Having received a respite in 1915, the British and French on Western front thoroughly prepared for the campaign of 1916. An almost half a million superiority in the number of troops was achieved, the superiority of German army in heavy artillery, a powerful defense was created. Major offensive actions of the German army here were doomed to failure. But the German command thought differently. It considered that Russia was already finished and the time had come to defeat the British and French. The Austrians were asked to shift the main burden of military efforts to the Italian front.

Battle of Verdun

Verdun was chosen as the site of the German offensive. February 21, 1916, after 9 hours of artillery preparation, which destroyed the enemy's first line of defense, German troops on the 40-kilometer front went on the offensive. Started slowly, huge losses, "gnawing" French defensive lines. When the offensive fizzled out by the summer, it turned out that the German troops had advanced only 7 kilometers. The beginning of the offensive of the Russian army in the Baltic States and the Anglo-French troops on the Somme forced the German command to abandon further offensive actions on the Western Front.

Battle of the Somme

The Battle of the Somme was the first major offensive of the Anglo-French troops. It developed in the same way as the offensive of the German troops near Verdun. First, powerful artillery preparation, then - a gradual breakthrough of the defense by infantry. The successes were the same: by the end of the battle, the attackers had advanced 3-8 kilometers. On the Somme, the British first used tanks to break through the defenses. Several dozen slowly crawling steel monsters, belching fire, had a strong psychological impact on the German soldiers- The attack was successful.

These were the most grandiose and bloody land battles the first world war. Battle of Verdun and the battle of the Somme cost both sides nearly two million casualties. As a result, Germany was unable to defeat the Anglo-French troops and went on the defensive, the initiative on the Western Front was lost by her.

Military operations on other fronts could not brighten up Germany's failure on the Western Front. The Austrians managed to break through the defenses of the Italians and force them to retreat, but the complete defeat of Italy still did not work out, since the summer offensive of the Russian army began, and it turned out most successfully in the direction of Austria-Hungary, forcing it to transfer forces from the Italian front.

Brusilovsky breakthrough

On June 5, 1916, the troops of the Southwestern Front under the command of General Brusilov broke through the Austro-Hungarian front and occupied an area of ​​25 thousand square kilometers. This blow made a stunning impression on the countries of the Quadruple Alliance. Having captured only more than 400 thousand prisoners, the Russian troops found themselves in close proximity to the Hungarian plain, access to which would mean the defeat of Austria-Hungary. Only the transfer of German troops from Verdun and Austrian troops from Italy helped to stop Russian offensive in Galicia.

Romania's entry into the war

Romania, which had previously remained neutral, considered the moment suitable for entering the war. On August 17, the Entente countries signed a secret treaty with her, promising to transfer Transylvania, Bukovina and Banat, which were part of Austria-Hungary, after the war. However, having rushed to share the skins of an unkilled bear, Romania turned out to be very poorly prepared militarily. Her troops were immediately defeated, Romanian front had to cover the Russian army. Now Eastern front stretched from the Baltic to the Black Sea in a continuous line almost 2 thousand kilometers long.

Fighting against the Ottoman Empire

Meanwhile, in the fight against the Ottoman Empire, Russian and British troops also created an almost continuous front line from the Black Sea to the Persian Gulf. call Turkish Sultan to holy war raised many tribes of southern Iran against Russia. Russia sent an expeditionary corps there, which established a barrier on the Turkish-Iranian border and came into contact with the British troops in Mesopotamia. Russian troops, in addition, continuing the offensive, took Erzurum and Trabzon.

In 1916, an Anglo-French-Russian agreement was signed on the division Ottoman Empire after the war. Russia was supposed to receive, in addition to the Black Sea straits already promised to her with Constantinople (Istanbul), part of Transcaucasia and the entire Turkish coast of the Black Sea; the rest of the Ottoman Empire was divided between England, France and Italy.

Jutland naval battle

In 1916, Germany made an attempt to defeat the British fleet and lift the naval blockade. Her entire surface fleet moved into the North Sea. After an unsuccessful maneuver to divide the British fleet and defeat it in parts, the German squadron came into contact with the British west of the coast of Denmark. On May 31, 1916, the Jutland sea ​​battle- the largest in history naval battle. It was attended by 44 dreadnoughts, 14 battleships, 46 cruisers and 144 destroyers. The British fleet tried to cut off the enemy from his bases. The command of the German squadron, seeing that they were dealing with superior forces, gave the order to retreat. The German fleet managed to escape. During the battle, each side lost 6 battleships and cruisers, in addition, 25 destroyers were sunk. More attempts to fight british navy the German command did not undertake.

