Topic 3. KNOWLEDGE
Level A tasks
A1. Images of objects and phenomena that once affected the human senses are called:
1) representations 2) sensations 3) hypotheses 4) concepts
A2. Rational is knowledge:
1) by observation 2) direct contact
3) using intuition 4) using thinking
A3. The possibility of obtaining true knowledge is denied:
1) philosophers 2) sociologists 3) agnostics 4) clergy
A4. Reflection of general and essential features called:
1) consciousness 2) judgment 3) concept 4) sensation
A5. method empirical knowledge is not:
1) experiment 2) observation 3) analogy 4) description
A6. Are the statements correct:
A. Any truth is objective and relative.
B. Absolute truth is practically unattainable.
A7. Are the statements correct:
A. The opposite of truth can be another truth.
B. The opposite of truth is always error.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) A and B are true 4) both judgments are wrong
A8. " in green Plants owe chlorophyll. This statement is an example:
1) ordinary knowledge 2) mythological knowledge
3) empirical knowledge 4) scientific knowledge
A9. Are they true the following judgments about the purpose of scientific knowledge:
A. The purpose of scientific knowledge is the awareness of the laws of processes and phenomena.
B. The purpose of scientific knowledge is to obtain reliable knowledge
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) A and B are true 4) both judgments are wrong
A10. Are the following statements about speech activity person:
Human speech activity is primarily associated with sensory cognition.
B. Human speech activity is primarily associated with abstract thinking
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) A and B are true 4) both judgments are wrong
A 11. Both absolute and relative truths:
1) are objective in nature 2) are always confirmed in practice
3) give complete, comprehensive knowledge about the subject 4) can be refuted over time
A12. Among the listed sciences, the study social statuses and roles involved:
A13. Are the following statements about false knowledge correct?
A. False knowledge is knowledge that does not correspond to the subject of study.
B. False knowledge is knowledge that has not been verified experimentally.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
A14. Generalization is integral part
1) production activity 2) sensory cognition
3) rational thinking 4) gaming activity
A15. Consciousness is perfect, which means:
1) consciousness is in a different dimension than the rest of the world
2) consciousness is a flow emotional experiences
3) consciousness is an internal and deep layer our lives
4) in consciousness there is not a grain of matter, it is devoid of corporality and sensual tangibility
A16. Among the listed sciences, the functions and forms of the state are studied by:
1) sociology 2) political science 3) philosophy 4) history
A17. Which of the following sciences studies society?
1) zoology 2) astronomy 3) sociology 4) chemistry
A18. Which of the following sciences studies society?
1) linguistics 2) anatomy 3) genetics 4) jurisprudence
A19. Are the following statements correct?
A. The features of any cognitive activity are inherent in social cognition.
B. Social cognition has its own characteristics, due to the specifics and complexity of the object being studied.
A20. In contrast to the cognitive activity of a schoolchild, the cognitive activity of a scientist:
1) based on the use of experiment
2) based on creativity to work
3) intellectually develops
4) aims to discover new, reliable knowledge
A21. Both religious and scientific knowledge:
1) is objective
2) it is necessary for a person for rational activity
3) can be passed down from generation to generation
4) suggests evidence
A22. Only the composition of scientific knowledge includes:
1) experimentally based conclusions 2) established facts
3) logical conclusions 4) results of observations
A23. Which of the following sciences studies power relations:
1) philosophy 2) history 3) sociology 4) political science
A24. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge correct?
A. Experience Everyday life It is one of the ways of knowing the world. B. Both scientific and everyday knowledge is characterized by theoretical validity of conclusions.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
A25. Among the listed sciences, the study of nations as socio-ethnic groups is engaged in
1) ethnography 2) sociology 3) anthropology 4) social psychology
A26. The difference between sociology and other social sciences is
1) the study of people as representatives of the human race
2) consideration of unique, individual traits human
3) the study of society as a holistic phenomenon
4) the study of society in all its concreteness and diversity
A27. Are judgments about knowledge correct?
A. Sensual and rational cognition - steps single process knowledge.
B. With the help of the senses, a person receives information about the world around him.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
A28. Evidence as a sign of scientific knowledge is specifically expressed
1) in the coincidence of the put forward ideas with many years of experience and intuition of scientists
3) in accordance with the theoretical conclusions of the moral principles of society
4) in confirmation of scientific knowledge by experience, experiment, laws of logic
A29. Are the following statements about practice correct?
A. Practice is the basis of knowledge and the criterion of truth.
B. Socio-historical practice - the only criterion truth.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
AZO. Which statement correctly reflects the difference theoretical knowledge from empirical?
A. Empirical knowledge is limited to the world of phenomena. The theoretical is looking for hidden, internal, essential connections and phenomena behind visible manifestations.
B. We see the way we think; and therefore it is not empiricism that determines theory, but vice versa, theory determines empiricism.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) A and B are true 4) both judgments are wrong
Level B assignments
IN 1. What concept corresponds to the following definition?
"Independent use of entire systems of skills mastered by a person, conscious grouping them in a certain sequence, evaluation of the results of actions, methods of action."
IN 2. Complete the sentence: "A person as a carrier of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social properties: the ability to learn, work, communicate with his own kind, participate in society, have spiritual interests, experience complex feelings - this is ...".
VZ. Insert the missing word: "... these are the simplest learned movements, the implementation of which does not require special efforts."
AT 4. What concept corresponds to the following definition?
"Mental properties that are conditions for the successful completion of any one or more activities"
AT 5. Insert the missing word: "The combination of abilities that provides the opportunity for the creative performance of any activity" is called ... to this activity.
AT 6. Establish a correspondence between the sciences that study a person to one degree or another or another aspect, and their short descriptions. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding positions from the second.
THE SCIENCE | SHORT DESCRIPTION |
1. Anatomy | A. The science of the structure of organisms |
2. Philosophy | B. The science of education and training |
3. Pedagogy | B. Social science and public relations |
4. Biochemistry | D. The science of biological nature human |
5. Physiology | D. Process Science mental activity human |
6. Anthropology | E. The science of the functions and functions of organisms |
7. Sociology | G. The Science of Organisms' Chemical Substances |
8. Psychology | 3. The science of the most general laws development of nature, society and knowledge |
Answer:
AT 7. Establish a correspondence: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding one from the second.
CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWLEDGE | KIND OF TRUTH |
||||
1. Reliable knowledge that does not depend on the opinions and predilections of people | A. Objective Truth |
||||
2. Exhaustive, complete and reliable knowledge about the objective world | B. Relative Truth |
||||
3. Knowledge that gives an approximate and incomplete reflection of reality | B. Absolute Truth |
||||
4. Limited knowledge about the object in each this moment | |||||
5. Information corresponding to the actual state of affairs | |||||
AT 8. Which of the following series represents the forms of sensory cognition, and which is rational? (Write down the correct answer as a sequence of numbers in ascending order, in which the first three represent sensory knowledge, and the second three represent rational)
1) Feelings
2) Perceptions
3) Judgments
4) Concepts
5) Views
6) Inference
AT 9. Insert missing word:
"Cognition is ... a reflection or reproduction of reality in the mind of a person."
B.IO . Finish the sentence:
"Inference, in which, on the basis of the similarity of objects in one respect, a conclusion is made about their similarity in another, is called ...".
AT 11. Finish the sentence:
"The mental connection of several judgments and the derivation of a new judgment from them is called .. ♦".
AT 12. Finish the sentence by inserting the phrase: "Inferences are inductive, deductive and ...".
B13. Insert missing word:
"Knowledge about society and social phenomena always loaded with evaluation, therefore it is ... knowledge.
Level C assignments
Give a detailed answer.
C1. Name the forms of sensory cognition.
C2. Name the levels of scientific knowledge.
SZ. What is the specificity social cognition? Justify your answer based on three reasons.
C4. Name any two differences between educational knowledge and scientific knowledge and illustrate each with examples.
C5. “How can you know yourself? Not contemplation at all, only actions. Try to do your duty, and you will immediately know yourself.” (I. Tete)
1) What knowledge is Goethe talking about?
3) Who else among the philosophers asked the question: “What is a person”?
Sat. Read the passage and answer the questions about it. "The most significant event in science XX century is the feeling of the end of science ... At the beginning XX centuries, new concepts arose that overturned the idea of the world (quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, genetics). And in the second half XX century nothing like it
Did not happen. Satellites, computers - this is not science, but technology. Science discovers the laws of nature.
1) What does one of the Russian scientists understand by the “sense of the end of science” in XX century?
What does he see as the main purpose of science? Do you agree with the author? Justify your answer in two concrete examples. What is a concept in science? Give a definition. Do you agree with the author's opinion that "satellites and computers are not science, but technology"? Justify your answer with a specific example.
C7. Read the text and do the tasks for it.
HOW SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS STUDY HUMAN BEHAVIOR
The conclusions drawn from everyday experience, and from the accumulation of the wisdom of philosophers, poets, and writers, are often insightful and informative, but lack evidence. Common sense often confronts us with dilemmas and unsolved mysteries in cases concerning human social behavior. To understand it, it is important to turn to scientific methods ...
The term "scientific" does not refer to a select group of highly developed fields human activity. Rather, it indicates a general set of methods - techniques that can be used to a wide range problems. Therefore, if we are trying to understand whether a particular field is scientific, the key question becomes the following: does it use scientific procedures? If not, then it is outside the realm of science.
These methods and procedures include attempts to collect systematic information about the problems of interest to the researcher, plus a skeptical attitude towards them. The basic premise of science is the belief that all basic assumptions about physical world must be checked and rechecked to be accepted as true...
AT social psychology studying the causes of social behavior and social thinking, the most commonly used experimental method, in which researchers try to change one variable in order to observe the effect of this on other variables, and correlation method when the scientist simply observes the naturally occurring changes in the variables of interest to her to see if they are related.
1) What kinds of knowledge are mentioned in this text?
4) About what two scientific methods in the field of social psychology referred to in this passage? State the essential difference between them. Based on knowledge from the social studies course, name another method that can be used in scientific knowledge social phenomena.
C8. Choose one of the proposed statements for reasoning in the form of an essay. Write such an essay.
“Why am I an artist and not a philosopher? Because I think in words, not ideas. (A. Camus)
1. "... A thing does not cease to be true because it is not recognized by many." (B. Spinoza)
3. “There is no such ignoramus who could not ask more questions than the most knowledgeable person ». ()
Medium comprehensive school №5
Tests for preparing for the exam
on this topic:
"KNOWLEDGE"
Prepared by:
a history teacher
Shchelukhina Anna
Sergeevna
Theme: "Knowledge".
Part 1 . Level A assignments.
A1
1) forms knowledge and ideas about the subject
2) uses logical reasoning
3) starts with feeling
4) gives a visual image of the subject
A2. Both religious and scientific knowledge about the world is characterized by
1) are objective
2) suggest evidence
3) can be passed down from generation to generation
4) necessary for a person for rational activity
A3. Are the following judgments about the development of science correct?
A. The development of science is impossible without relying on achievements
predecessors.
B. Scientific revolutions refute all pre-existing
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A4. A concept is a form of thought that
1) reflects the direct impact of the surrounding world on
sense organs
2) reveals common essential features of cognizable objects
and phenomena
3) forms a visual image of the object
4) captures various combinations of human sensations
A5. Among the listed sciences, the functions and forms of the state
authorities studies
1) economy
2) sociology
3) cultural studies
4) political science
A6. Are the following judgments about practice as criteria of truth correct?
A. Practice is the criterion of the truth of our knowledge of the world.
B. Practice is not the only criterion of truth, because
that there are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical
impact on them.
1) Only A is true.
2) Only B is true.
3) Both statements are correct.
4) Both judgments are wrong.
A7. Rational knowledge, as opposed to sensory,
1) expands knowledge about the world around
2) forms a visual image of the object
3) is carried out in the form of sensations and perceptions
4) uses logical reasoning
A8. Conclusion: "The age of our planet is about 5 billion years", -
is the result
1)Theoretical analysis
2) social experiment
3)Direct observation
4) generalizations of everyday experience
A9. Are the following judgments about social knowledge correct?
