A person, depending on age, consists of 60-80 percent of water. It is an integral part of the functioning of all organisms on earth. In order for the body to be in good shape, it is necessary to drink a certain amount of fluid every day, which also depends on age.
According to the American scientists to man You need about one and a half liters a day.
Japanese scientists claim that for normal functioning internal systems The human body needs at least three liters of water daily.
Water performs several functions:
- Dissolves substances in the body;
- Delivers nutrients to cells
- Removes toxins from the body;
It can be concluded that what more people eats poor quality food more water he will need to remove toxins from the body. It is necessary to drink water and drunkenness, especially before going to bed, so that the head does not hurt in the morning, of course, the quality of the water also matters, and to save money you can buy a neodymium magnet, now it is already available.
The differences between the two countries in this case are quite obvious. They have different quality food, so the amount of water to cleanse the body will need different.
The amount of water also depends on how much food a person eats. The more, the more water will be required. If you are a vegetarian, you should drink little water.
About fifty percent of diseases are due to the usual lack of water in the body. Therefore, in order to avoid creaking in the joints, the appearance of kidney stones, dry skin, it is necessary to maintain the level of fluid in the body. Drink water should be clean or filtered.
If the smell of your urine is strong in the morning, you need to drink more water. If the smell of sweat is unbearable, this also indicates a lack of water. Pay attention to this. When the water level is sufficient, you don't even have to use deodorants! After all, sweat is toxins that are released through the pores from the body, and when there are a lot of them, the smell of sweat becomes sharp and unpleasant. A large amount of toxins provokes the occurrence different kind diseases.
To drink or not to drink a lot of water - everyone decides individually for himself. Remember that you can not drink less than one and a half liters a day. As soon as you notice the signs of the diseases listed above, increase the amount of water consumed.
However, in some cases, water is harmful. A large amount of water drunk can adversely affect the functioning of the body. There are cases in the world when people even died from a large number drunk water. This usually happened at the time of toxic intoxication.
Particularly popular questions:
- Should you drink water before meals?
Many nutritionists advise drinking a glass of water before eating. Then the person will not eat too much and will not gain unnecessary kilograms. However, this is not quite true. As you know, water does not contain calories, so you will not be able to get enough water. However, it will replace part of the stomach, as a result of which you will have a deceptive feeling of fullness. Many people advise drinking water while losing weight, as it removes impurities from the body. This is true, and the process of losing weight can accelerate.
- Should you drink water when you don't feel like it?
When the body needs water, it communicates it. The person begins to feel thirsty. This means that you need to drink water. If there is no feeling of thirst, then you should not drink water. After eating, for example, the body often requires water.
- How much water should you drink in summer?
In summer, the amount of liquid you drink should vary depending on the temperature outside. So at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, you need to drink at least one and a half liters, at a temperature of 26 degrees at least two liters, and at a temperature of 32-33 degrees - at least three liters. By the way, people who have elevated arterial pressure must also drink more liquid during the heat. The exception is heart failure and edema.
AT summer period a person begins to sweat more intensely, the amount of blood that moves through the vessels begins to decrease. This leads to the appearance of thrombosis, which is the cause of a heart attack or stroke.
Ecological education of preschoolers is an acquaintance with nature, which is based on an ecological approach, in which pedagogical process based on fundamental ideas and concepts of ecology.
Ecological outlook is a product of education. Its formation occurs gradually over many years of a person's life and teachings. The beginning of the process falls on the period preschool childhood when the first foundations of world understanding and practical interaction with the subject-natural environment are laid.
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MBDOU-Tyulyachinsky Kindergarten №1
Tyulyachinsky municipal district RT
Abstract of the lesson on ecology
(with elements of experimentation)
What do we know about water?
Senior group.
Educator: Iskhakova Liliya Farilevna
November 2017
Target:
To consolidate children's knowledge about the purpose of water in our lives;
To instill interest in research activities.
Tasks:
Educational :
Clarify and expand children's knowledge about water;
Continue to acquaint with the properties of water;
To generalize children's knowledge about the state of water in the environment, about the water cycle in nature, about its significance in the life of plants, animals and humans.
Developing:
Activate and enrich children's vocabulary;
To develop curiosity, observation, thinking, speech of pupils, the ability to transform, the ability to draw conclusions.
Educational:
Bring up careful attitude to the water;
To form an emotionally-valuable attitude to the world around, the desire for new discoveries.
Equipment:
Globe, tray with laboratory glassware, kettle with hot water, pieces of ice.
Preliminary work:
Conversation with children about the meaning of water;
Reading fiction(N. Nikolaenko “Rain-shower”, N.A. Ryzhova “How people offended the river”, fairy tale “Trip of a droplet”)
Carrying out individual experiments with water;
Cognitive game "Where is what kind of water";
Viewing a presentation on the topic "The water cycle in nature", "Why water needs to be protected";
Walking water observation.
Dictionary:
Globe, model, land, continents, water cycle in nature, fresh water, laboratory.
The course of educational activities.
Part Introductory (informational and educational)
Educator:
- Guys, today we have guests. (hello)
Look at our guests good mood, they smile, let's also smile at our guests, smile at each other and remember our motto "The river begins from the blue stream, and the lesson begins with a smile"
Educator:
I walked along the road
I found a strange ball.
In multi-colored bright spots,
What kind of ball is incomprehensible?