Results of the 1915 and 1916 campaigns

On the whole, the campaigns of 1915 and 1916 consistently led to a weakening of the power of the Quadruple Alliance. In 1916 there was a clear turning point in favor of the Entente. But it was obvious that final victory will require a much greater concentration of forces.

Restructuring the economy for military needs

By this time, it became clear that victory was determined not so much by actions on the fronts as by the situation in the rear. The command of all the warring countries counted on the short duration of hostilities. Wasn't done large stocks equipment and ammunition. Already in 1915, everyone faced difficulties in supplying the army. It became clear that a sharp expansion of the scale of military production was required. The restructuring of the economy began. In all countries, it primarily meant the introduction of strict state regulation. The state determined the volume of necessary production, placed orders, provided the industry with raw materials and labor. Labor service was introduced, which made it possible to reduce the shortage of workers caused by the conscription of men into the army. As military production grew at the expense of civilian production, there was a shortage of consumer goods. This forced the introduction of price controls and consumption rationing. The mobilization of men and the requisition of horses took a heavy toll agriculture in all the warring countries, except England, food production was reduced, and this led to the introduction of a rationing system for the distribution of products. In Germany, a traditional food importer, the situation was particularly difficult because of the blockade. The government was forced to ban the feeding of livestock with grain and potatoes, introduce low-nutrient substitutes food products- ersatz.

Lifestyle change

The life of the population of the warring countries has changed dramatically. Her level went down everywhere. Long working hours, poor nutrition led to an increase in mortality among the civilian population. Together with combat losses, all this led to a general reduction in the number of inhabitants of Austria-Hungary, Germany and France. Hard daily work, standing in lines, hunger and cold have become the lot of millions of people.

AT frontline constant companions the lives of the civilian population became artillery shelling. Aviation began to be used to bomb civilian targets in the rear. During the fighting civilian population fell under the occupation of enemy armies. The occupying authorities, as a rule, did not stand on ceremony with local population: requisitions, indemnities were commonplace. was especially tough occupation regime German troops. Civilians sought to avoid occupation: there was a problem of refugees.

The warring states were, for the most part, national, so patriotism was tinged with nationalist tones. The beginning of the war caused a powerful upsurge of patriotism and national feelings, sometimes taking unusual shapes. In Russia, for example, a wave of renaming of cities swept German names: it was then that St. Petersburg became Petrograd. The Royal Family in the UK, originating from German Hanover, adopted new surname— Windsor. A wave of patriotism created favorable conditions for mobilization and the beginning of the restructuring of the rear. When this wave began to subside, they began to pump it artificially, for which special propaganda institutions were created. They issued pamphlets and leaflets that glorified the valor of the troops and aroused hatred for the enemy.

War weariness

However, already in 1916, all more people in the warring countries began to feel that no goals could justify the sacrifices that were made to achieve them. People were tired of the war and wanted only one thing - its end. A sign of this fatigue was the unwillingness to work on the conditions that the state determined. The strike movement began to grow, which came to naught in 1914. In Germany, the May Day demonstration of 1916, at which the Social Democrat Karl Liebknecht proclaimed the slogans "Down with the war!", became a real sensation. and "Down with the government!". He was arrested and sentenced to four years hard labor. In Austria-Hungary, in protest against the war, the Social Democrat Friedrich Adler shot the chairman of the Council of Ministers in October 1916.

Peace offensive

The appearance of anti-war sentiment against the background of the beginning of a turn in favor of the Entente prompted German government to an attempt to probe the possibility of concluding peace. On December 12, 1916, Wilhelm II made a corresponding statement. But its very form gave little chance for the manifestation of reciprocity. The emperor claimed that the Entente had already lost the war: after all, the German troops were on enemy territory and his proposal to start peace talks dictated solely by the desire to avoid bloodshed.

On December 18, US President Wilson addressed the warring states. He invited the parties to state the terms on which they would agree to make peace. The Entente responded to the message of Wilhelm II with a brief statement dated January 30, 1917. It was put forward as preconditions recognition by Germany and her allies of defeat and consent to the adoption of measures that would give guarantees for the preservation of peace. These proposals were unacceptable to Germany. In response to Wilson's appeal, the Entente countries gave a more complete statement of their demands. The countries of the Quadruple Union were to withdraw troops from the occupied territories. Belgium and Serbia were subject to unconditional restoration. The opponents had to agree to the reorganization of Europe on the national principle - to free the Italians, Slavs and Romanians from foreign domination (it was about the reorganization of Austria-Hungary). Turkey was to be expelled from Europe. The regions previously occupied by Germany - Alsace and Lorraine - were returned to France. These proposals for the countries of the Quadruple Union were also absolutely unacceptable. Rather, they were calculated to dampen criticism from anti-war forces by demonstrating just war aims. In still more they were calculated to sway American public opinion to their side.