BUT. social knowledge related to the interests of the subjects
social cognition.
B. Social knowledge is characterized by uniformity of views and
approaches.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A10. Which of these factors makes today especially
topical issue social responsibility of scientists?
1) modern science seeks to know the truth
2) consequences scientific research become more and more
ambiguous
3) the struggle in the market has intensified high technology
4) all scientists primarily strive to obtain commercial
profit from their research
A11. Are the following statements that characterize science correct?
A. Science is characterized by the comprehension of the laws of development
nature, society and thought.
B. Science is characterized by description, explanation and prediction
processes and phenomena of reality.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A12. Of the listed sciences, the knowledge of society as a holistic
dynamic system is engaged
1) psychology
2) sociology
3) political science
4) cultural studies
A13
A. Only the knowledge that is received is true
experimentally.
B. Only that knowledge is true that corresponds to moral
people's ideas.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A14. Images of objects and phenomena that once affected the human senses are called:
representations
sensations
concepts
perceptions
1) by observation
2) direct contact
3) using intuition
4) with the help of thinking
A16. The possibility of obtaining true knowledge is denied:
philosophers
sociologists
agnostics
clergy
consciousness
judgment
notion
feeling
A18. The method of empirical knowledge is not:
1) experiment
2) observation
3) analogy
4) Description
A19. Are the statements correct:
A. Any truth is objective and relative.
B. Absolute truth is practically unattainable.
only A is correct
only B is correct
A and B are correct
both statements are wrong
A. The opposite of truth can be another truth.
B. The opposite of truth is always error.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A21. Plants owe their green color to chlorophyll. This statement is an example:
ordinary knowledge
mythological knowledge
empirical knowledge
4) scientific knowledge
A. The purpose of scientific knowledge is the awareness of the laws of processes and phenomena.
B. The purpose of scientific knowledge is to obtain reliable knowledge
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A23. Are the following judgments about human speech activity correct:
Human speech activity is primarily associated with
A. Sensory cognition
B. Abstract thinking
only A is correct
only B is correct
A and B are correct
both statements are wrong
A24. Both absolute and relative truths:
1) are objective
2) always find confirmation in practice
3) give complete, comprehensive knowledge about the subject
4) can be refuted over time
A25. Among the listed sciences, the study of social statuses and roles is engaged in:
2) jurisprudence
3) sociology
4) political science
A26. Are the following statements about false knowledge correct?
A. False knowledge is knowledge that does not correspond to the subject of study.
B. False knowledge is knowledge that has not been verified experimentally.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A27. Generalization is an integral part
1) production activities
2) sensory knowledge
3) rational thinking
4) gaming activities
A 28. Consciousness is perfect, which means:
1) consciousness is in a different dimension than the rest of the world
2) consciousness is a stream of spiritual experiences
3) consciousness is an inner and deep layer of our life
4) there is not a single gram of matter in consciousness, it is devoid of corporality and sensual
tangibility
A29. Among the listed sciences, the functions and forms of the state are studied by:
1) sociology
2) political science
3) philosophy
4) history
A30
1) zoology
2) astronomy
3) sociology
A31. Which of the following sciences studies society?
1) linguistics
2) anatomy
3) genetics
4) jurisprudence
A32
A. The features of any cognitive activity are inherent in social cognition.
B. Social cognition has its own characteristics, due to the specifics and
the complexity of the object under study.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A33. In contrast to the cognitive activity of a schoolchild, cognitive
scientist activities:
1) based on the use of experiment
2) is based on a creative approach to work
3) intellectually develops
4) aims to discover new, reliable knowledge
A34. Both religious and scientific knowledge:
1) is objective
2) it is necessary for a person for rational activity
3) can be passed down from generation to generation
4) suggests evidence
A35. Only the composition of scientific knowledge includes:
1) experimentally substantiated conclusions
2) established facts
3) logical reasoning
4) results of observations
A36. Which of the following sciences studies power relations:
1) philosophy
2) history
3) sociology
4) political science
A37. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge correct?
A. The experience of everyday life is one way of knowing the world.
B. Both scientific and everyday knowledge is characterized by theoretical validity
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A38. Among the listed sciences, the study of nations as socio-ethnic groups
is engaged
1) ethnography
2) sociology
3) anthropology
4) social psychology
A39. The difference between sociology and other social sciences is
the study of people as members of the human race
consideration of the unique, individual traits of a person
the study of society as a holistic phenomenon
the study of society in all concreteness and diversity
A40. Are judgments about knowledge correct?
A. Sensual and rational cognition are stages of a single process of cognition.
B. With the help of the senses, a person receives information about the world around him.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are wrong
A41. Evidence as a sign of scientific knowledge is specifically expressed
in the coincidence of the put forward ideas with many years of experience and intuition of scientists
when referring to one or another authority in science
in accordance with the theoretical conclusions of the moral principles of society
in confirmation of scientific knowledge by experience, experiment, laws of logic
A42. Are the following statements about practice correct?
A. Practice is the basis of knowledge and the criterion of truth.
B. Socio-historical practice is the only criterion of truth.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are wrong
empirical?
A. Empirical knowledge is limited to the world of phenomena. Theoretical is looking for
behind visible manifestations are hidden, internal, essential connections and
B. We see the way we think; and therefore it is not empiricism that determines theory, but vice versa,
theory - empirical.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A44. "Individuality unique originality man, a set of his unique
properties". This statement is an example
artistic image
parascientific knowledge
common sense judgments
scientific knowledge
A45. Conclusion: "Friends in need are known" - is the result of
parascientific knowledge
generalizations of life experience
fiction
experimental verification
A46. Knowledge by means of art necessarily presupposes
usage
abstract concepts
artistic images
scientific instruments
abstract patterns
A47. Are the following statements about truth correct?
A. Truth is an objective reflection in the human mind
objects and phenomena.
B. Truth is the result of knowledge, existing only in
the form of concepts, judgments and theories.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are wrong
A48. Are the following statements about truth correct?
A. The path to absolute truth goes through truths
relative.
B. Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are wrong
A49. The results of knowledge are:
knowledge
teachings
delusions
A50. Are the following statements correct?
A. “Consciousness is impossible without the human brain,
it is his property.
B. “Everything that is contained in the human psyche is his
consciousness".
only A is correct
only B is correct
both A and B are correct
both statements are wrong
A51. Are the following statements correct?
A. “The features of consciousness are found only in outside world,
in human activity."
B. “Consciousness is solely a function of the brain and is not
depends on environmental influences.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both A and B are correct
both statements are wrong
A52. Images of objects and phenomena that once influenced
on the human senses are called:
hypotheses
concepts
representations
opinions
A53. The criteria for truth are:
experience, practice
management opinion
compliance with the prevailing teaching in society
compliance with the laws of logic
A54. In which three forms rational cognition?
sensation, perception, perception
concept, representation, inference
concept, judgment, inference
idea, judgment, feeling
A55. Are the following statements about scientific knowledge correct?
Theoretical scientific knowledge
A. They are fixed in the form of laws.
B. Help to explain and predict phenomena.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both A and B are correct
both statements are wrong
A56. Both sensory and rational cognition
focused on finding the truth
based on ideas about the subject
starts with subjective feelings
reflect the essential properties of the subject
A57. An example of what water of knowledge is the statement: “The inclinations
– natural base abilities"?
parascientific
mythological
scientific
ordinary
A58. Specify what is not theoretical method knowledge:
hypothesis
experiment
theory
analogy
A59. Utopian knowledge differs from knowledge acquired in
everyday life of people in that it:
develops spontaneously, in the process of mastering the “living” experience of people
acquired without special cognitive activity
determined by public practice
A60. Scientific knowledge is different from artistic themes, what
realizes himself in a cult
suggests evidence
thinks in artistic terms
thinks in terms
A61. Please indicate which of the following is not a form
sensory knowledge:
judgment
performance
feeling
perception
A62. Scientific knowledge differs from non-scientific knowledge in that it:
develops in the process of mastering the "living" experience of people
consciously emphasizes conjectures and presuppositions
intentionally misrepresents reality
has a systematic approach, a specific language, methods and forms of cognition inherent only to it, and, ultimately, is determined by social practice.
).
Level B assignments
IN 1. What concept corresponds to the following definition?
“Independent use of entire systems of skills mastered by a person,
conscious grouping them in a certain sequence, evaluation
results of actions, methods of action"
______
IN 2. Complete the phrase: “A person as a carrier of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social
properties: the ability to learn, work, communicate with their own kind, participate in
the life of society, to have spiritual interests, to experience complex feelings - this is ... "
_____
AT 3. Insert the missing word: "... are the most learned movements, the implementation of which does not require special efforts."
AT 4. What concept corresponds to the following definition?
"Mental properties that are conditions for the successful performance of any one or more activities"
________
AT 5. Insert the missing word: "The combination of abilities that provides the opportunity for the creative performance of any activity" is called ... to this activity.
AT 6. Establish a correspondence between the sciences, to one degree or another, studying a person, and their brief descriptions. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding positions from the second.
| THE SCIENCE | ^ SHORT DESCRIPTION |
| 1. Anatomy | A. The science of the structure of organisms |
| 2. Philosophy | B. The science of education and training |
| 3. Pedagogy | B. The science of society and social relations |
| 4. Biochemistry | D. The science of human biological nature |
| 5. Physiology | E. The science of the processes of mental activity human |
| 6. Anthropology | E. The science of the functions and functions of organisms |
| 7. Sociology | G. The Science of Organisms' Chemical Substances |
| 8. Psychology | 3. The science of the most general laws of development of nature, society and knowledge |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Answer: _____________________________
AT 7. Establish a correspondence: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding one from the second.
| ^ CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWLEDGE | KIND OF TRUTH |
| 1. Reliable knowledge that does not depend on the opinions and predilections of people | A. Objective Truth |
| 2. Exhaustive, complete and reliable knowledge about the objective world | B. Relative Truth |
| 3. Knowledge that gives an approximate and incomplete reflection of reality | B. Absolute Truth |
| 4. Limited knowledge about the object at any given moment | |
| 5. Information corresponding to the actual state of affairs |
Write down the selected letters in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Answer: _______________________________
AT 8. Which of the following series represents the forms of sensory cognition, and which is rational? (Write down the correct answer as a sequence of numbers in ascending order, in which the first three represent sensory knowledge, and the second three represent rational)
Feel
Perceptions
Judgments
Concepts
Representation
inference
AT 9. Insert missing word:
“Knowledge is ... a reflection or reproduction of reality
in the human mind."
Answer: ____________________________________________________
AT 10 O'CLOCK. Finish the sentence:
"Inference, in which, on the basis of the similarity of objects in one respect, a conclusion is made about their similarity in another, is called ...".
Answer: ________________________________________________________
^ B11. Finish the sentence:
"The mental connection of several judgments and the derivation of a new judgment from them is called ...".
Answer:
AT 12. Complete the sentence by inserting the phrase:
"Inferences are inductive, deductive and ...".
Answer: ,
B13. Insert missing word:
"Knowledge about society and social phenomena is always loaded with evaluation, therefore, this is ... knowledge."
B14. Name the concept corresponding to the definition
... is a continuously changing set of sensual and
mental images, in many ways anticipating practical
human activity.
Answer: __________________________________
At 15. Insert the missing word by choosing from the suggested ones:
“No matter how perfect the wing of a bird, it could never lift it up without leaning on the air. ________ is the air of a scientist. Without them, you will never be able to fly. Without them, your theory is empty attempts. (I.P. Pavlov)
Ideas
Assumptions
Data
Beliefs
B16. Arrange the concepts listed below as follows.
The first three should represent abstract (in one way or another)
degree) (A), three subsequent - specific (B). Enter
numbers in the following order:
1) Bolshoi Theater in Moscow;
2) suit;
4) actor A. Mikhailov
5) feeling;
6) "La Gioconda" by Leonardo da Vinci.