Educator:
Guys, do you know what this ball is?
Children:
It's a globe, not a ball.
Educator:
What is a "globe"
Children:
A globe is a miniature model of our planet Earth.
Educator:
And what can we learn about our planet Earth by looking at its model, i.e. to the globe.
Children:
You can see the seas, oceans, rivers, mountains, countries.
Children:
This is water: seas, oceans, lakes. Water takes most our planet, but land, a small part.
Sounds like an audio recording of a babbling brook.
Resp.: Guys! Listen, what are those sounds?
Children: These are the sounds of water.
Reveal: Indeed. It's a babbling stream.
Who needs water
Can you answer me easily?
Children:
Humans, plants, animals, birds and fish need water.
Children:
In the seas, oceans, the water is salty, only marine life can live in such water.
Educator:
What is fresh water?
Children:
Fresh water is water without salts.
Educator:
Where can you get this water?
Children:
In settlements, villages - from underground wells, wells.
Educator:
And in cities where a lot of people live and need a lot of water, the water comes to the taps from the rivers purified at water treatment plants, where laboratory assistants make sure that the water is clean.
Part. Practical (experimental)
Educator:
To find out what kind of water it is, you need to go to the laboratory. Do you guys know what a "lab" is?
Children:
This is a place where scientists conduct experiments and set up experiments.
Educator:
Now we will turn into such scientists, and we will conduct experiments on the study of water.
(Children sit down at the tables)
Let's start our research.Answer: Guys, please come to the table. We will explore the water. But first, let's remember the rules of conduct when conducting experiments:
1) carefully use with a water tank;
2) maintain order in the workplace;
3) do not make noise;
4) closely monitor the result of the experiment.
Edit: We have cups of water on the tables.
Experience number 1 "What shape is water"
(On the table are: a cube, a ball, a cone)
Educator:
What shape are these items?
Does water have a shape?
To do this, take the cups and fill it with water, pour this water into a wide jar. Water takes the shape of the vessel into which we pour it. What can we say about water? Does she have a shape?
Conclusion:
Water has no form. It takes the form of the vessel in which it is located. Remember the puddles after the rain. They spread on the pavement, gather in the pits, we don’t see them, only the ground is wet.
Experience number 2 "What color is the water"
Educator:
Let's take two glasses - one with water, the other with milk. Take a picture and put it behind a glass of water.
- Can we see the picture?
Now let's put the picture behind a glass of milk. What have we discovered?
Conclusion:
Water is a clear liquid.
Experience number 3 "Water has no smell"
When buns are baked in the kindergarten, food is cooked, we hear an appetizing smell here. “Oh, how delicious it smells!” - you say. Now determine if the water has a smell?
Conclusion:
Water has no smell.
Experience number 4 "Water has no taste"
Educator:
Guys, you are familiar with the taste of apples, potatoes, cake, juice. Taste the water. Is it possible to say that water is salty, sweet, sour?
Conclusion:
Water has no taste.
Experience No. 5 "States of water"
Educator:
- And this experience will help to find out: are water, ice, steam the same thing?
(the educator bringsboiling kettle)
If a strong - strong the heat from the water will be steam .... (steam)
(the teacher raises the lid of the kettle, draws the attention of the children to the droplets that form on the lid of the kettle)
If the steam suddenly cools down, the steam turns into .... (water)
If the cold suddenly comes from the water it will be .... (ice)
(the teacher brings in pieces of ice, puts them on plates for the children. Offers to consider)
If it suddenly gets warm, the ice will be hot .... (melt)
The ice will melt and then it will be out of it .... (water)
This happens in nature: the sun heats the surface of a reservoir or land, the water evaporates, turns into steam. Steam rises to the top, clouds and clouds are obtained, which, with the help of the wind, move in the air and fall to the ground in the form of precipitation: in summer - rain in winter - snow. This is the water cycle in nature.
Experience No. 6 “Where does the rain come from?”There are wet sponges in the form of a cloud on the tray. Children examine the sponge from above and below.(The top is dry, but the bottom and inside are slightly damp.) Educator: What does a sponge look like? Children are invited to squeeze it so that it “rains”.
Educator: Why doesn't it rain from such a "cloud"?(There are few water droplets in the cloud.)Children are invited to add some water from the glass to the sponge and squeeze it again. Teacher: What's going on? (Children are convinced by experience that “rain” comes from such a “cloud”, but not strong.)Then the children are invited to pour the remaining water in the glass onto the sponge and squeeze it again.
Educator: And what is happening now?(Children comment on their actions and experience the result - it is raining heavily.)I draw the attention of the children to the fact that a lot of water droplets have gathered in our “cloud”. They became very heavy for the “cloud” and fell out as “rain”.
Conclusion. This is how everything happens in nature: water droplets gather together in a cloud and, when it becomes crowded, they fall to the ground as rain.
It would be nice for us to get some rest. What do our scientists think? Let's get out of our lab tables and onto the carpet.
Educator:
Guys, look! Our ice is melting. Guys, let's make boats and put them on the water.
(offers to make boats for the guys, they let them float on the water)
Educator:
For whom is water important?
For whom is it needed?
Water is needed:
For drinking. Wash with water. They bathe in it, temper themselves. Water is needed to cook food, wash floors, dishes, and wash clothes. Water is poured over flowers, vegetables, fruits. Water is needed to put out fires. Water is essential for animals, birds, fish and insects.