The United States at the beginning of the war declared its neutrality and observed it. President Wilson was re-elected for a second four-year term in 1916, in large part because he opposed hasty decisions to reconsider this position. The Americans did not want to be drawn into the war, which they considered another inter-dynastic quarrel. However, and American society, and Woodrow Wilson himself understood that America, having become the strongest economic power in the world and the main creditor of England and France, could not passively observe the outcome of the war, the result of which long years will determine the development of world politics. But the war itself, in this case, must acquire the features of a war in the name of just ends. The response of the Entente to Wilson's appeal was in fact an attempt to formulate the goals of the war in such a way that they were acceptable to the Americans. At the same time, the Entente slyly kept silent that, in violation of the "national principle", its participants had already divided Turkey and promised Italy areas with an Austrian and Slavic population. The Americans were generally not informed about the very existence of secret treaties. The calculation turned out to be correct. Public opinion America was increasingly inclined in favor of supporting the Entente. The Entente's formal refusal to start peace negotiations was used by Germany to prove the defensive nature of the war on its part and provided the desired pretext for toughening the war and additional measures to mobilize the rear. The peace offensive thus did not become a prelude to real peace, it was only a respite before a new round of war.

Kreder A.A. recent history foreign countries. 1914-1997

Defense of Port Arthur. Home base Pacific Fleet Russia and the headquarters of Russian troops in Northeast China were located on the Liaodong Peninsula (China). On the night of January 27, 1904, the detachment Japanese destroyers attacked the Russian fleet on the outer roadstead of Port Arthur. However, the Japanese failed to land troops. Hostilities began on land from mid-April 1904, when the forces of three Japanese armies were landed in different places: the 1st Army of General Kuroki (45 thousand people) at Tyurenchen, the 2nd Army of General Oku at Bizwo, the 4th General Nozu's army at Dagushan. Later they were joined by General Nogi's 3rd Army. In May 1904, Port Arthur was cut off by the Japanese from Manchuria. After a long defense on December 20, 1904, Port Arthur was surrendered to the Japanese. During the offensive battles at Port Arthur japanese army lost up to 110 thousand people and 15 warships. The losses of the Russian troops were also significant.

Battle on the Shahe River. September 1904 Unsuccessful attempt offensive of Russian troops against the Japanese. Undertaken by only part of the forces, it could not bring victory and contributed to the defeat of the Russian troops. After that, both sides switched to trench warfare for almost three months.

Battle of Liaoyang. August 17 - 21, 1904 Having 148,000 soldiers and 673 guns near Liaoyang, General Kuropatkin kept only 94,000 soldiers and 484 guns in the forward positions. The Japanese had 110 thousand soldiers and 484 guns. This superiority largely ensured the success of the operation for the Japanese. On August 21, Kuropatkin gave the order to retreat. The losses of the Russians amounted to 17 thousand people, the Japanese - 24 thousand.

Mukden battle. February 5 - 24, 1905 One of biggest battles world history. More than 660 thousand people participated in the battles on both sides. The Japanese launched an offensive a week earlier than the expected offensive of the Russian troops, which knocked down all the plans of the Russian command. His defensive tactics could not lead to success. At the same time, the goal of the Japanese command was not realized - to encircle and destroy the Russian armies. The battle ended with the withdrawal of Russian troops, during which they suffered heavy losses. Japanese losses in killed, wounded and captured amounted to 71 thousand people, Russians - 81 thousand.

Tsushima naval battle. May 14 - 15, 1905 Fight at about. Tsushima warships of the 2nd and 3rd Pacific squadrons, consisting of 30 warships with the Japanese fleet (120 ships). main goal The Russian fleet (commanders of the squadrons, admirals 3. P. Rozhestvensky and N. I. Nebogatov) had a breakthrough to Vladivostok. The Japanese fleet (commanded by Admiral Togo) had the task of completely defeating Russian fleet. Great concentration of forces Japanese fleet, its better equipment and maneuverability led to military success. Despite the courage and heroism Russian officers and the sailors who had previously passed 33 thousand km from Kronstadt to Tsushima and entered the battle on the move, their losses were catastrophic: 19 ships were sunk, 3 cruisers broke into neutral ports and were interned, 2 cruisers and 2 destroyers reached Vladivostok. Out of 14 thousand people personnel squadrons killed more than 5 thousand people.

