and the rapid development of coastal areas. Large seaports turned into industrial and port complexes, which are characterized by such industries as shipbuilding, oil refining, petrochemistry, metallurgy, and in recent times and some of the newest industries. Coastal urbanization has taken on a huge scale. As a result of the entire production and scientific activity within the World Ocean and the ocean-land contact zone, a special component world economy - marine economy. It includes mining and manufacturing, energy, fisheries, transport, trade, recreation, and tourism. In general, at least 100 million people are employed in the maritime industry.

The main way to solve the problem of using the World Ocean is rational oceanic nature management, a balanced, integrated approach to its riches, based on the combined efforts of the entire world community.

Peaceful space exploration

In the second half of the 20th century, the study and use of outer space became an arena for multilateral cooperation. Performance space programs requires the concentration of technical, economic, intellectual efforts of many countries, so space exploration has become one of the most important international problems. international organization Intersputnik, headquartered in Moscow, was established back in the 1970s. Nowadays space communications more than 100 public and private companies in many countries of the world use the Intersputnik system. Work continues on the creation of the International space station(ISS). It is being built by the USA, Russia, European space agency, Japan, Canada. Thousands of astronomers from all over the world take part in observations at modern orbital observatories. Exist grandiose projects creation of space solar power plants, which will be placed in a heliocentric orbit at an altitude of 36 km. Space exploration is based on the use the latest achievements science and technology, production and management. Numerous spacecraft photograph the surfaces of distant planets and their satellites, conduct possible research by transmitting data to the Earth, provide huge space information about the Earth and its resources.

The peaceful exploration of outer space provides for the abandonment of military programs. The most important in the history of interstate agreements is the Test Ban Treaty nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, outer space and under water, signed by more than 100 countries in Moscow in 1963. The problem of protecting the environment from destruction during hostilities was reflected in the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Means of Influencing the Environment, signed in 1977, the idea of ​​which was put forward by the USSR. The term "means of impact on the natural environment" refers to any means to change the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth or outer space through deliberate control natural processes. The parties to the convention pledged not to resort to military or other hostile use means of influencing the planet's ecosystem that have wide, long-term or serious consequences as a means of destruction, causing damage to another state, and also not helping other countries and organizations to carry out such actions. The Convention does not restrict the use in peaceful purposes means of impact on the natural environment in accordance with the principles international law. The convention is perpetual.

Pavlyukhina Daria

The problem of space debris is still not solved all over the world.

But what to do?

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SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE

MOU "Secondary School No. 24"

Space debris: problems and solutions.

Student 8 "A" class

Pavlyukhina Daria

Work manager:

biology teacher

Staselko E.O.

Bratsk, 2011

I. Introduction ............................................... ................................................. .................

II. Space exploration: prospects and problems .............................................. ...........

1.Characteristics of space debris .............................................. .........................

2. Space debris in Orbit .............................................. ...................................

3. Problems of space debris ............................................... .................................

4. The impact of space rocket launches on the near-Earth environment ..............................................

5. Solutions ............................................................... ................................................. .............

III. Conclusion .................................................. ................................................. ..............

IV. References ............................................................... ................................................. ..

Introduction

Mankind has always been inherent in the desire to explain the various deviations of the weather from the "norm", and simply speaking, from some average weather conditions observed over a very limited period of time on a historical scale.

Naturally, for such explanations, some new types of human activity, large-scale and visibly included in our lives. It is appropriate to recall that in the past, very unflattering statements in connection with the possible influence on the weather were heard, for example, against the radio. In any case, it is known that in 1928 the English joint-stock company "Radio transmission" was forced to apply to the English Meteorological Society with a request "... to refute the confidence among the general public that radio causes weather deterioration, and to remove from radio broadcasts a grave accusation of involvement in bad weather this summer.

Nowadays, in a crowd of people hurrying about their business in the next rain, no, no, and you can hear what was said, rather in jest than seriously: “Again, the satellite must have been launched - the weather was ruined.” In this regard, it should immediately be said that artificial satellites Earth has no effect on the weather. And if we discuss space flights in connection with the weather, we should first of all talk about the most valuable meteorological information that is obtained with the help of satellites and during the work of astronauts on board orbital stations. We have become accustomed space images cloud cover, shown on Central Television in connection with the next weather forecast. It is not surprising that the astronauts working on board the orbital station were directly approached by the television studio with the question of the likelihood of sunny weather over the coming weekend.

