Man is a social being, it is inherent in him by nature. People deprived of the possibility of emotional contact with others, most often go crazy or at least earn nervous breakdown. Communication has its own rules and laws that involve certain stages of rapprochement - acquaintance, exchange of thoughts, interests, personal experience, secrets and feelings. This process almost always follows the same scenario.

Self-disclosure in communication is one of its most important components. With some people we open up as much as possible, with others we cannot get close at all. It depends on how similar views, interests, personal morals, hobbies, advantages and disadvantages are. No wonder they say: "Tell me who your friend is, and I will tell you who you are." We are most open with those who can understand us, the most constrained with those whose views and way of life are significantly different from ours.

One of the main problems of many people is self-disclosure in interpersonal relationships, its complete absence or excessive gullibility. This in itself is not the root of distress, but a symptom of deeper psychological wounds. Therefore, today we will talk about rapprochement with people and the difficulties of self-disclosure.

Self-disclosure of personality in communication occurs gradually: when we get to know a new person and establish contact with him, this means that we already have at least one point of contact. It doesn't matter if you work in the same office or met on a forum of fishing enthusiasts. This is the starting point, after which people begin to wonder: does a new acquaintance look like them in something else? And the more commonality is found, the more likely it is that the two will become friends or lovers.

We begin to share general information, first posting information that can't harm you if it's shared. What area do we live in, are we married, do we have children, where were we born, what kind of food do we like and what kind of music do we listen to. This is the primary "probing" of the soil, which should determine whether there is a mutual desire to make contact.

After it comes the next stage - the exchange of principled positions. Politics, religion, gender and financial questions. This information can also be available to a wide range of people and not become a weapon against you. What is it about being a patriot of your country or that a woman has a place in the kitchen? Or do you like to drink beer, and your new friend is a supporter of healthy lifestyle life? But this is where the divergence usually begins - if the participants in the communication understand that their positions contradict each other, self-disclosure ends there.

A deeper rapprochement always begins with the fact that one of the interlocutors shares something personal - problems in the family, sympathy for a common friend, some secrets. If the other side listens with interest and gives advice, this is not yet an indicator. Self-disclosure and feedback are two important components friendship and intimacy. When, in response to revelations, another person responds with the same openness, shares his experiences, problems and joys, then a spiritual relationship begins to improve.

The last stage is the expression of feelings: love, affection, sadness, anxiety. If a person is ready to say and demonstrate to a person everything that he feels in this moment is the pinnacle of self-discovery.

This is the normal course of events: we do not share personal information with those we do not trust, so that we do not spread gossip, do not gloat and could not use this information for our own purposes. We talk about what is important to close people - friends, parents, lovers, brothers and sisters. Everyone has one or more of these people who will support and listen.

This self-disclosure algorithm is the most acceptable:

1. First point of contact;
2. Surface information;
3. Principles and position;
4. Transition to a deeper level, personal disclosure;
5. Disclosure of feelings and emotions.

It goes without saying that a certain style of communication involves different level self-disclosure. You can cooperate with partners for decades, but not become friends; there are also limits to openness in the work team. The highest level is expected and even required to be in the family, where the connection between people is the strongest.

But there are two types of individuals who have problems with self-disclosure. Those who are secretive even with their own people and those who are open with everyone they meet. Why do they behave this way and how are such lines of behavior formed?

Partizan

He does not tell anyone about what is happening in his life, no one knows what is going on in his head. The most common reason for this is internal fears and inability to open up, provoked either by scenarios from the family, or psychological trauma. Usually this happens because once sincere self-disclosure was answered with coldness, neglect or ridicule. It is sad that vulnerable and tender people often find themselves in this position - they would like to give their love to the whole world, but their wings were already chopped off on takeoff.

Often the inability to reveal oneself is closely connected with alienation from one's own "I". In such cases, a person has no contact with his own personality, he does not understand own feelings and experiences, and, entangled, closes. Most often, such people grow up in families where the parents were also closed and did not teach the child to share their emotions with them.

With closed people sometimes you can talk about everything in the world, except for themselves. Often they seek solace in alcohol - it's easier to accept yourself, be more relaxed and make emotional actions.

Everyone about everything

And here is our antipode - he tells the most intimate details of his life to everyone he meets and crosses. Among his acquaintances, he is known as "a little bit of that", because the average people do not do that. Interestingly, this problem has the same roots as the previous one - rejection and disapproval of oneself, which is mixed with an ineradicable sense of guilt. A person is not sure that he lives correctly, that his actions are correct, so he tells everyone around him about them in the hope that he will be supported. The source of troubles must again be sought in childhood - this happens when parents did not approve of the child and did not praise him, but they reproached and punished him for any offense.

All his life he will feel that he is doing wrong. And it will be especially difficult in those cases when a person realizes that he really blundered. In the case when nasty things are done towards him, he again looks for guilt in himself. And again turns to others to hear: "You are not to blame." And he doesn't hear.

How to deal with it?

Since these problems have similar root causes, the method of struggle is the same.

Express yourself through your "I"

A person who is unable to reveal himself and is afraid of contact is often betrayed by attempts to hide behind faceless phrases: "We decided to do ...", "This option is offered." If you recognize yourself, try to express your suggestions, thoughts and feelings through the “I” form as often as possible - this helps to establish contact with yourself.

Get rid of guilt

In the case when everything is not going smoothly in your life, you do not need to take the blame. A loved one quit, was fired from work, equipment broke down ... No need to immediately reproach yourself and look for reasons in your behavior. The situation can be quite objective. Calm down and look from the outside - if you tried to avoid this, but could not, then it is not your fault. Maybe everything is even for the better - who knows what awaits around the next turn? By ridding yourself of guilt, you will automatically free yourself from the need to tell everyone your biography in a row, or vice versa, to hide it behind seven seals (about how to get rid of guilt you can find out from our article).

Learn to understand your feelings

It is very difficult for those who are always closed. Therefore, you can start with a simple one: admit them to yourself. Sometimes your own experiences become a revelation if you scrape off a touch of fear and self-deception from them.

By understanding what is going on inside you, you can learn how to express your true feelings and tell people about emotional needs. And the most important thing here is to step over the fear that they can again offend, not understand, push away. Among hundreds of strangers there will always be kindred spirits of those who will accept, understand and support.

Self-disclosure is something that is quite difficult to live without. It is often said: "I feel lonely, although there are many people around." All because there are no those with whom you can completely liberate yourself, let them into your soul, find a common language. Learning to open up correctly and appropriately is extremely important, because emotional connections with people are vital for us - loneliness on a desert island and loneliness in the crowd are very similar. If there is no one to talk heart to heart with, stress accumulates, depressive states appear, and nervousness increases. And in order to be able to truly reveal yourself, you need to be able to find golden mean in communication, allowing you to stay at the proper distance from total weight acquaintances and at the same time to be truly close with relatives.

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· Self-disclosure- this is a message to others (partner) of personal information about oneself (the concept first appeared in the work of the American psychologist S. Jurard in 1958).

· self-presentation(or impression management) is various strategies and the tactics a person uses to make a certain impression on others.

The question of the relationship of concepts"self-disclosure" and "self-presentation": there is no theoretically substantiated distinction between these concepts. At the same time, a paradox is observed: in the literature on self-disclosure, self-presentation is considered as its special case, and in works on self-presentation, accordingly, vice versa.

Nevertheless, based on the analysis of foreign studies on the personal representation of a person in communication, self-disclosure and self-presentation can be compared on two grounds (criteria):

1. through the specifics of the content;
2. the specifics of the purpose (purpose) of the transmitted information.