Write down the selected letters in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Answer: ________________________________
B17. Fill in the missing word in the text fragment “Undoubted, invariably once and for all established knowledge is called ... truth”
Answer: ________________________________
B18. Complete the sentence: "Knowledge is the result of ... human activity, society as a whole."
Answer: __________________________________
B19. Insert the missing word in the text snippet. "Theoretical understanding of reality is the immediate goal of ... knowledge."
Answer: __________________________________
IN 20. Name the concepts corresponding to the definitions.
__________ is an idea, idea, point of view, system
interpretation.
__________ is a system of basic ideas, a set
branches of knowledge.
Answer: _________________________________________________________
AT 21. Name the concept corresponding to the definition.
“Immediate insight”, that is, knowledge that arises
without understanding the ways and conditions for obtaining it, a certain
insight that comprehends a person who, as a rule,
skillfully, persistently and systematically masters at or
another area of reality is ________________.
Answer: _____________________________
B22. Insert a word instead of a gap.
With the help of language, thought is not only formulated, but also _____.
Answer: ______________________
B23. Insert a word for the gaps.
The situation when a person says: “I understand everything, but I can’t say
I can”, does not indicate that there can be thinking
without speech, but only about the fact that this person missing
developed skills translate __________ speech into _________.
Answer: _________________________________
B24. Match between mental processes,
involved in the process of cognition, and their brief descriptions.
| ^ MENTAL PROCESSES | DESCRIPTION |
| 1) feeling | A) "direct discretion", knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for obtaining it; a kind of insight that comprehends a person who, as a rule, skillfully, persistently and systematically masters one or another area of reality |
| 2) perception | B) building on the basis of a combination of their ideas of new, previously non-existent images |
| 3) presentation | C) image, reflection, copy, snapshot of a separate property of an object and phenomenon of the objective world |
| 4) imagination | D) indirect and generalized reflection in the human brain of essential properties, causal relationships and regular connections of things |
| 5) intuition | E) “traces” in memory, according to which a person restores, when he needs, images of objects and phenomena that once affected his senses |
| 6) thinking | E) a holistic image of an object that affects the senses |
Write down the selected letters in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).
Answer:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
B25. Establish a correspondence between techniques and forms of thinking and
their brief descriptions.
| ^ RECEPTIONS AND FORMS THINKING | DESCRIPTION |
| 1)analysis | A) establishing the similarity or difference of objects |
| 2) synthesis | B) mental decomposition of an object into its constituent parts |
| 3) comparison | C) a form of thought in which, with the help of a connection of concepts, something is affirmed or denied about something |
| 4) concept | D) a process of thinking that allows one to derive a new judgment from two or more judgments |
| 5) judgment | E) a thought that reflects objects in their general and essential features |
| 6) conclusion | E) mental unification into a whole of elements dissected by analysis |
Write down the selected letters in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Answer: _____________________________
B26. Which of the following conclusions can be attributed to deduction
(A) and which ones to induction (B)?
1) All metals conduct electricity. Lead and copper are metals.
Therefore, lead and copper conduct electricity.
2) A cabbage plant needs watering for normal development.
The cotton plant also needs watering. And a tomato plant
also needs to be watered. Therefore, all of the above
and other plants for normal growth and development is necessary
watering, that is, regular natural or artificial
the introduction of a certain amount of moisture into the soil.
Write down the selected numbers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet (without spaces or other characters).
| BUT | B |
Answer: _______________________
B27. In what cases are we talking about the absence of a person
consciousness:
when from acts illogically
during sleep
under the influence of drugs
during a period of great excitement
while watching television
during severe mental illness
when participating in computer games?
Answer: ___________________
B28. Find the distinguishing features in the list below.
characteristics of social cognition and circle the numbers below
by which they are indicated:
rational
religious
mythological
scientific
sensuous
Answer: ____________________
B29. Select the characteristics of the sensory stage of cognition and
circle the numbers under which they are indicated.
reflection of objects and their properties in the form of a holistic image
fixing the essential properties of an object
storing in memory a generalized image of an object
assertion or denial of something about a subject
reflection in the mind of a person of individual properties of an object
Answer: _____________________
B30. Establish a correspondence between the forms and types of knowledge: to
for each position given in the first column, match the position
from the second column.
Write down the selected letters in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Answer: ___________________________
USE test in social science. The theme is "Knowledge". Part 1 . Level A tasks. A1. Both sensory and rational cognition 1) forms knowledge and ideas about the subject 2) uses logical reasoning 3) begins with a feeling 4) gives a visual image of the subject A2. Both religious and scientific knowledge about the world is characterized by the fact that they 1) are objective in nature 2) suggest evidence 3) can be passed on from generation to generation 4) are necessary for a person for rational activity A3. Are the following judgments about the development of science correct? A. The development of science is impossible without relying on the achievements of predecessors. B. Scientific revolutions refute all pre-existing theories. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong A4. A concept is a form of thought that 1) reflects the direct impact of the surrounding world on the senses 2) reveals common essential features of cognizable objects and phenomena 3) forms a visual image of an object 4) captures various combinations of human sensations A5. Among the listed sciences, the functions and forms of state power are studied by 1) economics 2) sociology 3) cultural studies 4) political science A6. Are the following judgments about practice as criteria of truth correct? A. Practice is the criterion of the truth of our knowledge of the world. B. Practice is not the only criterion of truth, because there are phenomena that are inaccessible for practical influence on them. 1) Only A is true. 2) Only B is true. 3) Both judgments are true. 4) Both judgments are wrong. A7. Rational cognition, in contrast to sensory cognition, 1) expands knowledge about the surrounding world 2) forms a visual image of an object 3) is carried out in the form of sensations and perceptions 4) uses logical reasoning A8. The conclusion: "The age of our planet is about 5 billion years" is the result of 1) theoretical analysis 2) social experiment 3) direct observation 4) generalization of everyday experience A9. Are the following judgments about social knowledge correct? A. Social knowledge is connected with the interests of the subjects of social cognition. B. Social knowledge is characterized by uniformity of views and approaches. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A10. Which of these factors makes the problem of the social responsibility of scientists especially relevant today? A11 Are the following statements that characterize science correct? A. Science is characterized by comprehension of the patterns of development of nature, society and thinking. B. Science is characterized by description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of reality. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A12. Of the listed sciences, 1) psychology 2) sociology 3) political science 4) cultural studies deals with the knowledge of society as an integral dynamic system. Are the following statements about truth correct? A. Only the knowledge that is obtained experimentally is true. B. Only that knowledge is true that corresponds to the moral ideas of people. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A14. Images of objects and phenomena that once affected the human senses are called: 1) representations 2) sensations 3) hypotheses 4) concepts A15. Rational is knowledge: 1) with the help of observation 2) direct contact 3) with the help of intuition 4) with the help of thinking A16. The possibility of obtaining true knowledge is denied by: 1) philosophers 2) sociologists 3) agnostics 4) clergy A17. The reflection of general and essential features is called: 1) consciousness 2) judgment 3) concept 4) sensation A18. Method of empirical knowledge is not: 1) experiment 2) observation 3) analogy 4) description A19. Are the judgments correct: A. Any truth is objective and relative. B. Absolute truth is practically unattainable. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) A and B are true 4) both judgments are wrong A20. Are the judgments correct: A. The opposite of truth can be another truth. B. The opposite of truth is always error. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) A and B are true 4) both judgments are wrong A21. Plants owe their green color to chlorophyll. This statement is an example of: 1) ordinary knowledge 2) mythological knowledge 3) empirical knowledge 4) scientific knowledge A22. Are the following judgments about the purpose of scientific knowledge correct: A. The purpose of scientific knowledge is the awareness of the laws of processes and phenomena. B. The purpose of scientific knowledge is to obtain reliable knowledge 1) only A is correct 2) only B is correct 3) A and B are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A23. Are the following judgments about human speech activity correct: Human speech activity is primarily associated with A. Sensory cognition B. Abstract thinking 1) only A is correct 2) only B is correct 3) A and B are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A24. Both absolute and relative truths: 1) are objective in nature 2) always find confirmation in practice 3) give complete, exhaustive knowledge about the subject 4) can be refuted over time A25. Among the listed sciences, the following are engaged in the study of social statuses and roles: 1) ethics 2) jurisprudence 3) sociology 4) political science A26. Are the following statements about false knowledge correct? A. False knowledge is knowledge that does not correspond to the subject of study. B. False knowledge is knowledge that has not been verified experimentally. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A27. Generalization is an integral part of 1) production activity 2) sensory cognition 3) rational thinking 4) gaming activity A 28. Consciousness is ideal, which means: 1) consciousness is in a different dimension than the rest of the world 2) consciousness is a stream of emotional experiences 3 ) consciousness is an inner and deep layer of our life 4) there is not a single gram of matter in consciousness, it is devoid of corporeality and sensual tangibility A29. Among the listed sciences, the functions and forms of the state are studied by: 1) sociology 2) political science 3) philosophy 4) history А30. Which of the following sciences studies society? 1) zoology 2) astronomy 3) sociology 4) chemistry А31. Which of the following sciences studies society? 1) linguistics 2) anatomy 3) genetics 4) jurisprudence A32. Are the following statements correct? A. The features of any cognitive activity are inherent in social cognition. B. Social cognition has its own characteristics, due to the specifics and complexity of the object being studied. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A33. Unlike the cognitive activity of a schoolchild, the cognitive activity of a scientist: 1) is based on the use of experiment 2) is based on a creative approach to work 3) develops intellectually 4) aims to discover new, reliable knowledge A34. Both religious and scientific knowledge: 1) has an objective character 2) is necessary for a person for rational activity 3) can be passed on from generation to generation 4) requires evidence A35. Only the composition of scientific knowledge includes: 1) experimentally substantiated conclusions 2) established facts 3) logical conclusions 4) results of observations A36. Which of the following sciences studies power relations: 1) philosophy 2) history 3) sociology 4) political science A37. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge correct? A. The experience of everyday life is one way of knowing the world. B. Both scientific and everyday knowledge is characterized by theoretical validity of conclusions. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A38. Among the listed sciences, 1) ethnography 2) sociology 3) anthropology 4) social psychology deals with the study of nations as socio-ethnic groups A39. The difference between sociology and other social sciences is 1) the study of people as representatives of the human race 2) consideration of the unique, individual traits of a person 3) the study of society as a holistic phenomenon 4) the study of society in all its specificity and diversity A40. Are judgments about knowledge correct? A. Sensual and rational cognition are stages of a single process of cognition. B. With the help of the senses, a person receives information about the world around him. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A41. Evidence as a sign of scientific knowledge is specifically expressed 1) in the coincidence of put forward ideas with many years of experience and intuition of scientists 2) when referring to one or another authority in science 3) in accordance with theoretical conclusions to the moral principles of society 4) in confirming scientific knowledge by experience, experiment, laws logic A42. Are the following statements about practice correct? A. Practice is the basis of knowledge and the criterion of truth. B. Socio-historical practice is the only criterion of truth. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A43. Which statement correctly reflects the difference between theoretical knowledge and empirical knowledge? A. Empirical knowledge is limited to the world of phenomena. The theoretical is looking for hidden, internal, essential connections and phenomena behind visible manifestations. B. We see the way we think; and therefore it is not empiricism that determines theory, but vice versa, theory determines empiricism. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) A and B are true 4) both judgments are wrong A44. "Individuality is the unique originality of a person, a set of his unique properties." This statement is an example of 1) artistic image 2) parascientific knowledge 3) common sense judgment 4) scientific knowledge А45. Conclusion: "Friends are known in trouble" - is the result of 1) parascientific knowledge 2) generalization of life experience 3) fiction 4) experimental verification A46. Knowledge by means of art necessarily involves the use of 1) abstract concepts 2) artistic images 3) scientific instruments 4) abstract models A47. Are the following statements about truth correct? A. Truth is an objective reflection of objects and phenomena in the human mind. B. Truth is the result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A48. Are the following statements about truth correct? A. The path to absolute truth goes through relative truths. B. Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect A49. The results of knowledge are: 1) things 2) knowledge 3) teachings 4) delusions A50. Are the following statements correct? A. "Consciousness is impossible without the human brain, it is its property." B. "Everything that is contained in the human psyche is his consciousness." 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both A and B are true 4) both judgments are wrong A51. Are the following statements correct? A. "Peculiarities of consciousness are found only in the external world, in human activity." B. "Consciousness is solely a function of the brain and does not depend on environmental influences." 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both A and B are true 4) both judgments are wrong A52. Images of objects and phenomena that once influenced the human senses are called: 1) hypotheses 2) concepts 3) ideas 4) opinions A53. The criteria of truth are: 1) experience, practice 2) the opinion of the leadership 3) compliance with the prevailing teaching in society 4) compliance with the laws of logic A54. What are the three forms of rational cognition? 1) sensation, perception, representation 2) concept, representation, conclusion 3) concept, judgment, conclusion 4) representation, judgment, sensation А55. Are the following statements about scientific knowledge correct? Theoretical scientific knowledge A. Are fixed in the form of laws. B. Help to explain and predict phenomena. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both A and B are true 4) both judgments are wrong A56. Both sensory and rational cognition 1) are aimed at searching for truth 2) are based on ideas about the subject 3) begin with subjective sensations 4) reflect the essential properties of the subject A57. An example of what water of knowledge is the statement: "Inclinations are the natural basis of abilities"? 1) parascientific 2) mythological 3) scientific 4) everyday A58. Specify what is not a theoretical method of cognition: 1) hypothesis 2) experiment 3) theory 4) analogy A59. Utopian knowledge differs from the knowledge acquired in everyday life of people in that it: 1) develops spontaneously, in the process of mastering the "living" experience of people 2) is acquired without special cognitive activity 3) deliberately distorts ideas about reality 4) is determined by social practice A60. Scientific knowledge differs from artistic knowledge in that it: 1) realizes itself in a cult 2) involves evidence 3) thinks in artistic images 4) thinks in terms of A61. Indicate which of the following is not a form of sensory cognition: 1) judgment 2) representation 3) sensation 4) perception А62. Scientific knowledge differs from non-scientific knowledge in that it: 1) develops in the process of mastering the "living" experience of people 2) deliberately emphasizes conjectures and premises 3) deliberately distorts ideas about reality 4) has a systematic approach, a specific language, methods and forms inherent only to it knowledge and, ultimately, is determined by social practice. Level B assignments B1. What concept corresponds to the following definition? "The independent use of entire systems of skills mastered by a person, their conscious grouping into certain sequence, evaluation of the results of actions, methods of action "Answer: ______________________________________________ B2. Complete the phrase:" A person as a carrier of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social properties: the ability to learn, work, communicate with others like himself, participate in society, have spiritual interests, experience complex feelings - this is..." Answer: __________________________________ Q3. Insert the missing word: "... - these are the most learned movements, the implementation of which does not require special efforts." Answer: ______________________________________________ Q4. Which concept corresponds to the following definition? "Mental properties that are conditions successful implementation any one or several types of activity "Answer: ______________________________________________ B5. Insert the missing word: "The combination of abilities that provides the possibility of creative performance of any activity" is called ... to this activity. Answer: _________________________________________ B6. Establish a correspondence between the sciences , in varying degrees or another aspect, studying a person, and their brief descriptions.For each position of the first column, select the corresponding positions from the second. 3. Pedagogy C. The science of society and social relations 4. Biochemistry D. The science of the biological nature of man 5. Physiology E. The science of the processes of human mental activity 6. Anthropology F. The science of the functions and functions of organisms 7. Sociology G. The science of included in the organisms chemicals 8. Psychology Z. The science of the most general laws of development of nature, society and knowledge B7. Establish a correspondence: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding one from the second. CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWLEDGE TYPE OF TRUTH 1. Reliable knowledge that does not depend on the opinions and preferences of people A. Objective truth 2. Exhaustive, complete and reliable knowledge about the objective world B. Relative truth 3. Knowledge that gives an approximate and incomplete reflection of reality C. Absolute truth 4 Limited knowledge about the object at any given moment 5. Information corresponding to the actual state of affairs B8. Which of the following series represents the forms of sensory cognition, and which is rational? (Write down the correct answer in the form of a sequence of numbers in ascending order, in which the first three represent sensory knowledge, and the second three represent rational) 1) Sensations 2) Perceptions 3) Judgments 4) Concepts 5) Representations 6) Inferences Answer: _____________________________________________________ B9. Insert the missing word: "Knowledge is ... a reflection or reproduction of reality in the mind of a person." Answer: ____________________________________________________ Q10. Finish the phrase: "Inference, in which, on the basis of the similarity of objects in one respect, a conclusion is made about their similarity in another, is called ...". Answer: ________________________________________________________ Q11. Finish the phrase: "The mental connection of several judgments and the derivation of a new judgment from them is called ...". Answer:_________________________________________________ Q12. Finish the sentence by inserting the phrase: "Inferences are inductive, deductive and ...". Answer: ________________________ ,____________________ B13. Insert the missing word: "Knowledge about society and social phenomena is always loaded with evaluation, therefore, it is ... knowledge." Answer:__________________________________________________ Q14. Name the concept that corresponds to the definition ... - this is a continuously changing set of sensory and mental images, in many respects anticipating the practical activity of a person. Answer: __________________________________ B 15. Insert the missing word, choosing it from the suggested ones: “No matter how perfect the wing of a bird, it could never lift it up without relying on air. ________ is the air of a scientist. Without them, you will never be able to take off. Without them, your theory is empty attempts "(I.P. Pavlov) 1) Intentions 2) Assumptions 3) Facts 4) Beliefs Answer: _________________________________________ B16. Arrange the concepts listed below as follows. The first three should represent abstract (to one degree or another) (A), the next three - concrete (B). Enter the numbers, following the proposed sequence: 1) the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow; 2) suit; 3) spruce; 4) actor A. Mikhailov 5) feeling; 6) "La Gioconda" by Leonardo da Vinci. B17. Fill in the missing word in the text fragment "Unquestionable, invariably established once and for all knowledge is called ... truth" Answer: ________________________________ Q18. Complete the sentence: "Knowledge is the result of ... human activity, society as a whole." Answer: _________________________________ B19. Insert the missing word in the text snippet. "Theoretical understanding of reality is the immediate goal ... of knowledge." Answer: _________________________________ B20. Name the concepts corresponding to the definitions. 1) __________ is an idea, an idea, a point of view, a system of views united by a common logic, a guiding principle, an interpretation. 2) __________ is a system of basic ideas, a set of scientific provisions united by a common principle in any branch of knowledge. Answer: ___________________________________________________________ Q21. Name the concept corresponding to the definition. "Direct insight", that is, knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for its receipt, a kind of insight that comprehends a person who, as a rule, skillfully, persistently and systematically masters one or another area of reality, is ________________. Answer: _____________________________ B22. Insert a word instead of a gap. With the help of language, thought is not only formulated, but also _____. Answer: ______________________ B23. Insert a word for the gaps. The situation when a person says: “I understand everything, but I can’t say,” does not indicate that there can be thinking without speech, but only that this person does not have developed skills for translating __________ speech into _________. Answer: ________________________________ B24. Establish a correspondence between the mental processes involved in the process of cognition and their brief descriptions. MENTAL PROCESSES DESCRIPTION 1) sensation A) "direct insight", knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for obtaining it; a kind of insight that comprehends a person who, as a rule, skillfully, persistently and systematically masters this or that area of reality 2) perception B) building new, previously non-existent images based on a combination of his ideas 3) representation C) image, reflection, copy, snapshot of a separate property of an object and phenomenon of the objective world 4) imagination D) indirect and generalized reflection in the human brain of essential properties, causal relationships and regular connections of things 5) intuition E) "traces" in memory, according to which a person restores, when he needs, images objects and phenomena that once affected his senses 6) thinking E) a holistic image of an object that affects the senses Write down the selected letters in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces and other symbols). Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 B25. Establish a correspondence between the techniques and forms of thinking and their brief descriptions. METHODS AND FORMS OF THINKING DESCRIPTION 1) analysis A) establishing the similarity or difference of objects 2) synthesis B) mental decomposition of an object into its constituent parts 3) comparison C) a form of thought in which, with the help of a connection of concepts, something is affirmed or denied about something - or 4) the concept D) a process of thinking that allows one to derive a new judgment from two or more judgments 5) a judgment E) a thought that reflects objects in their general and essential features 6) a conclusion E) a mental union into a whole of the elements dissected by analysis Write down the selected letters in the table , and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces and other characters). 1 2 3 4 5 6 Answer: _____________________________ Q26. Which of the following inferences can be attributed to deduction (A) and which to induction (B)? 1) All metals conduct electricity. Lead and copper are metals. Therefore, lead and copper conduct electricity. 2) A cabbage plant needs watering for normal development. The cotton plant also needs watering. And the tomato plant also needs to be watered. Consequently, all of the listed and other plants need watering for normal growth and development, that is, regular natural or artificial introduction of a certain amount of moisture into the soil. Write down the selected numbers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet (without spaces or other characters). A B Answer: _______________________ C27. In what cases do we talk about a person’s lack of consciousness: 1) when it comes from illogically 2) during sleep 3) under the influence of anesthesia 4) during a period of strong excitement 5) while watching television programs 6) during a period of severe mental illness 7) when participation in computer games? Answer: ___________________ B28. Find in the list below the distinctive characteristics of social cognition and circle the numbers under which they are indicated: 1) rational 2) religious 3) mythological 4) scientific 5) sensory Answer: ____________________ C29. Select the characteristics of the sensory stage of cognition and circle the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) reflection of objects and their properties in the form of a holistic image 2) fixation of the essential properties of an object 3) storage of a generalized image of an object in memory 4) affirmation or denial of something about an object 5) reflection in the mind of a person of individual properties of an object Answer: _____________________ B30. Establish a correspondence between forms and types of cognition: for each position given in the first column, select a position from the second column. FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE 1) concept A) sensory cognition 2) inference 3) perception B) rational cognition 4) sensation Write down the selected letters in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces and other symbols). 1 2 3 4 Answer: ___________________________ Part 3. Tasks of level С. С1. Name the forms of sensory cognition. C2. Name the levels of scientific knowledge. SZ. What is the specificity of social cognition? Justify your answer based on three reasons. C4. Name any two differences between educational knowledge and scientific knowledge and illustrate each with examples. C5. "How to know yourself? Not by contemplation, only by actions. Try to do your duty, and you will immediately know yourself." (I. Goethe) What kind of knowledge is Goethe talking about? What methods does the author propose to a person to know himself? Who else among the philosophers asked the question: "What is a man"? C6. Read the passage and answer the questions about it. "The most significant event in the science of the 20th century is the feeling of the end of science ... At the beginning of the 20th century, new concepts arose that turned the idea of the world (quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, genetics). But nothing happened in the second half of the 20th century. Satellites , computers, is not science, but technology. Science discovers the laws of nature." 1) What does one of the Russian scientists mean by "sense of the end of science" in the 20th century? 2) What does he see as the main purpose of science? Do you agree with the author? Justify your answer with two specific examples. What is a concept in science? 