1. 1. GEF Practical work in geography for grade 7 with recommendations for conducting (according to the program: I.I. Barinova, V.P. Dronova, I.V. Dushina, V.I. Sirotina) The material was prepared by: Borsch Elena Alexandrovna, teacher Geography MBOU Secondary School No. 73, Ulyanovsk
2. 2. Subject. Introduction Practical work-one. Grouping textbook and atlas maps according to different criteria. Kinds geographical maps What is shown Physical map of the world Physical map of Russia Political map Economic map Contour map Conclusion: on what grounds are maps grouped? Topic. Introduction Practical work - 2. 1. Reading maps, space and aerial photographs of the continents. Study the features of the terrain plan and aerial photograph placed on the flyleaf 1 of the textbook. Designate in the table with a “+” sign the features characteristic of each of these types of terrain images. Make a conclusion. Features Terrain plan Aerial photograph Objects are more similar to their real appearance on the ground You can find out the name of a village, a river You can identify tree species in the forest All objects visible from above are shown Only important objects are shown Objects are shown by conventional signs Conclusion:
3. 3. 2. Description on the relief map of one of the continents. (Africa) Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 - determine: mountains or plains occupy most of the mainland; - name the most high peak Africa and explain where it is located - consistently talk about the landforms that are in the northern part of Africa, then in the equatorial and in the south; - talk about the types of plains in height, name them and indicate where they are; - name the mountains of the mainland, determine their height; if their highest peaks are indicated, then name them; - name large forms relief, explain where they are; name their prevailing heights; - tell what mountains are in Africa and where; name their heights. - talk about the types of plains in height, name them and indicate the geographical location; - to conclude that the plains occupy most of Africa. - name the highest peak in Africa and explain where it is located 3. Comparison of the relief of the two continents, identifying the causes of similarities and differences (optional). Compared features Australia Africa Reasons for similarities or differences 1. What tectonic structure lies at the base of the mainland? modern glaciation 2. What landforms predominate? 3. The presence of mountains on the mainland (indicate the name, age, in which part of the mainland are located) 4. The highest peaks of the mainland 5. The presence of active volcanoes, earthquake areas
4. 4. Subject. Atmosphere and climates of the Earth Practical work-3. Characteristics of the climate according to climate maps. Locality Sr. t I Wed. t and GKO VM Klim. Klim belt. area summer winter Moscow Theme. Atmosphere and climates of the Earth Practical work -4. Comparative description of the main climate indicators of various climatic zones of one of the continents; assessment of the climatic conditions of the mainland for the life of the population. Locality Sr. t I Wed. t and GKO VM Klim. Klim belt. region Influence of climate on human life in summer in winter Option 1 Mexico City Madrid Option 2 Beijing Sydney
5. 5. Subject. Population of the Earth Practical work - 5. Analysis of maps of anthropogenic landscapes; identification of continents with the largest areas of such landscapes. Questions 1 What is a landscape? 2. What groups are anthropogenic landscapes divided into? 3. Using the map, identify the continents with the largest areas of such landscapes. 4. Compare the map of natural zones with this map and draw a conclusion: on the territory of which natural zones are there the largest areas of anthropogenic landscapes? What is it connected with?
6. 6. Subject. Population of the Earth Practical work -6. Comparative description of the number, density and dynamics of the population of the continents and countries of the world. Continent Density (person/km2) Population Most populous country Most populous city Asia 86.7 4,140,336,501 China (1,341,403,687) Tokyo (35,676,000) Africa 32.7 994,527,534 Nigeria (152,217,341) Cairo ( 19,439,541) Europe 70,738,523,843 Russia (143,300,000) (about 110 million in Europe) Moscow (14,837,510) North America 22.9,528,720,588 USA (313,485,438) Mexico City/Metropolis (8,851,080/ 21,163,226) South America 21.4 385,742,554 Brazil (190,732,694) Sao Paulo (19,672,582) Oceania 4.25 36,102,071 Australia (22,612,355) Sydney (4,575,532) Antarctica 0.0003 (varying) 4 490 (changes) n/a n/a Conclusion: to identify leaders in terms of population size and density, indicate the reasons Theme. Population of the Earth Practical work -7. Simulation on contour map accommodation largest ethnic groups and small nations, and major cities. Large language families Large nations Area of ​​residence language families(on what continents and in what parts) Indo-European Americans Hindustanis Bengalis Russian Brazilians Sino-Tibetan Chinese Afroasian Amhara Tuareg Persians Niger-Kordofanian Mossi Gur Akan Bantu Yoruba Austronesian Malagasy Indonesians Filipinos Altai Japanese
7. 7. Subject. Oceans and continents Practical work- 8. Identification and reflection on the contour map of the transport, fishing, raw material, recreational and other functions of one of the oceans Oceans Functions Transport (What continents does it connect by sea?) Minerals are mined on the shelves?) Recreational (Places of tourism and recreation) Option 1 Atlantic Ocean Option 2 Indian Ocean Conclusion: what does it matter given ocean for people? Topic. Oceans and continents Practical work - 9. Description on maps and other sources of information features geographical location, nature and population of one of the major islands. What hemisphere is the island in? On what continent and in what part of it is the island located? In what climate zone? In what natural area? What nationalities do people live here? Economic activity of the population Option 1 Greenland Option 2 Sri Lanka Conclusion: on what factors does the economic activity of the population depend?
