Life is like an Amazing Journey.
The first experience, spontaneous and - in terms of photography - unsuccessful, IMHO. But everything will start sometime, and without this trip to a brothel in Delhi, which was not planned in the photo tour program, I would hardly have realized that I want to take pictures there. Well, in general, I would hardly start thinking about some topics that I will now try to voice.
Why was I wrapped up in a brothel? Probably the most main reason- this is that in India to be born a woman means to have bad karma. The only way for an Indian woman to have a stable position in society is to get married. The husband is God. This is on the one hand. On the other hand, the Indians have obvious tensions with sexuality, in India (in the homeland of the Kama Sutra) there is simply no sex, as it used to be in the USSR, even purely visually the situation is exactly the same, and in terms of energy Indian men are generally not identified as men. But in women, a powerful energy source is felt. And in such scenarios - for some reason the husband is perceived as God. Unclear. There was no logic in going to a brothel for explanations, but purely intuitively - why not? Moreover, so many Europeans go to India for spiritual practices...
Prostitution is officially banned in India. However, in almost all major cities, including in the capital Delhi, there are quarters where priestesses of love work openly.
That's the area we're heading to.
Once again - this was an unplanned part of the photo tour, took place in the evening, after sightseeing in Delhi, and - at will. However, the whole group wanted to take part.
The quarter itself where we arrived looks rather unsightly: shabby houses, on the ground floors of which there are offices and shops selling all sorts of pieces of iron, and on the upper floors there are numerous brothels with girls.
The girls stand on the balconies overlooking the street and, if they raise their heads, they begin to wave their hands in unison - inviting guests. You can’t really see the girls from afar, but the main thing here is to indicate intentions.
The lower floors of the quarter look like this:
We were the only non-residents in this quarter, they perceived us quite friendly, but with a certain amount of amazement. Taking pictures outside was no problem.
It is unlikely that the locals assumed that we were heading to a brothel. And that's when we turned onto one of the stairs. leading deeper into the house to the upper floors - that's when some excitement began: a crowd really gathered here, watching us go up the stairs in single file, the crowd is quite noisy - i.e. upstairs they learned about our appearance in advance - by a joyful and loud commotion from below.
We cannot say that we were happy. Let in - let in. But from the cameras - they immediately turned away - scattered, in all directions.
In the first brothel, we were completely unlucky in terms of photographing: they were allowed to walk around and look, but the girls instantly turned away at any sound from the camera. Everyone was especially embarrassed that our company was of different sexes, well, the girls were not ready to see men who came with women in a brothel.
We decided to try success in another brothel.
Lucky (if a few frames can be considered luck) we only fourth time, here is here - here it is the stairs leading to the brothel:
And although general reaction- about the same - instantly turn away, hide - managed to take a few shots.
In terms of structure, a brothel is a patio open to the sky, with many booths around the perimeter.
The cabins are air-conditioned, but the air conditioners are only turned on when clients arrive.
Girls live in little rooms - several people each, with children, and when a client comes, the room is vacated, everyone goes out into the courtyard. Sound permeability, I must say - none at all, but this does not bother anyone.
The reaction of girls to cameras is the same - to instantly cover their faces, hide.
They covered their faces with anything - towels, rags, they simply hid and ran away, but at the same time - in none of the places we visited - we did not encounter aggression. This is the first thing that really surprised me. Those. we essentially entered someone else's territory, and we could simply be expelled, but no one did this, no one was rude to us, there was no aggression at all, the maximum that we encountered was - the girls simply left the communication, and the elderly women stewards followed us on the heels and urged not to shoot.
I wandered upstairs, took a few shots, then they asked me not to shoot.
Some clarifications: I didn't go to the brothel to shoot trash, the ideas were a bit different.
Look - many Europeans go to India to do spiritual practices - including yoga, sit in ashrams for months, go through tantric retreats, etc., etc.
But logically, the basis of every spiritual practice is the ability / skills to work with sexual energies - the most creative energies, the most creative. The Kama Sutra is not about sex, it's about energy. And here, I don’t understand yet - why in the country of a great number of ashrams and teachings - sexual interaction is so tightly clamped. To be born a woman is bad karma, a punishment for previous incarnations. But in fact, this is just the oppression of the Inevskaya energy, and then what kind of healthy energy interaction can we talk about? Yes, yoga is great, but why is Yin so oppressed, limited, tightly controlled in the homeland of yoga? Although it feels like it is women in India who are carriers emotional background, not men. There are no men at all.
These questions are still unanswered. I wanted to see women who are visited by men who are tired of the role of Gods in own house. I see. I also really wanted to look at the male Gods coming to these women.
Here's what surprised me on first impressions:
1. Women are friendly. These are not on-duty smiles on the face, namely, benevolence and curiosity.
Yes, they do not want to be photographed - but here, too, one must take into account that a crowd of Europeans has tumbled in, their reactions are clear to me.
2. A very homely atmosphere in a brothel - a feeling of a hostel. Those. there is no need to talk about perfect neatness in clothes - yes, they are dressed in specific clothes, but they wear it somehow at home, go about their business - periodically being distracted by customers.
3. A lot of children. As far as I understand, children live there with their mothers, are brought up collectively, and are not at all burdened by where and how they live - this is also perceived as a given, like karma. Children are very taken care of.
4. I did not see unhappy faces. Tired - yes, but unhappy - no. Dramatic - also did not see.
There is a subcultural difference here - in India, any fate is perceived as a correct given, an opportunity to get rid of karma.
Conclusions: no conclusions yet. As a reflection - next time it's worth going there small group and not in the evening.