It must be said that anthropogenic impacts associated with the impact of human activities on weather, climate and, in a broader sense, on the natural environment, in some cases are now becoming comparable to the planetary scale of natural processes. , although still insignificant, changes in the composition of the atmosphere, etc. .

All this gives grounds to say that outer space will gradually become unique: a part of the environment and human activity, there will be an expansion of the content of the concept of "environment". natural environment» with the inclusion of near-Earth space in this concept. Thus, the process of space greening is already underway, which is understood as “the expansion of the sphere of human habitation, its interaction with nature to cosmic scales, the expansion of the sphere of interaction between society and nature beyond the planet, the process of development, “socialization” of the Universe.”

On the other hand, space technology itself is also capable of causing certain perturbations in the surrounding space environment. This is due to the influx of combustion products rocket fuel into the atmosphere during spacecraft launches, due to emissions of various gaseous, liquid and solids from spacecraft during their operation in orbits and when moving in outer space, etc. However, the available data show that at present the total impact on the atmosphere associated with human space activity is much less than the impact caused by human economic activity on Earth.

In order to study the problem anthropogenic impacts to near-Earth outer space related to human activities both on Earth and in space, in 1976 by decision of COSPAR (Committee on space research at the International Council of Scientific Unions) a commission was established to consider such possible harmful effects to the space environment. At the COSPAR conference in 1979, this commission reported on the main directions of ongoing research, and in 1982 some preliminary results of research on the problem of anthropogenic impacts on near-Earth outer space were published.

I am very interested in this question and I want to find an answer to it.

Objective: study the problems of space pollution.

Work tasks:

• get acquainted with the literature on this topic;
• analyze literary sources;
• reveal main problem space debris;
• find ways to solve space debris problems

Space exploration: prospects and problems

At dawn space age, in the 60s, several scientific symposia, whose participants tried to determine the prospects for the development of astronautics. Experts from various fields, diverging in the details of their views on specific ways of developing research and space exploration, were unanimous that in the conditions of the peaceful development of civilization, space exploration opens up fundamentally new opportunities for increasing the scientific and technical potential of mankind. In the 1970s, some fundamentally new ideas were put forward and new experimental data were obtained, which determined the ways further development outer space.

The main trend in the exploration of near-Earth space, which was clearly manifested in the 70s, was the decision a wide range applied tasks through a variety of space technology.

In connection with the creation of modular long-term orbital stations of a new generation and the need to build other large-sized space structures(for example, multi-purpose space platforms, orbital radio astronomical complexes, etc.), construction and installation work in space is becoming increasingly important.

It seems promising to use (for example, in space construction) materials extraterrestrial origin. At a certain stage, this may turn out to be more cost-effective compared to the delivery of materials from the Earth. As a raw material for the production of space building materials considered mineral resources Moon and some asteroids. In this regard, real work is already underway various projects lunar settlements, on the basis of which in the future can be created mining complexes and processing companies.

For the energy supply of lunar settlements it is supposed to use nuclear reactor, it is planned to create closed life support systems, transparent domes for growing crops, etc. Of course, the industrial exploration of the Moon is associated with the need to solve many complex technical problems and will be carried out in stages over decades.

It must be said that forecasting the ways of development of astronautics in the conditions of its rapid progress, the constant emergence of new scientific and technical information, new ideas, projects and developments, of course, is extremely tricky business. Before our eyes for several recent years many major space projects have been radically re-evaluated.

But regardless of specific paths further development astronautics scaling up economic activity man in space in the future may require solving the problems of the ecology of near-Earth space, which are up to to some extent characteristic and terrestrial ecology: problems of impacts of cosmic Vehicle on near-Earth outer space and the problems of its pollution by emissions of gaseous, liquid and solid waste from space industrial complexes.

Of course, the aggravation of these problems can be expected, apparently, only in the next century, but it is very important now to deeply and carefully study all types of anthropogenic impacts on the space environment, to analyze the environmental prospects for activities in space, since neglect of the requirements of ecology and environmental protection can ultimately nullify the fruits of technological progress.

Speaking about the problems associated with the pollution of outer space, one cannot fail to mention the ongoing projects for sending highly toxic and radioactive waste from ground-based industrial enterprises. Although it would seem that the removal of such waste into space is more favorable for the Earth's biosphere than their burial in mines or in the depths of the ocean (provided, of course, that the operation of sending waste from Earth is guaranteed to be absolutely safe and reliable), such projects require careful environmental management. examinations.