Take a look around
Take a look at nature
Surrounds you everywhere and always
This magic is water!
Guys, if you imagine that there is suddenly no water on the earth, what will happen then?
Children:
People, animals, plants, birds, fish, insects will die, because we all cannot live without water.
Educator:
Without water, there will be no life on our planet, so we, as masters of nature, must conserve and protect water.1. Plants must be watered, otherwise they will dry out.
2. Animals drink water, and some (fish) live in it.
3.People need water constantly to drink, wash, cook food, to temper and relax near the water.
4.People need water in the production of various goods.
Children:
We will remember forever:
The symbol of life on earth is water.
Save it and take care!
We are not alone on the planet!
Educator: Water, like a real sorceress, can be very different.
Children are invited to solve riddles about different states water:
The gray-haired grandfather at the gate covered everyone's eyes.(Fog)
It does not burn in fire, it does not sink in water.(Ice)
There is a mountain in the yard, and water in the hut.(Snow)
White carrot grows in winter.(Icicle)
He came from the sky, he went to the earth.(Rain)
No arms, no legs, but he can draw.(Freezing)
Conclusion. Fog, ice, snow, icicle, rain, frost are water.
Experience No. 7 Water filtration.Guys, let's remember the fairy tale "Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka." What happened to Ivanushka? (Children's answers) Why couldn't you drink this water? That's right, because it's dirty. But there is such a situation that water clean nearby no, but you need to take a sip at least a sip. Exist different ways water purification. With the most simple ways, which may be useful to you in life, we will now get to know each other .. If sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka had known about this method, then trouble could have been avoided. And now we will play a gameNow we will try to purify the water ourselves using a filter. - Add sand to a glass of water and mix. What has the water become? The water became cloudy. Let's try to purify water using the simplest filter - a cloth cloth. Pour into an empty jar through a cloth muddy water. What kind of water is in the glass? Clean, not cloudy, but transparent.
Conclusion: the sand remained on the fabric, and the water purified from it got into the glass. The fabric has become a filter for purifying muddy polluted water.
Experience No. 8 There is another property of water - it can dissolve various substances.
The teacher, together with the children, determines that the children have flour and starch, salt and sugar, vegetable oil, herbal infusions (calendula, chamomile) on the tables.
Now let's try to dissolve these substances in water and see what we get.
Dissolving substances, children come to the following conclusions:
Salt and sugar quickly dissolve in water, while the water remains clear, but acquires a certain taste. Why? (i.e. particles dissolved in water)
Flour and starch also dissolve in water, but the water becomes cloudy.
Educator:
But pay attention, after the glass of water stands for a while, the flour and starch settle to the bottom, but the solutions remain cloudy (that is, not all substances dissolve in water).
Oil does not dissolve in water. It spreads over its surface with a thin film or floats in water in the form of heavy droplets (because fats are lighter than water).
(when working, children use teaspoons)
And now we will tell you where water is used in our group:
watering houseplants- washing toys and doll clothes; in the toilet room, washing my hands, face and for flushing in the toilet, the assistant teacher washes the dishes, floors.
How should we treat water?
Carefully!
What does it mean?
Water conservation rules.
When washing, do not turn on the faucet strongly so that a lot of water does not leak.
Close the faucet well after consumption.
Do not pollute water bodies.
Take care of nature.
Summarizing:Guys, tell me, please, what new did you learn about water today? Did you like our activity?
clear water
flowing water, liquid
water is colorless, but can be colored if dye is added to it
water is odorless, but can be smelled if flavoring is added to it
water has no taste, but if you add lemon juice to it, it becomes sour, add sugar - sweet, salt - salty.
water has no form, it takes the form of the vessel in which it is located, the water evaporates.
Municipal Autonomous Preschool educational institution
"Kindergarten No. 67"
Abstract of the lesson on ecology
(older preschool age)
What do we know about water?
Magadan 2017
Summary of the lesson on ecology on the topic: "What do we know about water"
senior preschool age
Purpose: to give an idea of the importance of water in human life, in nature.
Learning tasks: to acquaint children with the properties of water (taste, color, smell,
smell, fluidity). Clarify its meaning for all living things. Develop experimental activities children
Correction-developing tasks: the formation of correct expressive speech, the ability to answer questions and conduct a dialogue. Individual approach
to children in the content of tasks, taking into account the difficulties, accessibility.
Educational tasks: foster respect for water,
develop curiosity and thinking, the desire to complete the work begun
to end.
vocabulary work: water, liquid, bitter, salty, sweet, tasteless, colorless, salt, sugar, clear.
Methodological techniques: game, visual, practical, artistic word.
Material: droplet doll, equipment for experiments: glasses with water
the number of children, empty glasses, salt, sugar, brilliant green, potassium permanganate,
spoons.
Lesson progress
Part 1: Organizational moment.
An audio recording of the murmur of a stream sounds.
Educator: - Children, listen and determine what these sounds are.
Children: - These are the sounds of water.
Educator: Indeed, this is a murmuring stream. Droplet came to visit us today. She will travel with us to the Kingdom of Water.
2 part. Introduction to the topic.
Educator: Have you heard about water?
They say it's everywhere!
In a puddle, in the sea, in the ocean
And at the faucet.
Is it so? What do you think? Can a person live without water?
