Great value in the organization of rational nature management has the study of environmental problems at the global, regional and local levels, as well as quality assessment human environment environment in specific territories, in ecosystems of various ranks.

Monitoring is a system of observations, assessment and forecasting, which makes it possible to identify changes in the state of the environment under the influence of anthropogenic activities.

Along with negative influence on nature, a person can as a result economic activity also have a positive impact.

Monitoring includes:

quality change monitoring environment, factors affecting the environment;

assessment of the actual state of the natural environment;

forecast of changes in the quality of the environment.

Observations can be carried out on physical, chemical and biological indicators, integrated indicators of the state of the environment are promising.

Types of monitoring. Allocate global, regional and local monitoring. (What underlies such a selection?)

Global monitoring allows assessing the current state of the entire natural system of the Earth.

Regional monitoring is carried out at the expense of the stations of the system, where information about the territories subject to anthropogenic influence flows.

Rational nature management is possible if the information provided by the monitoring system is available and properly used.

Environmental monitoring is a system for monitoring, evaluating and predicting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of anthropogenic impact.

Monitoring tasks are:

quantitative and qualitative assessment air conditions, surface waters, climate change, soil cover, flora and fauna, control of effluents and dust and gas emissions at industrial enterprises;

Drawing up a forecast on the state of the environment;

Informing citizens about changes in the environment.

Forecast and forecasting.

What is forecasting and forecasting? In various periods of the development of society, the ways of studying the environment have changed. One of the most important "tools" of nature management is currently considered forecasting. Translated into Russian, the word "forecast" means foresight, prediction.

Therefore, a forecast in nature management is a prediction of changes in the natural resource potential and needs for natural resources on a global, regional and local scale.

Forecasting is a set of actions that make it possible to make judgments about the behavior of natural systems and are determined by natural processes and the impact of humanity on them in the future.

The main purpose of the forecast is to assess the expected response of the natural environment to direct or indirect human impact, as well as to solve future problems. environmental management in connection with the expected states of the natural environment.

In connection with the reassessment of the system of values, the change of technocratic thinking to ecological thinking, there are changes in forecasting. Modern forecasts should be carried out from the positions universal values, the main of which are man, his health, the quality of the environment, the preservation of the planet as a home for mankind. Thus, attention to living nature, to man makes the tasks of forecasting ecological.

Types of forecasts. According to the lead time, the following types of forecasts are distinguished: ultra-short-term (up to a year), short-term (up to 3-5 years), medium-term (up to 10-15 years), long-term (up to several decades ahead), ultra-long-term (for millennia and more). -Lee forward). The lead time of the forecast, i.e. the period for which the forecast is given, can be very different. When designing a large industrial facility with a service life of 100–120 years, it is necessary to know what changes in the environment may occur under the influence of this facility in 2100–2200. No wonder they say: "The future is controlled from the present."

According to the coverage of the territory, global, regional, local forecasts are distinguished.

There are forecasts in specific branches of science, for example, geological, meteorological forecasts. In geography, a complex forecast, which many consider general scientific.

The main functions of monitoring are quality control of individual components of the natural environment and identification of the main sources of pollution. Based on monitoring data, decisions are made to improve the environmental situation, construct new treatment facilities at enterprises that pollute the land, atmosphere and water, they change logging systems and plant new forests, introduce soil-protective crop rotations, etc.

Monitoring is most often carried out by regional committees for hydrometeorological service through a network of points conducting the following observations: surface meteorological, heat balance, hydrological, marine, etc.

For example, monitoring of Moscow includes constant analysis of the content of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, the amount of nitrogen oxides, ozone and dust. Observations are carried out by 30 stations operating in automatic mode. Information from sensors located at the stations flows to the information processing center. Information about exceeding the MPC of pollutants is received by the Moscow Committee for Environmental Protection and the government of the capital. Both industrial emissions of large enterprises and the level of water pollution in the Moskva River are automatically controlled.

At present, there are 344 water monitoring stations in 59 countries in the world, which form the global environmental monitoring system.

Environmental monitoring

Monitoring(lat. monitor observing, warning) - a complex system of observations, assessment and forecast of changes in the state of the biosphere or its individual elements under the influence of anthropogenic influences

Main tasks of monitoring:

monitoring of sources of anthropogenic impact; monitoring the state of the natural environment and the processes occurring in it under the influence of anthropogenic factors;

forecast of changes in the natural environment under the influence of anthropogenic factors and assessment of the predicted state of the natural environment.

Classifications of monitoring by features:

Control methods:

Bioindication - detection and determination of anthropogenic loads by the reactions of living organisms and their communities to them;

Remote methods (aerial photography, sounding, etc.);

Physical and chemical methods (analysis of individual samples of air, water, soil).

environment. This system is administered by UNEP, a special body for environmental protection at the United Nations.

Types of monitoring. According to the scale of generalization of information, they distinguish: global, regional, impact monitoring.

Global Monitoring- this is monitoring of world processes and phenomena in the biosphere and the implementation of a forecast of possible changes.

Regional monitoring covers individual regions, in which processes and phenomena are observed that differ from natural ones in natural character or due to anthropogenic impact.

Impact monitoring is carried out in a special hazardous areas directly adjacent to sources of pollutants.

According to the methods of conducting, the following types of monitoring are distinguished:

Biological (using bioindicators);

Remote (aviation and space);

Analytical (chemical and physical chemical analysis).

The objects of observation are:

Monitoring of individual components of the environment (soil, water, air);

Biological monitoring (flora and fauna).