World War I (1914 - 1918)

East Prussian operation 1914 4 (17) August - 2 (15) September. Offensive Russian troops, who were tasked with defeating the 8th german army and take possession of East Prussia to develop the offensive directly into the depths of German territory. The 1st Russian Army (General Rennenkampf) was to advance around the Masurian Lakes from the north, cutting off the Germans from Koenigsberg. The 2nd Army (General Samsonov) was to lead an offensive around these lakes from the west. main idea The operation consisted in covering the German army grouping from both flanks. The Russian North-Western Front included 17.5 infantry and 8.5 cavalry divisions, 1104 guns, 54 aircraft. The German 8th Army had 15 infantry and 1 cavalry divisions, 1044 guns, 56 aircraft, 2 airships. The operation began on August 4 (17) with the offensive of the 1st Russian Army, during which the enemy was defeated at Gumbinnen. The German command decided to leave East Prussia. However, instead of developing the operation and completing the defeat German troops General Rennenkampf ordered the withdrawal of Russian units. Under these conditions, the Germans changed their plans and attacked the 2nd Army of General Samsonov. The unsatisfactory leadership of the Northwestern Front (commander-in-chief, General Ya. G. Zhilinsky) and the inaction of General Rennenkampf ultimately led to the defeat of the Russian troops, the death and capture of 50 thousand soldiers (General Samsonov also died) and the withdrawal of Russian units from East Prussia. At the same time, the Germans were forced to transfer from France to the Russian front 2 army corps and 1 cavalry division, which ensured the victory of the French in the Battle of the Marne and saved Paris from surrender to the Germans.

Battle of Galicia 1914 5 (18) August - 8 (21) September. The headquarters of the Russian South-Western Front planned, without waiting for the full concentration and deployment of its units, to attack the Austro-Hungarian troops in Galicia, defeat them and prevent their withdrawal south across the Dniester and west to Krakow. The Russian 2nd and 5th armies were to advance from the region of Lublin and Kholm to Przemysl and Lvov, and the 3rd and 8th from the region of Rovno and Proskurov to Lvov and Galich. However, this plan had to be adjusted on the go due to the change in the deployment of the Austro-Hungarian troops.

The enemy plans included delivering the main blow by the forces of the 1st and 4th armies in a northern direction to defeat the 4th and 5th armies of the Russians and reach the rear of the Southwestern Front for its subsequent defeat. AT fighting were drawn huge forces sides, as a result of which they entered the history of the First World War not as one of the battles, but as a battle.

In the course of it in September 1914, Russian troops managed not only to repel the offensive of four enemy armies in Galicia and Poland, but also to push them back across the San and Dunajec rivers, creating a threat of invasion into Hungary and Silesia. The enemy was forced to radically revise the plan of the entire campaign.

The Galician battle became one of major events First World War: the fighting was carried out on the front with a length of 400 km. On the part of Russia, five armies (3 - 5, 8 and 9) and the Dniester detachment participated in it. From the side of the enemy - four armies and a landwehr corps. The losses of Austria-Hungary amounted to 400 thousand people (including 100 thousand prisoners), Russia - 230 thousand people.

The significance of the battle also lies in the fact that the enemy failed to impose a “blitzkrieg” on Russia and achieve decisive successes already on initial stage war.

Warsaw-Ivangorod operation 1914 September 15 (28) - October 26 (November 8). The defeat of the Austro-Hungarians in the Battle of Galicia put them on the brink military disaster. Russian armies threatened to capture Western Galicia, Krakow and Upper Silesia. Under these conditions, Germany came to the aid of its ally, transferring part of its troops to Upper Silesia. The Warsaw-Ivangorod operation, in terms of the number of troops participating in it and in terms of its strategic design, was one of the large-scale operations of the First World War. Almost half of all Russian forces operating against Germany and Austria-Hungary took part in it. As a result, the troops of the Southwestern and Northwestern fronts stopped the offensive of the 9th German and 1st Austro-Hungarian armies on Ivangorod, and then on Warsaw, and threw them back to their original positions.

Lodz operation 1914 October 29 (November 11) - November 11 (24). The command of the German army, holding down the attacks from the front of the 2nd and 5th Russian armies, tried to encircle and defeat the Russian troops in the Lodz region with the forces of the 9th army. The Russian forces managed not only to withstand this blow, but also to push back the enemy.

Sarykamysh operation 1915 December 9 (22), 1914 - January 4 (17). In the Sarikamysh region (now Turkey), the Russian Caucasian army surrounded and completely defeated the 3rd Turkish army of General Enver Pasha advancing on the Russian Transcaucasus. The Turks lost up to 90 thousand people and over 60 guns. Caucasian Russian army lost 20 thousand people killed, wounded, sick.

Military operations 1915 In the winter of 1915, Germany went on the defensive on the Western Front and shifted the main military operations to the Eastern Front, putting main task withdrawal of Russia from the war. In this case, she would stop the conduct of hostilities on two fronts and could concentrate all her forces against England and France.