With such a comparison, the following is revealed: on the one hand, the content of self-disclosure is limited only to information about oneself, and for this reason it is already self-presentation; however, the purposes (goals) of self-disclosure are quite diverse, and according to this criterion, it is wider than self-presentation.

On the other hand, the content of self-presentation is not limited only to information about oneself, and for this reason it is wider than self-disclosure; but the purpose (purpose) of self-presentation is mainly to control the impression made on the audience, and by this criterion it is already self-disclosure.

Thus, it seems appropriate to consider self-disclosure and self-presentation as two independent, albeit closely related phenomena. Most often, these two phenomena are correlated as follows: the more self-disclosure is expressed, the less self-presentation, and vice versa (i.e., according to the law linear dependence with negative slope factor). Therefore, superficial, shallow self-disclosure is more often associated with pronounced self-presentation and can be described as self-presentation rather than self-disclosure.

Self-disclosure of personality in communication: types, specifications and functions:

Sydney Jurard defined self-disclosure as « the process of communicating information about oneself to other people; conscious and voluntary opening of one's self to another".

The content of self-disclosure can be: thoughts, feelings of a person, facts of his biography, current life problems, his relationship with other people, impressions of works of art, life principles and much more. Self-disclosure plays a central role in the development and existence of interpersonal relationships. It is an indicator of the depth and degree of positivity of relations (sympathy, love, friendship). Essentially, self-disclosure means the initiation of another person into one's own inner world, pulling back the curtain separating the "I" from the "Other". It is the most direct way of transmitting your individuality to others.

Types of self-disclosure:

1) By the type of contact of the subject of communication and the recipient:

Immediate self-disclosure- carried out in a situation real contact the subject of self-disclosure with the recipient, during which they can see and hear each other. It makes it possible to receive immediate feedback from the recipient and, in accordance with this, control the process of self-disclosure (expand or collapse, deepen, etc.). At the same time, the presence of a person fetters the speaker, especially when reporting negative information .;

Indirect self-disclosure- can be done by phone written text, electronic text on the Internet. Diary entries are a special form of mediated self-disclosure. They, as a rule, are conducted by a person for himself in order to fix the events of his life in memory and streamline life impressions. They differ in the degree of intimacy of the topics covered in them and the detail of the descriptions. The authors of the diaries have different attitudes towards the possibility of reading them by other people. On the Internet there are blogs- These are personal diaries that are open to the public.

2) According to the criterion of communication distance:

Role self-disclosure- unfolds within the framework of the role in which a person is at a given moment in time. For example, at a doctor's appointment, each person talks about himself mainly about what is connected with his illness. At the same time, a person can touch on intimate physiological details and not feel embarrassed, since communication takes place at the role level.

Personal self-disclosure- implies the existence of relationships of sympathy, friendship, love, which are the basis for self-disclosure. It is the nature of these relationships that regulates the direction of self-disclosure.

3) According to the degree of preparedness by the subject of the process of self-disclosure:

Unintentional - when a person in the process of communication spontaneously reveals information about his personality. Sometimes this happens in response to someone else's frankness, or out of a desire to entertain the interlocutor.

Prepared - when a person plans in advance to communicate some information about himself to another person or group of people. For example, a young man may carefully consider the wording of his declaration of love to his girlfriend.

Psychological methods self-disclosure:

1) Depth- detail, completeness and sincerity of coverage of a particular topic;

2) Latitude- is determined by the amount of information and the variety of topics on which a person is revealed. When telling another about himself, the subject can touch on only one topic or several topics.

3) Selectivity- reflects the ability of the individual to vary the content and volume of self-disclosure in communication with different people. Psychologists have found great differences in the characteristics of self-disclosure of the same person in communication with different partners. Some people, when describing some event in their life, repeat the same story, other people modify it depending on their partner.

4) Differentiation- can be defined as the ability of a person to change the volume and depth of self-disclosure depending on the topic. Individual differences lie in how much a person can change the volume and depth of self-disclosure depending on the topic. The combination of selectivity and differentiation makes it possible to judge the flexibility of self-disclosure, which reflects the ability to restructure the message about oneself depending on one's own goals, the characteristics of the situation and the partner.

5) Emotionality- is characterized by the general emotional saturation of the message, as well as the ratio of positive and negative information reported about oneself. The means used by the communicator to convey his feelings at the moment of self-disclosure include both verbal manifestations (use of metaphors, epithets, etc.), and paralinguistic characteristics (speed of speech, loudness, etc.), as well as extralinguistic (pauses, laughter , crying).

6)Duration- is measured by the time spent on it by a person in the process of experiment or natural behavior. The indicator of this parameter was the duration of statements about oneself in the analysis of audio and video recordings of the conversation. The temporal characteristics of self-disclosure also include the proportion between listening and narration, as well as between narration about oneself and on abstract topics.

Thus, the main characteristics of self-disclosure are: depth, completeness and breadth (which together make up the volume of self-disclosure), duration, the ratio of positive and negative information about oneself (affective characteristics), flexibility (which consists of differentiation and selectivity). If we compile a table of types of self-disclosure based on the criteria discussed above, then it will look like this:

« Types of self-disclosure":

Self-disclosure features:

1. Promotes the mental health of the personality of the communicator(every person has a need to open himself, at least to one person, and the frustration (i.e. vain expectation) of this desire can lead to the emergence psychological problems.

2. Develops personality(this is possible due to the fact that it serves as a powerful means by which self-knowledge, personal identification is possible).

3. It is a means of personal self-regulation due to the following mechanisms:

BUT) Emotional discharge , which is a consequence of the transfer of their feelings in the process of self-disclosure. The main result of this mechanism in terms of self-regulation is a decrease in the severity of experience and mental stress.

B) Clarification of the problem situation through its verbal analysis- when presenting some facts to another person, a person structures and interprets them, which leads to a better understanding of them and the narrator himself. In self-regulation, this aspect is most consistent with the analysis of significant conditions for achieving the goals of further actions.

C) The mechanism of social comparison- enables the narrator, on the basis of reciprocal frankness, to compare his own problem situation with similar situations of other people.

D) Mirror mechanism- consists in the receipt by the subject of self-disclosure of direct assessments of their own competence, given by the partner in response to the reported information.

E) Receiving emotional support from the interlocutor- it significantly reduces the mental stress of a person and is the main goal of confessional forms of self-disclosure.

G) Receipt real help from a partner, expressed either in advice or in specific actions aimed at resolving the problem.

Strategies and tactics of self-presentation in communication:

Tactics of self-presentation - this is a certain technique by which the chosen strategy is implemented. Self-presentation strategy- may include many individual tactics. Tactics of self-presentation is a short-term phenomenon and is aimed at creating the desired impression in a particular life situation.

E. Jones and T. Pittman in 1982 created one of the first classifications of self-presentation strategies based on the goals and tactics that people use in communicating with others:

1. The desire to please - integration. This strategy is designed for the power of charm. The main tactic is to please other people, to flatter and agree, to present socially approved qualities. The goal is to appear attractive.
2. self-promotion Demonstration of competence, which grants the power of an expert. The main tactic is to prove their superiority and boast. The goal is to appear competent.
3. exemplification- the desire to serve as an example for other people, which gives the power of a mentor. The main tactic is to demonstrate spiritual superiority, combined with boasting and the desire to discuss and condemn other people. The goal is to appear morally blameless.
4. Intimidation- a demonstration of power that makes others obey and gives the power of fear. The main tactic is threat. The goal is to appear dangerous.
5. Demonstration of weakness or pleading. Obliges others to help, which gives the power of compassion. The main tactic is to ask for help, to beg. The goal is to appear weak.