The near-Earth space as a whole is a very dynamic and unstable system, which, under the influence of external influences, can go into an unstable state.

Characteristics of space debris

What is space debris?

space junk-these are satellites that have failed, but remain in orbit, the upper stages and booster blocks launch vehicles, dropped fuel tanks, fragments of destroyed space objects, as well as springs, bolts, nuts, plugs and the like. Space debris refers to all artificial objects and their fragments in space that are already out of order, do not function and will never again be able to serve any useful purpose, but which are a dangerous factor influencing functioning spacecraft, especially manned ones. In some cases, large objects of space debris or those containing hazardous (nuclear, toxic, etc.) materials on board can pose a direct danger to the Earth - in case of their uncontrolled de-orbit, incomplete combustion during passage dense layers Earth's atmosphere and the fallout of debris on settlements, industrial facilities, transport communications etc.

The problem of space debris

We habitually associate the concept of "borderless" with space, but in in a certain sense the tightness in space is already really beginning to be felt, and here again the analogy with the terrestrial environmental issues. Just as with a small number of cars a few decades ago, the issue of their air pollution was not an acute issue. exhaust gases and the danger of car collisions with each other was very insignificant, so the relatively small number of spacecraft launches so far does not yet cause serious concerns about space "traffic accidents".

However, in the future - during the construction and operation of near-Earth industrial complexes, during the industrial exploration of the Moon - the situation may change dramatically. The organization of large-scale cargo transportation on the Earth-space route will be required, large-sized objects will appear in orbits, and the number of artificial objects in near-Earth outer space will noticeably increase. Therefore, the basics rational decision future space transportation problems, including their environmental aspect, should be laid down now.

Modern powerful launch vehicles, when putting into orbit a payload weighing several tens of tons, consume fuel by 20-30 times more mass payload. For example, the launch mass of the American Saturn-5 rocket was 2900 tons, while its payload was about 100 tons. As a result, hundreds of tons of combustion products were released into the atmosphere with each launch of a powerful rocket.

By burning fuel different types on Earth, more than 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide and over 700 million tons of other gaseous compounds enter the atmosphere annually, and particulate matter, including about 150 million tons of sulfur dioxide. The latter combines with atmospheric moisture to form sulfuric acid, which can lead to the loss of the so-called acid rain negatively affecting flora and fauna.

It is clear that in global scale emissions to the atmosphere created at start-up during the year even more powerful rockets are negligible compared to industrial emissions.

A special study was also made of the question of possible pollution of the atmosphere by the combustion products of satellites that cease to exist in dense layers atmosphere. True, calculations show that even with the expansion planned in the coming decades space activities the combustion of satellites and other spacecraft in the dense layers of the atmosphere should not lead to its severe pollution. For example, the expected increase in the content of nitrogen oxide in the upper atmosphere is no more than 0.05%. No significant accumulation of various toxic compounds in the atmosphere due to such combustion is also expected.

One can, of course, assume the possibility of local pollution of the atmosphere (and even earth's surface if the combustion products reach it), although no such effects were observed. Nevertheless, one of the requirements for spacecraft materials is the release of a minimum amount of toxic substances when burned in the atmosphere.

Impact of space rocket launches on the near-Earth environment

Already in the 60s, researchers who made observations of the ionosphere during launches of powerful launch vehicles drew attention to unusual phenomena in the ionosphere: after the launch, the ionosphere seemed to disappear near the rocket's wake, but after an hour or two the picture of the normal ionosphere was restored. It has been suggested that the gases ejected into the ionosphere during the flight of a rocket “push out” the rarefied ionospheric plasma. As a result, a region with a reduced plasma density is formed in the ionosphere - a "hole", which, after the spreading of the gas cloud, is again tightened.

Push to further research phenomena in the ionosphere accompanying the launches of launch vehicles was the discovery of the so-called "Skylab effect", which was revealed during the launch in May 1973 of the powerful Saturn-5 launch vehicle, which launched the Skylab station into space. The launch vehicle engines operated up to altitudes of 300-400 km, i.e., in the F-region of the ionosphere, where the maximum ionization of the ionosphere is located. Comparison of the data on the electron concentration in the ionosphere at the launch of the Skylab station and the day before showed that this concentration after the launch of the launch vehicle decreased by 50%, and the area of ​​disturbance in the ionosphere, according to the observations of radio beacons, reached approximately 1 million square meters. km.