Already in the winter campaign of 1915, up to 50% of all armed forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary were sent against Russia. April 19 - 22 (May 2 - 5), 1915 The 11th German and 4th Austro-Hungarian armies broke through the front of the 3rd Russian army in Southern Poland in the Gorlice region, as a result of which, in May-June, Russian troops were forced to leave Galicia.

During the summer defensive operations on the Southwestern Front the Germans managed to strengthen their positions in Poland and the Baltic states. Russian troops tested great difficulties in the supply of ammunition and weapons. The Germans managed to ensure superiority over our troops in artillery and machine guns. The provision of Russian artillery with ammunition was only 10% of the need.

As a result of heavy fighting, Russian troops were forced to leave significant territories by the end of the 1915 campaign: Poland, part of the Baltic states, Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. By the end of 1915, the front passed along the line: Riga, Dvinsk, Baranovichi, Pinsk, Dubno, Tarnopol.

Naroch operation 1916 5 (18) - 16 (29) March. The need for such an operation was caused by the desire to alleviate the situation of the French in the Verdun area. The purpose of the operation was to reach the line Mitava, Bausk, Vilkomir, Vilna, Delyatichi during the offensive on the northern wing of the front. The operation was not successful. However, the Germans were forced to transfer more than four of their divisions from the Western Front to the Eastern.

Brusilovsky breakthrough 1916 May 22 (June 4) - July 3 (August 13). One of the largest military operations of the First World War.

Russian forces under the command of General A. A. Brusilov carried out a powerful breakthrough of the front in the direction of Lutsk and Kovel. Austro-Hungarian troops were defeated and began disorderly retreat. The rapid advance of the Russian troops led to the fact that they short term occupied Bukovina and reached the mountain passes of the Carpathians. The losses of the enemy (together with the prisoners) amounted to about 1.5 million people. He also lost 581 guns, 448 bombers and mortars, 1795 machine guns. Austria-Hungary was on the brink complete defeat and out of the war. To save the situation, Germany withdrew 34 divisions from the French and Italian fronts. As a result, the French managed to keep Verdun, and Italy was saved from complete defeat.

Russian troops lost about 500 thousand people. The victory in Galicia changed the balance of power in the war in favor of the Entente. In the same year, Romania went over to its side (which, however, did not strengthen, but rather weakened the position of the Entente due to the military weakness of Romania and the need to protect it. The length of the front for Russia increased by about 600 km).

Erzurum operation 1915 - 1916 December 28 (January 10) - February 18 (March 2). Parts of the 2nd Turkestan Corps and the 1st Caucasian Corps under the command of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, they defeated the forces of the 3rd Turkish army and captured the fortress of Erzerum. Turkish army lost up to 50% of the personnel (Russians - up to 10%). The success of this operation led to the conclusion of an agreement between Russia, Britain and France on the transfer of the Turkish Black Sea Straits to Russia after the war. For this, the military command of the Russian army and navy planned for 1917 the landing of military landings in the Straits and the final withdrawal of Turkey from the war. The offensive did not take place due to revolutionary events in Russia.

Everything that is now observed is not news. This already happened before the events of 1917.

First, there was an outbreak of "cheers-patriotism" in the country. Having learned about the beginning of the First World War, the people rejoiced and threw caps into the air for joy. Now they would say that the rating of Nicholas II soared to 86%. Even the socialists (with the exception of the Bolsheviks, of course) put aside their struggle against the autocracy for a while, taking up positions of "defencism." But in 1917 Nicholas was overthrown from the throne. And not only the socialists, but the Bolsheviks did not even take any part in this. Why did it happen?

Yes, because somewhere from the beginning of 1916, the Russian political elite began to intensely "blame" Nikolai. Bodies decisions state power were for the most part not just erroneous, but idiotic and wrecking. Ulyanov-Lenin even noticed some of this - calling the food crisis before the revolution "perfectly organized famine". Hunger and high cost were not even organized by the Bolsheviks or liberals. It was organized by officials Russian Empire along with the then business. In addition to hunger, there was more than enough other idiocy. And the wages of the workers were cut, and corruption at the top bloomed with lush buds and the nobility frolicked from the heart. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, it was in 1916 that whole fortunes were squandered in restaurants and at gambling tables in one evening, the ladies sparkled with diamonds, and the offspring of near-royal families emphasized in every possible way that the laws of difficult wartime were written for anyone, but not for them.