The most detailed classification of self-presentation strategies was carried out by A. Schutz, who identified her own criteria for categorizing tactics and strategies of self-presentation:

1. Positive self-presentation - motto "I'm good." This type of self-presentation contains active but non-aggressive actions to create a positive impression of oneself. This group includes the strategies of striving to please, self-promotion, and setting an example. The main tactics are as follows:

· To bask in the rays of someone else's glory - is based on associating oneself with famous and respected people.

· Strengthening the significance and importance of those events in which a person participated, and those people with whom he had a chance to communicate.

Demonstration of influence - a person inspires others with the possibility of greater positive consequences from their actions. This tactic is especially characteristic of politicians.

· Demonstration of identification with the audience - a person demonstrates the proximity of his views, attitudes to those people who are directed to self-presentation.

2. Offensive self-presentation - based on the desire to look good, denigrating other people. This is an aggressive way of creating the desired image, all tactics of which are aimed at criticizing a competitor. Here apply the following tactics:

· Undermining the opposition - negative information about a competitor is reported in order to look better against its background.

· A critical setting in evaluating any phenomena of reality - it creates the illusion of the speaker's competence in relation to the topic under discussion.

· Criticism of those who criticize him - this creates the illusion of bias on the part of the critics.

· Changing the topic of the discussion in a winning direction.

3. Protective self-presentation - aims not to look bad. A person avoids the opportunity to give a negative impression of himself by avoiding interaction with other people. The tactics used in this case are as follows:

avoidance of public attention;

Minimal self-disclosure.

· Prudent self-description - a person does not talk not only about his shortcomings, but also about his merits, so as not to be in a situation where he cannot confirm his skill.

· Minimization of social interaction.

4. Defensive self-presentation - the subject behaves actively in creating an image, but has an attitude to avoid a negative image. This strategy usually unfolds when a person is accused of being involved in some undesirable event. The greater the role of a person in this event, and the more difficult it is, the more difficult it is for a person to change his negative image towards a positive one. This strategy is characterized by the following tactics of self-justification.

Denial of the event - a person denies the very fact of a negative event, in connection with which he is accused.

· Changing the interpretation of the event in order to reduce the negativity of its assessment - a person recognizes the very fact of the event, but presents it in a more positive way.

Dissociation - a person underestimates the degree of his negative participation in this event, seeks to dissociate himself from it.

Justification - a person can insist on the legality of his actions, or give arguments in his favor.

· Apologies - the person claims that he could not do otherwise, because he could not control the course of events.

Confession of guilt and repentance, a promise not to repeat mistakes in the future.

Thus, a person uses many tactics of self-presentation, depending on the situation in which he finds himself, but at the same time he has the most preferred methods that most adequately correspond to his image. Each person builds his image based on his gender, age, belonging to a particular culture, social class, profession and his personal characteristics.

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Zinchenko Elena Valerievna Self-disclosure and its conditionality by socio-psychological and personal factors: Dis. ... cand. psychol. Sciences: 19.00.05: Rostov n/D, 2000 256 p. RSL OD, 61:01-19/116-6

Introduction

CHAPTER I Self-disclosure of personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon 14

1.1. Theoretical analysis ideas about self-disclosure in foreign and domestic psychology 14

1.2. The phenomenon of self-disclosure from the point of view of various socio-psychological approaches 26

1.3. Types of self-disclosure of personality in communication 40

1.4. Self-disclosure parameters and methods for their diagnostics 52

1.5. Functions and consequences of disclosure by the subject of his

inner world around. 59

CHAPTER II. Factors that determine the features of personality self-disclosure in communication 73

2.1. Socio-psychological factors of self-disclosure 74

2.2. Socially - demographic characteristics communicator as a factor of self-disclosure 80

2.3. The influence of the psychological characteristics of the subject on his self-disclosure 90

2.4. cognitive style as a determinant of self-disclosure of personality 96

CHAPTER III. An empirical study of self-disclosure and its conditioning by socio-psychological and personal factors 104

3.1. Purpose, tasks, object, methods and organization of the experiment 104

3.2. Exploring the characteristics of self-disclosure and their relationships

3.3. Influence of the recipient's social role and character interpersonal relationships on the features of self-disclosure in adolescence 123

3.4. Determining the parameters of self-disclosure by the gender of the communicator 134

3.5. Study of the influence of the communicator's cognitive style on his self-disclosure 140

Conclusion

Literature 155

Applications

Introduction to work

In the last decade, interest in this section has increased. social psychology as a social psychology of personality. The specificity of social psychology when looking at a person lies in considering it as an interacting and communicating subject (V.N. Myasishchev, 1970, 1974, 1995; M.I. Bobneva, E.V. Shorokhova, 1979; A.A. Bodalev, 1995 ; G.M. Andreeva, 1980, 1998; L.A. Petrovskaya, 1989, etc.). One of the trends in modern social psychology is a reorientation from the study of the phenomena of perception of another person to the study of how a person manifests himself in communication with others.

The topic of personal representation of a person in communication, in line with which the phenomena of self-disclosure and self-presentation are considered, is quite well developed in foreign psychology (S. Jourard, 1958; P. Lasakow, 1958; P. Cozby, 1979; V. Derlega, 1984; J. Berg , 1986). In domestic social psychology, its place has not yet been completely determined, as evidenced even by the fact that the concept of self-disclosure is absent in most domestic psychological dictionaries, with the exception of psychotherapeutic ones, where its definition is given in relation to the specifics of the psychotherapeutic process (B.D. Karvasarsky, 1998; V. L. Minutko, 1999).

Separate studies affecting the issues under consideration appeared in Russian psychology relatively recently (T.P. Skripkina, 1984; N.V. Amyaga, 1988; I.P. Shkuratova, 1998), therefore, an unambiguous position has not yet been developed in relation to definition of self-disclosure, methodological tools have not been developed to study this psychological phenomenon, its main characteristics and types are not described. Of particular note is the fact that in the Russian sample, socio-psychological and personal factors of self-disclosure are practically not studied. For example, in domestic social psychology there are no works in which races

the influence of the cognitive style of the communicator, his attitude to the recipient on the process of self-disclosure would be considered; although the dependence of self-disclosure on interpersonal relationships is directly or indirectly emphasized by a number of authors (V.A. Losenkov, 1974; L.Ya. Gozman, 1987; N.V. Amyaga, 1989; I.S. Kon, 1989), and numerous data on manifestation of cognitive style in the field of communication (Y. Witkin, D. Goodenough, 1977; I.P. Shkuratova, 1994; A.L. Yuzhaninova, 1998; T.G. Antipina, 1998, etc.) give reason to assume its connection with self-disclosure.

The importance and relevance of developing the problem of self-disclosure in domestic social psychology is obvious for several reasons. First, the quantitative and qualitative components of self-disclosure are of interest as an important component of a person's behavior in the field of communication. Each historical time and each society is characterized by a distinct culture of self-disclosure. Modern society, one of the features of which is social instability, leads a person to an identity crisis, as well as to a global distrust of power, legal proceedings, and means. mass media. In this regard, the attention of psychologists is increasingly turning to such subject areas as social cognition, meanings, trust, self-disclosure, etc. (G.M. Andreeva, 1998; K.A. Abulkhanova, 1999; D.A. Leontiev, 1997; T.P. Skripkina, 1998; N.V. Amyaga, 1998). The current situation indicates the inability of most people to optimally combine trust and distrust, the lack of adequate self-disclosure skills, the process of which contributes to a better understanding of their problems, clarification of uncertainty and, in this sense, helps each individual to answer the question "Who am I?"