(children's answers)
And why does a person need water? (cook, water, bathe, etc.)
And where did our droplet come from? Where can she be? (in a pond, in a lake, in a river, in the sea, in a puddle, in a stream)
So, a droplet, a particle of what? (water)
And what can water do? (run, flow, pour, drip, murmur, etc.)
Do we have water in the group? Where is she? (at the faucet)
Physical education minute
Stretching the lower back, we will not be in a hurry.
Turn right, turn left, look at your neighbor. (Turns in different sides)
To become even smarter, we twist our neck a little.
One and two, one and two, dizzy. (Rotation of the head to the right and left)
One, two, three, four, five. We need to stretch our legs. (squats)
Finally, everyone knows how to always walk in place. (Walking in place)
There are benefits to warming up! Well, it's time to sit down.
3 part. Activation of existing knowledge.
Experiment No. 1 "Water is a liquid." Children are given the task to pour water from
glasses to glass. Then he offers to smell the water and taste it.
The water is odorless and tasteless.
Experiment No. 2 "Colorless water."
On the teacher's table is a white sheet of paper, a glass of milk, a glass of water.
What color is milk? (white). And you can say about the water that it is white
colors? (No)
The teacher dips the spoon into the milk. Children, can you see the spoon? (No). (Lowers the spoon into the water). Can you see the spoon now? (Yes)
Experiment No. 3 “Water can change color depending on what is added to it.
vili. (shows only the teacher).
On the table are 2 glasses of water, brilliant green, potassium permanganate.
Children watch the water change color.
Experiment No. 4 There is a saucer with sugar on the table, spoons according to the number of children.
The teacher invites the children to put in a glass of water the substance
which is on their table, stir and taste the water.
What did the water taste like? (sweet)
Water can take on the taste of the substance that is added to it.
You can add salt.
Held finger gymnastics. "Spider"
The spider walked on a branch,
And the kids followed him.
(Arms are crossed, fingers of each hand run along the forearm, and then
on the shoulder of the other hand)
Rain suddenly poured from the sky.
(Brushes are freely lowered, we perform a shaking movement).
Washed the spiders to the ground.
(Clap hands on knees or table).
The sun began to warm up.
(The palms are pressed with their sides to each other, the fingers are splayed-
we shake our hands (the sun is shining).
The spider crawls again.
And all the children crawl after him,
To walk along the branch.
(Actions similar to the original).
Part 4 Generalization of learned material.
Educator: Let's tell Droplet what we learned in class.
Water is a liquid. It is odorless, colorless, can take on a taste
Water must be conserved and when you wash your hands, you must immediately turn off the tap
Why?
Part 5 Summary of the lesson.
And now a surprise from Droplets - juice. Drink it and tell me what it's made of.
We thank Droplet and say goodbye to her.
Daria Glinkina
Open lesson on ecology "What do we know about water"
Synopsis of an open lesson on ecology in the second junior group
What do we know about water?
Software tasks. Introduce children to the properties of water (Color, smell, fluidity).
Clarify its purpose for all living things.
Develop curiosity, thinking, and speech of children, introduce into active dictionary children words: liquid, colorless, tasteless, transparent.
Cultivate respect for water.
Methods and techniques.
Game.(The appearance of Dunno surprise moments).
Visual(ICT "Who needs water", diagrams, symbols).
Practical(Experiments).
Verbal(Teacher's story).
preliminary work(Production of the panel "Who needs water")
Reading stories, fairy tales of a cognitive nature.
Experiments (turning snow into water, water into ice).
Conversations on the topic: "Who lives in the water", "Where you can meet water."
Material and equipment.
ICT "Who needs water"
Equipment for experiments: cups of water (according to the number of children, cups of sugar, spoons, brushes, colored pencils, paints, cups with mint drops, cotton buds.
Symbols for the properties of water.
Emblems: Kapitoshka.
Course progress.
Educator. Guys, today I went to kindergarten and met Dunno, he was so sad that I wanted to invite him to the group. Dunno, what's wrong with you, why are you so sad?
Dunno. I am in first grade. We were asked homework to tell everything that I know about water, but it turns out that I don’t know anything about it at all.
Educator. Calm down Dunno, we will try to help you. Will the guys help Dunno? (Answers of children). True, our guys still do not know much about water, but together, I am sure that we will find out everything. Dunno, take a seat. Guys, guess the riddle:
She is in the lake and in the puddle
She boils in our kettle
She runs in the river, murmurs.
What's this? (Water).
That's right guys, it's water. We are well acquainted with water: more than once we walked in the rain, splashing through puddles, launched boats in a stream, swam in a river or in the sea in the summer.
What do you know about water, what is it like?
Why do plants need water?
And how do they get it?
Why can't animals live without water?
Guys, do people need water? What for?
Music sounds. The teacher reads a poem about water to the children, accompanying the story with a presentation.
Have you heard of water?
They say it's everywhere!
In a puddle, in the sea, in the ocean,
And at the faucet.
Like an icicle, it freezes
It creeps into the house with fog to us,
A spring crawls in the mountains,
Light river flows
We don't notice it
We are used to the fact that water
Our companion always.
We can't wash without her
Do not eat, do not drink, I dare to report to you
We can't live without water!
Educator. Guys, what is this? (The teacher shows the Globe).
A globe is a model of our earth, reduced many times over. Let's look at it carefully. Pay attention to what color is more on the globe? (Blue, blue). What do you think is blue? (water).