Now the situation is somewhat similar. "Krymnash" led to an unprecedented outbreak of "cheers-patriotism" in the country (which should not be confused with true patriotism), and then the situation began to slide towards the new year 1916. For a year and a half, they did nothing, dreaming that “Ukraine is about to fall apart,” or waiting for the collapse of the dollar. Some even seriously believed that a volcano was about to explode, which would bury all of America along with the hated Obama. But Ukraine did not collapse, the dollar began to win back positions from the ruble, and the volcano never exploded. Which is to be expected.

But the trouble would not have been complete, without the "idiocy" in management decisions. Burning products against the background of the locust invasion in southern Russia, the ban on Wikipedia because of some article there, the withdrawal of washing powders from stores, however, some of which are produced in Russia, but today the demonstrative release of Evgenia Vasilyeva is in pure form 1916 And if we add hints that our nobility is clearly living beyond their means, then the picture will be very sad. And if now our hope-sovereign runs along the same rake as the holy fool Kolenka in 1916, we are guaranteed 1917 with all the consequences. But so far, everything is very similar. Is it only our tsar who does not play with staff cards at headquarters, but dives in a bathyscaphe.

And just don't blame me for "selling out to the liberals." It's just that the picture is painfully similar. I hope I got something wrong. Although, not a fact.

VERIFICATION WORK

World War I (1914-1918)

OPTION 2

In which city was the assassination attempt committed? Archduke of Austria Franz Ferdinand:

A) in Belgrade B) in Sarajevo

B) in Krakow d) in Vienna

2. What was the essence of the plan for the war in Europe, developed by the chief of the German General Staff von Schlieffen:

A) the main blow is inflicted on France, after its defeat - on Russia

B) having defeated Russia before it had time to mobilize forces, Germany defeats France

AT) main blow applied to the sea, the fleet and communications of Great Britain

D) Germany will deliver simultaneous strikes on all its major adversaries– UK, France and Russia

3. What was the reason for Germany to declare war on Russia:

A) Russia's declaration of war on Austria-Hungary

B) Russia's refusal to stop mobilization

C) Russia's statement of solidarity with Serbia

D) Russia began military operations against Germany

4. The reason for the entry of Great Britain into the war was:

A) the bombardment of Belgrade by artillery of Austria-Hungary

B) the invasion of German troops into the territory of neutral Belgium

C) Germany's declaration of war on Russia

D) Japan's entry into the war

5 . Why prolonging the war was not beneficial for Germany:

A) in terms of human resources and economic potential, Germany and its allies were inferior to the Entente countries

B) the leaders of Germany were afraid that the troops of Japan would arrive in Europe, which in 1914 declared war on Germany

C) the German military feared that the hardships of wartime would cause a revolution in Germany

6. Which of the following was not related to the deepening of the crisis in the warring countries in 1916-1917:

A) lack of food and the transition to its distribution by cards

B) the growth of the strike movement, the promotion of political demands by the trade unions, the more frequent crises of the political and military leadership

C) the growth of the needs of the front in weapons, ammunition, food

D) recruiting women and children to work in factories

7. Which of the following assessments of the role of the Eastern Front in World War I seems correct to you:

A) Russia was a burden for the allies, received weapons and ammunition from them, without conducting serious hostilities

B) The Eastern Front played an extremely limited role in the First World War
C) decisive actions of the Russian troops in 1914 and 1916. helped France avoid defeat

D) Russia's actions in the 1st World War were not large-scale

8. What European country during the war, the first armed uprising took place under the slogans of national and social liberation:
A) in Austria-Hungary B) in Ireland
B) in Russia D) in Germany

9. What prompted the US to go to war in Europe in 1917:

A) The United States has become the largest creditor of the Entente countries and could not allow the defeat of its debtors

B) the United States was interested in capturing the German colonies

C) The United States believed that Germany was violating the "Monroe Doctrine" and threatening Latin America

D) The United States believed that Germany was threatening the plans of the Americans in Pacific region

10. Which three of the named concepts, terms appeared during the First World War? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

state regulation economy

card system

pacifism

black market

emigration

11. What was included in the terms of the armistice between Germany and the Entente countries:

A) the occupation of Germany by the Allied forces and the creation of a provisional allied administration on its territory

B) the withdrawal of German troops from all occupied territories, the transfer of all stocks by the allies heavy weapons

C) the dissolution of the German army, its flooding navy

D) the division of the territory of Germany between the victorious countries

12. Specify extra title in a row.

waterloo

Verdun

compiegne

Marne

13. Determine the goals of the main countries participating in the First World War:

A) Russia 1. The conquest of hegemony in Europe, the redistribution of the colonies

B) France 2. Assistance to Serbia, weakening of Germany, seizure of the Black Sea straits