A little about prostitution in India: Freedom from choice.
India. A country that can be talked about endlessly, whose history goes back thousands of years. A huge cultural layer, preserved in epics and carefully brought to our days. India is traditional, agrarian, with the richest natural resources, with a fertile climate, supplying a variety of goods, from handicrafts to modern technologies. The huge film industry of the famous Bollywood, which ranks first in the production of films. Stunning magnificence architectural monuments and the appalling poverty of the majority of the population.
Chaste morals, the cult of the family, reverence for the elderly, ardent love for children and, at the same time, an attitude towards a woman as a lower and powerless creature. However, the lack of rights of a woman living in a family cannot be compared with the position of an Indian prostitute.
India has all the signs of a modern society, and specific features peculiar only to this country ...
In the past, in India, there was only temple prostitution, which was performed by the so-called "brides of God" or devadasis. The Devadasi tradition is still prevalent in many parts of India, which still makes child prostitution virtually legal. Devadasis are ritually married to God, thus gaining respect and reverence in society. Devadasi tradition, different names, is known in many Indian states.
In some areas of Karnataka, girls are dedicated to the monkey god Hanuman and are called "basvi". In the Shimoga region, the same state, girls are given to the goddess Renuka Devi, in Hospet - to the goddess Hulganga Devi. In Goa, devadasi are called "bhavin".
The tradition lives on in other states in southern India. Hinduism considers their religious service, devadasi selflessness, as a way to improve karma, which will allow them to receive a higher incarnation in future reincarnations.
In the end, a small part of the girls become senior over devadasi, educate and teach ritual dances to newcomers, some travel, taking part in temple ceremonies and festivals throughout India, while providing religious sexual services, but most, after several years of temple service, used as prostitutes in Bombay and Pune.
The situation of women employed in the so-called "secular" prostitution is much more difficult and hopeless.
"Red-light districts", where "secular" prostitution is represented, exist in all major cities, as well as throughout the world. The only difference is that, while in other states the percentage of women involved in prostitution by their own, voluntary choice is quite high, in India the number of women who have come into the profession voluntarily tends to zero.
By different sources, in India, between seven million and ten million women are engaged in prostitution, which has led this country to the first place in the sex industry.
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are densely populated areas for female prostitutes. From many rural areas high level poverty, women enter the cities, either through an organized network of human trafficking or for socio-economic reasons.
One of the five largest cities India, is Bangalore, which hosts the vast majority of child prostitutes in the country.
At least 100,000 prostitutes live in Bombay, most of whom are in debt bondage to the owners of brothels and brothels. The term of bondage takes up to fifteen years, which, in fact, makes it impossible to be released from the profession by paying compensation. Children born to prostitutes also become involved in prostitution, becoming victims of sexual abuse.
The sons of prostitute mothers often become eunuchs through ritual castration. Eunuchs, or "hijra" have deeply religious roots in Hinduism. During the castration process, the priest creates an artificial vagina, and therefore, eunuchs are considered the preferred partners for sex without a condom. Many men in India believe that it is impossible to get AIDS from a eunuch, unlike female prostitutes.
Several paths lead women in India to prostitution. These paths are so commonplace for Indian society and just as terrifying in their essence: the most common reason is the sale into sexual slavery by relatives, devadasi selflessness, the collapse of marriage or family, deceit when a woman is promised earnings in the city, not related to prostitution, but on In fact, they are sold to a brothel and forced to “work off” the money allegedly spent on it.
It is not uncommon for women to be forced into prostitution by their husbands or members of their families. Usually, the family knows what the woman is doing, but ignores until the income drops, after which, the woman is thrown out into the street ...
The red light district in Bombay brings at least, 400 million dollars in revenue per year. 100 thousand prostitutes receive an average of 6 clients, every day, throughout the year, seven days a week and public holidays. Services of a prostitute cost 2 dollars.
Condoms are rarely used during contacts, the percentage of women who tried to escape is negligible ...
Many small brothels are located along major highways, prostitutes are offered here to truck drivers and motorists. The owners of these brothels pay bribes to the police station, on average from 1000 to 6000 rupees. The brothel itself is a shack, with a canopy and several beds. Roadside prostitutes work at constant risk to their lives. The police do not respond to women's statements about beatings and do not even register their appeals. Often, women taken from such a brothel are found killed and thrown to the side of the road. Sometimes, they are found when the bodies are already half torn to pieces by wild animals. Often they are beaten and left on the road, helpless, naked and robbed.
The health of women involved in prostitution is monitored by "doctors" who do not have a license, conducting appointments directly in the red quarter. Usually, this help is expressed in the fact that women are offered antidepressants and various herbal tinctures and aromatic drops. Women are forced to pay for this “treatment”, and mafia structures collect tribute from “doctors” for the opportunity to conduct “practice” in these very profitable places. More than half of the women are infected with sexually transmitted diseases and are HIV positive. Due to the fact that clients do not use condoms, at least 2,000 people are infected with HIV every year in brothels in Bombay alone.
There are statements by some public figures in India that the problem of AIDS can be considered a positive factor, as it can reduce the growing population ...
A cheap way to get rid of HIV-infected prostitutes is to send them home. On top of that, it is being staged with pomp and presented to the public under the guise of fighting prostitution and sexual slavery, citing the fact that girls have gained freedom and got rid of the shackles of prostitution.
Often, HIV-infected prostitutes are not provided medical care in public hospitals, even in cases of admission to a hospital with bleeding and life-threatening. Many women who find themselves without qualified assistance have been in brothels since childhood.