A special type of monitoring is basic monitoring, i.e. tracking the state of natural systems, which are practically not superimposed by regional anthropogenic impacts (biosphere reserves). The whole purpose of basic monitoring is to obtain data against which the results obtained by other types of monitoring are compared.

Control methods. The composition of pollutants is determined by methods of physical and chemical analysis (in air, soil, water). Degree of stability natural ecosystems carried out by the method of bioindication.

Bioindication is the detection and determination of anthropogenic loads by the reactions of living organisms and their communities to them. The essence of bioindication is that certain environmental factors create the possibility of the existence of a particular species. The objects of bioindicative studies can be individual species of animals and plants, as well as entire ecosystems. For example, radioactive contamination is determined by the state of coniferous trees; industrial pollution - for many representatives of the soil fauna; air pollution is very sensitively perceived by mosses, lichens, butterflies.

The species diversity and high abundance or, conversely, the absence of dragonflies (Odonata) on the shore of the reservoir speak of its faunal composition: many dragonflies - the fauna is rich, few - the aquatic fauna is depleted.

If lichens disappear on tree trunks in the forest, then sulfur dioxide is present in the air. Only in clean water there are larvae of caddisflies (Trichoptera). But the small-scale worm (Tubifex), larvae of chironomids (Chironomidae) live only in heavily polluted water bodies. Many insects, green unicellular algae, and crustaceans live in slightly polluted water bodies.

Bioindication allows timely detection of a not yet dangerous level of pollution and taking measures to restore the ecological balance of the environment.

In some cases, the bioindication method is preferred, as it is simpler than, for example, physical and chemical methods analysis.

So, British scientists found several molecules in the liver of flounder - indicators of pollution. When total concentration life-threatening substances reaches critical values, a potentially carcinogenic protein begins to accumulate in the liver cells. Its quantitative determination is simpler than the chemical analysis of water, and provides more information about its danger to human life and health.

Remote methods are mainly used for global monitoring. For example, aerial photography is an effective method for determining the extent and extent of pollution from oil spills at sea or on land, ie tanker accidents or pipeline ruptures. Other methods in these extreme situations do not provide comprehensive information.

OKB im. Ilyushin, the aircraft builders of the Lukhovitsky Plant designed and built the Il-10Z, a unique aircraft to perform almost any task of state environmental and land monitoring. The aircraft is equipped with control and measuring and telemetry equipment, a satellite navigation system (СPS), a satellite communication system, an interactive on-board and ground-based measuring and recording complex. The aircraft can fly at altitudes from 100 to 3000 m, stay in the air for up to 5 hours, consumes only 10-15 liters of fuel per 100 km, and takes on board two specialists in addition to the pilot. The new aircraft Il-103 of the Aviation Center for Special Environmental Purposes, based at the Myachikovo airfield near Moscow, perform remote monitoring for environmentalists, aviation forest protection, emergency services and oil and gas pipeline transport.

Physical and chemical methods are used to monitor individual components of the natural environment: soil, water, air. These methods are based on the analysis of individual samples.

Soil monitoring provides for the determination of acidity, loss of humus, salinity. Soil acidity is determined by the value of the pH value (pH) in aqueous soil solutions. The pH value is measured using a pH meter or potentiometer. The content of humus is determined by the oxidizability of organic matter. The amount of oxidizing agent is estimated by titrimetric or spectrometric methods. Soil salinity, i.e., the content of salts in them, is determined by the value electrical conductivity, since it is known that salt solutions are electrolytes.

Water pollution is determined by chemical (COD) or biochemical (BOD) oxygen consumption - this is the amount of oxygen consumed for the oxidation of organic and inorganic substances contained in contaminated water.

Atmospheric pollution is analyzed by gas analyzers, which provide information on the concentration of gaseous pollutants in the air. “Multicomponent” analysis methods are used: C-, H-, N-analyzers and other devices that give continuous time characteristics of air pollution. Automated devices for remote analysis of atmospheric pollution, combining a laser and a locator, are called lidars.

Environmental quality assessment

What is evaluation and evaluation?

An important area of ​​monitoring research is the assessment of the quality of the environment. This direction, as you already know, has received priority in modern nature management, since the quality of the environment is associated with the physical and spiritual health of a person.

Indeed, they distinguish between a healthy (comfortable) natural environment, in which a person's health is normal or improving, and unhealthy, in which the state of health of the population is disturbed. Therefore, in order to preserve the health of the population, it is necessary to monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental quality- this is the degree of compliance of natural conditions with the physiological capabilities of a person.

There are scientific criteria for assessing the quality of the environment. These include standards.

Environmental quality standards. Quality standards are divided into environmental and production-economic.

Ecological standards establish maximum permissible norms of anthropogenic impact on the environment, the excess of which threatens human health, is detrimental to vegetation and animals. Such norms are established in the form of maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants (MPC) and maximum permissible levels of harmful physical effects (MPL). Remote controls are installed, for example, for noise and electromagnetic pollution.

MPC is the amount of a harmful substance in the environment, which certain interval time does not affect human health and does not cause adverse effects in his offspring.

AT recent times when determining MPC, not only the degree of impact of pollutants on human health is taken into account, but also the impact of these pollutants on natural communities as a whole. Every year more and more MPCs are set for substances in the air, soil, and water.