Data on ionospheric disturbances during launches of powerful launch vehicles confirmed the need for a thorough and comprehensive study of the impacts of existing and future transport vehicles. space systems to the near-Earth environment. To date, a number of experimental studies and model estimates of the impact that emissions from the propulsion systems of these systems have on chemical composition atmosphere.

Thus, aerosol particles ejected by launch vehicle engines can exist in the stratosphere for up to a year or more, which can affect thermal balance atmosphere. In addition, combustion products such as chlorine, nitrogen, and hydrogen compounds catalyze reactions involving ozone molecules and their role in the ozone photochemical cycle is significant, despite their relatively low concentrations in the stratosphere.

The ionosphere is “contaminated” not only by rocket launches. During flights of large spacecraft, such as orbital stations, as a result of microflows and gas separation of materials, as well as the operation of various onboard systems, the already mentioned own atmosphere of spacecraft is formed, the parameters of which can differ significantly from the characteristics of the environment. According to measurements of environmental parameters near the Skylab station and the MTKK, an increase in pressure near these spacecraft by 3-4 orders of magnitude was recorded compared to the pressure in surrounding atmosphere. Noticeable changes were also noted in the neutral and ionic composition, due to the outgassing of station materials, in electromagnetic radiation, flows of charged particles.

official status on international level she received after the report of the UN Secretary General entitled "The impact of outer space activities on the environment" on December 10, 1993, where it was especially noted that the problem is of an international, global nature: there is no contamination of the national near-Earth space, there is a contamination of the outer space of the Earth, equally negatively affecting all countries directly or indirectly involved in its development.

Contribution to the creation of space debris by country:

China - 40%; USA - 27.5%; Russia - 25.5%; other countries - 7%.

The need for measures to reduce the intensity of technogenic space pollution becomes clear when considering possible scenarios space exploration in future. So there are estimates, the so-called "cascade effect", which in the medium term may arise from the mutual collision of objects and particles of "space debris", when extrapolated existing conditions clogging low Earth orbits(LEO), even taking into account measures to reduce the number of orbital explosions in the future (42% of all space debris) and other measures to reduce man-made pollution, may in long term lead to a catastrophic increase in the number of objects of orbital debris in LEO and, as a result, to the practical impossibility of further space exploration. It is assumed that "after 2055, the process of self-propagation of the remnants of human space activity will become a serious problem"

Russian cosmonautics is getting more and more international importance. More than half of the world's spacecraft are launched into orbit by Russian rockets. Cosmonautics today is a social phenomenon. It is no coincidence that attention Russian leadership- to the space industry.

Not so long ago, an event occurred in orbit that forced the crew of the International Space Station to leave work at the station and take refuge in the Soyuz descent vehicle. The danger of rendezvous with space debris passed, and the crew did not have to leave the station and return to Earth. But this situation has again sharpened attention to the problem of space debris.

The problem with debris in space is quite acute. Pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of Russia Fyodor Yurchikhin in the studio of the TV channel "Vesti" asked questions about this hot topic space region Igor Evgenievich Molotov, senior researcher Institute applied mathematics named after Keldysh - the leading organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the problems of space debris.

The situation on the ISS is an untimely forecast of a dangerous approach. Why?

Because this time the dangerous encounter was with an object that was approaching in a highly elliptical orbit. This is an orbit that is difficult to observe from one side, so it is not very well controlled.

Ways to solve space debris.

To solve this problem you need:

• formation of technologies and designs leading to waste minimization;
• development of space equipment designs, including service systems and scientific equipment, adapted for use in space after the expiration of its resource;
• selection of the most effective directions for the use in space flight of waste generated as a result of the operation of the equipment and the life of the crew;
• it is necessary to think over in advance measures for the elimination of space debris;
• it is important to reduce the number of vehicles launched into space and the use of multi-purpose satellites;
• after the resource is exhausted, take them to the dense layers of the atmosphere, where they will burn out, or to less “populated” orbits;
• formation of the interior of living compartments, formation of additional funds radiation protection, the formation of equipment used on other celestial bodies.