Characteristic for modern society urbanization, computerization, development and implementation technical means mass communications also change the sphere of interpersonal relations, which, in turn, is reflected in the nature of

tere self-disclosure. An increase in the quantitative side of contacts with a simultaneous decrease in their depth is observed (M. Heidemets, 1979; Ya.A. Davidovich, 1981; E.V. Sokolov, 1982), complication of the conditions communication, as well as an increase in the proportion of mediation in the communicative behavior of the subject (Yu.M. Zaborodin, A.N. Kharitonov, 1985; V.A. Apollonov, 1981; i E.G. Slutsky, 1981). The growing alienation of modern man leads him to the need to communicate with an unfamiliar or imaginary partner, as well as with a computer. As a result, psychology faces new practical tasks: studying the manifestation of personality in a virtual information society, highlighting the characteristics of an ideal computer personality that can replace human communication, and a number of others. The reduction of personal space, the accumulation of negative emotions, the growth of mental tension also contribute to a change in the structure of self-disclosure of the individual.

Secondly, it is known that self-disclosure underlies most of the psychodiagnostic procedures and psychotherapy (A.S. Slutsky, V.N. Tsapkin, 1985; K. Rudestam, 1993; B.D. Karvasarsky, 1998; V.L. Minutko, 1999; V.T.Kondrashenko, D.I. Donskoy, S.A. Igumnov, 1999). It acts as a kind of channel through which the psychotherapist receives the information he needs, establishes and maintains contact with the patient; and the psychologist-researcher - with the subject (J. Berg, V. Derlega, 1986; L.B. Filonov, 1979). The study of the process of self-disclosure can help improve both psychodiagnostic and psychotherapeutic procedures, significantly increase the reliability of the socio-psychological information obtained in this way.

Thirdly, it is known that self-disclosure performs a number of important functions for personality. It strengthens mental health, stimulates personal growth, promotes the development of self-awareness. Therefore, the study

The knowledge of self-disclosure will contribute to the study of the mechanisms of personal growth.

Fourthly, the study of the phenomenon of self-disclosure is necessary for a deeper understanding and understanding of the essence of other psychological categories, such as trust, self-expression, personal communication, dialogue communication.

In connection with the foregoing, we can conclude that by now there is a need to develop a clear scientific definition of self-disclosure, clarify the place of this psychological category in the domestic socio-psychological theory and comprehensively study self-disclosure as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon due to a whole group of factors in the Russian sample.

The purpose of the study: to study self-disclosure and its conditionality by socio-psychological and personal factors.

Subject of study: volume, depth, content, differentiation and selectivity of self-disclosure - personality and its socio-psychological and personal determinants ( social role partner, nature of interpersonal relationships, gender and cognitive style of the communicator).

Research hypotheses:

1. The volume of self-disclosure of the subject varies depending on the social role of the partner and the nature of interpersonal relations between the communicator and the recipient.

2. Cognitive style determines self-disclosure in interpersonal

communication in such a way that cognitive complexity positively affects its differentiation and selectivity, and field dependence - field independence determines its volume and content.

3. Self-disclosure of girls and boys differs in volume, depth and

The purpose of the study was specified in the following tasks:

1. To carry out a theoretical analysis of the concept of self-disclosure as a socio-psychological phenomenon.

2. Select criteria for classification and describe the main types of self-disclosure.

3. Develop a set of methods for diagnosing individual and

group features of self-disclosure in interpersonal communication.

4. To analyze the various characteristics of self-disclosure and from the relationship on the example of adolescence.

5. To establish the influence of the social "role of the recipient on the characteristics of the self-disclosure of the subject.

6. Explore the amount of self-disclosure depending on the nature of interpersonal relationships between the communicator and the recipient.

7. To carry out an empirical analysis of the influence of the gender factor on the volume, depth, content, differentiation and selectivity of self-disclosure.

8. To study the manifestation of cognitive complexity - simplicity in the characteristics of personal self-disclosure.

9. Investigate the influence of field dependence-field independence on the characteristics of self-disclosure.

Methodological and theoretical background of the study:

the principle of determinism as a regular dependence of mental phenomena on the factors that generate them (S.L. Rubinshtein, A.V. Petrovsky, M.G. Yaroshev

sky), the concept of relations V.N. Myasishchev, the idea of ​​self-disclosure as a personal representation of a person in communication (S. Jourard, P. Lasakow, P. Cozby, V. Derlega, J. Berg), the concept of communication as a subject-subject interaction (A.A. Bodalev, G. M. Andreeva, L.A. Petrovskaya, A.U. Kharash. S.L. Bratchenko), the idea of ​​the determination of communication by the socio-psychological characteristics of the individual (K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya. A.A. Bodalev, L.I. Antsyferova), the idea of ​​communication as a tripartite process, including perceptual, communicative and interactive aspects (G.M. Andreeva), the concept of self-expression as outward manifestation mental world subject (V.A. Labunskaya), the idea of ​​personality as an intra-individual, inter-individual and meta-individual formation (A.V. Petrovsky, V.A. Petrovsky), the position of cognitive styles as stable differences in the organization and processing of acquired experience (M.A. Kholodnaya, I.P. Shkuratova, A.L. Yuzhaninova), the theory of personality constructs (G. Kelly), the concept of psychological differentiation (N. Witkin).

In accordance with the goals and objectives set by us, the following methods and techniques were used: 1) to diagnose the characteristics of self-disclosure - a modified version of the S. Jurard questionnaire, developed by us the questionnaire "Scales of self-disclosure" and the technique "Letter to an unfamiliar friend"; 2) to determine the field dependence-field independence - the test "Gottschald Figures"; 3) to identify the degree of cognitive complexity - J. Kelly's repertoire test.

The following methods were used for data processing: frequency, correlation and factor analysis, content analysis, the method of comparing extreme groups, methods of descriptive (total) statistics.

The reliability of the results was ensured by a variety of diagnostic procedures, a large sample size, and the use of a number of methods of mathematical statistics. The study used a computer

data analysis gram "STATGRAPHICS"

The object of the study were students aged 18 to 25 years, including 153 girls and 33 boys.

At the first stage, 186 people took part in the study, among them were students of the Russian State University (69 philologists, 43 journalists, 34 psychologists) and students of the Azov Medical College - 40 people. The subject of the study at this stage was the parameters of self-disclosure and their dependence on socio-psychological factors.

At the second stage, the sample for solving the problem of the influence of personal factors on self-disclosure was 85 students Faculty of Philology RSU, of which 64 girls and 21 boys.

Scientific novelty of the research

1) For the first time, an attempt was made to analyze the approaches to understanding self-disclosure existing in domestic and foreign psychology and to determine the place of this phenomenon in the system of socio-psychological categories.

2) A classification of types of self-disclosure according to various criteria is proposed and their comparative analysis is carried out; the socio-psychological and personal factors determining self-disclosure are singled out and described; the parameters of self-disclosure and methods of their diagnostics are considered.

3) A Russian-language modified version of the S. Jurard method was tested, the possibilities of diagnosing self-disclosure parameters based on the Self-Disclosure Scale questionnaire and the Letter to an Unfamiliar Friend method were studied.

4) For the first time, extensive empirical material has been collected regarding the features of self-disclosure Russian youth. The influence of the social role of the recipient on the volume, content, depth and differentiated

ness of self-disclosure; as well as the influence of various characteristics of interpersonal relationships (“distance”, “position”, “valency”, “degree of acquaintance) / on the volume of self-disclosure.

5) For the first time, data on the influence of such cognitive-style parameters as field-dependence-field-independence and cognitive complexity-simplicity on the features of self-disclosure have been obtained and described.