The services of prostitutes are also used by foreign tourists, attracted by soft laws regarding prostitution, including children's. ... Because of corruption, cases of child prostitution often simply do not start, or do not reach the court. The Goa State Police General stated that "child prostitution is a myth, it simply does not exist." However, there are cases when underage girls were found in hotel rooms with foreign tourists, the youngest of which had barely reached the age of nine. During the inspection, it turned out that the children were in the hotel with the knowledge and permission of their parents, the persecution of tourists was stopped ...
Goa, a resort state, enjoys the fame of free and affordable prostitution. Goan prostitutes serve to entertain tourists, sailors, students of nearby colleges. A taxi driver will always take tourists to any of the many brothels, or deliver a prostitute to a hotel room. Often, taxi drivers rape girls after they take them away from tourists.
The economic situation of the majority of the population living in countryside, hard to the extreme. This circumstance, as well as the inability to collect a dowry, forces parents to sell their daughters for prostitution. Neighboring Nepal and Cambodia supply girls to India in such numbers that some villages in these states are left with virtually no female population. According to various sources, resellers purchase "live goods" from their parents for 25-30 dollars, a brothel pays 100-150 dollars for a "head" ... This is a lot of money for Indians, so the business of trading in living people is flourishing, despite the efforts of the state and public organizations aimed at combating this terrible phenomenon.
It must be said that prostitution in India is not prohibited as an individual and voluntary occupation, pandering, organization of brothels and forced prostitution are banned, however, powerful corruption that permeates the entire state system makes the requirements of the law only declarative, not effective measures.
The economic benefits of sexual slavery do not allow abandoning the trade in "human goods". Several dealers are involved in the chain, who pay bribes to the police and officials. Well-established channels supply sex slaves, including children, to the red-light districts long years. Every day, at least 200 people enter Bombay's brothels.
From the moment of purchase, for several years, the woman has not been able to move freely, taking up to twenty people a day. The owner of the brothel does not pay her money and gives her food once a day. Impressions from the first days are so terrible and heavy that the brain refuses to endure them and displaces these memories from the memory of the unfortunate ...
In the future, with the advent of two, or even three children, they begin to pay her part of the money and no longer withhold, but there is no way to feed the children in another way, there is no roof over her head, there is no strength and experience to adapt in a society that is in everyday life very negative attitude towards prostitutes. Therefore, a woman does not leave on her own - she simply has nowhere to go, nothing to live on herself and feed her children.
Some time later, when a woman loses her last attractiveness, if she has not died of AIDS, or another disease, while working in a brothel, she is thrown out into the street.
The duration of prostitution in a brothel is no more than ten years.
Women live out their days by street prostitution, begging, being beaten and dying, from starvation and disease, or killed by a murderer.
Their children, if they survive this scary world are following in their mother's footsteps.
This is their freedom - they are free from choice ...
Everything remains the same for me topical issue: how to study spiritual practices in this country?
Well, you can't be a little pregnant...
I don't understand something yet.
Teacher: Boldt E.E.
Subject: The World History
Class: 8
The date: 29.11.17
Topic: India in the 17th-18th centuries.
Target: Consider the features of the development of India in the 17-18 centuries
Tasks :
Educational: Creating conditions for cognitive activity in the study of historical events in the history of India in the XVII-XVIII centuries
Developing: Development of reading text analysis skills, ability to argue one's point of view, work in a team, skills and abilities to work with a textbook
Educational: Upbringing respectful attitude to other peoples, their culture, experience of activity, feelings of internationalism, humanism.
Methods : verbal, visual, problematic, partially exploratory
Lesson type: combined
During the classes
I . Organizing time: Hello guys! (greet, call those absent)(2 minutes)
Today we are going on a trip to another country. This country is called India. But we can get to this country only after we show our knowledge on one of its neighboring countries– China. (students write the date and topic of the lesson in a notebook).(1 minute)
II . Checking homework (students are given cards with test tasks on previous topic students answer questions in writing(5 minutes)
1. Chinese merchants traded with other countries only through seaport:
A) Nanjing. B) Shanghai.C) Guangzhou. D) Beijing. E) Hong Kong.
2. At the end of the 18th century, an uprising began in China, which was led by:
A) Society of stonemasons. C) Society of miners. C) Society of free cultivators.D) White Lotus Society. E) The population of Beijing.
3. The supreme ruler of the Qing Empire was called:
A) Mandarin. B) Cooley. C) rickshaw.D) Bogdykhan . E) Khan.
4. In 1757 chinese emperor banned:
A) Chinese travel abroad.C) Entry of Europeans into the country.
C) Trade with Russia. D) Trade with Turkey. E) the death penalty.
5. In China, shenshi is -
BUT) Urban population. B) Slaves. C) advisors.
D) Military . E) people with scientific knowledge
6. The words "there are less and less producers, and more and more consumers" belong to:
A) The White Lotus Society. B) Officials. C) The Poor. D) The Shunzhi Emperor.
C) Emperor Qianlong.
7. In the 17th century, the Manchu state was called:
A) Manchuria. B) Qing . C) Tan. D) Korea. E) Thailand.
8. Indicate in what respects one of the main issues was territorial?
A) Sino-JapaneseB) Kazakh-Chinese C) Chinese-English
D) Indian-Chinese E) Russian-Chinese
9. Indicate the superfluous in the features of the power of the ruler of the Qing Empire:
A) the title of the ruler is Bogdykhan B) a ban was imposed on pronouncing his name aloud
C) was considered the son of HeavenD) ordinary people were allowed to visit the summer residence only when the emperor was leaving for the winter E) all of the above
10. Indicate with which khan the emperor Qing established contacts in 50-60 years. 18th century:
A) Abulkhair B) Tauke C) NuralyD) Abylai E) Raw Dates
Sh. Setting goals and objectives of the lesson. (2 minutes)
IV . Learning new material. (7 min)
Motivation: Rebus (words: elephant, song, dance, India)
Guys, our first task today in the lesson is to find out how the state of the great Mughals was formed and developed in India.Teacher's story (accompanies slide show):
State of the Great Moguls.