3) Give a definition. Do you agree with the author's opinion that "satellites and computers are not science, but technology"? Justify your answer with a specific example. C7. Read the text and do the assignments HOW SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS STUDY HUMAN BEHAVIOR The conclusions that are drawn from everyday experience, as well as from the accumulation of the wisdom of philosophers, poets and writers, are often insightful and informative, but not conclusive enough. Common sense often confronts us with dilemmas and unsolved mysteries in cases concerning social behavior person. To understand it, it is important to turn to scientific methods ... The term "scientific" does not denote a select group of highly developed areas of human activity. Rather, it indicates a general set of methods - techniques that can be used for a wide range of problems. Therefore, if we are trying to understand whether a field is scientific, the key question becomes: does it use scientific procedures? If not, then it is outside the realm of science. These methods and procedures include attempts to collect systematic information about the problems of interest to the researcher, plus a skeptical attitude towards them. The basic premise of science is the belief that all basic assumptions about the physical world must be tested and rechecked in order to accept them as true ... In social psychology, which studies the causes of social behavior and social thinking, the most commonly used experimental method, in which researchers try to change one variable in order to observe the effect of this on other variables, and the correlation method, when a scientist simply observes naturally occurring changes in variables of interest to her to find out if they are related. 1) What kinds of knowledge are mentioned in this text? 2) What, in the author's opinion, are the features of scientific knowledge? List two features. 3) What does the author see as disadvantages of non-scientific methods of cognition? Give an example specifying one of them. 4) What are the two scientific methods in the field of social psychology referred to in this passage? State the essential difference between them. Based on the knowledge from the course of social science, name another method that can be used in the scientific knowledge of social phenomena. C8. Choose one of the proposed statements for reasoning in the form of an essay. Write such an essay. 1. "Why am I an artist and not a philosopher? Because I think in words, not ideas." (A. Camus) 2. "... A thing does not cease to be true because it is not recognized by many." (B. Spinoza) 3. "There is no ignoramus who could not ask more questions than the most knowledgeable person can solve." (M.V. Lomonosov) C9. Read the text and do the tasks for it. Truth in itself ... is the correspondence between our thought and reality ... Lies - in contrast to error and error - denote a conscious and therefore morally reprehensible contradiction to the truth. Of the adjectives from this word, only the form false retains an unconditionally bad meaning, while false is also used in the sense of an objective non-coincidence. this provision with truth, even without the intention and guilt of the subject; so a false conclusion is one that is made with the intent to deceive others, while a false conclusion can also be one that is made by mistake, leading the person who is mistaken into deception ... Science explains the existing. This reality is not yet the truth. The mind is not satisfied with reality, finding it unclear, and is looking for what is not given in order to explain what is given. Science constantly restores the true form of things when it explains them... In order for the mind to recognize a fact as clear, transparent, it needs a radical change; it must cease to be only a fact, but become the truth. Thus, the activity of our mind is determined by: 1) actual being as given and 2) truth, which is the subject and goal of the mind ... If the mind were limited to the perception of the given, it would have nothing to do; he would not be conscious of his task, and man would descend to the senselessness of an animal. If the mind were already in possession of the fullness of truth, the task would be accomplished, and there would be no other state for mankind than the absolute rest of the deity. (Soloviev V.S. From an article for encyclopedic dictionary F. Brockhaus - I. Efron) 1) How does the philosopher interpret the concept of "truth"? Which expression reflects the author's position: "these facts are true" or "our knowledge of these facts is true"? 2) Is there a difference between delusion and falsehood? What is it? 3) In what phrases of the text is the necessity of the mental (mental) activity of a person aimed at comprehending the world expressed? Are these provisions consistent? modern views on the role of rational thinking in cognition? Justify your conclusion. 4) How does the author characterize the role of science in the process of cognition? What methods help science to obtain true knowledge? C10. Read the text and do the tasks for it. It is customary to call science a theoretical systematized idea of the world, reproducing its essential aspects in an abstract-logical form and based on data from scientific research. Science, being a part of culture, is a system of knowledge and a type of spiritual production. As a kind of spiritual production, science includes the specific activity of a person to increment the existing and obtain new knowledge. The result of this activity is a system of scientific knowledge, which together form a scientific picture of the world scientific picture world is formed under the influence of two models of development of scientific knowledge. According to the first model - evolutionary - science is special kind "social memory humanity". According to the second revolutionary model, science periodically experiences a radical change in the ideas that prevail in it. The term "science" is also used to refer to individual industries scientific knowledge. Initially, branches of science were formed in accordance with those aspects of reality that were involved in the process of cognition. In modern science, new areas of knowledge arise in connection with the advancement of certain theoretical or practical problems. Problematic nature of development modern science led to the emergence of interdisciplinary and integrated research conducted by means of several different disciplines by special scientific community In modern society, science is the most important social institution deeply penetrating into all spheres public life. Science becomes the direct productive force of society, becomes massive view activities (I. V. Bezborodova, M. B. Bulanova, etc.) 1) Indicate any three of the definitions of science given in the text. 2) How, according to the authors, has the structure of the sciences changed? What reason did they give for these changes? 3) Based on the knowledge of the course, indicate any three social and problems that are the subject of interdisciplinary research, and the sciences that study these problems. 4) The authors called science the most important social institution of modern society. Give three examples of the impact of modern science on society. ANSWERS Part 1. Level A No. answer 1 1 2 3 3 1 4 2 5 4 6 3 7 4 8 1 9 1 10 2 11 3 12 2 13 4 14 1 15 4 16 3 17 3 18 3 19 2 20 2 21 4 22 3 23 2 24 1 25 3 26 1 27 3 28 4 29 2 30 3 31 4 32 3 33 4 34 3 35 1 36 4 37 1 38 2 39 3 40 3 41 4 42 1 43 1 44 4 45 2 46 2 47 1 48 1 49 2 50 3 51 4 52 3 53 1 54 3 55 3 56 1 57 3 58 2 59 3 60 4 61 1 62 4 6 A;Z;B;F;E;D;C;E 7 A;C;B;B;A 8 3,4,5,6 9 Active 10 Analogy 11 Inference 12 By analogy 13 Value 14 Consciousness 15 Facts 16 A-2,3,5; B-1,4,6 17 Absolute 18 Cognitive 19 Scientific 20 A) Concept; B) Theory 21 Intuition 22 Formed 23 Internal, external 24 C;E;E;B;A;D 25 B;E;A;D;C;D 26 1;2 27 2.3.6 28 2.3, 5 29 2,3,5 30 BBAA Part 3. Level C. C1. Correct answer: - sensations; - perception; - representation. C2. empirical and theoretical. SZ. The correct answer should contain the following positions: - in social cognition, the subject of cognition (man) coincides with the object of cognition (society), since the subject himself is a member this society, i.e. studies "himself"; - the position of the researcher always affects the assessment of the fact, i.e. the researcher is an active subject, his assessment is largely personal and may depend, for example, on the ideology of society, views historical era. Social knowledge is always valuable; - in social cognition methods natural sciences unacceptable, since society is the world of living people. If natural science is focused on a causal explanation of phenomena, then social cognition is focused on understanding meanings and goals. Other reasons for the judgment can be given that do not distort its meaning. C4. The answer should contain the following positions: - if the student "discovers" new knowledge, then they are new for him, and not for science; the student acquires ready-made knowledge set out in textbooks and other sources of knowledge, and the scientist "gets" them; - the student uses learning techniques, and the scientist uses the methods of science. For example, laboratory experiment in learning activities differs from scientific experiment. Other examples can be given, but not distorting the meaning of judgments. C5. The answer should contain the following positions: 1) Goethe is talking about self-knowledge; 2) the author proposes to know oneself "not by contemplation", but by active activity; 3) the names of Aristotle, I. Kant, F. Nietzsche and others can be named. C6. The correct answer should contain the following: 1) The scientist believes that in the second half of the 20th century there were no new theoretical discoveries equal to the discovery quantum mechanics, theory of relativity, genetics. 2) The correct answer may contain the following positions: The scientist sees the main purpose of science in the discovery of the laws of nature. In case of disagreement: science studies not only the laws of nature, but also the laws of the development of society. Yes, underestimation. sociological science in Soviet period development of our country has led to a gap between the declared provisions and reality. Or the absence of market mechanisms for regulating the economy has had a detrimental effect on the economy. Other examples may be given to substantiate your point of view. 3) The correct answer may include the following: A concept is a multi-valued concept, its main meanings are an idea, an idea, a point of view, a system of views united by a common logic, a guiding principle, an interpretation. 4) If the answer is negative, arguments can be made in favor of the fact that in modern world science has become an active productive force, and modern society- post-industrial, technogenic. On the other hand, the widespread introduction of computers and satellites into society can have negative consequences. Any examples that reveal your own point of view can be given. C7. The content of the correct answers to the tasks to the text. 1) The answer can be named the following types knowledge mentioned in the text: - ordinary (everyday); - philosophical; - means of art; - scientific. 2) The answer may indicate the following features of scientific knowledge: - the use of special methods; - collection of systematic information; - evidence; - checking and rechecking the received data 3) The content of the answer should reflect the following: - insufficient evidence of non-scientific knowledge; - the emergence of "unsolvable riddles and dilemmas." An example of the last drawback can be any pair of mutually exclusive statements: "You can't even pull a fish out of the pond without labor" and "Work is not a wolf, it won't run away into the forest." Examples should not contain distortion of judgment. 4) The answer must include: - experimental method and correlation method; - within the framework of the experiment, changes can only be made to one of the variables under study. Correlation is a simple observation of natural processes. As other methods of social cognition can be named: - hypotheses; - construction of theories. C9. 1) How does the philosopher interpret the concept of "truth"? Which expression reflects the author's position: "these facts are true" or "our knowledge of these facts is true"? Possible variant answer: 1) true - real fact- this is "the correspondence between our thought and reality", this is reality, comprehended by us; truth is a fact deeply comprehended by us 2) the position of the author reflects the second judgment ("Our knowledge of these facts is true"). 2) Is there a difference between delusion and falsehood? What is it? Possible answer: 1) there is a difference; 2) a lie is a conscious deliberate deceit, and it is subject to moral condemnation; delusion is an objective discrepancy between a given provision and the truth (unintentional, not related to the intent of the subject). 3) In what phrases of the text is the necessity of the mental (mental) activity of a person aimed at comprehending the world expressed? Do these provisions correspond to modern views on the role of rational thinking in cognition? Justify your conclusion. The content of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning) Points Possible answer: 1) necessity mental activity shown in the last paragraph of the text; 2) the position of the author corresponds to modern ideas, 3) according to which a person, in the course of mental activity, processes information about the outside world, linking it with existing knowledge. 4) How does the author characterize the role of science in the process of cognition? What methods help science to obtain true knowledge? Possible answer: 1) science explains the existing, it explains things and thus "restores the true course of things", i.e. gets the truth; basic methods of scientific knowledge: 2) theory; 3) experiment; 4) modeling; 5) observation. C10. 1) Indicate any three of the definitions of science given in the text. Answer: The following definitions of science can be given: 1) "a theoretical systematized idea of the world..."; 2) "a system of knowledge and a type of spiritual production"; 3) "specific activity of a person to increase the existing and obtain new knowledge"; 4) "separate branches of scientific knowledge". 2) How, according to the authors, has the structure of the sciences changed? What reason did they give for these changes? Answer: The correct answer should contain the following elements: 1) a statement of the essence of changes in the system of sciences: from a clear branch structure to a complex, interdisciplinary one; 2) indication of the reason: the transition to a problematic approach in choosing the subject of research. 3) Based on the knowledge of the course, indicate any three social problems that are the subject of interdisciplinary research, and the sciences that study these problems. Answer: Such problems can be indicated, for example: -problem social entity human being (studied psychology, sociology, social anthropology, philosophy, pedagogy, etc.); - the process of socialization of the individual (they study pedagogy, psychology, sociology, cultural studies, political science, jurisprudence, etc.); - environmental problems (they study biology, geography, social anthropology, economics, political science, etc.). Other problems may be indicated. 4) The authors called science the most important social institution of modern society. Give three examples of the impact of modern science on society. Answer: For example, the following examples can be given: 1) dynamically developing science requires an influx of qualified personnel, i.e. the sphere of education is actively developing; 2) changes in social realities due to achievements of science, incl. application of cybernetic models; 3) there is a change in the economic structure of society, incl. employment structures. Other examples may be given.