Industrial and economic environmental quality standards regulate the environmentally safe mode of operation of a production, utility, and any other facility. The production and economic environmental quality standards include the maximum allowable emission of pollutants into the environment (MAE). How to improve the quality of the environment? Many experts think about this problem. Environmental quality control is carried out by a special state service. Measures to improve the quality of the environment. They are combined into the following groups. The most important are technological measures, which include the development of modern technologies that ensure the integrated use of raw materials and waste disposal. The choice of fuel with a lower combustion product will significantly reduce emissions of substances into the atmosphere. This is also supported by electrification. modern production, transport and life.

Sanitation measures contribute to the cleaning of industrial emissions through various designs treatment facilities. (Are there treatment facilities at the nearest enterprises in your locality? How effective are they?)

The set of measures that improve the quality of the environment includes architectural planning activities that affect not only physical but also spiritual health. They include dust control, rational placement of enterprises (they are often taken out of the territory of a settlement) and residential areas, landscaping of populated areas, for example, with modern urban planning standards, cities with a population of one and a half million people need 40-50 m2 of green space , it is obligatory to allocate sanitary protection zones in the settlement.

To engineering and organizational measures include reducing parking at traffic lights, reducing the intensity of traffic on congested highways.

To legal measures include the establishment and observance of legislative acts to maintain the quality of the atmosphere, water bodies, soil, etc.

Requirements related to the protection of nature, improvement of the quality of the environment are reflected in state laws, decrees, and regulations. World experience shows that in developed countries authorities in the world solve problems related to the improvement of the quality of the environment through legislative acts and executive structures, which are called together with judicial system ensure the implementation of laws, finance large environmental projects and scientific developments, control the implementation of laws and financial costs.

There is no doubt that the improvement of the quality of the environment will be carried out through economic activities. Economic measures are primarily related to investment Money in shift and the development of new technologies that provide energy and resource saving, reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment. The means of the state tax and pricing policy should create the conditions for Russia's inclusion in the international security system environmental safety. At the same time, in our country, due to the economic downturn, the volume of introduction of new environmental technologies into the industry has significantly decreased.

educational measures are aimed at the formation of an ecological culture of the population. The quality of the environment largely depends on the formation of new value and moral attitudes, revision of priorities, needs, ways human activity. In our country, within state program"Ecology of Russia" has developed programs, manuals for environmental education at all stages of obtaining knowledge from preschool institutions to the system of advanced training. An important means in the formation of ecological culture are the media. Only in Russia there are more than 50 types of environmental periodicals.

All activities aimed at improving the quality of the environment are closely interconnected and largely depend on the development of science. Therefore, the most important condition for the existence of all measures is to carry out scientific research that improve the quality of the environment and environmental sustainability of both the planet as a whole and individual regions.

However, it should be noted that the measures taken to improve the quality of the environment do not always bring a noticeable effect. The increase in the incidence of the population, the decrease medium duration people's lives, the increase in mortality indicate the development of negative environmental phenomena in our country.

Decisions of state and municipal authorities aimed at normalizing environmental situation, ensuring environmental safety and environmental well-being of the population should be adequate to this situation. The validity and promptness of these decisions is determined by the availability of objective and timely information about the current and predicted environmental situation.

Under e environmental safety understand the state in which the protection of the interests of the individual, society, nature and the state from any threats created by anthropogenic or natural impact on the environment is ensured.

The monitoring system is the mechanism that ensures the discovery of real interrelations between the sources of environmental deformation, living conditions and the state of health of the population.

Ecological monitoring (environmental monitoring)- this is integrated system performed according to scientifically sound programs related work on regular observation for the state of the environment, assessment and forecast its changes under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors.

The main objective of environmental monitoring is to provide authorities with state power and local self-government, organizations and citizens timely, regular and reliable information on the state of the environment and its impact on public health, as well as forecasts of changes in the environmental situation, to develop and implement measures to improve the natural environment and ensure environmental safety. Monitoring data is the basis of information support for decision-making, setting priorities in the field of environmental protection in order to develop economic policy adequately taking into account environmental factors.

Environmental monitoring system is a set of mutually linked regulatory legal acts, management structures, scientific organizations and enterprises, technical and information means.

Objects of environmental monitoring are:

- natural environment components - lands, subsoil, soils, surface and The groundwater, atmospheric air, levels of radiation and energy pollution, as well as ozone layer atmosphere and near-Earth space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth;

- natural objects - natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and their constituent elements;

- natural and anthropogenic objects - natural objects transformed in the course of economic activity or objects created by man and having recreational and protective value;

- sources of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment, including potentially dangerous objects.

Since information about the state of the natural environment is primarily used to assess the impact of the environment on the health of the population, often monitoring objects also include population groups exposed to environmental factors.

Monitoring of natural environments and objects is carried out on various levels:

Global (according to international programs and projects);

Federal (for the territory of Russia as a whole);

Territorial (within the territory of the respective subjects Russian Federation);

Local (within the natural-technogenic system, which is in use by the nature user who has received a license for a particular type of activity).

task global monitoring is to ensure observation, control and forecast of changes in the biosphere as a whole. Therefore, it is also called biospheric or background monitoring.

The development and coordination of the global environmental monitoring system (GEMS) is carried out by UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization within the framework of various international programs and projects. The main objectives of these programs are:

Impact assessment global pollution atmosphere on climate;

Assessment of pollution of the World Ocean and the impact of pollution on marine ecosystems and the biosphere

Assessment of critical issues arising in connection with agricultural activities and land use;

Creation international system natural disaster warnings.

Stations for complex background monitoring of the Russian Federation are located in 6 biosphere reserves and are part of global international observational networks.