Education in 1526Mughal Empires Genghis Khan's grandson Babur.Territory - Afghanistan and North India. State religion- Islam.
The heyday of the empire under padishah Akbar (1556-1605), the patron of science and art.
The struggle of Indian princes against the power of the Mughals, the main reason is religious intolerance between Muslims and Hindus.
Spread of power of the Great Mughals to mid-sixteenth 1st century to Central and North India. The Mughal Empire was a military-feudal state, sovereignty in which she belongedpadishah .
Under Padishah Aurangzeb, the state was divided into 19 regions (suba ) headed by subadars. In their hands was the administrative, military and judicial branch.
Exercise 1. pp 89-90 to create a cluster on the management system and land relations:(7 min) (Students form a cluster using the text of the textbook)
land relations.
The ruler of all lands in the Mughal state was the padishah. Feudal private lands were called:
1. Jagir - land transferred to private ownership for those engaged in military affairs.
2. Zamindar - private land, the owners of which used the labor of the peasants and paid taxes to the state.
3. Inam - land exempt from taxes and owned by the Muslim religious elite.
4. Waqf - land that is not taxed and belongs to religious organizations.
Teacher's story (7 min):
XVII century - the emergence of the religious movement of the Punjabi Sikhs in the north-west of India. Religious leader of the Sikhs - Govind (1675-1708)
Key Ideas:
The eradication of the caste system;
Equality of all people before God;
Creation independent state.
The result of his reign: the creation in Punjab in mid-seventeenth I century of the independent state of the Sikhs.
17th century - the struggle of the Marathas, the inhabitants of the western part of India, against the Mughal yoke. The leader of the Marathas was Shivaji (1627-1680), who headed guerrilla war against the Mughals for 20 years. In the XVIII century, the Marathas won and organized an independent state.
The collapse of the great Mughal Empire. Popular uprisings.
The reasons:
Deterioration populace;
Increase in taxes;
Difficult living conditions;
Ethnic and religious strife;
Attacks of the Iranian ruler Nadir Shah on Delhi.
1724 - the formation of an independent principality of Hyderabad.
1740 Bengal secession.
1747 - Creation of the Principality of Oudh.
1747-1761 - the struggle between the Marathas and the Afghans for the capture of India.
Bottom line: by the middle of the 18th century, the power of the Great Mughal state over India fell and domination reigned in the country European colonizers.
Exercise : pp. 90-93 Reading with notes (insert -V, +, -, ?) (5 minutes)
V . Fixing: correct errors in sentences, demonstration on a slide.(2 minutes)
In India there were large nationalities like bengal, maratha, gujarat, punjab, issedonian.
The peoples of India that were part of the Mughal state were divided according to the caste system. According to the law, the transition from one caste to another was possible.
In the Mughal Empire there were feudal private lands - jangir, zamindar, inam and allod.
The land of jangir was transferred to private ownership for those engaged in handicraft business, their owners were artisans.
Land owned by religious organizations in the Mughal state was taxed.
Under the reign last ruler Moghuls, padishah Aurengzebe, the state was divided into 19 regions. Each region was headed by a count appointed by the padishah
VI . Homework: § 10 paraphrase, additional material"Culture of India".(1 minute)
VII . Grading (1 min).
Aarti cuddles her daughter in her home in Karnal, Haryana. She loves and is proud to be a mother and wife at 25. But two years ago, everything was different, she lost almost everything. When she first realized she was pregnant, her husband immediately forced her to have an ultrasound. As a result, it turned out that they would have a girl. When Artie refused to have an abortion, her husband kicked her out of the house. He only allowed her to return on the condition that their next child would be a boy. Luckily for her, a son was born.
Artie's story is not unique. In this agricultural region in northern India, privileges are given to the male population, which forces women to become the "slave" of their husbands and sons. On the other hand, becoming the mother of a boy, a woman receives honor from all relatives.
(Total 38 photos)
This attitude towards the sexes is traditional for Hindus: only boys can perform religious rites, live on a family estate, bear the name of their father and take care of their elderly parents. “We wish to be the mother of a hundred sons” is a traditional wish for brides at weddings. Girls are not valued, it is believed that they ruin the family budget: the dowry and the wedding itself can be worth all the savings. “If you have a girl, then you will lose your money. The birth of a boy means profit in the future,” says Donna Fernandez, founder of NGO Vimochana (liberation).
That is why the practice of selective abortions is spreading in India. Per recent times like mushrooms all over the country grew private medical clinics, which offer ultrasound and abortion services from 5,000 to 10,000 rupees ($112-$224). In addition, there are hundreds of illegal ultrasonic devices operating in remote villages.
because of constant pressure on women, almost every one of them goes through 3-4 abortions before she is one hundred percent sure of the birth of a son.
But many women simply do not have a choice. If they have a daughter, “the husband can beat or even throw the woman out of the house,” says gynecologist Soubhagya Bhat, coordinator of the Family Planning Association of India.
In the state where Aarti lives (Haryana), in October 2009, 1000 boys were born for 852 girls. But in some states they are trying to improve these rates, but in richer areas, people are still striving for the birth of sons and even worsening rates. For example, in Panipat, which is famous for its carpet and textile industries, the yearly rate dropped from 857 girls per 1,000 boys in 2008 to 830 girls in 2009.