FIRST OPTION.
A1. It is characteristic of both religious and scientific knowledge of the world that they
1) are objective in nature 2) suggest evidence 3) can be passed down from generation to generation 4) are necessary for a person for rational activity
A2. A concept is a form of thought that
1) reflects the direct impact of the surrounding world on the senses
2) reveals common essential features of cognizable objects and phenomena
3) forms a visual image of the object
4) captures various combinations of human sensations
A3. Are the following judgments about practice as criteria of truth correct?
A. Practice is the criterion of the truth of our knowledge of the world.
B. Practice is not the only criterion of truth, because there are phenomena that are inaccessible for practical influence on them.
1) Only A is true. 2) Only B is true. 3) Both judgments are true. 4) Both judgments are wrong.
A4. Rational knowledge, as opposed to sensory,
1) expands knowledge about the world around 2) forms a visual image of the subject
3) is carried out in the form of sensations and perceptions 4) uses logical reasoning
A5. Are the following statements that characterize science correct?
A. Science is characterized by comprehension of the patterns of development of nature, society and thinking.
B. Science is characterized by description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of reality.
A6. Are the following statements about truth correct?
A. Only the knowledge that is obtained experimentally is true.
B. Only that knowledge is true that corresponds to the moral ideas of people.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
A7. Rational is knowledge:
1) through observation 2) direct contact 3) through intuition 4) through thinking
A8. Plants owe their green color to chlorophyll. This statementnie is an example:
1) ordinary knowledge 2) mythological knowledge 3) empirical knowledge 4) scientific knowledge
A9. Generalization is an integral part
1) production activity 2) sensory cognition 3) rational thinking
4) gaming activities
A10. In contrast to the cognitive activity of the student, cognitive activity scientist:
1) is based on the use of experiment 2) is based on a creative approach to work 3) develops intellectually 4) aims to discover new, reliable knowledge
A11. Both religious and scientific knowledge:
1) has an objective character 2) it is necessary for a person for rational activity
3) can be passed down from generation to generation 4) suggests evidence
A12. The difference between sociology and other social sciences is
the study of people as members of the human race
consideration of the unique, individual traits of a person
the study of society as a holistic phenomenon
the study of society in all concreteness and diversity
A13. Evidence as a sign of scientific knowledge is specifically expressed
in the coincidence of the put forward ideas with many years of experience and intuition of scientists
in accordance with the theoretical conclusions of the moral principles of society
in confirmation of scientific knowledge by experience, experiment, laws of logic
A14. Which judgment correctly reflects the difference between theoretical knowledge and empyrotechnic?
A. Empirical knowledge is limited to the world of phenomena. Theoretical is looking for
behind visible manifestations are hidden, internal, essential connections and
phenomena.
B. We see the way we think; and therefore it is not empiricism that determines theory, but vice versa,
theory - empirical.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) A and B are true 4) both judgments are wrong
A15. Images of objects and phenomena that once affected the human senses are called:
hypotheses 2) concepts 3) representations 4) opinions
A16. Both sensory and rational cognition
aimed at searching for truth 2) based on ideas about the subject
3) begin with subjective sensations 4) reflect the essential properties of the object
A17. Scientific knowledge differs from non-scientific knowledge in that it:
develops in the process of mastering the "living" experience of people
consciously emphasizes conjectures and presuppositions
has a systematic approach, a specific language, methods and forms of cognition inherent only to it, and, ultimately, is determined by social practice.
A18. Utopian knowledge differs from knowledge acquired in
everyday life of people in that it:
develops spontaneously, in the process of mastering the “living” experience of people
acquired without special cognitive activity
intentionally misrepresents reality
determined by public practice
Level B assignments
IN 1. Establish a correspondence: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding one from the second.
CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWLEDGE
KIND OF TRUTH
1. Reliable knowledge that does not depend on the opinions and predilections of people
A. Objective Truth
2. Exhaustive, complete and reliable knowledge about the objective world
B. Absolute Truth
3. Knowledge that gives an approximate and incomplete reflection of reality
4. Limited knowledge about the object at any given moment
5. Information corresponding to the actual state of affairs
IN 2. Insert the missing word by choosing from the suggested ones:
“No matter how perfect the wing of a bird, it could never lift it up without leaning on the air. ________ is the air of a scientist. Without them, you will never be able to fly. Without them, your theory is empty attempts. (I.P. Pavlov)
Assumptions
Beliefs
AT 3. Establish a correspondence between the mental processes involved in the process of cognition and their brief descriptions.
MENTAL PROCESSES
DESCRIPTION
1) feeling
A) "direct discretion", knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for obtaining it; a kind of insight that comprehends a person who, as a rule, skillfully, persistently and systematically masters one or another area of reality
2) perception
B) building on the basis of a combination of their ideas of new, previously non-existent images
3) presentation
C) image, reflection, copy, snapshot of a separate property of an object and phenomenon of the objective world
4) imagination
D) indirect and generalized reflection in the human brain of essential properties, causal relationships and regular connections of things
5) intuition
E) “traces” in memory, according to which a person restores, when he needs, images of objects and phenomena that once affected his senses
6) thinking
E) a holistic image of an object that affects the senses
Write down the selected letters in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).
AT 4. Select the characteristics of the sensory stage of cognition and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.
reflection of objects and their properties in the form of a holistic image
fixing the essential properties of an object
storing in memory a generalized image of an object
assertion or denial of something about a subject
reflection in the mind of a person of individual properties of an object
AT 5. Establish a correspondence between forms and types of cognition: for each position given in the first column, select a position from the second column.
FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
1) concept
A) sensory knowledge
2) inference
3) perception
B) rational knowledge
4) feeling
Write down the selected letters in the table
Part 3. Level C tasks.
C1.
C2. Read the text and do the tasks for it
HOW SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS STUDY HUMAN BEHAVIOR
The conclusions drawn from everyday experience, and from the accumulation of the wisdom of philosophers, poets, and writers, are often insightful and informative, but lack evidence. Common sense often confronts us with dilemmas and unsolved mysteries in cases concerning human social behavior. To understand it, it is important to turn to scientific methods ...
The term "scientific" does not designate a select group of highly developed areas of human activity. Rather, it indicates a general set of methods - techniques that can be used for a wide range of problems. Therefore, if we are trying to understand whether a field is scientific, the key question becomes: does it use scientific procedures? If not, then it is outside the realm of science.
These methods and procedures include attempts to collect systematic information about the problems of interest to the researcher, plus a skeptical attitude towards them. The basic premise of science is the belief that all basic assumptions about the physical world must be checked and rechecked to be accepted as true...
In social psychology, which studies the causes of social behavior and social thinking, the experimental method is most often used, in which researchers try to change one variable in order to observe the effect of this on other variables, and the correlation method, when the scientist simply observes naturally occurring changes in the variables of interest to her, to see if they are related.
What kinds of knowledge are mentioned in this text?
Which two scientific methods in the field of social psychology are referred to in this passage? State the essential difference between them. Based on the knowledge from the course of social science, name another method that can be used in the scientific knowledge of social phenomena.
SECOND OPTION
A1. Both sensory and rational cognition
1) forms knowledge and ideas about the subject 2) uses logical reasoning
3) starts with a feeling 4) gives a visual image of the object
A2. Are the following judgments about the development of science correct?
A. The development of science is impossible without relying on the achievements of predecessors.
B. Scientific revolutions refute all pre-existing theories.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong
A3. Among the listed sciences, the functions and forms of the state
authorities studies
1) economics 2) sociology 3) cultural studies 4) political science
A4. Conclusion: “The age of our planet is about 5 billion years,” is the result of
1) theoretical analysis 2) social experiment 3) direct observation
4) generalizations of everyday experience
A5. Are the following judgments about social knowledge correct?
A. Social knowledge is connected with the interests of the subjects of social cognition.
B. Social knowledge is characterized by uniformity of views and approaches.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
A6. Which of these factors makes today especially
actual problem of social responsibility of scientists?
1) modern science seeks to know the truth
2) the consequences of scientific research are becoming more and more ambiguous
3) the struggle in the high-tech market has intensified
4) all scientists primarily strive to obtain commercial profit from their research
A7.The possibility of obtaining true knowledge is denied:
Philosophers 2) sociologists 3) agnostics 4) clergy
A8. The method of empirical knowledge is not:
experiment 2) observation 3) analogy 4) description
A 9 . Both absolute and relative truths:
1) are objective in nature 2) are always confirmed in practice
3) give complete, comprehensive knowledge about the subject
4) can be refuted over time
A 10. Consciousness is perfect, which means:
1) consciousness is in a different dimension than the rest of the world
2) consciousness is a stream of spiritual experiences
3) consciousness is an inner and deep layer of our life
4) there is not a single gram of matter in consciousness, it is devoid of corporality and sensual
tangibility
A11. Are the following statements correct?
A. The features of any cognitive activity are inherent in social cognition.
B. Social cognition has its own characteristics, due to the specifics and
the complexity of the object under study.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true
4) both judgments are wrong
A12. Only the composition of scientific knowledge includes:
1) experimentally based conclusions 2) established facts
3) logical conclusions 4) results of observations
A13. Are judgments about knowledge correct?
A. Sensual and rational cognition are stages of a single process of cognition.
B. With the help of the senses, a person receives information about the world around him.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
A14. « Individuality is the unique originality of a person, a set of his unique
properties". This statement is an example
artistic image of parascientific knowledge judgments at the level of common sense
scientific knowledge
A15. Knowledge by means of art necessarily involves the use
1) abstract concepts 2) artistic images 3) scientific instruments 4) abstract models
A16. The criteria for truth are:
experience, practice 2) management opinion 3) compliance with the prevailing teaching in society
compliance with the laws of logic
A17. What are the three forms of rational cognition?
sensation, perception, perception
concept, representation, inference
concept, judgment, inference
idea, judgment, feeling
A18. Specify what is not a theoretical method of cognition:
hypothesis 2) experiment 3) theory 4) analogy
Level B assignments
IN 1. Establish a correspondence between the sciences, to one degree or another orin another aspect by studying a person, and their brief descriptions.For each position in the first column, select the corresponding positions from the second.
SHORT DESCRIPTION
1. Anatomy
A. The science of the structure of organisms
2. Philosophy
B. The science of education and training
3. Pedagogy
B. The science of society and social relations
4. Biochemistry
D. The science of human biological nature
5. Physiology
E. The science of the processes of mental activity
human
6. Anthropology
E. The science of the functions and functions of organisms
7. Sociology
G. The Science of Organisms' Chemical Substances
8. Psychology
3. The science of the most general laws of development of nature, society and knowledge
Write down the selected letters in the table
IN 2. Arrange the concepts listed below as follows.
The first three should represent abstract (to one degree or another) (A), the next three - concrete (B). Enter the numbers in the following order:
1) Bolshoi Theater in Moscow;
2) suit;
4) actor A. Mikhailov
5) feeling;
6) "La Gioconda" by Leonardo da Vinci.
Write down the selected letters in the table
AT 3. Fill in the missing word in the text fragment “Undoubted, invariably once and for all established knowledge is called ... truth”
Answer: ________________________________
AT 4. Establish a correspondence between techniques and forms of thinking and
their brief descriptions.
RECEPTIONS AND FORMS
THINKING
DESCRIPTION
A) establishing the similarity or difference of objects
B) mental decomposition of an object into its constituent parts
3) comparison
C) a form of thought in which, with the help of a connection of concepts, something is affirmed or denied about something
4) concept
D) a process of thinking that allows one to derive a new judgment from two or more judgments
5) judgment
E) a thought that reflects objects in their general and essential features
6) conclusion
E) mental unification into a whole of elements dissected by analysis
Write down the selected letters in the table
AT 5. In what cases do we speak of the absence of consciousness in a person:
when from acts illogically
during sleep
under the influence of drugs
during a period of great excitement
while watching television
during severe mental illness
when participating in computer games?
Part 3. Level C tasks.