In the implementation of global monitoring programs, observation of the state of the environment from space occupies a special place. Earth space remote sensing (ERS) systems provide unique information about the functioning of various ecosystems in the regional and global levels, on the consequences of natural disasters and environmental disasters. An example of a global monitoring program is the Environmental Observation System (EOS) implemented in the United States. It is based on the processing of data received from three satellites equipped with video spectrometers, radiometers, lidars, radio altimeters and other equipment.

State environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation is carried out according to the state of atmospheric air, water bodies, wildlife, forests, geological environment, land, specially protected natural areas, as well as sources of anthropogenic impact. Observation, assessment and forecast of the state of individual components of the natural environment and sources of anthropogenic impact is carried out within the framework of the relevant functional subsystem of environmental monitoring. The organization of monitoring within the framework of the functional subsystem is assigned to the relevant federal departments specially authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Functional subsystems for monitoring the state of atmospheric air, pollution of soils, surface waters of land and marine environment(as part of the monitoring of surface water bodies) are combined into State Service for Monitoring Environmental Pollution (GSN), operating in Russia for more than a quarter of a century. Its organizational basis is the monitoring system Federal Service for hydrometeorology and monitoring of the natural environment (Roshydromet), which includes territorial bodies (departments) and an observation network consisting of stationary and mobile posts, stations, laboratories and information processing centers.

The Roshydromet monitoring system provides the bulk of information on the state and pollution of the natural environment in the territory of the Russian Federation. The generalized data obtained by the State Observation Service are published in the annual State report on the state of the natural environment and the influence of environmental factors on the health of the population of the Russian Federation.

Currently, the monitoring system of Roshydromet monitors:

For the state of air pollution in cities and industrial centers;

Behind the state of soil pollution with pesticides and heavy metals;

Behind the state of surface waters of land and seas;

Behind the transboundary transfer of pollutants in the atmosphere;

Per chemical composition, acidity of precipitation and snow cover; for background air pollution;

For radioactive contamination of the natural environment.

The entire range of work in the GOS, starting with the planning of the location of the observation network and ending with the algorithms for processing information, is regulated by the relevant regulatory and methodological documents.

Should be described in more detail State system for monitoring air pollution . Observations of the level of air pollution in cities and industrial centers of Russia are carried out by territorial departments for hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring. Together with organizations of Roshydromet, observations are carried out by sanitary and epidemiological surveillance bodies and other departments licensed by Roshydromet.

Observations are made at stationary, route and mobile posts full program 4 times a day or on the reduced - 3 times a day. The list of pollutants subject to control is established taking into account the volume and composition of emissions for each region as a result of a preliminary survey. The concentrations of both the main pollutants for all territories (suspended substances, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and dioxide, sulfur dioxide) and those specific for separate territories substances (ammonia, formaldehyde, phenol, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen fluoride, acrolein, benz (a) pyrene, heavy metals, aromatic hydrocarbons and etc.). Simultaneously with air sampling, meteorological parameters are determined: wind direction and speed, air temperature and humidity, weather conditions, as well as the level of gamma background. The collection and processing of the results of most analyzes is carried out within a day.

In the case of unfavorable weather conditions for the dispersion of pollutants at the most large enterprises In the region, so-called “storm warnings” are transmitted to carry out measures to temporarily reduce emissions.

E environmental monitoring at the territorial level includes the following types of observations:

- emissions monitoring - monitoring of a source (or type of activity) that has a negative impact on the environment (emission of pollutants, electromagnetic radiation, noise, etc.);

- impact monitoring - observations of the impact on the environment related to the control of a certain source or type of anthropogenic activity (in particular, monitoring of zones of direct impact);

- monitoring of the natural environment and ecosystems - monitoring the state of the components of the natural environment, natural resources, natural and technical systems, natural complexes, biological objects and ecosystems, as well as anthropogenic impacts on them of the totality of existing sources and activities (monitoring of the anthropogenic background).

At the regional level, it is of particular importance pollution source monitoring environment and their zones direct influence . This type of monitoring, unlike all others, is directly related to the management of pollution sources and ensuring the environmental safety of the population. The objects of monitoring are sources of pollution entering the environment belonging to industrial, agricultural, transport and other enterprises, as well as places of placement (storage, burial) of toxic waste.

Monitoring is carried out within the framework of the powers of environmental authorities to state environmental control and is carried out in the form of targeted inspections of individual enterprises, complex inspections (cities, enterprises). The number of such inspections is limited (1-2 per year).

Instrumental control is carried out by the technological inspection for the control of pollution sources with the analysis of samples in stationary conditions and in mobile laboratories.

The main volume of observations of sources is carried out within the framework of production environmental control . The scheme for organizing monitoring of pollution sources is shown in Fig. 10.1.

Environmental quality management consists in influencing nature users in such a way that the environmental quality characteristics approach the standard, characterized by the relevant standards. Control actions in this system can be of the following types:

Fig.10.1. Scheme of organization of monitoring of the impact source

Changes in the norms of payment for nature use, norms of MPE, MPD; forced change technological process;

Changing the geographic location of a man-made object (up to the removal of production from the city);

Changing links between objects.

The frequency of control actions lies in wide range- from several years (with the planned establishment of MPE and MPD standards) to several hours (in the event of emergency situations or under adverse weather conditions).

Thus, the monitoring system is a tool for obtaining necessary information. What will be its effectiveness depends on the legal framework and the sequence of bodies executive power in its application.

Environmental control

In order to ensure compliance with environmental protection requirements, norms, rules and state standards in the field of environmental protection, subjects of economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the natural environment implement a system of environmental control.

Environmental control- this is a system of measures to prevent, detect and suppress violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection. The functioning of the environmental control system is the most important condition for ensuring environmental safety.