The dowry itself has also changed in ours, now, in addition to traditional gifts in the idea of jewelry and livestock, the groom's family receives a significant amount of money, household appliances, cars. “Marrying a bride with a dowry is no longer a voluntary impulse; now it can be called extortion. The groom's parents say: if you don't give enough, our son will marry someone else,” Donna Fernandez has been fighting this trend for a very long time.
Prenatal selection is not the only way get rid of the unwanted birth of a girl. In Punjab, the death rate of newborn girls is 4 times higher than that of boys. Most of the children left in orphanages are girls.
Increasing the amount of dowry entails another problem - domestic violence in order to get more more money from the bride's family. Young wives endure cruelty and violence until they convince their parents to give more money. If they don't pay you can expect anything, even murder. For example, a girl's sari is doused with kerosene and set on fire.
It was after such an incident that 18-year-old Utma got 100% of the body. Her husband's relatives poured kerosene on her when they found out that her father was unable to pay the money they asked for.
The Indian police register up to 7,000 dowry-related crimes every year. But the true number of such crimes is unknown to anyone.
After 30 years of selective abortions, India's male-to-female dominance has become noticeable, with some estimates suggesting that the female population has declined by 42 million.
In some states, the situation is such that due to the lack of a female, many young people cannot find a suitable wife for themselves. If the poor still have to remain unmarried, then the only thing left for wealthy young people is to resort to the laws and the market and pay an intermediary who travels all over the country in order to find a bride. As a result, the business of selling brides has expanded over the past few years. "The lack of women has changed the tradition: now some young people have to pay to get married."
In Punjab, many brides are brought from other regions such as West Bengal or Bihar, or even from neighboring countries such as Bangladesh or Nepal. These girls are bought from poor families and sold to bachelors, the price varies depending on the girl's beauty and origin - girls with white skin are valued more.
A native of Bangladesh, Kiranpal Kaur, 30, came to India 8 years ago. Her parents agreed to let their daughter go, as she was promised a job. When she got to the village of Mann Aspal (Punjab), she found out that she had actually been sold to a bachelor for 12,000 rupees ($269). Money for Return trip she didn't, so she had to put up with it. Now she has 3 children.
In some families, where the 2nd or 3rd sons, problems arise, as they cannot provide for each bride. Therefore, they buy only 1 bride and then the brothers already “share” her among themselves. Such polygamy is the norm in some villages.
Most women who were taken away from their home and forcibly married for life have psychological trauma. But the worst thing is if the girl was sold to work as prostitutes in big cities such as New Delhi.
To support the girls' parents, the authorities decided to pay an allowance (200,000 rupees - $4,500) to families who fulfill the following requirements: after the birth of a daughter, provide her with all vaccinations, educate her in school and not marry her until she is 18 years old.
On the other hand, the increasing number of bachelors may positive effect: perhaps men will change their attitude towards marriage and dowry, and will begin to value women not for the money they will receive after marriage, but simply for what they are.
In the next few years, thanks to the booming Indian economy, affordable education and more jobs will help women improve their position in society. Meanwhile, millions of girls are still doomed to dowry, leaving bleak prospects for the male population: according to statistics, about 30 million young men will not be able to marry for another 10 years.
These photos were taken in late 2009/early 2010.
1. Punjab, India: a boy sleeps right on the floor in a temple, while women pray.
2. Haryana, India: pregnant women are waiting in line for an ultrasound in a clinic in Haryana; this procedure allows you to find out the sex of the unborn child. A poster on the wall warns that selective abortions are illegal and can result in 5 years in prison. Under a law passed in 1994, medical workers helping to get rid of the fetus female are punishable by fines.
3. Morena, India: A doctor performs an ultrasound examination in one of Morena's clinics. This procedure allows you to find out the sex of the unborn child.
4. Bhutta, India: A woman sweeps the street while her husband and sons quietly watch her. This area of India has the most unequal ratio of boys to girls, with 750 girls per 1,000 boys.
5. Jagraon, India: A woman smiles as she looks at her first son in a private clinic in Jagraon. Unlike girls, boys in India are born "in wealth", in direct and figuratively. They are the successors of the family and the heir to traditions, people literally pour money on newborn boys.
6. Haryana, India: Laxmi Devi, 42, is waiting for a girlfriend with her husband Sukhpal, who is holding their grandson in his arms. In the first years after the wedding, the couple had 3 daughters. After that, Sukhpal forced his wife to have 7 abortions when he found out that they would have a girl again. 10 years ago, she finally gave birth to his son in the photo he is behind his mother.
7. Varanasi, India: A man performs a cremation ceremony on the banks of the Ganges River in the holy city of Varanasi. According to tradition, only men can perform this ritual.
8. Jagraon, India: Newborn girl. Now they will carry it to show the family. Her mother already has two daughters, so everyone was hoping that this pregnancy would bring a long-awaited son.
9. Jagraon, India: The family of the newborn does not hide the disappointment. After they were told the gender of the baby.
10. Salem, India: Nanny cares for girls abandoned by their parents. By decision local authorities A special orphanage was organized in which girls-refuseniks will be brought up.
11. Jalandhar, India: Girls in one of the shelters Jalandhar.
12. Salem, India: 4-year-old Priya lives in a shelter. The police took her away from her home after neighbors reported that her parents were beating the girl and burning her face.