C1. Read the passage and answer the questions about it.
“The most significant event in the science of the 20th century is the feeling of the end of science... At the beginning of the 20th century, new concepts arose that turned the idea of the world upside down (quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, genetics). Nothing happened in the second half of the 20th century. Satellites, computers - this is not science, but technology. Science discovers the laws of nature.
What one of the Russian scientists understands under the "sense of the end of science" in the 20th century?
What does he see as the main purpose of science? Do you agree with the author? Justify your answer with two specific examples. What is a concept in science?
Give a definition. Do you agree with the author's opinion that "satellites and computers are not science, but technology"? Justify your answer with a specific example.
From 2. Read the text and do the tasks for it.
Truth in itself... is the correspondence between our thought and reality... A lie, in contrast to error and error, denotes a conscious and therefore morally reprehensible contradiction to the truth. Of the adjectives from this word, only the form false retains an unconditionally bad meaning, while false is also used in the sense of an objective discrepancy between a given position and the truth, even if without the intention and fault of the subject; so a false conclusion is one that is made with the intention of deceiving others, while a false conclusion can also be one that is made by mistake, deceiving the person who is mistaken ...
Science explains what exists. This reality is not yet the truth. The mind is not satisfied with reality, finding it unclear, and is looking for what is not given in order to explain what is given. Science constantly restores the true form of things when it explains them... In order for the mind to recognize a fact as clear, transparent, it needs a radical change; it must cease to be only a fact, but become the truth. Thus, the activity of our mind is determined by: 1) actual being as given and 2) truth, which is the subject and goal of the mind ... If the mind were limited to the perception of the given, it would have nothing to do; he would not be conscious of his task, and man would descend to the senselessness of an animal. If the mind already possessed the fullness of truth, the task would be completed, and for humanity there would be no other state than the absolute
the rest of the deity.
(Soloviev V.S. From an article for the Encyclopedic Dictionary of F. Brockhaus - I. Efron)
1) How does the philosopher interpret the concept of "truth"? Which expression reflects the author's position: "these facts are true" or "our knowledge of these facts is true"?
2) Is there a difference between delusion and falsehood? What is it?
3) In what phrases of the text is the necessity of the mental (mental) activity of a person aimed at comprehending the world expressed? Do these provisions correspond to modern views on the role of rational thinking in cognition? Justify your conclusion.
ANSWERS
Part 2. Level B.
№ tasks
answer
Personality
Capabilities
A;Z;B;G;E;G;C;D
Active
Analogy
inference
Similarly
valuable
Consciousness
A-2,3,5; B-1,4,6
Absolute
Informative
A) concept; B) Theory
Intuition
Formed
Internal, external
C;E;E;B;A;G
B;E;A;D;C;D
Part 3. Level C.
C1. Correct answer:
Feel;
Perception;
Representation.
C2. empirical and theoretical.
SZ. The correct answer must contain the following items:
In social cognition, the subject of cognition (man) coincides with the object of cognition (society), since the subject himself is a member of this society, i.e. studies "himself";
The position of the researcher always affects the assessment of the fact, i.e. the researcher is an active subject, his assessment is largely personal and may depend, for example, on the ideology of society, the views of the historical era. Social knowledge is always valuable;
In social cognition, the methods of the natural sciences are unacceptable, since society is the world of living people. If natural science is focused on a causal explanation of phenomena, then social cognition is focused on understanding meanings and goals. Other reasons for the judgment can be given that do not distort its meaning.
C4. The response must contain the following items:
If a student "discovers" new knowledge, then it is new for him, and not for science;
the student acquires ready-made knowledge set out in textbooks and other sources of knowledge, and the scientist "gets" them;
The student uses learning techniques, and the scientist uses the methods of science. For example, a laboratory experiment in educational activities is different from a scientific experiment.
Other examples can be given, but not distorting the meaning of judgments.
C5. The response must contain the following items:
the names of Aristotle, I. Kant, F. Nietzsche and others can be named.
C6. The correct answer must contain the following:
The scientist believes that in the second half of the 20th century there were no new theoretical discoveries equal to the discovery of quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, genetics.
2) The correct answer may contain the following positions:
The scientist sees the main purpose of science in the discovery of the laws of nature.
In case of disagreement: science studies not only the laws of nature, but also the laws of development
society. Thus, the underestimation of sociological science in the Soviet period of development
our country has led to a gap between the declared provisions and
reality. Or has the economy been detrimental to the lack of market
economic regulation mechanisms.
Other examples may be given to substantiate your point of view.
3) The correct answer may include the following:
The concept is a multi-valued concept, its main meanings are an idea, an idea, a point of view, a system of views united by a common logic, a guiding principle, an interpretation.
If the answer is negative, arguments can be given in favor of the fact that in the modern world science has become an active productive force, and modern society is post-industrial, technogenic. On the other hand, the widespread introduction of computers and satellites into society can have negative consequences.
Any examples can be given to reveal one's own point
C7. The content of the correct answers to the tasks to the text.
1) The following types of knowledge mentioned in the text can be named in the answer:
ordinary (everyday);
philosophical;
means of art;
2) The following features of scientific knowledge can be indicated in the answer:
use of special methods;
collection of systematic information;
evidence;
checking and rechecking the received data
insufficient evidence of non-scientific knowledge;
the emergence of “unsolvable mysteries and dilemmas”.
An example of the last drawback can be any pair of mutually exclusive statements: “You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without labor” and “Work is not a wolf, it won’t run away into the forest.”
Examples should not contain distortion of judgment.
4) The answer must include:
experimental method and correlation method;
within the framework of the experiment, changes can only be made to one of the
the variables being studied. Correlation is a simple observation of natural processes.
Other methods of social cognition can be named:
hypotheses;
building theories.
C9.
1) How does a philosopher interpret the concept of "truth"? Which expression
knowledge of these facts is true"?
Possible answer:
1) truth - a real fact - is "the correspondence between our
thought and reality", this is reality,
comprehended by us; Truth is a fact deeply comprehended by us
these facts are true).
The interpretation of truth is correctly formulated, the second is named
judgment 2
Correctly formulated interpretation of truth, or named
second judgment 1
Wrong answer 0
2) Is there a difference between delusion and falsehood? What
it?
Possible answer:
1) there is a difference;
2) a lie is a conscious deliberate deception, and it
subject to moral condemnation; delusion is
objective discrepancy between this provision and the truth
(unintentional, not related to the intent of the subject).
3) What phrases of the text express the need for mental
(mental) human activity aimed at
understanding the world? Are these provisions consistent with current
views on the role of rational thinking in cognition? Mine
substantiate the conclusion.
Content of the correct answer and instructions for scoring
(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort it
meaning) Points
Possible answer:
1) the need for mental activity is shown in
the last paragraph of the text;
3) according to which a person in the course of mental activity
processes information about the outside world, associating it with already
available knowledge.
What methods help science to obtain true knowledge?
Possible answer:
1) science explains the existing, it explains things and in this way
way "restores the true course of things", i.e. extracts
truth; main methods of scientific knowledge:
2) theory;
3) experiment;
4) modeling;
5) observation.
C10.
1) Indicate any three of the definitions given in the text
science.
Answer:
The following definitions of science can be given:
1) “theoretical systematized idea of
the world…”;
2) "a system of knowledge and a type of spiritual production";
3) “specific human activity in increment
existing and obtaining new knowledge”;
4) "separate branches of scientific knowledge".
2) How, according to the authors, has the structure of the sciences changed? What
did they state the reason for these changes?
Answer:
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) a statement of the essence of changes in the system of sciences: from a clear
branch structure to complex, interdisciplinary;
2) indication of the reason: transition to a problematic approach in choosing
subject of study.
3) Based on the knowledge of the course, indicate any three social
problems that are the subject of interdisciplinary
research, and the sciences that study these problems.
Answer:
Issues such as:
The problem of the social essence of man (studied psychology,
sociology, social anthropology, philosophy, pedagogy and
others);
The process of socialization of the individual (studied pedagogy,
psychology, sociology, cultural studies, political science,
jurisprudence, etc.);
Environmental problems(study biology, geography,
social anthropology, economics, political science, etc.).
Other problems may be indicated.
modern society. Give three examples of influence
modern science on society.
Answer:
The following examples could be given, for example:
1) dynamically developing science requires an influx
qualified personnel, i.e. the field is actively developing
education;
2) changes in social realities in connection with the achievements of science,
including application of cybernetic models;
3) there is a change in the economic structure of society, in
including employment structures.
Other examples may be given.
Topic 3. KNOWLEDGE
Level A tasks
Choose one correct answer out of four. Put an "X" in the box, the number of which corresponds to the number of your chosen answer.
A1. Images of objects and phenomena that once affected the human senses are called:
1) views
2) sensations
3) hypotheses
4) concepts
A2. Rational is knowledge:
1) by observation
2) direct contact
3) using intuition
4) with the help of thinking
A3. The possibility of obtaining true knowledge is denied:
1) philosophers
2) sociologists
3) agnostics
4) clergy
A4. Reflection of general and essential features is called:
1) consciousness
2) judgment
3) concept
4) feeling
A5. The method of empirical knowledge is not:
1) experiment
2) observation
3) analogy
4) Description
A6. Are the statements correct:
A. Any truth is objective and relative.
B. Absolute truth is practically unattainable.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A7. Are the statements correct:
A. The opposite of truth can be another truth. B. The opposite of truth is always error.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A8. Plants owe their green color to chlorophyll. This statement is an example:
1) common knowledge
2) mythological knowledge
3) empirical knowledge
4) scientific knowledge
A9. Are the following statements about the purpose of scientific knowledge correct?
A. The purpose of scientific knowledge is the awareness of the laws of processes and phenomena.
B. The purpose of scientific knowledge is to obtain reliable knowledge
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A10. Are the following judgments about human speech activity correct:
Human speech activity is primarily associated with
A. Sensory cognition
B. Abstract thinking
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A11. Both absolute and relative truths:
1) are objective
2) always find confirmation in practice
3) give complete, comprehensive knowledge about the subject
4) can be refuted over time
A12. Among the listed sciences, the study of social statuses and roles is engaged in:
2) jurisprudence
3) sociology
4) political science
A13. Are the following statements about false knowledge correct?
A. False knowledge is knowledge that does not correspond to the subject of study.
B. False knowledge is knowledge that has not been verified experimentally.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A14. Generalization is an integral part
1) production activities
2) sensory knowledge
3) rational thinking
4) gaming activities
A15. Consciousness is perfect, which means:
1) consciousness is in a different dimension than the rest of the world
2) consciousness is a stream of spiritual experiences
3) consciousness is an inner and deep layer of our life
4) in consciousness there is not a grain of matter, it is devoid of corporality and sensual tangibility
A16. Among the listed sciences, the functions and forms of the state are studied by:
1) sociology
2) political science
3) philosophy
4) history
A17. Which of the following sciences studies society?
1) zoology
2) astronomy
3) sociology
A18. Which of the following sciences studies society?
1) linguistics
2) anatomy
3) genetics
4) jurisprudence
A19. Are the following statements correct?
A. The features of any cognitive activity are inherent in social cognition.
B. Social cognition has its own characteristics, due to the specifics and complexity of the object being studied.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A20. In contrast to the cognitive activity of a schoolchild, the cognitive activity of a scientist:
1) based on the use of experiment
2) is based on a creative approach to work
3) intellectually develops
4) aims to discover new, reliable knowledge
A21. Both religious and scientific knowledge:
1) is objective
2) it is necessary for a person for rational activity
3) can be passed down from generation to generation
4) suggests evidence
A22. Only the composition of scientific knowledge includes:
1) experimentally substantiated conclusions
2) established facts
3) logical reasoning
4) results of observations
A23. Which of the following sciences studies power relations:
1) philosophy
2) history
3) sociology
4) political science
A24. Are the following judgments about the diversity of forms of human knowledge correct?