In the Russian Federation, state, industrial and public control in the field of environmental protection is carried out. Organization state environmental control entrusted to a specially authorized federal agency executive power, as well as public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The legislation prohibits the combination of state control functions in the field of environmental protection and management functions in the field of economic use of natural resources. State environmental control is implemented through inspections of any organizations and enterprises, regardless of ownership, by state inspectors in the field of environmental protection. Full inspections cover the whole range of issues related to environmental activities. During targeted inspections, the individual issues environmental activities (operation of gas and water treatment facilities, condition of landfills, sludge collectors, implementation of the environmental protection plan, implementation of previously issued instructions). Target inspections also include supervision over the progress of construction and reconstruction of facilities, inspection of enterprises based on applications and appeals of citizens.

State inspectors in the field of environmental protection in the performance of their official duties have broad rights and powers - from issuing orders legal entities to eliminate environmental offenses until the suspension of the activities of enterprises in case of violation of environmental legislation by them.

Industrial environmental control carried out by economic entities that have or are able to have a negative impact on the state of the environment.

Production environmental control is limited to the scope of the technological production cycle and aims to confirm compliance by the enterprise - nature user with established environmental standards, norms and rules, as well as the implementation of measures to protect and improve the environment, rational use and restoration of natural resources. This goal is achieved under the condition of organizing effective continuous monitoring of the established indicators for each source of direct impact on the environment, with which environmental risk for the environment (as a result of a violation of the technological process, deviation from the design mode of equipment operation, man-made accidents and disasters).

Due to imperfection existing methods control of pollutants, assessment of their toxicity, distribution in the environment, the possibility of manifestation negative changes natural environments under the influence this enterprise. Taking this into account, the legislation provides for the obligation of an enterprise-user of natural resources to organize quality control of natural environments in the zone of its direct influence (local environmental monitoring).

Industrial environmental control solves the following tasks:

Control of emissions into the atmosphere, wastewater discharges, water consumption and water disposal directly at the boundaries of the technological process (sources of emissions, discharges) to assess compliance with MPE, MPD and the effectiveness of regulation of emissions into the atmosphere in especially adverse weather conditions (NMU);

Control of the operating mode of technological and auxiliary environmental equipment and facilities associated with the formation, release and capture of pollutants, the formation and storage of waste; assessment of environmental safety of products;

The main objects of industrial environmental control are:

Raw materials, materials, reagents, preparations used in production;

Sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air;

Sources of pollutant discharges in water bodies, sewerage and water disposal systems;

Exhaust gas cleaning systems;

Waste water treatment systems;

Systems recycling water supply;

Storages and warehouses of raw materials and materials;

Waste disposal and disposal facilities;

Finished products.

In some cases, individual natural objects (control of thermal and chemical pollution of reservoirs and streams, groundwater) are included in the scope of industrial environmental control.

Control hazardous waste It is organized at all stages of their handling: during the formation of waste, their accumulation, transportation, processing and neutralization, burial, and also after burial by monitoring the burial sites.

Production environmental control is carried out by the environmental protection service. Laboratories that implement the functions of industrial environmental control at the enterprise must be accredited and have the appropriate licenses.

The sources of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and the discharge of wastewater into water bodies subject to control are determined on the basis of the established standards for MPE and MPD, as well as statistical reporting data.

The number of sources of emissions and discharges, the list of pollutants subject to control, and the control schedule of enterprises and organizations that use natural resources are annually coordinated with the territorial divisions of the federal authorized bodies. The schedules indicate the points of sampling, the frequency of sampling and the list of controlled ingredients.

The list of the most dangerous atmospheric pollutants subject to control at sources consists of substances from three groups: the main ones (dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and dioxide, sulfur dioxide); substances of the first hazard class; Substances for which, according to observational data, a concentration of more than 5 MPC has been registered in the controlled area.

Direct instrumental measurements should be the main method for monitoring atmospheric emissions and wastewater discharges. The optimal scope of instrumental control is established taking into account the characteristics technological regime. For large (main) sources of pollution, the organization of continuous automatic monitoring of emissions (discharges) should be provided.

Public environmental control is carried out with the aim of realizing the rights of every person to a favorable environment and preventing environmental offenses. Public environmental control involves public and other non-profit organizations in accordance with their charters, as well as citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The results of public environmental control submitted to state authorities and local self-government are subject to mandatory consideration.

10.5.Control questions

1. What is meant by the "presumption of environmental hazard" of economic activity? What statute establishes it?

2. In what cases is an EIA carried out?

3. What is the subject of state environmental expertise?

4. What is an environmental audit? What are environmental standards? Give an example of an environmental quality standard.

5.What is an environmental audit? What are environmental standards? Give an example of an environmental quality standard.

6.What applies to regulations allowable impact on the environment?

7.What is environmental safety?

8. Formulate the content and subject of environmental monitoring.

9. Levels, directions and types of environmental monitoring.

10. What defines the "standard environment" in the environmental monitoring system?

11. How is the monitoring of sources of anthropogenic impact organized?

12. What are the tasks of industrial environmental control?

13. What is state environmental control? How is it carried out?

14. What is the difference between environmental control and environmental audit?

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Monitoring as an information system. Ecological monitoring of the human environment: goals, objectives, objects. The structure of the monitoring system. Classification. Directions of state environmental monitoring and authorized state services. Environmental control.