13. Salem, India: A nanny holds one of the girls in her arms while the others play.
14. Jalandhar, India: A pupil of one of the orphanages of Jalandhar.
15. Salem, India: A group of girls sleep together in the same shelter.
16. Salem, India: Girls play in the yard of the orphanage.
17. Thatta, India: A boy sells paintings depicting a newborn boy and Baba Budhi at the Bir Sahib gate, located 20 km away. from Amritsar in the village of Thatta. Baba Budha Ji is one of the revered saints who lived most of his life here (1506-1631). Also, Guru Arjan Dev Ji and his wife Mata Ganga received blessings on their son at this place. Now millions of people are coming here to receive the blessing too.
18. Thatta, India: A woman drinks holy water from a reservoir in Bir Sahib.
19. Delhi, India: Indian worshipers throw a statue of the goddess Durga into the Yamuna River during the end of the Durga Puja festival.
20. New Delhi, India: Some men ask for blessings for marriage, others ask for the birth of a son, while they need to crawl to the very temple. The temple in New Delhi is considered the habitat of the goddess Durga - a symbol of female strength, unity, love, brotherhood and wealth.
21. Karnal, India: A doctor examines one of the boys, while the other is waiting for his turn. According to statistics in northern India, boys get sick more often, but this is only because they are taken to the doctor more often than girls.
22. Asouti, India: There are an order of magnitude more boys than girls in school classes. This trend is observed throughout the country.
23. Punjab, India: A boy, along with all the men waiting for the arrival of the groom during a wedding ceremony in a Sikh family.
24. Punjab, India: People dance at a wedding.
25. Punjab, India: A relative of the groom is waiting for his arrival during the wedding ceremony.
26. Punjab, India: Newlyweds sit in their new car after the wedding ceremony. Ever since the government banned dowries, brides' families have provided their daughters with rich gifts even before the wedding.
27. Madina, Haryana, India: 19-year-old Suman is preparing food, and her husband is at the time at the door of their house. Suman was born and raised in Assam, but at the age of 17 she was forcibly removed from her home and sold to her husband for 40,000 rupees ($842). Due to selective abortions widespread twenty years ago, there was a shortage of women in the country. Therefore, girls began to be brought from other parts of India, as well as from Bangladesh and Nepal.
28. Jaipur, India: 13-year-old Shaheen cleans semi-precious stones. Every day she earns 50 rupees ($1). Most of of this money she would give to her family, which would be set aside for her future wedding and dowry. Wedding expenses average 200,000 rupees ($850).
29. Varanasi, India: 18-year-old Utma in the burn department of the Indian clinic. She was admitted with burns to 100% of her body. As it turned out, this was a consequence of the fact that her parents were unable to pay a sufficient amount of money to her husband's relatives.
32. Rothak, India: A woman holds her head while in one of rehabilitation centers. Here live women who were rescued after trying to sell them to their husbands or force them to work as prostitutes in Harien or Delhi. Here, women are provided with all the necessary assistance.35. Vrindavan, India: An emaciated woman rests after dinner in a widow's house. Many widows leave their families and live in loneliness and poverty. Some of them find their shelter in temples.38. Delhi, India: A woman washes her daughter on the banks of the Yamuna River in Delhi.
Theme: India inXVII – XVIIIcenturies
T. D. C.
Educational: to study socio-economic, political development India in the 17th-18th century, the conquest of India by the British;
Developing: to promote the development of students' ability to analyze and draw conclusions;
Educational: help students develop a sense of organization;
Methods: lecture, independent study;
Equipment: 8th grade textbook world history, diagrams, tables.
During the classes:
I. Organizational moment (1-2 min.)
II. Questioning for children (10-12 min) Test. China
Politinfo 2 people world and Kazakhstan
III. Learning new material.
Plan:
1. The state of the Great Moghuls in the middle of the 17th century.
2. Formation of independent states in India.
3. The beginning of the colonization of India by Europeans.
4. Economic development India.
Preparing for inm (what do we know?)
I . The Mughal state in the second half XVII in.
Formation in 1526 of the Mughal Empire by the grandson of Genghis Khan Babur. Territory - Afghanistan and North India. The state religion is Islam.
The heyday of the empire under padishah Akbar (1556-1605), the patron of science and art.
The struggle of Indian princes against the power of the Mughals, the main reason is religious intolerance between Muslims and Hindus. Religions Islam and Hinduism.
The spread of power of the Great Moghuls by the middle of the XVII century. to Central and North India.
The Mughal Empire is a military-feudal state, the supreme power in which belonged to the padishah.
Under padishah Aurangzeb, the state was divided into 19 regions (suba), headed by subadars. In their hands was the administrative, military and judicial power.
land relations.
The ruler of all lands in the Mughal state was the padishah. Feudal private lands were called:
1. Jagir - land transferred to private ownership for those engaged in military affairs.
2. Zamindar - private land, the owners of which used the labor of the peasants and paid taxes to the state.
3. Inam - land exempt from taxes and owned by the Muslim religious elite.
4. Waqf - land that is not taxed and belongs to religious organizations.
Cast system.
The basis of the stability of Indian society was the caste system associated with a strict division of labor and a certain range of occupations.
The main caste steps (estates):
Supreme;
Middle peasants;
The lowest. Sudras are untouchable.
II . Formation of independent states in India. State of Sikhs and Marathas.
We divide the class into two castes of Sikhs and Marathas 3 minutes
XVII century - the emergence of the religious movement of the Punjabi Sikhs in the north-west of India.
Key Ideas:
The eradication of the caste system;
Equality of all people before God;
Creation of an independent state.
Religious leader of the Sikhs - Govind (1675-1708)
Result his reign: the creation in Punjab in the middle of the 18th century of an independent state of the Sikhs.