Quite right. blue color marked water - rivers, lakes, oceans. There is a lot of water on our earth, but not all of it is suitable for us. Plants, animals, people need fresh water. And in the seas, oceans, as you know, the water is salty. Only marine life can live in such water. And it is not possible for people to drink such water. In cities where many people live and need a lot of water, water comes to the taps from rivers, where in special laboratories, scientists make sure that the water is clean, good quality. Drinking water must be protected. Why? (Children explain).
Let us turn into such scientists and conduct experiments on the study of water. I want to invite you to the laboratory. Do you know what a laboratory is (a laboratory is a place where scientists conduct experiments and set up experiments). Look at our laboratory tables, they are completely ready to work. Take your jobs. (Children are seated at one table).
Let's start our research.
Guys, water is a liquid. She flows. It can be poured into something: into a glass, into a plate, into a saucepan, etc. It can be poured from one vessel into another.
Experience 1. Water is a liquid. Water has no shape.
Material. Pitcher with colored water, filled to 1/2 glass, decanter, funnel.
The course of experience. Look at my table a jug of water, but the glass and decanter are empty. I will take and pour the water from the jug into the decanter, and from the decanter back into the glass. Whatever dish I pour water into, for example, into a saucepan, into a plate, a kettle, the water will be the same shape as the dishes into which I poured it.
Conclusion. Water has no form, but can take the form of the vessel into which it enters.
Guys, what color do you think the water is? Now we will check it.
Experience number 2. The water is colorless.
Materials. A glass of water, colored pencils.
Educator. Please take from the tray a glass on which is pasted yellow circle and put it in front of you. Take a colored pencil and dip it into a glass of water. Is the pencil hidden, or do we see it? (Answers of children). So what is the water? The water is colorless and transparent.
Conclusion. Guys, the water is a colorless, transparent liquid. (I expose the symbol). Guys, do you know that water can change color? Do you want to verify this? What do you want, stranger? (answers).
Experience number 3.
Materials: Glasses of water, brush, paint.
The course of experience. Guys, look at what kind of water we have in a glass, not beautiful, not bright. Let us give the water a beautiful dress. To do this, take a brush, take some paint and stir some water with paint. What did you get? Has the water changed color? (children's answers). Yes, the water has changed color, it has become colored.
Conclusion. Water can change color if some dye is added to it (I set a symbol). Here are some beautiful dresses we gave to the water.
Guys, now carefully take the cups and put them in the place where they stood. And now, let's take a short break in our work, and rest a little.
Fizkultminutka.
We went down to the fast river (We walk in place)
Bent over and washed (Bends forward, hands on the belt)
That's how nicely refreshed (shake hands)
Do it by hand
Together times is a breaststroke (Circles with two hands forward).
One or two is a crawl (Circles with hands forward, alternately)
All as one we swim like a dolphin (Jumping in place)
Went ashore steep (walking in place)
And we went home. Well done, take your seats.
Experience number 4. The water is tasteless.
The course of experience. And now, I suggest you taste the water. Take the cup with the red square pasted on it and place it in front of you. Take a spoon, take some water and taste it. What is her taste? (Answers of children).
And now, from a glass with a red lid, take some sugar, put it in a glass and stir. Try water. What is she now? (Sweet, tasty). Guys, if you add salt to the water, what will it taste like? (Answers of children).
Guys, now carefully take the cups and put them in the place where they stood.
Experience number 4. "Water has no smell."
And now, take a cup from the tray, on which a green triangle is pasted, put it in front of you. I suggest you smell the water. Does she smell of anything?
Conclusion. The water has no smell. We have learned that water can change color and taste. Can water change the smell? What do you think? (children's answers). Let's check.
On your trays there is a glass in which there is a cotton swab, take this stick and stir the water in your glass with it. Now smell the water again, there is a smell. (Answers of children).
Conclusion. Water has no smell, but if you add some substance to it, it will have a smell.
Educator. Guys, now carefully take the cups and put them where they were. Well done boys. Our research is over. Well, Dunno, did you learn anything new about water?
Dunno. Yes! It's just so hard to remember. Guys, I beg you, repeat everything about water, what it is. Guys, let's remind Dunno what we learned about water today. Listen and remember. (Based on symbols).
Water is a liquid that can be poured, poured out.
Water is colorless.
Water is tasteless.
Water has no smell.
Dunno. Well, that’s exactly what I remember, but I have one question for you, I don’t know who needs water?
Educator. Guys, let's tell Dunno who needs water?
Work with ICT "Who needs water".
Dunno. Well thanks, now I know everything about water. I have prepared gifts for you. Today you were young scientists, and I want to award you medals. My friend Kapitoshka is wearing them. Kapitoshka is a drop of rain, it carries life-giving force water. The teacher and Dunno award children with medals.
Introduction.
1. How much water is on earth?
2. Amazing properties of water.
3. Causes of pollution and principles of dealing with them.
4. Cleaning methods.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
INTRODUCTION
Ecology is the science of the interaction of living organisms and their systems with environment, about their mutual influence and interpenetration, which makes it possible to determine the ways of optimization and possible change conditions for the environment and living organisms.
environmental knowledge necessary in the study of many sciences, and above all biology, medicine, disciplines of engineering and socio-economic cycles.