Conclusion:

First - forests, lakes and rivers, then - the atmosphere, seas and oceans ... Humanity is not too careful about home planet otherwise the problem of environmental pollution would not be so acute today. But if our Earth still has a limited size, then the Universe is infinite, and, it would seem, you can’t fill it up with garbage. No matter how! The laws of gravity force most space debris accumulate in near-Earth space. Meanwhile, although less than half a century has passed since the beginning of space exploration, which by the standards of the Universe is a vanishingly small period of time, humanity has short term not only managed to make more than 4 thousand launches of carrier rockets, but also managed to pretty clog outer space. If we do not take care of the environment, then everything around us and people may die. Space also requires care.

Bibliography:

1.http://ru.wikipedia.org

2.http://forumru.

3.http://www.rian.ru

4.http://news.mail.ru

5.http://www.ufolove.ru

6.http://www.ntpo.com

7.http://www.3dnews.ru

8.http://www.vesti.ru

9.http://www.kommtrans.ru

10.http://www.dw-world.de

11.http://mai607.ru

12.http://readings.gmik.ru

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Slides captions:

Space debris: problems and solutions.

The purpose of the work: To study the problems of space pollution.

Tasks of the work: To get acquainted with the literature on this topic. Analyze literary sources. Identify the main problem of space pollution. Find ways to solve problems.

Space junk?

Space debris in orbit. Contribution to the creation of space debris by country: China - 40%; USA - 27.5%; Russia - 25.5%; other countries - 7%.

Problems of space debris. "French spy satellite fell victim to" stellar debris "accumulated in the vicinity of our planet" - this is the first space accident! Space debris reduces the accuracy of weather forecasts. Stopped working at the end of March new satellite communication "Express-AM11", in connection with which in eastern regions Russia interrupted the television broadcast and began serious interruptions in the Internet. Junkyard in the sky - trouble on Earth

Ways to solve space debris. It is necessary to think over in advance measures for the elimination of space debris. It is important to reduce the number of vehicles launched into space and the use of multi-purpose satellites. After the resource is exhausted, take them to the dense layers of the atmosphere, where they will burn out, or to less "populated" orbits.

Conclusion: If we do not take care of the environment, then everything around us and people may die. Space also requires care.

References: http://ru.wikipedia.org http://forumru. http://www.rian.ru http://news.mail.ru http://www.ufolove.ru http://www.ntpo.com http://www.3dnews.ru http://www .vesti.ru http://www.kommtrans.ru http://www.dw-world.de http://mai607.ru http://readings.gmik.ru

Before the beginning of the first space flights, all near-Earth space, and even more so "distant" space, the universe, were considered something unknown. And only later they began to recognize that between the Universe and the Earth - this smallest particle of it - there is an inextricable relationship and unity. Earthlings began to consider themselves participants in all processes taking place in outer space. The close interaction of the Earth's biosphere with the space environment gives grounds to assert that the processes occurring in the Universe have

impact on our planet. Developing space activities, it is necessary to make an ecological orientation of astronautics, since the absence of the latter can lead to irreversible consequences.

It should be noted that already at the birth of the foundations of theoretical astronautics, environmental aspects played an important role, and, above all, in the works of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. In his opinion, the very exit of man into space is the development of a completely new ecological "niche", different from the earthly one.

Near space (or near-Earth space) is the gaseous envelope of the Earth, which is located above the surface atmosphere, and whose behavior is determined by the direct influence of solar ultraviolet radiation, while the state of the atmosphere is mainly influenced by the Earth's surface.

Until recently, scientists believed that the exploration of near space had almost no effect on weather, climate and other living conditions on the ground. Therefore, it is not surprising that space exploration was carried out without regard to ecology. Scientists were led to think about the appearance ozone holes. But, as studies show, the problem of preserving the ozone layer is only a small part of a much more general problem of the protection and rational use of near-Earth outer space, and, above all, that part of it that forms upper atmosphere and for which ozone is only one of its components. In terms of the relative strength of the impact on the upper atmosphere, the launch of a space rocket is similar to an explosion. atomic bomb in the ground atmosphere.

Space is a new environment for man, not yet inhabited. But here, too, the age-old problem of clogging the environment arose, this time the space one. There is also the problem of pollution of near-Earth space by debris from spacecraft. Moreover, there is a distinction between observable and unobservable space debris, the amount of which is unknown. Space debris appears during the operation of orbital spacecraft, their subsequent deliberate elimination. It also includes spent spacecraft, upper stages, detachable structural elements such as pyrobolt adapters, covers, fairings, the last stages of launch vehicles, and the like.