17th century - the struggle of the Marathas, the inhabitants of the western part of India, against the Mughal yoke. The leader of the Marathas was Shivaji (1627-1680), who led the guerrilla war against the Mughals for 20 years.
In the XVIII century, the Marathas won and organized an independent state.
result The collapse of the great Mughal Empire.
Popular uprisings.
The reasons:
Deterioration of the position of the masses;
Increase in taxes;
Difficult living conditions;
Ethnic and religious strife;
Attacks of the Iranian ruler Nadir Shah on Delhi. Myself. work with the textbook pp. 91-92.
1724 - the formation of an independent principality of Hyderabad.
1740 Bengal secession.
1747 - Creation of the Principality of Oudh.
1747-1761 - the struggle between the Marathas and the Afghans for the capture of India.
Outcome: by the middle of the 18th century, the power of the Great Mughal state over India fell and the domination of European colonialists reigned in the country.
III . European colonization of India begins:
The rivalry of two companies: French and English (East India) for the colonization of India.
1763 - the coming to power of the English East India Company, which captured Bengal, the richest part of India.
Start popular uprisings against English rule.
country robbery:
Tax increase:
The transformation of the country into a cheap raw material appendage of England.
1773 Promulgation of the Indian Government Act.
The country was ruled by a governor-general approved English Parliament.
The capture by the British of control over the local administration, judicial, tax, police and other services.
IV . Economic development of India.
Growth of large shopping centers- Bombay, Madras, Calcutta.
Prosperity of crafts and trade, including international.
Creation of manufactories in shipbuilding, silk, cotton and other industries.
India's portraitXVII – XVIIIcenturies
spiritual realm
IV. Reflection.
A. Tokhtar. V. Mahmut. S. Babur. D. Aryabhata. E. Timur.
A. Canada. In India. S. Afghanistan. D. Vietnam. E. Southern Africa.
A. Moscow. V. East India.
E. Guinean.
D) royal servants. E) Social groups.
5. The poorest caste in India were:
A) Jagir. B) Brahmins. C) Kshatriyas. D) "Untouchables". E) Zamindars.
6. The empire of the "Great Moghuls" reached its heyday under the padishah:
A) Govinda. B) Chandragupta. C) Akbar . D) Aurengzebe. E) Timur.
7. Jagirs in India are:
A) "Untouchables" B) Brahmins. C) peasants. D) Land allotments. E) Military .
A) outposts. B) factories. C) fortresses. D) Stores. E) Warehouses.
V. The results of the lesson. VI. Homework (item 10 cheat lane)
test questions on the subject of INDIA.
1. In 1526, a new conqueror invaded India (his name means “tiger”):
2. From 1817 to 1849 Great Britain was at war final conquest:
3. Identify the richest trading company 16th century:
FROM. Hanseatic League. D. Chinese company.
E. Guinean.
4. Castes in ancient india- this is:
A) free peasants. C) royal troops. C) Slaves.
7. Jagirs in India are:
8. Strongholds of trade during the period of colonial conquests were called:
Control questions on the topic INDIA.
1. In 1526, a new conqueror invaded India (his name means “tiger”):
A. Tokhtar. V. Mahmut. S. Babur. D. Aryabhata. E. Timur.
2. From 1817 to 1849 Great Britain waged a war for the final conquest:
A. Canada. In India. S. Afghanistan. D. Vietnam. E. Southern Africa.
3. Determine the richest trading company of the 16th century:
A. Moscow. V. East India.
C. Hanseatic League. D. Chinese company.
E. Guinean.
4. Castes in Ancient India are:
A) free peasants. C) royal troops. C) Slaves.
D) royal servants. E) Social groups.
5. The poorest caste in India were:
A) Jagir. B) Brahmins. C) Kshatriyas. D) "Untouchables". E) Zamindars.
6. The empire of the "Great Moghuls" reached its heyday under the padishah:
A) Govinda. B) Chandragupta. C) Akbar. D) Aurengzebe. E) Timur.
7. Jagirs in India are:
A) "Untouchables" B) Brahmins. C) peasants. D) Land plots. E) military.
8. Strongholds of trade during the period of colonial conquests were called:
A) outposts. B) factories. C) fortresses. D) Stores. E) Warehouses.
Control questions on the topic INDIA.
1. In 1526, a new conqueror invaded India (his name means “tiger”):
A. Tokhtar. V. Mahmut. S. Babur. D. Aryabhata. E. Timur.
2. From 1817 to 1849 Great Britain waged a war for the final conquest:
A. Canada. In India. S. Afghanistan. D. Vietnam. E. Southern Africa.
3. Determine the richest trading company of the 16th century:
A. Moscow. V. East India.
C. Hanseatic League. D. Chinese company.
E. Guinean.
4. Castes in Ancient India are:
A) free peasants. C) royal troops. C) Slaves.
D) royal servants. E) Social groups.
5. The poorest caste in India were:
A) Jagir. B) Brahmins. C) Kshatriyas. D) "Untouchables". E) Zamindars.
6. The empire of the "Great Moghuls" reached its heyday under the padishah:
A) Govinda. B) Chandragupta. C) Akbar. D) Aurengzebe. E) Timur.
7. Jagirs in India are:
A) "Untouchables" B) Brahmins. C) peasants. D) Land plots. E) military.
8. Strongholds of trade during the period of colonial conquests were called:
A) outposts. B) factories. C) fortresses. D) Stores. E) Warehouses.
India - largest state South Asia. It has a large area and a very large population. Included in the top ten countries in the world for these two indicators. Birthplace of ancient Indian culture. On its territory there are many historical and architectural monuments. Contemporary fast development countries contributes technical progress and improving the quality of life of the population, but, by European standards, they are still low.