Theoretical and practical significance work

The theoretical analysis carried out expands and deepens the idea of ​​self-disclosure as a socio-psychological phenomenon. The paper clarifies the definition of self-disclosure, describes its main types and characteristics. A set of methods for diagnosing self-disclosure in interpersonal communication has been developed.

Identified differences in the characteristics of self-disclosure depending on gender, cognitive style of the communicator; the social role of the recipient and the nature of interpersonal relationships make it possible to form a more complete and differentiated idea of ​​the features of self-disclosure in adolescence.

Data on the relationship between the parameters of self-disclosure and field dependence-field independence, cognitive complexity-simplicity testify to the important role of cognitive-stylistic characteristics of a person in his self-disclosure.

The results of the study can be used in psychological counseling, in various types of psychotherapeutic and psychocorrectional work with young people, as well as for the psychoprophylaxis of deviations in personal development. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to develop special programs for social psychological training aimed at teaching the skills of adequate self-disclosure.

At present, the methods developed and the data obtained from

are used when reading the course "General and Social Psychology" for students of the philological and philosophical faculties of the Russian State University, when reading the course "Diagnostics individual characteristics communication” and when conducting a workshop in the specialty for full-time and part-time students of the Faculty of Psychology of the Russian State University; as well as in the work of the psychologist-consultant Rostovsky regional office Russian Society of the Red Cross under the program "Help to the ROCC internally displaced persons from Chechnya on the territory of the Russian Federation outside the conflict zone.

Provisions for defense:

1) Self-disclosure as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon is a predominantly voluntary direct or indirect communication by the subject of personal information of varying degrees of intimacy to one or more recipients.

2) The volume, depth, content and differentiation of self-disclosure in to a large extent determined by the social role of the recipient in relation to the communicator and the nature of their interpersonal relationships. The closeness and positivity of the relationship has a positive effect on the amount of self-disclosure.

3) The volume, depth and content of self-disclosure depend on the gender of the communicator. Girls are more likely to tell others about themselves than boys; at the same time, they report their feelings and experiences, while young men - about their opinions and attitudes.

4) Cognitive complexity is manifested in high differentiation and selectivity, a shallow depth of direct and large volume mediated self-disclosure. Field dependence-field independence does not have a significant effect on overall volume self-disclosure in direct communication, but is reflected in the content of mediated self-disclosure.

Approbation of work and implementation of results

materials dissertation research were presented at the session of the Week of Science of the Russian State University (1998), at the II All-Russian Conference of the RPO "Methods of Psychology" (Rostov-on-Don, 1997), at meetings of the Department of Social Psychology and Personality Psychology of the Russian State University (1995-1999).

Thesis structure

The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references, including 300 sources, 19 of which are in English, and appendices. The volume of the main text is 154 pages, contains 7 figures and 39 tables, including 5 figures and 33 tables in the appendices.

Theoretical analysis of ideas about self-disclosure in foreign and domestic psychology

The term "self-disclosure" (self-disclosure) was introduced into psychology by the American researcher of humanistic orientation S. Jurard, who defined it as "the process of communicating information about oneself to other people" /297, p.91/. This definition, given more than forty years ago, serves as a starting point for psychologists dealing with this issue even today, although some authors rightly point out its shortcomings: descriptive nature, some limitations, superficiality, etc. (P. Cozby, 1979; N.V. Amyaga, 1991). Attempts are being made to remedy the status quo by proposing more specific definitions of self-disclosure. At the same time, some of the psychologists prioritize the confidentiality of transmitted information. D. Myers, for example, believes that the essence of the process under consideration is "the disclosure of innermost experiences and thoughts to another person" /141, p.679/. T.P. Skripkina gives a definition that is quite consonant with the above, adding the principle of voluntariness as a criterion. She understands self-disclosure as "the fact of voluntary disclosure of confidential information about one's own inner world to another person" /216, p.88/. Focusing on depth and intimacy, the authors significantly narrow, in our opinion, the phenomenon under consideration.

If one adheres to S. Jurard's understanding of self-disclosure, then its degree varies from reporting demographic data about oneself to full disclosure /296/. We find a similar point of view in the psychotherapeutic approach /147, 185, 219/. A.S. Slutsky and V.N. Tsapkin, for example, defines self-disclosure as "such a patient's behavior when, in a trusting atmosphere of a group, he takes the risk of being himself, abandoning inadequate protective stereotypes... however, this does not mean that he must necessarily reveal some of his intimate secrets" / 219, p. 236 /. Consequently, in the process of self-disclosure, the subject conveys to the recipient not only the most intimate feelings, but also expresses judgments on various issues, formulates his own attitude to various objects and phenomena, etc. I.S. Kohn, in our opinion, covers all these points, considering self-disclosure as "a conscious and voluntary discovery of one's own Self, one's subjective states, secrets and intentions" /110, p.72/. However, its definition also contains a reference to the voluntariness of self-disclosure. In this regard, we will outline our position on this issue. It is based on the fact that modern man is often involved in forced communication at work, in the urban environment, in family life/65, 93/.. The necessary moment of such communication is self-disclosure; therefore, we believe that the disclosure of information about oneself is not always carried out voluntarily, but may proceed in forced conditions. Based on this, the above definitions of self-disclosure for the most part do not cover the entire breadth of the process, the diversity of its aspects and manifestations.

N.V. Amyaga comprehends the phenomenon of self-disclosure from the point of view of the concept of dialogic communication, as "a manifestation of dialogue, as its condition, prerequisite, and dialogue, in turn, as a condition and as an internal characteristic of self-disclosure" /8, p.4/. If any genuine human communication is considered as a manifestation of dialogue /93/, then such a definition is quite legitimate, but not entirely specific.

In all existing definitions of the phenomenon under consideration, only the fact that during self-disclosure a person transfers to another exclusively personal information, that is, one that directly or indirectly relates to his personality, is not questioned. Here it seems to us right to turn to the point of view of the American psychologist W. James, who understands personality as total amount everything that a person can call his own: not only physical and spiritual qualities, but also the products of labor and social environment, home, capital, etc. /74/. And in this sense, information relating to any of these aspects, their manifestations and relationships, turns out to be personal, and, therefore, can be the essence of self-disclosure.

For deep and detailed consideration phenomenon of self-disclosure, the necessary moment is to compare this concept with other, similar in meaning, psychological categories that occupy strong positions in domestic and foreign psychological science. First of all, the concept of self-disclosure is closely related to the concept of self-presentation, which originated and is being developed in line with interactionism. Self-presentation (self-presentation) or, in other words, self-presentation, self-presentation, impression management, is defined in foreign psychology as "an act of self-expression and behavior aimed at creating favorable impression w impression corresponding to someone's ideals " / 141, p. 679 /. These are various strategies and tactics that an individual uses to make a certain impression on others " / 7, 223 /. Self-presentation of personality in communication can be considered as a kind of means for preserving ideas about oneself when confronted with outside world as one of effective ways stabilization of the social self /78/. There are "self-constructing (focused on the characteristics of the ideal self) and "pleasuring" (focused on the norms existing in society) strategies of self-presentation /156/.