C) England 3. Defense against German attack, return of Alsace and Lorraine

D) Austria-Hungary 4. The weakening of Germany, the seizure of its colonies

E) Germany 5. Destruction of the core of the strong Slavic state in the Balkans, the weakening of Russia

14. Divide into groups the dates and events of the First World War:

A) September 1914 1. Battle of Cambrai

B) April 1915 2. Brusilovsky breakthrough

B) March 1916 3. Battle of the Marne

D) June-August 1916 4. The use of poisonous substances by the Germans near the city of Ypres

E) October-November 1917 5. Battle of Verdun

15. Which of the following refers to the results of the First World War? List three correct positions. Write the numbers under which they are indicated in the line of answers.

victory for Germany and its allies

division of Europe into spheres of influence

Russia's exit from the war

victory of the Entente states

rise in the liberation struggle of the peoples

16. Arrange events in chronological order.

battle of Verdun

signing of the Compiègne truce

assassination attempt in Sarajevo

Russia's exit from the world war

17. The Compiègne truce, which ended hostilities on the fronts of the First World War, was signed in

1916

1917

1918

1919

18. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a famous at the beginning of the 20th century Russian diplomat S.D. Sazonov and answer the questions.

“The declaration of war against Serbia, which followed forty-eight hours after the delivery of the ultimatum in Belgrade, made the continuation of any negotiations extremely difficult. The brevity of the term appointed in Vienna meant precisely this goal.

However, I continued to use my best efforts to keep them from slipping. Our allies and friends gave me energetic support in this direction. I could fully count on the help of the French government, knowing the peace-loving currents that invariably prevailed in Paris from the very beginning. Balkan Wars. But it was even more important for me to get, without any delay, an open statement from the British Government about its solidarity with Russia and France in the Austro-Serbian clash. From the first minute it was clear to me that, although the blow was directed from Vienna, it was necessary to act on Berlin in order to avert the terrible danger that threatened the peace of Europe.

1) When and in connection with what did the events that the author of the memoirs write about take place?

2) Using source information and course knowledge, explain how Russia and others were involved in the conflict described. European states

3) How did the described events end?

Test by world history World War I (1914-1918) with answers for 9th grade students. The test consists of 21 questions and is designed to test knowledge on the relevant topic.

1. Which of the following happened in 1913?

1) Second Balkan War
2) the creation of the Triple Alliance
3) the signing of an agreement between Great Britain and France (the beginning of the Entente)
4) Spanish-American War

2. Which of the following happened in 1916?

1) signing Soviet Russia Brest Peace with Germany
2) failure German plan lightning war
3) the battle of Verdun
4) signing of the Compiègne truce

3. Which of the following events happened before all the others?

1) the battle of the Marne
2) Brusilovsky breakthrough
3) entry and waist into the war on the side of the Entente
4) the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

4. The Compiègne truce, which ended hostilities on the fronts of the First World War, was signed in

1) 1916
2) 1917
3) 1918
4) 1919

5. Arrange the events in chronological order. Write down the resulting sequence of numbers.

1) the battle of Verdun
2) the signing of the Compiègne truce
3) assassination attempt in Sarajevo
4) Russia's exit from the world war

6. Which of the named concepts is connected with A. von Schlieffen's plan?

1) positional warfare
2) escalation
3) contribution
4) blitzkrieg

7. In 1914, as an ally of Germany in the First world war entered

1) Austria-Hungary
2) Belgium
3) UK
4) Italy

8. At the beginning of the First World War in European countries

1) the propaganda of the socialist-internationalists intensified
2) a wave of national-patriotic sentiments has risen
3) peasant uprisings unfolded
4) activated political struggle workers

9. At the initial stage of the First World War, the workers' parties put forward the slogan

1) civil world
2) the deployment of the socialist revolution
3) proletarian internationalism
4) fight against monopolies

10. During the First World War in the warring countries

1) significantly expanded ties with the colonies
2) free market trade was encouraged
3) state regulation of the economy was carried out
4) universal suffrage was introduced

11. Specify an extra title in the row.

1) Waterloo
2) Verdun
3) Compiegne
4) Marne

12. Which two of the named means of warfare were first used on the fronts of the First World War? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) grenades
2) gas shells
3) tanks
4) machine guns

13. Which three of these battles took place on the Western Front? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) at the lake. Naroch
2) on the river. Marne
3) near Verdun
4) near Lodz
5) on the river. Somme

14. Which three of the named concepts, terms appeared during the First World War? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) state regulation of the economy
2) card system
3) pacifism
4) black market
5) emigration

15. Which three of the named names belong to famous military leaders World War I? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) O. Bismarck
2) A.F. Peten
3) P. Hindenburg
4) A.A. Brusilov
5) M.D. Skobelev

16. Which of the following refers to the results of the First World War? List three correct positions. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) the victory of Germany and its allies
2) division of Europe into spheres of influence
3) Russia's exit from the war
4) the victory of the Entente states
5) rise in the liberation struggle of the peoples

17. Establish a correspondence between the names of historical persons engaged in the same type of activity, who were colleagues.