The natural wealth of the country makes it an incredibly popular travel destination. Since ancient times, other nations have sought to see all its wonders with their own eyes. Each state is a hotel set of attractions, among which it is easy to find places for every taste.
Large cities (New Delhi, Mumbai) are megacities, noisy and active. Outback - jungle villages, secluded beaches. There are many exotics in the country, in all spheres of life. The nature of the tropics, intricate palaces and temples, the great Ganges and Indian Ocean, colorful saris and spices. In India, there is almost nothing familiar to a resident of another country. The main directions of tours: excursions ("Golden Triangle"), beach (Goa), Ayurveda and spiritual practices. A separate direction is the Himalayas. As souvenirs, you can bring wonderful fabrics, spices, tea, jewelry. The best time to visit the country is from October to March.
The best hotels and hostels at affordable prices.
from 500 rubles/day
What to see in India?
The most interesting and Beautiful places, photos and a short description.
The most famous and majestic mausoleum of the country. Snow-white huge tomb of Shah Jahan and his wife. The building is made of rare marble inlaid with semi-precious stones. Visited by millions of tourists, protected by UNESCO.
The oldest city in India. Located on the Ganges River, serves as a place of pilgrimage for many local residents and visitors. Ritual actions are performed on the banks. The center of the world for Hindus, the most important and revered place for them. Possesses unique history, architecture, life.
The largest and longest river in India. It has great economic and cultural significance for the country. Sacred river for Hindus, a place of numerous rituals. It originates in the Himalayas, descends to the Bay of Bengal. Partially navigable. Flora and fauna are gradually becoming poorer, but are still of interest to tourists. Many cities and temples were built along the banks.
A relatively young temple in New Delhi, built in 1986. Outwardly, it is very similar to a huge, snow-white lotus flower. The main temple of the Baha'i religion in India. Exceptional, in terms of architectural design, the building is unusually spectacular at any time of the day. There is a garden next to the temple. One of the most popular places for tourists in Delhi.
The most unusual building in Mumbai, its symbol. The architecture of the station is bizarre and very decorative, reminiscent of the Maharaja's palace. Built by British architects, during the colonization, but stylized according to local traditions. Formerly named after Queen Victoria. It was used for filming Slumdog Millionaire.
Buddhist temple complex. It is a set of rooms for prayers and the life of monks, carved in stone and decorated with rich carvings and columns. The wall paintings of the complex are interesting and valuable, many of the surviving fragments are classified as traditional Indian miniatures.
Place ancient city capital of the Vijayanagar Empire. Now there are the remains of ancient buildings and functioning Hindu temples. The Hampi area houses 18 ancient architectural and historical monuments. Protected by UNESCO.
One of the tallest minarets in the world. It is a 72-meter building made of brick, decorated with carvings and artistic masonry. It was built in Delhi by several generations of sultan rulers. Protected by UNESCO.
Monument to Indian soldiers who died in the First World War. Opened in 1931. Located right in the center of the capital. Outwardly resembles Arc de Triomphe in Paris. The monument is made of sandstone, about 40 meters high. The names of the dead are engraved on the walls of the arch. Next to Grave Unknown Soldier. There is a large park around the memorial.
Symbolic arch gate built on the embankment in Mumbai. It was established in honor of the visit of the country by King George V. The last ones left India through this symbolic gate. british soldiers after gaining independence.
Located in the city of Jaipur, its second name is the Palace of the Winds. An architecturally unique structure, all pierced with windows. Since the palace was built for a harem, all the windows were closed with marble bars, White color which goes well with the red walls of the building. Five floors, about a thousand windows framed in lacy stone.
A grandiose fortress built of red sandstone. Located in Agra, is one of the two most significant attractions in the region. It was built by several generations of the Great Moghuls, the beginning of construction is attributed to the middle of the 16th century. Inside the impregnable walls is a whole complex of buildings, palaces and parks. Listed world heritage UNESCO.
A huge fortress-palace on top of a mountain. Located in the state of Rajasthan, directly above the city of Jodhpur. Construction began in the middle of the 15th century, along with the construction of the city. The walls and gates were erected for several centuries and became simply monumental. Until the middle of the 20th century, local rulers lived in the fortress. Inside there is a museum, palaces and viewing platforms to the city.
The palace of the local ruler was built right in the center of the reservoir. On the surface of the water is a white-stone eastern castle, richly decorated with carvings. Currently, it is rented to tourists and there are about a hundred luxurious rooms inside. One of the James Bond films, Octopussy, was filmed here.
The largest waterfall in India. Is in natural park- the largest in Goa. The road runs through rainforest, in the real jungle, which is home to many animals and birds. You can get to it only by special transport (jeeps). The jets fall from a height of 300 meters and are white in color. There is a romantic legend explaining this feature.
Indian state, where about 100 km of beaches go one after another. It is divided into North and South. The northern coast is more “youthful”, it can be noisy and fun here. The southern one is quieter, there are fewer hotels on it and they are more expensive. Almost all beaches are sandy and ideal for relaxation. The proximity of the sea determines the richest diet of fresh seafood.
Spring Festival, which is celebrated annually in India. It is celebrated for several days, has its obligatory traditions. One of the brightest and most popular is sprinkling each other with a special coloring powder. All participants in the fun are painted in different colors head to toe.
An Indian film factory named after Hollywood. Located in Mumbai, one of the largest film concerns in the country. It releases films in several languages, both sharply social and entertaining. Works with great productivity, film production never stops.