The existence of mankind is inconceivable without many natural resources. Among these vital important resources, undoubtedly include water, air and energy carriers.
The life and creative activity of man at all times have been associated with water. ancient man worshiped water as a primitive element and gave it, the source of all things, a tribute of respect and admiration. The monuments of antiquity testify that even at the dawn of mankind, people spent great efforts to obtain water and, at the same time, they already knew many patterns of formation of waters and the regime of rivers.
More than a hundred years ago, people learned that water can carry diseases. It was thanks to this discovery that the profession of security specialists arose. natural environment. Water has nearby unique properties very important for sustaining life on Earth. Water ensures existence natural communities and human civilizations.
What do we know about water? Why exactly did it turn out to be that one-of-a-kind substance, without which no sphere of human activity can do? To understand this, let's try to understand what effect it has on the world, to our everyday life. This influence is great and varied. Contemplating water, we do not notice all the unusualness of its properties. But water, as scientists have established, is the most amazing liquid in the world, and people are still discovering more and more of its qualities.
Water is the greatest wealth of our planet, moreover, life, existence and development of all earthly things are impossible without it.
The purpose of the essay is to show what water is, what role it plays in the development of the planet, in life human society how the issues of water supply for the population and the economy, the problems of pollution of rivers and reservoirs and methods of water purification are being solved today.
1. HOW MUCH WATER IS ON THE WORLD?
This number is even hard to imagine: it is expressed as 1400,000,000,000,000,000. One and four tenths of a billion billion cubic meters. Many or few? Each earthling has more than 350 million cubic meters. For example, Yekaterinburg, with its entire population, numerous enterprises and municipal services, would have more than enough water for a year.
How is such an incredible amount of water distributed? More than two thirds (71%) of the planet is occupied by seas and oceans (96.5% of all surface water), rivers and lakes, canals and swamps. If all the water, which is only on the surface, could be poured evenly over the entire globe, its layer would be almost four kilometers.
The atmosphere contains one thousandth of a percent general reserves free water. Approximately 80% of water vapor enters it due to evaporation from the seas and oceans, and only 14% evaporates from the land surface.
Total groundwater the globe, according to rough estimates, is estimated at 23.7 million cubic kilometers. This is the so-called free water, which moves through the cracks and pores of rocks. But underground is still chemically bound water. Physically bound water is present in quartz sand, loams, and other rocks and minerals. It is released only when they are heated to a temperature of 1200 degrees. According to scientists, its volume is 420 million cubic kilometers.
Water is also deep in the bowels of the Earth - it is a fluid - "water magma". We can say that the fluid is liquid substance containing water and being in a supercritical state in terms of pressure and temperature. It is difficult for us to imagine such a substance, but it is also water.
Water is a very special creation of nature. It has become the main part of the animal and flora. In human tissues, it is 65-70%, in bacteria - 81%, in fish - 75%, in jellyfish - 96%. What about the food we eat every day? It also contains a lot of water: cucumbers - 95%, tomatoes - 90%, apples - 85%, potatoes - 76%. From this it is clear why neither man, nor animals, nor plants can exist without water.
The connection of the living with water is so great that it allows us to consider "life as a special kingdom natural waters". In all waters of the biosphere, with the exception of highly mineralized, poisonous, sulfate, there is living matter, even brine contains microflora.
The appearance of the Earth was formed under the influence of the continuous destructive and creative activity of water. From the moment it appeared on our planet, water is constantly in motion: it destroys rocks, creates ground cover, forms landscapes, dissolves and erodes mountains and entire continents, constantly striving to completely level the planet. This is opposed internal forces Lands: they raise the plains, the bottom of the seas becomes continents, and the water begins to destroy them again. This is how the eternal process goes.
Water reserves are distributed on Earth extremely unevenly, both by location and by their composition (salinity). Salt waters make up about 94% of all reserves. The area of salt waters (seas, oceans) is just over 70% of the Earth's surface. Fresh waters (less than 1 g/l of salt) make up slightly less than 6% of the reserves. But the trouble is that only about 3% of fresh water is easily accessible reserves such as rivers, lakes and reservoirs, the rest are glaciers, The groundwater. Thus, we can only use about 2.5 million cubic kilometers of water. It's not very much. But some of the water is polluted and unfit for consumption.
River flow, for the entire Earth, provides only 40 thousand cubic kilometers of water per year. Of these reserves, about a ninth of the 4.4 thousand cubic kilometers within the borders former USSR(more only in Brazil). But in the European part of the country, only 20% of the reserves, and 70% of the population lives. Most deep rivers countries are located in Siberia - Lena, Yenisei. On the European part - Volga, Don.
Russia lies within three latitudes geographical zones- arctic, subarctic and temperate and is washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to three oceans. Atlantic Ocean goes to Russia Black, Azov and the Baltic Seas. Pacific Ocean comes directly to Kamchatka and the Kuriles, and the Arctic - to the archipelagos of the Arctic. On the territory of Russia there are over 2.5 million large and small rivers, more than 2 million lakes, hundreds of thousands of swamps, many glaciers and snowfields, underground waters are ubiquitous, thousands of artificial reservoirs, ponds, canals and other reservoirs - all this together forms a state water fund.
There is not enough water in other countries of the world. According to the World Health Organization, about 1.2 billion people in the world suffer from lack of water, and countries such as Algeria, Holland, Singapore and others import water.