In the last decade, human impact on the environment has increased dramatically around the world, which has led to a high rate of ecosystem change. Changes in the biosphere are different in their magnitude, nature of direction, and unevenly distributed in space and time. In the current situation, objective advanced information about the state of the natural environment, its changes and the determination of trends in changes is important. Control is necessary both for natural changes in the natural environment and for anthropogenic impacts that are superimposed on natural changes, reinforcing them. In this regard, there was a need to organize special systems for monitoring and analyzing the state of the natural environment, primarily pollution and the effects they cause in the biosphere.

Monitoring - a multi-purpose information system for monitoring, analyzing and predicting the state of an object or process.

Most often, the concept of monitoring is associated with the environment. Environmental monitoring (environmental monitoring) is a complex system of interconnected works carried out according to scientifically based programs for regular monitoring of the state of the environment, assessment and forecast of its changes under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. Environmental monitoring provides warning information about emerging critical situations that are harmful to the health of people and other living organisms. Based on environmental monitoring data, recommendations are developed for further management decisions and corrective actions aimed at ensuring rational nature management and maintaining environmental quality.

For the first time the term "monitoring" (from lat. monitor - cautionary) appeared in 1972 before the Stockholm UN Conference on the Environment in addition to the term "control". It should be taken into account that the monitoring system itself only monitors and obtains information, not including environmental quality management activities, but is a source of information necessary for making environmentally significant decisions. Control also implies controls.

Environmental monitoring includes the following main activities :

Observation of factors affecting the natural environment, and the state of the environment, which changes as a result of this impact.

Assessment of the actual state of the natural environment.

Forecast of the state of the environment and assessment of this state. Forecasts are short-term and long-term.

Subject of environmental monitoring :

environment;

Natural resources;

sources of anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment.

Goals :

environmental Safety;

ecological well-being;

rational environmental management.

Under environmental safety understand the state in which the protection of the interests of the individual, society, nature and the state from potential threats created by anthropogenic or natural impact on the environment is ensured.

Main task The environmental monitoring system is information support and support for decision-making procedures in the field of managing the state of the environment (OPS) and environmental safety.

On fig. 4 shows the structure of the monitoring system.

Information System Management

(monitoring)

Observation estimate actual

status Regulation

environmental quality

state forecast assessment of the predicted

(future) states

Rice. 4. Block diagram of the monitoring system for

Blocks “observation” and “state forecast” are closely related. Forecasting is possible only if there is information about the actual state (feed-forward). The direction of the forecast should largely determine the structure and composition of the observational network (feedback).

The data obtained as a result of observation or prediction should be evaluated using specially selected criteria. Assessment, on the one hand, involves determining the damage from the impact, on the other hand, the choice optimal conditions for human activity. Information about the state of the natural environment and trends in its change should form the basis for the development of measures for nature protection.

The results of assessing the current and predicted state of the biosphere make it possible to clarify the requirements for the observation subsystem (this is the scientific justification for monitoring, the substantiation of the composition and structure of the network and observation methods).

Objects of environmental monitoring :

sources and factors of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment, including sources of pollution, radiation, including potentially dangerous objects;

biosphere elements, including

Components of the natural environment - lands, bowels, soils, surface and ground waters, atmospheric air, levels of radiation and energy pollution, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth outer space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth;

Natural objects - natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and their constituent elements. Observations are also carried out over the responses of living organisms to the impact, over changes in their structural and functional indicators;

- natural-anthropogenic objects - natural objects transformed in the course of economic activity or objects created by man and having recreational and protective value;

- population groups affected by environmental factors.

This approach covers the monitoring of the entire cycle of anthropogenic impacts - from the sources of impacts to the influence and reactions of individual natural environments and complex ecological systems. The classification of monitoring and all its possible directions is a complex and cumbersome task. Let's take a closer look at priority systems.

Monitoring of natural environments and objects carried out at different levels:

global(biospheric or background - within the framework of international programs and projects);

federal(for the territory of Russia as a whole);

territorial(within the territory of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation);

local (within the natural-technogenic system, which is in use by the nature user who has received a license for a particular type of activity).

Global monitoring - reduction of global processes and phenomena, including anthropogenic impacts on the biosphere and warning of emerging extreme situations. For example, weakening ozone shield, the impact of global air pollution on climate, the assessment of pollution of the World Ocean, the creation of an international warning system for natural disasters. The development and coordination of the global environmental monitoring system (GEMS) is carried out by UNEP ( United Environment program- UN Environment Program) and the World Meteorological Organization within the framework of various international programs and projects.

Changes in the environment can occur under the influence of natural causes and under the influence of human activities. In order to assess the changes introduced by human activity, it is necessary to know the background state of the biosphere. It is studied on the basis of reserves that exist in a number of countries within the framework of background monitoring environment. In Russia, background monitoring stations are located in six biosphere reserves.

In the implementation of global monitoring systems of space remote sensing of the Earth are used. They allow obtaining unique information about the functioning of ecosystems, the consequences of natural disasters and environmental disasters.

Environmental monitoring on territorial level tracking processes within the region. There are places (regions) where there are deviations from the average, characteristic and natural in anthropogenic impacts, for the entire biosphere.

Monitoring at the territorial level includes:

monitoring of sources and impact factors . First of all, toxic substances, the most persistent and mobile, having toxic daughter products, are subject to monitoring. Among the sources, first of all, factory pipes, fields with introduced chemicals, cities, etc.

environmental monitoring – observations of changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil, cryosphere and biota.

impact monitoring – observation of anthropogenic impacts in especially dangerous zones and points, study of discharges from a particular enterprise (in particular, monitoring of zones of direct impact). The measurement is made against the background of natural processes.