In psychology, a number of attempts have been made to separate the concepts of self-disclosure and self-presentation. Sometimes the difference between them is minimized to the maximum and one concept is considered as part of another. V. Derliga and J. Grzelak believe, for example, that self-presentation is a special kind of self-disclosure, only with more careful selection personal information /286/. B. Shlenker believes that the term "self-presentation" should be used when the subject acts to create the desired impression, and this goal is paramount for him, and the term "self-disclosure" is used when given goal not so significant for the individual /ibid./. N.V. Amyaga compares these two phenomena in terms of the content and purpose of the transmitted information. According to the first criterion, self-presentation is wider than self-disclosure, since it is not limited only to personal information about the subject. Whatever a person talks about, he always makes a certain impression on those around him and thereby presents himself. According to the criterion of the diversity of goals, self-disclosure is a broader concept, since its goals can be quite diverse. In addition, N.V. Amyaga notes that self-disclosure and self-presentation of a personality are correlated according to the principle of a negative linear relationship: the more self-presentation is expressed, the less self-disclosure, and vice versa 111. The choice of a subject between self-disclosure and self-presentation is often carried out taking into account the addressee, communication partner.

The phenomenon of self-disclosure from the point of view of various socio-psychological approaches

Personal self-disclosure is a necessary condition for the existence of a person in society, in the system of social ties. The reluctance to reveal oneself can lead to isolation from society /286/. With the help of self-disclosure, a person, as it were, fits into a certain social context, compares his ideas with those of others in order to further correct them. In addition to the need for the subject himself, self-disclosure is also important for those around him. Information about the individual helps them determine the situation and makes it possible to understand in advance what the partner will expect from them and what they can expect from him (E. Goffman, 1984). Self-disclosure acts as a separate socio-psychological phenomenon that requires serious and thorough study. This phenomenon and its effects have been widely used in psychotherapy for a long time, but its place in the domestic socio-psychological theory has not yet been sufficiently determined. However, in social psychology there are a number of categories through which self-disclosure can be characterized. These include communication, self-expression, impact, dialogue and others. In connection with the foregoing, the next logical step of our study is to consider self-disclosure through the prism of these concepts.

Self-disclosure as a process of communication The study of interpersonal communication is one of the fundamental psychological problems. Communication affects the formation of many characteristics of states and personality traits. It is in communication that personality is formed and manifested. With a detailed consideration of self-disclosure as a process in the neg, one can see three aspects distinguished by G.M. Andreeva in communication: communicative (exchange of information), interactive (exchange of actions) and perceptual (perception of each other by partners) /11/. Based on this idea, it turns out that in his definition of self-disclosure as the process of communicating information about oneself to others, S. Jurard touches only on the communicative side of self-disclosure, which is undoubtedly very important, but not the only one.

Since self-disclosure is necessarily based on the partners' perception of each other, the reflection of various properties and qualities, it also includes a social-perceptual component. So, in order to open up to another person, it is necessary to create his image and perceive the partner as someone who can open up. In turn, the recipient of self-disclosure must perceive the subject as someone who can be listened to. In the process of self-disclosure, the subject constantly reads the recipient's response, and the resulting image serves as a regulator of further self-disclosure, contributing to its folding or expansion, changing direction, etc. Any "failures" in the perception of each other by partners have significant influence on the characteristics of self-disclosure: its depth, breadth, etc. Socio-perceptual This aspect has not been sufficiently studied in the field of self-disclosure, although some attention has been paid to the influence of the characteristics of the recipient on the course of self-disclosure in the literature.

After building images of each other, the partners move on to the communicative side of self-disclosure, which consists in the direct or indirect transmission of a message to one or more partners. It is this side that many authors pay the most attention to, limiting the entire process of self-disclosure in communication to it.

In the course of self-disclosure, not only the exchange of information takes place v mutual perception, but there is an exchange of actions, there is a mutual influence of subjects on each other, which indicates an interactive aspect. When a person talks about himself, he produces strong impact on others, forcing them to react to their behavior. The interaction between the participants in the process of self-disclosure can end with a joint decision, building more intimate relationships, or, conversely, a complete divergence in positions. We can talk about the success or productivity of the interaction of partners as a result of self-disclosure. If the subjects feel that the way they present themselves meets their expectations, then the interaction can be considered successful /286/. The importance of the interactive side of self-disclosure is indicated by the data of V.A. Goryanina, according to which one of the reasons for the unproductive style of interaction is the stable predisposition of the individual to unproductive contact in interpersonal interaction, which blocks the achievement of optimal results. joint activities- there is distrust towards people and the world as a whole, which manifests itself, among other things, in detachment from others and in the desire to hide one's true feelings and experiences from them /61, 62/. Consequently, isolation in the space of one's Self, alienation from others is characteristic of a person prone to an unproductive style of interaction. On the contrary, openness leads a person to the productive realization of his potential, to building favorable interpersonal relationships.

As we noted above, an important point in self-disclosure is that in its course, one person influences another, which ultimately can change the value-semantic positions and behavior of the latter. In parallel, the personality of the subject of self-disclosure changes as well. To confirm this thesis, let us turn to the personality theory of A.V. Petrovsky.

Correlating the concepts of "personality" and "individual", he identifies three possible layers of the study of personality, which in their unity help to better understand this complex phenomenon: intra-individual, inter-individual and meta-individual /171, 172/.

The meta-individual aspect is connected directly with the problem of influence as a consequence of self-disclosure, which consists in the fact that the personality "acts as an ideal representation of the individual in other people, his otherness in them, his personalization" /171, p.230/. When considering the personality from the point of view of this aspect, the focus of attention is transferred to the impact that, consciously or unwittingly, the individual has through communication on other individuals. Wherein the most important characteristics the individual as a person should be sought not only in himself, but also in other people. According to A.V. Petrovsky, in this case two plans can be offered to the researcher's analysis: the ideal representation of other people in a given personality, as well as the representation this person as a significant "other" in the personality of other people.

Socio-psychological factors of self-disclosure

It involves the participation of at least one recipient and, therefore, is a socio-psychological process.

There are indications in the literature that the nationality and gender of the recipient have a significant impact on interpersonal communication. For example, ethnic factors regulate the spectrum acceptable ways interactions and reactions to the partner's behavior on the part of the subject entering into such interaction /128/. The nationality of the recipient largely determines the expectations of the subject in terms of the manifestation of certain character traits and ways of communication on the part of the partner /12/.

Most of the research concerning the gender of the "target" of self-disclosure was carried out as part of the study of the characteristics of male and female friendship. The first is considered more objective, strong and durable, the second is deeply emotional, but less stable. It has been experimentally confirmed that in friendly relations between women there is major degree trust and intimacy than in similar relationships between men /56, 135/. Friendly relations between female representatives are considered psychotherapeutically more valuable than friendly relations between men /273/. K. Dinelia and M. Allen recorded gender differences in self-disclosure to partners of the same and the opposite sex, the maximum self-disclosure was revealed in the self-disclosure of a woman with a woman /285/. In a conversation between two women, according to the group American psychologists, there is a greater activity of answers that fix mutual understanding, compared with a conversation between two men or a man with a woman /138/. The existence of differences in self-disclosure depending on the gender of the recipient is also confirmed by other psychologists. It was revealed, for example, that adolescents of both sexes most often choose a peer of the same sex as themselves for a frank conversation /271/. In adolescence, the situation changes, and the relationship between boys and girls becomes trusting rather than their relationship with their peers of the same sex / 149 /. In the future, young people intend to establish even more trusting friendships with the opposite sex, and close friend see in the face of the future spouse /187/.