But the main reasons for the emergence of "water hunger" primarily in how we use one of the greatest wealth of the Earth.
If at the beginning of the twentieth century water supply was taken care of only in areas of insufficient natural moisture, now the problem has become truly global. This is natural and is caused mainly by the development of production. Suffice it to say that it takes 600 tons of water to produce a ton of wool, 800 tons of nickel, and so on. of enormous volume pure water requires the manufacture of clothing and footwear: for one straw hat 100 liters, leather boots - 1000 liters.
Water in the economy is the same raw material as coal, oil, ore. World water consumption is 7-8 billion tons per day.
Water resources play important role in the development of the industrial and economic complex of Russia. The reconstruction of enterprises, the increase in their capacities, the growth of cities and towns require more and more water. The future of the economy directly depends on how well we can meet these needs.
The time when fresh water was considered an unlimited and free gift of nature has long passed. Now this National treasure. It is impossible to name the sphere of our life in which we can do without fresh water. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate its consumption.
2. AMAZING PROPERTIES OF WATER.
Everyone knows that water is a compound of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen. This is taken as a well-known fact. Today it is hard to imagine that only two centuries ago the greatest minds humanity, the fathers of chemistry and physics, did not even suspect this. After a long and difficult search by the efforts of physicists and chemists, by the end of the eighteenth century, or rather by 1775, both gases were discovered - oxygen and hydrogen, the combination of which gives water.
All further history physics and chemistry is somehow connected with the deepening of our understanding of internal structure water. Today, mankind knows many amazing and inexplicable properties of water. Here is some of them.
Water is the only substance on our planet that normal conditions It can be in three states: solid (ice), liquid (actually water) and gaseous (steam). She has an exceptionally high specific heat. For all substances except water, with an increase in the heating temperature, the value of the specific heat capacity increases. At water, from 0 to 37 degrees, the heat capacity decreases, and from 37 degrees and above it grows. It turns out that it is easiest to heat up and cool faster at a temperature of 37 degrees.
It can be assumed that the thermoregulation of the human body is carried out not without the participation of water, because our body consists of 65-70% of it. It remains only to admire that nature, when creating a person, did not forget to provide him with the best mode of thermal self-regulation.
Water has an exceptionally high latent heat of fusion, the amount of heat required to turn ice into a liquid.
Water has an exceptionally high latent heat Evaporation is the amount of heat required to turn water into steam. It boils at 100 degrees, and it takes 539.1 calories to turn a gram of water into steam. In this case, the water temperature does not rise. Thanks to this feature, the temperature contrast is evened out through the atmosphere: evaporating from the surface southern seas, water transfers heat through the atmosphere to temperate latitudes, where it gives it away, condensing into water droplets.
All substances increase in volume and decrease in density as they are heated. With water, the situation is different. Pure water has maximum density at a temperature of 3.98 degrees. As water is heated above this temperature, the density of water decreases, and as it cools to freezing, it also decreases. Consider how important this is. When cooled below four degrees, ice forms, it floats, but water always remains under it, even at the North Pole there is life under the ice. If water did not have this quality, rivers, seas, lakes, reservoirs would freeze and all living things would disappear.
Of all known liquids, water has the highest dielectric constant. Due to this, water has a unique dissolving power, almost all substances are dissolved in it. Modern methods analysis in sea water, for example, found two-thirds chemical elements periodic table, and, presumably, the remaining third will also be discovered. And, after all, what is surprising: water does not change at all under the influence of substances dissolved in it.
Still a lot unusual properties this amazing creation of nature. And the reasons for all the mysteries lie in a peculiar internal organization, in the structure of water.
It took many millennia to somehow understand its properties. But even now we do not know everything about water, and we still have not learned how to protect and properly use this greatest wealth of the Earth.
4. CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION AND PRINCIPLES OF FIGHTING THEM.
Pollution in narrow sense the introduction into any environment of new physical, chemical and biological agents that are not characteristic of it or the excess of the natural level of these agents in the environment is considered.
The object of pollution is always a biogeocenosis (ecosystem), the presence harmful substances means application of exposure modes environmental factors, which leads to a disruption in ecological niche(or a link in the food chain). This, in turn, leads to metabolic disorders, a decrease in the intensity of assimilation of producers, and hence the productivity of the biocenosis as a whole.
Pollution can be classified as follows:
Ingredient (chemical) pollution, which is a collection of substances alien to natural biogeocenoses;
Parametric (physical) pollution of the environment associated with changes in the quality parameters of the environment;
biological pollution, which consists in influencing the composition and structure of populations and its individual representatives - biological agents.
River pollution has increased a hundredfold over the past hundred years. This is partly due to the fact that a quarter of industrial water consumption is accounted for by chemical plants producing synthetic detergents, mineral fertilizers, pesticides.
They saturate water with acids, poisons, phenols, alkalis. The pulp-and-paper and wood-chemical industries lower slowly decomposing tannins into the water, the petrochemical industry - the thinnest oil film. All this changes physiochemical properties water, disrupts its gas exchange with the atmosphere, destroys fish, algae, mollusks and plankton.
Due to poor-quality water, up to half a billion people fall ill with typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery and other diseases every year in the world, and about ten million of them die. There are new diseases associated with the presence of mercury, zinc, copper, cadmium in the water, they damage the central nervous system, cause paralysis, bone fragility and in 50% of cases lead to death.