On fig. 5 shows the classification of successive stages of monitoring.

Rice. 5. Classification of successive stages of monitoring.

Geophysical monitoring – determines the response of the abiotic component, both on the micro and macro scales. Up to the reaction and determination of the state of large systems: weather and climate.

Biological monitoring – tracking of biological objects (presence of species, their condition, appearance of accidental introducers, etc.)

Biological monitoring includes observations:

for human health, the impact of the environment on humans;

behind the most important populations, both in terms of the existence of the ecosystem, and in terms of great economic value (valuable fish varieties);

for populations - indicators;

genetic monitoring.

Animals or plants (bioindicators) are used as indicators of environmental pollution. Bioindicators are used at the earliest stage of pollution. If pollution has gone as far as, for example, in Los Angeles, where alleys of rubber trees have been created - living trees can no longer grow there - then at this stage it makes no sense to resort to the help of bioindicators. The main bioindicators are lichens, as they do not tolerate air pollution very well. In places with strong air pollution, a “lichen desert” is observed. They only live in areas with clean air. Some of their species are found only at a distance of 50-60 km from industrial cities.

Coniferous plants are very sensitive to sulfur dioxide. If emissions into the atmosphere are high, the spruce forest is completely destroyed. Bioindication can be a change in plant growth, color (qualitative changes).

Animals and birds can serve as bioindicators. The reduction of natural bird populations is a signal warning about the danger to humans. Poisons accumulate in the body and eggs of birds. Heavy metals accumulate in the body of lizards. According to their analysis, one can judge the pollution of the environment. Sea urchin eggs are highly sensitive and easily used bioindicators of toxic impurities in seawater.

Very often, physicochemical methods for analyzing environmental objects require a lot of time and money. Bioindicators allow you to quickly and cost-effectively detect harmful substances. For example, in the study of food products for mycotoxins secreted by mold fungi, the Artemia crustacean is used, which is fed to aquarium fish. The extract from the suspicious plant material is treated with crustacean larvae and the percentage of larval mortality is used to judge the contamination with mycotoxins. Various types of algae are selectively used in the analysis of water for the content of insecticides and herbicides.

Analytical chemistry has now achieved enough high results according to the sensitivity of the methods used: if in the 1950s the limit of poison detection was 1 mg/kg, today its detection in the amount of 10 -6 mg/kg has become real. Three molecules of any compound are enough among the three billion molecules of the material under study. However, bioindicators are even more sensitive. Biological tests detect 10 -9 mg/kg. The sample is introduced into mammalian cells and the reaction of these cells to the poison is measured. The accuracy of this method is undeniable.

Genetic monitoring – observation of possible changes in hereditary traits in various populations, including humans. In order to determine the reality of the threat to the health of future generations, research is carried out in three areas:

testing of toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic activity of physical factors, chemicals and biological agents that are widely distributed in nature;

tracking the level and spectrum of morbidity in various population groups living in conditions varying degrees environmental pollution;

determination of quantity genetic cargo in human populations with an attempt to assess the level and dynamics of the frequency of newly emerging mutations.

All researchers on these problems joined their efforts within the framework of the Society for Environmental Mutagens. A common disadvantage of genetic monitoring is the limitation of the study of mutations by viable individuals, that is, the underestimation of lethal mutations. In part, these data are supplemented by data obtained from the analysis of the material of spontaneously aborted fetuses, stillbirths, and infertility in men and women. It has been established that 50% of spontaneous abortions and at least 25% of congenital malformations are caused by mutations.

Environmental monitoring of the environment is modern form implementation of the processes of environmental activities using informatization tools, which ensures Sipan's regular assessment and forecasting of the living environment of society and the conditions for the functioning of ecosystems for making managerial decisions on environmental safety, conservation of the natural environment and rational nature management. Environmental monitoring - this is an information system for observing, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment, created with the aim of highlighting the anthropogenic component of these changes against the background of natural processes.

Back in the late 60s, many countries realized that it was necessary to coordinate efforts to collect, store and process data on the state of the environment. In 1972, a conference on environmental protection was held in Stockholm under the auspices of the UN, where for the first time it became necessary to agree on a definition of the concept of "monitoring". It was decided to understand environmental monitoring as a complex system of observations, assessment and forecast of changes in the state of the environment under the influence of anthropogenic factors. The term appeared in addition to the term "environmental state control". Currently, monitoring is understood as set of observations for certain components of the biosphere, organized in a special way in space and time, as well as an adequate set of methods for environmental forecasting.

The main tasks of environmental monitoring: monitoring the state of the biosphere, assessing and forecasting its state, determining the degree of anthropogenic impact on the environment, identifying factors and sources of impact. AT ultimate goal environmental monitoring is the optimization of human relations with nature, the ecological orientation of economic activity.

Environmental monitoring arose at the intersection of ecology, economics, biology, geography, geophysics, geology and other sciences. There are different types of monitoring depending on the criteria: bioecological (sanitary and hygienic) Geoecological (natural and economic) production and environmental; biospheric (global) geophysical; climatic; biological; public health, etc.

Depending on the purpose, special programs carry out general, crisis and background environmental monitoring of the environment (Fig. 14.1).

Rice. 14.1. Types and levels of environmental monitoring system

Source: compiled according to the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine: [ Electronic resource]. - Access mode: menr.gov.ua/monitoring

General environmental monitoring - these are the optimal places, parameters and frequency of environmental observations in terms of quantity and location, which allow, based on the assessment and forecasting of the state of the environment, to support the adoption of appropriate decisions at all levels of departmental and national environmental activities.