Not less than an important factor, influencing the intensity and content of self-disclosure, are such characteristics of a partner as his degree of kinship, social role, status. When talking about yourself, the recipients can be the most various people: friend, relative, doctor and others. S. Jurard revealed that young unmarried people are more open to their mother than to their father, friend or girlfriend, and married people - to their wives /297/. A self-disclosure survey of Japanese teenagers using a questionnaire showed that the most important life questions girls often decide with their mother, boys - with their father; As for communication with peers, boys discuss with girls those issues that they do not touch upon when talking with other partners, and girls do not make differences in topics when revealing their "I" to peers /271/. Researching the social circle of young adults, D. Pulakos showed that they feel closer to friends than to relatives. Between young adults and their friends are established warm relationship they often discuss many issues together. With relatives, the circle of discussion of problems is significantly narrowed, feelings become more differentiated /186/. An important role, for example, is played by the degree of kinship by father or mother. English psychologists have experimentally established that student granddaughters develop more emotionally close relationships with maternal grandmothers than with paternal grandmothers /240/.

X. Weinberg also notes that it is sometimes easier for a person to establish a more trusting relationship with a psychoanalyst than with friends. At the same time, "unlike friendship, where everything is built on reciprocity, within the framework of an analytic relationship, reciprocity is limited, but at the same time, the patient can reveal to the analyst something that he does not admit to either his friends or himself" /41/. The process of self-disclosure is influenced by status characteristics partners, for example, relations in the "boss - subordinate" system introduce significant restrictions on the self-disclosure of both.

The socio-psychological characteristics of the recipient are well studied within the framework of the problems psychological difficulties communication. V.A. Labunskaya identifies 5 factors that characterize the most typical "field" of difficult communication: expressive-speech characteristics, social-perceptual, types of relationships, forms of address and communication conditions /126/. In our opinion, all these factors are also present in self-disclosure. Let's try to consider them sequentially from the point of view of contributing to this process.

The expressive-speech factor of self-disclosure includes the characteristics of the recipient's speech, the degree of correspondence of his verbal and non-verbal characteristics of communication, as well as the outwardly shown partner's interest in self-disclosure of the subject acting as a communicator. According to V.A. Losenkov, it is very important that a friend be "ready to listen with interest" /135/.

The social-perceptual factor includes the ability of the recipient to evaluate the feelings and moods of the subject of self-disclosure, his social stereotypes and installations. The types of relationships include the partner's ability to empathize as an emotional response to the feelings of another person in the form of sympathy and empathy /38, 122, 241/.

Forms of appeal relate to the ability of a partner to adhere to certain norms of communication, to show empathic listening, keep up the conversation, reciprocate frankness. The ability to listen and share the feelings of another person A.I. Tashcheva calls the main characteristics of the recipient, which help to position the subject for a story about self/225/. By showing his participation, the partner helps the communicator to reduce internal tension.

The conditions of self-disclosure include the frequency of communication with a particular person. Too much frequent communication, according to N. Pokrovsky, loses its natural limitations and depth /182/. Rare communication also has its negative sides, it makes it difficult to quickly move to an intimate-personal level.

For self-disclosure, interpersonal relationships and their characteristics play a significant role: the degree of acquaintance, likes and dislikes, the degree of emotional closeness, as well as the experience of relationships with a particular person. A.L. Zhuravlev and others note the importance of the experience of pre-experimental communication in a situation of experimental study of the types of attitudes of the individual to the environment. The presence of such experience determines high assessments of oneself in terms of trusting and dependent types of attitudes, and its absence leads to an increase in distrustful and a decrease in dependent types of attitudes of a person towards others /81/. According to the theory of I. Altman and D. Taylor, as interpersonal relations between people develop, their self-disclosure becomes deeper, its breadth and duration increase. Based on the works of V.A. Labunskaya and T.A. Shkurko, which presents Full description criteria for classifying the types of relations in communication /127, 225/, it can be assumed that the following characteristics of interpersonal relations influence the self-disclosure to the greatest extent: their sign (valence), the degree of closeness or distance between partners, the degree of their acquaintance and the position of the recipient.

Exploring the characteristics of self-disclosure and their relationships

In accordance with the first empirical task, which consists in studying the characteristics of the subject's self-disclosure and their relationship, we analyzed all categories of self-disclosure using the method of S. Jurard for 186 students of different specialties who participated in the study. Methods were used to analyze the obtained data. statistical processing socio-psychological information (STATGRAPHICS package), in particular, a sample mean was calculated for each of four groups test subjects. As a result, it was found that the average value total volume self-disclosure according to the method of S. Jurard is 298.6 points. At the same time, the range of individual differences is quite wide: the minimum value is 106, and the maximum is 584 points, which indicates a high variability of the variable under study, as a result of its determination by many factors. Categories of personal information were ranked according to the degree of their representation in the self-disclosure of the subjects (see Appendix Yu).

As it turned out, the total amount of self-disclosure of doctors, psychologists, journalists and philologists is almost the same (314.7; 300.6; 304.3; 284.7 points, respectively). Consequently, students of the studied specialties as a whole do not differ among themselves in terms of the amount of self-disclosure.

As can be seen from the figure, the first block includes those categories in which the respondents disclosed the most (the total average group score of self-disclosure in the category is above 44). The highest level here is occupied by interests and hobbies. It is for this category that the indicators of self-disclosure were the highest in all the studied groups. Further, almost at the same level, with a minimal difference in points, there is information about studies, as well as opinions and attitudes. Depending on the sample, these categories occupy the second and third positions. High self-disclosure on the topic "study" is due to the fact that learning activities are leading for students.

Note that the categories included in the first block cover very wide circle human communication. The information related to them does not affect the intimate aspects of the personality, the risk of the subject during its transmission is minimal. On these topics, you can freely talk to absolutely all people: familiar and unfamiliar, sympathetic and not sympathetic. This allows students to open up on them to the maximum extent. The second block consists of the categories "relationships", "personality" and "troubles" as the volume of self-disclosure decreases. According to them, the individual is no longer revealed to everyone, but mainly to close people whom he trusts. The data given in table. 6 (see Appendix 11) indicate that doctors talk more about their troubles than philologists (for other groups, the difference was not statistically significant). Perhaps this is due to the fact that medical workers due to the specifics of their professional activities, they often become recipients of self-disclosure for a patient who talks about his ailments. Having the experience of receiving negative information, they are no longer afraid to give this kind of information about their personality. For philologists, however, such an experience is not typical.

"Finance" and "body" turned out to be the most "closed" topics related to the third block. The average self-disclosure score for these categories is below 36.7. Probably, cultural determinants played a big role here for the Russian sample. long time in Soviet society, the desire for material well-being strictly suppressed; a ban was imposed on the discussion of sexual relations. All this contributed to the fact that the above topics firmly occupied last positions in the hierarchy of self-disclosure topics.

The three blocks of self-disclosure categories that we experimentally identified and the ranking of categories obtained by ranking depending on the amount of information transmitted coincided with the results of S. Jurard and P. Lazakov, who stated that "high self-disclosure" includes tastes and interests, opinions and work, and " low self-disclosure" - topics of finance, body and personality /297/. This coincidence is all the more remarkable because the studies were carried out in different countries and in different time(Jurard did his research in the 1960s). Therefore, it can be assumed that the ratio of the volume of self-disclosure by categories is in a sense traditional for the two cultures, although the self-disclosure of Americans is determined by completely different social norms than self-disclosure of Russians (for example, in American society it is not customary to discuss the size of their income, all questions on this topic are considered indecent).

Selected N.V. Amyaga 3 subcategories of self-disclosure topics: topics of superficial communication, topics of an average or indefinite level of intimacy, deeply intimate topics, and their place in the level of self-disclosure of high school students 111 are also fully correlated with the three blocks of self-disclosure categories we received. The same can be said about the classification of topics of confidential communication, carried out by T.P. Skripkina. According to her, high-level topics of intimacy include information related to plans, dreams, life goals and ways to achieve them, the peculiarities of family relationships; topics of the average level of intimacy - information relating to relations with colleagues in studies, with the opposite sex, assessment of one's personality; topics of low intimacy affect leisure activities and current learning activities/215/. In addition, data similar to ours were obtained in self-disclosure studies conducted in parallel by N.V. Shemyakina on social workers aged 25-45 /260/ and M.V. Borodina - on students of psychological and law faculties /35/.