According to modern data, there are 3,000 tons of space debris in near space, which is about 1% of the mass of the entire upper atmosphere above 200 kilometers. Growing space debris poses a serious threat to space stations and manned flights. Already today, the creators of space technology are forced to take into account the troubles that they themselves have created. Space debris is dangerous not only for astronauts and space technology, but also for earthlings. Experts have calculated that out of 150 pieces of spacecraft that have reached the surface of the planet, one is very likely to seriously injure or even kill a person. Thus, if effective measures are not taken by mankind in the very near future to combat space debris, then space age in the history of mankind may soon end ingloriously.

Outer space is not under the jurisdiction of any state. It's in pure form international object of protection. Thus, one of the important problems that arise in the process of industrial space exploration is to determine the specific factors of the permissible limits of anthropogenic impact on the environment and near-Earth space. It is impossible not to admit that today there is a negative impact of space technology on the environment (destruction of the ozone layer, contamination of the atmosphere with oxides of metals, carbon, nitrogen, and near space with parts of used spacecraft). Therefore, it is very important to study the consequences of its influence from the point of view of ecology.

Conclusion

Environmental pollution, depletion of natural resources and disruption of ecological links in ecosystems have become global problems. And if humanity continues to follow the current path of development, then its death, according to the leading ecologists of the world, is inevitable in two or three generations.

The earth is like a library. It should remain in the same state even after we have nourished our minds by reading all her books and enriching ourselves with the ideas of new authors. Life is the most valuable book. We must treat her with love, but try not to tear a single thing out of her.

pages to pass it - with new remarks - into the hands of those who can decipher the language of the forefathers, hoping to honor the world that they will leave to their sons and daughters.

Since the beginning of space exploration, many incomprehensible things have become completely explainable phenomena, and some are still unresolved. The biosphere of the earth closely interacts with the space environment, which proves that all processes that occur in space affect our planet. And this global problems of mankind space exploration plays an important role here.

For a while, it was believed that the study of the universe does no harm and does not affect the state of the Earth in any way. However, there is not one space exploration problem causes which we will review today.

Scientists began to seriously consider the question: is there space exploration problem, and the appearance of ozone holes got them thinking. After a series of studies, it turned out, in comparison with what is happening in the upper atmosphere, the problem with ozone is not the worst. launch spaceship affects the atmosphere, or rather, its upper layers, just like the explosion of an atomic bomb on the earth's environment.

For us, Deep Chernoe is a practically uninhabited environment, however, there is also a problem associated with clogging. Main space exploration problem, lies in the fact that the wreckage of ships, their elimination, leads to the fact that garbage accumulates, turning into a huge dump. There are 3000 tons of garbage in near space alone, and its growing volumes represent real threat for manned flights, technology, equipment, and even for the inhabitants of the Earth.

Therefore, if you do not take action, and do not find solution to the problem of space exploration, then the space age will end in the near future. It's pointless to deny that aircrafts badly affect the environment, the ozone layer is destroyed, the atmosphere is clogged with carbon oxides. And it's already global problem space exploration.

Problem: no warp drives yet

The fastest man-made apparatus is the Helios 2 probe, and if we could hear sounds coming from space, then when an object flies near the Sun, we would hear a whistle. The speed of Helios 2 exceeded 250,000 km / h, which is 100 more speed bullets. But even this apparatus would fly to the Sun for 19,000 years. Such flights are this moment can only be in projects, because it is impossible to implement them in reality. But while there is a problem space exploration solutions will be developed.

A thermonuclear engine has not yet been created, since there are no suitable resources in the required amount. In the variants of cosmic movement, humanity needs a revolution. It is very difficult to accelerate in space, the kerosene that rockets are fueled with is only enough to start. There is also problem of world space exploration, and now we will consider this issue in more detail.

Peaceful space exploration

What does this mean problem of peaceful space exploration? First of all, the rejection of military programs. The universe should not be a battlefield, but a foundation for creating a new future. Long time outer space has been an arena of military-political rivalry, but its space must be exclusively peaceful. This requires that all countries concentrate their economic, technical and intellectual efforts to develop the space of weightlessness. For it to be real peaceful exploration of space essence of the problem need to be studied together.

Space is a prime example, what results can be brought by the creative world work and the unification of efforts for good purposes: solutions to environmental, economic and scientific tasks. The universe is a global environment, so it is global problem of peaceful space exploration relating to all countries on earth.