Crisis environmental monitoring are intensive observations of natural objects, sources anthropogenic impact located in areas of ecological tension, in areas of accidents and dangerous natural phenomena with harmful environmental consequences, in order to ensure timely response to crisis and emergency environmental situations and making decisions on their liquidation, creation normal conditions for the life of the population and the economy.

Background eco-monitoring of the environment - it's perennial comprehensive research specially defined objects of nature protection zones in order to assess and predict changes in the state of ecosystems remote from objects of industrial and economic activity, or to obtain information to determine the statistical average (background) level of environmental pollution in anthropogenic conditions.

In Ukraine, monitoring of the natural environment is carried out by many departments, within the framework of which the relevant tasks, levels and components of the monitoring subsystem are implemented. So, for example, in the monitoring system, carried out in Ukraine, there are three levels of environmental monitoring environment: global, regional and local.

The purpose, methodological approaches and practice of monitoring at different levels differ. The criteria for the quality of the natural environment are most clearly defined at the local level. The goal of regulation here is to ensure that such a strategy does not bring the concentrations of certain priority anthropogenic pollutants into an acceptable range is a kind of standard. It represents the values ​​​​of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), which are fixed by law. Compliance of the quality of the natural environment with standards is controlled by the relevant supervisory authorities. The task of monitoring at the local level is to determine the parameters of the "emission field - concentration field" models. The object of influence at the local level is a person.

On the regional level The approach to monitoring is based on the fact that pollutants, having entered the cycle of substances in the biosphere, change the state of the abiotic component and, as a result, cause changes in the biota. Any economic activity carried out on a regional scale affects the regional background - it changes the state of equilibrium of the abiotic and biological components. For example, the state of vegetation cover, primarily forests, significantly affects climatic conditions region.

The goals of global monitoring are determined in the process international cooperation under various international organizations, agreements (conventions) and declarations. Global environmental monitoring includes seven areas:

1. Organization and expansion of the system of warning about the threat to human health.

2. Assessment of global atmospheric pollution and its impact on climate.

3. Estimation of the quantity and distribution of contaminants in biological systems especially in food chains.

4. Evaluation of critical problems that arise as a result of agricultural activities and land use.

5. Assessment of responses of terrestrial ecosystems to environmental impacts.

6. Assessment of ocean pollution and the impact of pollution on marine organisms.

7. Creation of an improved system of warnings about natural disasters on an international scale.

The state system of environmental monitoring carries out the following types of work: regime observations, operational work, special work. Regime work is carried out systematically for annual programs, on a special organized points observations. The need to perform operational work depends on cases of emergency pollution of the natural environment or natural disasters; these works are carried out in emergency situations.

Creation and operation State system ecological monitoring of the environment should contribute to the implementation of the state environmental policy, which provides for:

Ecologically rational use the natural and socio-economic potential of the state, the preservation of a favorable environment for the life of society;

Socio-ecological and economically rational solution problems arising from environmental pollution, natural hazards, man-made accidents and disasters;

Development of international cooperation in the conservation of natural biodiversity, protection of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, prevention of anthropogenic climate change, forest protection and reforestation, transboundary environmental pollution, restoration natural state Dnieper, Danube, Black and Azov seas.

The state system of environmental monitoring should become integrated information system which will collect, store and process environmental information for departmental and comprehensive assessment and forecast of the state of natural environments, biota and living conditions, development of sound recommendations for the adoption of effective social, economic and environmental solutions at all levels of state executive power, improvement of relevant legislative acts, as well as the implementation of Ukraine's obligations under international environmental agreements, programs, projects and events.

The functioning of the State system of environmental monitoring is implemented according to the principles:

Systematic observations of the state of the natural environment and man-made objects that affect it, or are considered environmentally unstable;

Timeliness of obtaining and processing observational data at departmental and generalizing (local, regional and state) levels;

The complexity of using eco-information entering the system from departmental environmental monitoring services and other suppliers;

Objectivity of primary, analytical and predictive environmental information and consistency of regulatory, organizational and methodological support ecological monitoring of the environment, carried out by the relevant services of the ministries and departments of Ukraine, other central executive authorities;

Compatibility of technical, information and software her constituent parts; the efficiency of bringing eco-information to the executive authorities, other interested bodies, enterprises, organizations and institutions;

Availability of environmental information to the population of Ukraine and the world community.

The state system of environmental monitoring should ensure the achievement of the following main goals:

1) increasing the level of adequacy to the actual ecological state environment of its information model;

2) increasing the efficiency of obtaining and reliability of primary data through the use of advanced techniques at all levels government controlled and local government;

3) increasing the level and quality of information services for eco-information consumers at all levels of the system functioning based on network access to distributed departmental and integrated data banks;

4) complex processing and use of information for making appropriate decisions.

So, monitoring brings to life a system of observations that allow you to identify changes in the state of the biosphere under the influence of human activity. The main blocks of this system are observation, assessment and forecast of the state of: the natural environment; anthropogenic changes in the state of the abiotic component of the biosphere (in particular, changes in the levels of pollution of natural environments), the feedback of ecosystems to these changes and anthropogenic shifts associated with the influence of pollution, agricultural use of land, deforestation, development of transport, urbanization, etc. Modern stage The development of society provides for the introduction of the latest information technologies in all spheres of life, the use of significant amounts of information and, accordingly, the availability of new and broad knowledge. It is necessary to develop an information strategy, including the development of the most effective methods for its selection, processing and dissemination, which requires updating and developing the monitoring system itself.