To check the validity of the applied version of the Jurard questionnaire was carried out correlation analysis(according to Spearman), as a result of which a whole network of connections was obtained within the methodology of S. Jurard (see Appendix 12). Thus, self-disclosure indicators for all categories were associated both with each other and with the total volume of self-disclosure at a high level of significance. This indicates the internal consistency of test items.

The relationship between differentiation and selectivity of self-disclosure was also significant (r=0.76, P 0.01) (see Appendix 13). In other words, if an individual differentiates the topics of self-disclosure well, then he clearly separates his communication partners, taking into account their characteristics, and vice versa.

We were not able to find any relationship between the indicators of selectivity and differentiation with indicators of the volume of self-disclosure in most categories. The only exception was the category of "troubles". Based on the data obtained, with low differentiation of self-disclosure, students talk a lot about their failures, easily reveal the negative aspects of their personality (r = 0.23, Р 0.05). Thus, the low differentiation of self-disclosure is manifested in the desire to communicate one's problems to the first comer.

Self-disclosure research started as part of humanistic psychology in the 50s of the 20th century. It was no coincidence, since it was this direction that began to consider a person as a subject own life. This was also manifested in the terms introduced by its representatives: self-actualization, self-expression, self-disclosure and self-development. Fundamental for the development of humanistic psychology were the works of A. Maslow, in which self-creation was considered for the first time as an integral property of human nature.

S. Jurard defined self-disclosure as the process of communicating information about oneself to other people; conscious and voluntary disclosure of one's Self to another. The content of self-disclosure can be thoughts, feelings of a person, facts of his biography, current life problems, his relationship with people around him, impressions from works of art, life principles, and much more. Maklakov A.G. General psychology. SPb., 2015. P.306.

The need for self-disclosure is inherent in every person, and it must be satisfied, since its suppression can cause not only psychological problems, but also various mental and somatic diseases. Every person has a need to open himself to at least one significant other.

Self-disclosure plays a central role in the development and existence of interpersonal relationships. It is an indicator of the depth and degree of positivity of relations (sympathy, love, friendship). As relationships progress to more intimate ones, people talk about themselves more fully and deeply. In fact, self-disclosure means the initiation of another person into his inner world, the removal of the curtain that separates the "I" from the "Other". It is the most direct way of transmitting your individuality to others.

Self-disclosure is a complex and multifaceted process of expressing a person in communication, sensitive to many individual, personal, socio-demographic and situational factors. It can take place in a direct or indirect form, with varying degrees of awareness, using verbal and non-verbal channels of information transfer, and be focused on a different number of recipients. Consider the main types of self-disclosure.

According to the criterion of the source of the initiative, self-disclosure can be voluntary or compulsory. The degree of voluntariness varies: from the fervent desire of the person himself to tell another person about his feelings or thoughts to the “pulling out” of this information by the partner. Telling about yourself in an interrogation setting can be an example of forced self-disclosure.

According to the type of contact between the subject of communication and the recipient, one can single out direct and indirect self-disclosure. Direct self-disclosure is observed in the situation of physical contact of the subject of self-disclosure with the recipient, during which they can see and hear each other. Indirect self-disclosure can be done by telephone, written text, electronic text on the Internet.

Direct self-disclosure allows the subject to receive audio-visual feedback from the recipient and, in accordance with this, control the process of self-disclosure (expand or collapse, deepen, etc.).

At the same time, the presence of a person fetters the speaker, especially when reporting negative information. It is no coincidence that Z. Freud came up with the idea during a psychoanalytic session to sit down behind the head of a client lying on the couch so that there would be no eye contact between them. AT Everyday life people prefer to report negative actions (such as breaking up a relationship) over the phone or in writing. The written form distances partners and deprives them of a large number information transmitted through a non-verbal channel (voice intonation, facial expressions, etc.). In addition, it is associated with a large delay in the exchange of information, although this is overcome on the Internet: in the forum you can communicate in real time. Maklakov A.G. General psychology. SPb., 2015. P.309.

Diary entries are a special form of mediated self-disclosure. They, as a rule, are conducted by a person for himself in order to fix the events of his life in memory and streamline life impressions. They differ in the degree of intimacy of the topics covered in them and the detail of the descriptions. The authors of the diaries have different attitudes towards the possibility of reading them by other people.

There are blogs on the Internet - these are personal diaries that are open to the public. Readers can comment on entries, discuss the identity of their author. Newspaper or Internet advertisements about the desire to enter into a love or friendship can also be considered as examples of self-disclosure, although self-disclosure of the personality prevails here.

Self-disclosure is greatly influenced by the number of people for whom it is intended. In Western psychology, the person or group of people to whom information is addressed is called the target of self-disclosure. Most often, the target is one person, and his characteristics (socio-demographic and personal characteristics, the nature of relations with the speaker) to a large extent determine the content and formal characteristics of self-disclosure. Sometimes the target of self-disclosure becomes small group(for example, family members, work colleagues, fellow travelers in a train compartment).

In this case, as a rule, the degree of intimacy of the reported information, its detail decreases. A special form is self-disclosure in psychological training groups or in psychotherapeutic groups. They first create an atmosphere of mutual trust and looseness, which allows its participants to fearlessly report information about themselves that can compromise them in the eyes of those present.

The target of self-disclosure may be large groups people, up to all mankind. This can be called public self-disclosure. His examples are interviews of famous people in the media, autobiographies published in the form of books. The goals of such self-disclosure are different from previous forms. Public self-disclosure is always aimed at drawing attention to oneself and creating a certain impression about oneself. It includes a large element of self-presentation, since it is not always sincere.

According to the criterion of distance and formalization of communication, self-disclosure can be personal and role-based. Role self-disclosure unfolds within the framework of the role in which a person is at a given moment in time. For example, being in the role of a patient at a doctor's appointment, a person talks about himself mainly that is connected with his illness. At the same time, a person can touch on intimate details and not feel embarrassed, since communication takes place at the role level. Personal self-disclosure implies the existence of relationships of sympathy, friendship, love, which are the basis for self-disclosure. The nature of these relations regulates the direction and content of self-disclosure. Stolyarenko L.D. Fundamentals of psychology. Rostov n./D., 2015. P.346.

According to the degree of preparedness by the subject of the process of self-disclosure, one can single out the unintentional and the prepared. When a person spontaneously reveals information about their personality in the process of communication, this is an example of unintentional self-disclosure. Sometimes this happens in response to someone else's frankness, or out of a desire to entertain the interlocutor. When a person plans in advance to communicate some information about himself to another person or group of people, then we are dealing with prepared self-disclosure. For example, a young man may carefully consider the wording of his declaration of love to his girlfriend. Moreover, he can take care of the environment in which this will be done.

Another important indicator self-disclosure is the degree of sincerity of the subject of self-disclosure, which is manifested in the reliability of information reported about oneself. Any information provided by a person about himself is not complete and absolutely reliable. When a person makes deliberate changes to this message, then we are dealing with pseudo-self-disclosure. Platonov K.K. Structure and development of personality. M., 2014. P.172.

In addition to the above features, self-disclosure has a number of characteristics that can be determined using psychological methods.

The depth of self-disclosure is understood as the detail, completeness and sincerity of the coverage of a particular topic. In contrast, superficial self-disclosure involves incomplete and partial coverage of some aspects of one's personality.

mental communication self-expression