A. The experience of everyday life is one way of knowing the world.
B. Both scientific and everyday knowledge is characterized by theoretical validity of conclusions.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A25. Among the listed sciences, the study of nations as socio-ethnic groups is engaged in
1) ethnography
2) sociology
3) anthropology
4) social psychology
A26. The difference between sociology and other social sciences is
1) the study of people as representatives of the human race
2) consideration of the unique, individual traits of a person
3) the study of society as a holistic phenomenon
4) the study of society in all its concreteness and diversity
A27. Are judgments about knowledge correct?
A. Sensual and rational cognition are stages of a single process of cognition.
B. With the help of the senses, a person receives information about the world around him.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A28. Evidence as a sign of scientific knowledge is specifically expressed
1) in the coincidence of the put forward ideas with many years of experience and intuition of scientists
3) in accordance with the theoretical conclusions of the moral principles of society
4) in confirmation of scientific knowledge by experience, experiment, laws of logic
A29. Are the following statements about practice correct?
A. Practice is the basis of knowledge and the criterion of truth.
B. Socio-historical practice is the only criterion of truth.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A30. Which statement correctly reflects the difference between theoretical knowledge and empirical knowledge?
A. Empirical knowledge is limited to the world of phenomena. The theoretical is looking for hidden, internal, essential connections and phenomena behind visible manifestations.
B. We see the way we think; and therefore it is not empiricism that determines theory, but vice versa, theory determines empiricism.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) A and B are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Level B assignments
The answer to level B tasks is a word, a sequence of letters or numbers. In the matching tasks, you need to write the letters of your chosen answers in the correct sequence.
IN 1. What concept corresponds to the following definition?
"Independent use of entire systems of skills mastered by a person, conscious grouping them in a certain sequence, evaluation of the results of actions, methods of action."
Answer: ____________________.
IN 2. Complete the sentence: "A person as a carrier of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social properties: the ability to learn, work, communicate with his own kind, participate in society, have spiritual interests, experience complex feelings - this is ...".
Answer: ____________________ .
VZ. Insert the missing word: "... these are the simplest learned movements, the implementation of which does not require special efforts."
Answer: ________________________ .
AT 4. What concept corresponds to the following definition?
"Mental properties that are conditions for the successful performance of any one or more activities"
Answer: ___________________ .
AT 5. Insert the missing word: "The combination of abilities that provides the opportunity for the creative performance of any activity" is called ... to this activity.
Answer: ________________________.
AT 6. Establish a correspondence between the sciences, to one degree or another, studying a person, and their brief descriptions. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding positions from the second.
|
THE SCIENCE |
SHORT DESCRIPTION |
|
1. Anatomy |
A. The science of the structure of organisms |
|
2. Philosophy |
B. The science of education and training |
|
3. Pedagogy |
B. The science of society and social relations |
|
4. Biochemistry |
D. The science of human biological nature |
|
5. Physiology |
D. The science of the processes of human mental activity |
|
6. Anthropology |
E. The science of the functions and functions of organisms |
|
7. Sociology |
G. The Science of Organisms' Chemical Substances |
|
8. Psychology |
3. The science of the most general laws of development of nature, society and knowledge |
Answer:
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
AT 7. Establish a correspondence: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding one from the second.
|
CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWLEDGE |
KIND OF TRUTH |
|
1. Reliable knowledge that does not depend on the opinions and predilections of people |
A. Objective Truth |
|
2. Exhaustive, complete and reliable knowledge about the objective world |
B. Relative Truth |
|
3. Knowledge that gives an approximate and incomplete reflection of reality |
B. Absolute Truth |
|
4. Limited knowledge about the object at any given moment | |
|
5. Information corresponding to the actual state of affairs |
Answer:
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
AT 8. Which of the following series represents the forms of sensory cognition, and which is rational? (Write down the correct answer as a sequence of numbers in ascending order, in which the first three represent sensory knowledge, and the second three represent rational)
1) Feelings
2) Perceptions
3) Judgments
4) Concepts
5) Views
6) Inference
Answer: __________________________ .
AT 9. Insert missing word:
“Knowledge is ... a reflection or reproduction of reality
in the human mind."
Answer: _______________________ .
B10. Finish the sentence:
"Inference, in which, on the basis of the similarity of objects in one respect, a conclusion is made about their similarity in another, is called ...".
AT 11. Finish the sentence:
"The mental connection of several judgments and the derivation of a new judgment from them is called .. ♦".
Answer:__________________________________________________
AT 12. Finish the sentence by inserting the phrase: "Inferences are inductive, deductive and ...".
Answer:__________________________________________________
B13. Insert missing word:
"Knowledge about society and social phenomena is always loaded with evaluation, therefore, this is ... knowledge."
Answer:__________________________________________________
Level C assignments
Give a detailed answer.
C1. Name the forms of sensory cognition. C2. Name the levels of scientific knowledge.
SZ. What is the specificity of social cognition? Justify your answer based on three reasons.
C4. Name any two differences between educational knowledge and scientific knowledge and illustrate each with examples.
C5. “How can you know yourself? Not contemplation at all, only actions. Try to do your duty, and you will immediately know yourself.” (I. Tete)
1) What knowledge is Goethe talking about?
3) Who else among the philosophers asked the question: “What is a person”?
Sat. Read the passage and answer the questions about it. “The most significant event in the science of the 20th century is the feeling of the end of science... At the beginning of the 20th century, new concepts arose that turned the idea of the world upside down (quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, genetics). Nothing like this in the second half of the 20th century.
Did not happen. Satellites, computers - this is not science, but technology. Science discovers the laws of nature.
1) What does one of the Russian scientists understand by the “sense of the end of science” in the 20th century?
What does he see as the main purpose of science? Do you agree with the author? Justify your answer with two specific examples. What is a concept in science? Give a definition. Do you agree with the author's opinion that "satellites and computers are not science, but technology"? Justify your answer with a specific example.
C7. Read the text and do the tasks for it.
HOW SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS STUDY HUMAN BEHAVIOR
The conclusions drawn from everyday experience, and from the accumulation of the wisdom of philosophers, poets, and writers, are often insightful and informative, but lack evidence. Common sense often confronts us with dilemmas and unsolved mysteries in cases concerning human social behavior. To understand it, it is important to turn to scientific methods ...
The term "scientific" does not designate a select group of highly developed areas of human activity. Rather, it indicates a general set of methods - techniques that can be used for a wide range of problems. Therefore, if we are trying to understand whether a field is scientific, the key question becomes: does it use scientific procedures? If not, then it is outside the realm of science.
These methods and procedures include attempts to collect systematic information about the problems of interest to the researcher, plus a skeptical attitude towards them. The basic premise of science is the belief that all basic assumptions about the physical world must be checked and rechecked to be accepted as true...
In social psychology, which studies the causes of social behavior and social thinking, the experimental method is most often used, in which researchers try to change one variable in order to observe the effect of this on other variables, and the correlation method, when the scientist simply observes naturally occurring changes in the variables of interest to her, to see if they are related.
1) What kinds of knowledge are mentioned in this text?
4) What are the two scientific methods in the field of social psychology referred to in this passage? State the essential difference between them. Based on the knowledge from the course of social science, name another method that can be used in the scientific knowledge of social phenomena.
C8. Choose one of the proposed statements for reasoning in the form of an essay. Write such an essay.
“Why am I an artist and not a philosopher? Because I think in words, not ideas. (A. Camus)
1. "... A thing does not cease to be true because it is not recognized by many." (B. Spinoza)
3. "There is no such ignoramus who could not ask more questions than the most knowledgeable person can solve." (M.V. Lomonosov)
Topic 3. Cognition
LEVEL A
|
№ tasks |
Correct answer |
|
1 |
1 |
|
2 |
4 |
|
3 |
3 |
|
4 |
3 |
|
5 |
3 |
|
6 |
2 |
|
7 |
2 |
|
8 |
4 |
|
9 |
3 |
|
10 |
2 |
|
11 |
1 |
|
12 |
3 |
|
13 |
1 |
|
14 |
3 |
|
15 |
4 |
|
16 |
2 |
|
17 |
3 |
|
18 |
4 |
|
19 |
3 |
|
20 |
4 |
|
21 |
3 |
|
22 |
1 |
|
23 |
4 |
|
24 |
1 |
|
25 |
2 |
|
26 |
3 |
|
27 |
3 |
|
28 |
4 |
|
29 |
1 |
|
30 |
1 |
LEVEL B
|
№ tasks |
Correct answer |
|
1 |
Skills |
|
2 |
Personality |
|
3 |
Skills |
|
4 |
Capabilities |
|
5 |
Talent |
|
6 |
1-A; 2 - 3; 3 - B; 4 - F; 5 - E; 6 - G; 7 - B; 8 - D |
|
7 |
1-A; 2 - B; 3 - B; 4 - B; 5 - A |
|
8 |
3, 4, 5, 6 |
|
9 |
Active |
|
10 |
Analogy |
|
11 |
inference |
|
12 |
Similarly |
|
13 |
valuable |
LEVEL C
C1. Correct answer:
Feel;
perception;
representation.
C2. empirical and theoretical.
SZ. The correct answer must contain the following items:
in social cognition, the subject of cognition (man) coincides with the object of cognition (society), since the subject himself is a member of this society, i.e. studies "himself";
the position of the researcher always affects the assessment of the fact, i.e. the researcher is an active subject, his assessment is largely personal and may depend, for example, on the ideology of society, the views of the historical era. Social knowledge is always valuable;
in social cognition, the methods of the natural sciences are unacceptable, since society is the world of living people. If natural science is focused on a causal explanation of phenomena, then social cognition is focused on understanding meanings and goals. Other reasons for the judgment can be given that do not distort its meaning.
C4. The response must contain the following items:
if a student “discovers” new knowledge, then it is new for him, and not for science;
the student acquires ready-made knowledge set out in textbooks and other sources of knowledge, and the scientist "gets" them;
the student uses learning techniques, and the scientist uses the methods of science. For example, a laboratory experiment in educational activities is different from a scientific experiment.
Other examples can be given, but not distorting the meaning of judgments.
C5. The response must contain the following items:
1) Goethe is talking about self-knowledge;
3) the names of Aristotle, I. Kant, F. Nietzsche and others can be named.
Sat. The correct answer must contain the following:
1) The scientist believes that in the second half of the 20th century there were no new theoretical discoveries equal to the discovery of quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, genetics.
2) The correct answer may contain the following positions: The scientist sees the main purpose of science in the discovery of the laws of nature. In case of disagreement: science studies not only the laws of nature, but also the laws of the development of society. Thus, the underestimation of sociological science in the Soviet period of the development of our country led to a gap between the declared provisions and reality. Or the absence of market mechanisms of regulation adversely affected the economy
economy.
Other examples can be given to substantiate your point.
vision.
3) The correct answer may include the following:
The concept is a multi-valued concept, its main meanings are an idea, an idea, a point of view, a system of views united by a common logic, a guiding principle, an interpretation.
4) If the answer is negative, arguments can be given in favor of the fact that in the modern world science has become an active productive force, and modern society is post-industrial, technogenic.
On the other hand, the widespread introduction of computers and satellites into society can have negative consequences. Any examples that reveal your own point of view can be given.
1) The following types of knowledge mentioned in the text can be named in the answer:
Ordinary (everyday);
philosophical;
By means of art;
Scientific.
2) The following features of scientific knowledge can be indicated in the answer:
Use of special methods;
Collection of systematic information;
Evidence;
Checking and rechecking the received data
Insufficient evidence of unscientific knowledge;
The emergence of "unsolvable riddles and dilemmas."
An example of the last drawback can be any pair of mutually exclusive statements: “You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without labor” and “Work is not a wolf, it won’t run away into the forest.” Examples should not contain distortion of judgment.
4) The answer must include:
Experimental method and correlation method;
Within the framework of the experiment, changes can only be made to one of the variables under study. Correlation is a simple observation of natural processes.
Other methods of social cognition can be named:
Putting forward hypotheses;
Building theories.