Nature conservation, protection water resources become main problem only a few decades ago.
Huge amounts of money are spent on pollution control. But unfortunately, they are often spent irrationally: they are not used to stop pollution, but only to make it less harmful to the environment. Of course, humanity cannot refuse to consume natural resources or reduce the pace of their development. Therefore, the problems of environmental protection and effective use natural resources should be considered together.
Three aspects of the problem of the relationship between man and water are clearly visible in the world. The first ecological, caused by environmental pollution and violation of biological balance, a person - Live nature. The second is technical and economic, caused by a shortage of fresh water in remote areas and considering the possibilities of covering this deficit. technical means. And, finally, the third, socio-economic, since in general the problem can be solved only by the joint efforts of society, the state, or even several states.
The main pollutants of surface water sources are sewage industrial enterprises, agriculture and communal services.
The protection of surface waters from pollution includes: preventing pollutants from entering water sources, that is, cleaning Wastewater, regulation of water quality in water body through rational water use, the introduction of waste-free technologies and closed systems water use in all sectors of the economy.
Industry is the most water-intensive sector of the economy. The volumes of use depend on the structure of developed industrial enterprises, the level of technology, and measures to save water. Systems are widely used recycling water supply and reuse, their capacities in Russia as a whole reach 168.5 cubic kilometers per year. Industry remains the main source of surface water pollution, discharging 48.1 cubic kilometers of wastewater annually. Despite the extensive network treatment facilities, only 33 cubic kilometers of wastewater is treated to regulatory requirements, the rest are discarded insufficiently purified or not purified at all.
In public utilities, it is annually formed and dumped into surface sources 9.2 cubic kilometers of sewage. All of them are cleaned before being dumped. Unfortunately, cleaning efficiency does not always meet modern requirements Therefore, 480,000 tons of suspended solids, 9.8 million tons of sulfates, 7.6 million tons of chlorides, 35,000 tons of phosphorus and other substances annually enter natural water bodies with municipal wastewater.
Agriculture is one of the significant polluters of surface waters. With its wastewater, 19 thousand tons of organic and other substances are annually discharged.
5. WATER PURIFICATION.
As much as we would like to prevent pollution from entering the rivers, unfortunately, we have to put up with it for now. Planned restructuring water management, providing that the water consumption of industrial enterprises and cities, based on the use of natural water resources, will be gradually reduced, requires huge material costs, and its implementation will take more than a dozen years. So far, engineering thought is primarily working on how to treat wastewater in order to minimize damage.
At one time, the Ministry of Health of the former USSR established concentration limits for various components. This means that the discharged effluents must contain such an amount of suspended and dissolved substances that, after dilution in the river, would not cause harm. And for this, before being discharged into natural reservoirs, appropriate wastewater treatment is necessary.
In practice, apply various ways cleaning: mechanical, physico-chemical and biochemical.
During mechanical cleaning by filtration, filtering, settling, the insoluble substances. Almost every enterprise has the necessary facilities for this. One mechanical cleaning, as a rule, is not enough, it serves only as the first stage.
More difficult chemical and physical and chemical methods. Chemicals successfully "fight" with dissolved minerals.
And, finally, biochemical purification, which is based on the ability of some microorganisms to take organic matter from wastewater. With their help, they are almost completely removed organic pollution.
Water purification for drinking needs, for technological purposes and wastewater treatment differ significantly.
The water entering water supply network, is purified to remove contaminants that make water either unpalatable or dangerous. Cleaning steps drinking water these are: addition of copper sulfate and aeration to remove unpleasant tastes and odors, first chlorination to destroy microbes, then coagulation and sedimentation of contaminants to remove large particles from the water, filtration to remove pathogenic microbes, and finally a final chlorination to complete the destruction of microorganisms. Activated carbon recommended to eliminate carcinogens.
An alternative method is ozonation and treatment of water with gaseous ozone.
CONCLUSION.
There is plenty of fresh water in Russia. Clean becomes less and less. main reason This is due to the discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater, the flow of polluted runoff from watersheds into rivers and reservoirs.
In developing strategies and plans for the rational use and protection of water, we rely on endless possibilities nature, but we know nothing about it. We don’t even know where water on our planet came from, what is its relationship with life: living from water or water from living?
Clean fresh water is vital primarily for drinking, sanitary and hygienic purposes, for the needs Agriculture, industry and many other types of human activity. Impossible without clean water normal life and the development of nature in broad sense this concept.
Today we are on the verge of the transition of the biosphere to its new state, when its development is determined not by natural, spontaneous processes, but by the guide human activity. Water is a basic element of both the biosphere and civilization, the environment, and the economy, but along with it, it is also the main component of ecology. The state of water is an indicator of health and the biosphere as a whole, and human civilization, and specific person, indicator of ecological well-being human environment environment.
No limit human mind There is no limit to its possibilities. I would like to believe that modern man, armed with knowledge, will be able to overcome the problems that have arisen in his relationship with nature, with the environment. And then water, like everything else in the world, will become inexhaustible.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1. "Ecology for technical universities»
Garin V.M., Klenova I.A., Kolesnikov V.I.
Rostov-on-Don, 2001
2. "Our habitat"
Revell P., Revell Ch., book 2
Moscow, 1995
3. "Poetry and prose of water"
A.M. Chernyaev