A) Wilhelm II
B) F. Foch
B) R. Poincaré

1) D. Lloyd George
2) Franz Joseph
3) W. Liebknecht
4) P. Hindenburg

18. Match between historical events and the names of the states that were their main participants.

A) the crisis after the assassination attempt in Sarajevo
B) the signing of the Brest Peace
C) the signing of the Compiègne truce

States

1) Germany, France
2) UK, Italy
3) Austria-Hungary, Serbia
4) Russia, Germany

19. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of the famous Russian diplomat S.D. Sazonov and answer the questions.

“The declaration of war against Serbia, which followed forty-eight hours after the delivery of the ultimatum in Belgrade, made the continuation of any negotiations extremely difficult. The brevity of the term appointed in Vienna meant precisely this goal.
However, I continued to use my best efforts to keep them from slipping. Our allies and friends gave me energetic support in this direction. I could fully count on the help of the French government, knowing the peace-loving currents that had invariably prevailed in Paris from the very beginning of the Balkan wars. But it was even more important for me to get, without any delay, an open statement from the British Government about its solidarity with Russia and France in the Austro-Serbian clash. From the first minute it was clear to me that, although the blow was directed from Vienna, it was necessary to act on Berlin in order to avert the terrible danger that threatened the peace of Europe.

1) When and in connection with what did the events that the author of the memoirs write about take place?

2) Using the information of the source and knowledge of the course, explain how Russia and other European states were related to the described conflict.

3) How did the described events end?

20. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of R. Poincaré and answer the questions.

“At 5 o’clock, an amazing roar of guns began, and heavy shells began to tear muffledly over __________ and over many villages that were rarely or even not fired upon at all before. The nostrils of people closer to the front sucked in the smell of some infernal essence. Those who were closer to the northern trenches ahead of __________ saw two strange ghosts of a greenish-yellow fog, slowly creeping and gradually blurring until they merged into one, and then, moving further, disappeared into a bluish-white cloud.
This cloud hung over the front of two French divisions (Algerian and territorial), adjoining the British units and holding the left sector. Soon the officers behind the front British troops and near the canal bridges were shocked to see a stream of people fleeing in panic, striving for the rear. The Africans, neighbors of the British, coughed and showed while running for their throats; interspersed with them were carts and wagons. The French guns were still firing, but by 7 pm they too suddenly and ominously fell silent.
The fugitives left behind them at the front a gap more than 4 miles wide, filled only with the dead or half-dead, who, choking, agonized, poisoned with chloride poison. Both French divisions almost completely ceased to exist.

1) What events are we talking about, where did they take place? Fill in the missing name of the river.

2) What was the military significance of these events?

21. Read an excerpt from the factory owner's story in English city Birmingham (1917) and answer the questions.

“Typical cases that I personally observed show that women prefer factory life. They like freedom, the spirit of independence, encouraged by the ability to earn for the first time, public life. They say that their children have Better conditions than before, are better provided with food, housing, clothing.

1) Drawing on knowledge from the history course, explain under what circumstances the women in question came to factory production.

2) What was the "reverse side" of the active involvement of women in the work industrial enterprises at the time in question?

Answers to the World History Test World War I
1-1, 2-3, 3-4, 4-3, 5-3142, 6-4, 7-1, 8-2, 9-1, 10-3, 11-1, 12-23, 13-235,
14-124, 15-234, 16-345, 17-241, 18-341
19 task
1) It's about about the events of the summer of 1914. After the murder of the heir to the Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand by the Serb G. Princip, Austria presented an ultimatum to Serbia, and then declared war.
2) Russia, acting in defense of Serbia, sought to resolve the conflict peacefully. Great Britain and France, which Sazonov mentions, were allies of Russia in the Entente. And Germany was included together with Austria-Hungary in another bloc - the Triple Alliance.
3) The events described led to the outbreak of the First World War (Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and then Russia, and Germany on Russia and France).
20 task
1) We are talking about the first use of poison gas by the Germans on the Western Front. By the name of the river Ypres, where this event took place, it became known as mustard gas.
2) Military significance events - the use of a new type of weapon - chemical projectiles.
21 tasks
1) Women came as workers in factories and factories during the First World War, replacing men who had gone to the front.
2) K negative consequences It can be attributed to the fact that in military production women performed hard, unbearable work for them, which destroyed their health.