8. 8. Subject. Africa Practical work -10. Definition by cards natural resources countries of Central Africa. Country Climate (belt and region) Natural resources Mineral ( conventional signs p.i.) Forest (a lot - a little) Aquatic (which rivers, lakes) What crops are grown? Recreational (resorts, parks, tourism) Option 1 Democratic Republic of the Congo Option 2 Central African Republic Conclusion: countries have significant natural resources, but are poor countries. Why? Topic. Africa Practical work -11. Identification from maps of the main activities of the population of the countries of South Africa. What peoples live? What do they do on the farm? South Africa Lesotho Namibia Swaziland Conclusion: what determines the economic activity of the population? Topic. Africa Practical work -12. Assessment of the geographical location, layout and appearance largest cities in Africa. The largest cities in Africa The country in which this city is located The geographical position of the city The layout of the attraction Cairo Alexandria Casablanca Tunisia Addis Ababa Conclusion: why are these cities the largest in Africa? What does it depend on?
9. 9. Theme. Australia Practical work - 13. Comparative characteristics nature, population and economic activity two regions of Australia In what climate zone is it located? In what natural area? What nationalities do people live here? Economic activity of the population Option 1 South-to Australia Australia Option 2 South-west Australia. Australia Conclusion: what part of Australia is the most favorable for living and why? Topic. South America Practical work-14. Compilation of a description of the nature, population, geographical location of major cities in Brazil or Argentina. The largest cities The country in which this city is located Geographical position of the city Climatic zone Natural zone People living here Option 1 Rio de Janeiro Rosario Option 2 Sao Paulo Buenos Aires Conclusion: why are these cities the largest in South America? What does it depend on? Topic. South America Practical work -15. Characteristics of the main types of economic activity of the population of the Andean countries. Countries Peoples living in these countries Economic activity of the population What p.i. mined? What is grown? Who is being bred? What are they doing? Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Peru Chile Conclusion: what determines the economic activity of the population? additional material here
10. 10. Subject. Antarctica. Practical work-16. Determination of the objectives of the study of the southern polar region of the Earth. Drawing up a project for the use of the natural resources of the mainland in the future: - the possibility of developing mineral resources; - Antarctica mainland science; - designing cities of the future in Antarctica; -extreme tourism; - Huge reserves of fresh water; - unique underground lakes; -organic world Additional material here Topic. C America Practical work-17. Characteristics according to the maps of the main types natural resources Canada, USA and Mexico. Countries Natural resources Mineral Water Forest Fish Land Climatic Canada USA Mexico Conclusion: which country is richest in natural resources? Topic. C America Practical work -18. Identification of the features of the distribution of the population, as well as the geographical location, layout and external appearance of the largest cities in Canada, the USA and Mexico. The largest cities in North America The country in which this city is located The geographical position of the city The layout of the attraction Toronto New York Mexico City Conclusion:
11. 11. Theme. Eurasia Practical work -19. Compilation of a "catalog" of the peoples of Eurasia by language groups (with the largest number) Language families groups peoples Additional material here Topic. Eurasia Practical work -20. Description of types of economic activities of the population of countries Northern Europe Put a plus in the columns if there is a match and complete with data Countries Types of economic activity Fishing Logging Usual mineral resources (what kind) Cattle breeding (specify cattle, sheep breeding, pig breeding ...) Recreation (tourism, mountaineering - specify) other types of activity (specify which) Iceland Norway Finland Sweden More material here Europe Asia Language groups Peoples Language groups Peoples Slavic Chinese Romance Tibeto-Burmese Germanic Türkic Celtic Mongolian Greek Indonesian Baltic Finno-Ugric
12. 12. Subject. Eurasia Practical work -21. Comparative characteristics of Great Britain, France and Germany. Features of the country Geographical location (seaside, transit, advantageous or not) Natural resource potential (what natural resources it is rich in) Population (number, language family and groups, etc.) Economy of interest Industry Agriculture Great Britain France Germany Additional material 1.2 Topic. Eurasia Practical work -22. Grouping the countries of Southwest Asia according to various criteria. On what basis are they grouped southwest countries Asia in this table? Southwest Asia(17 countries) Eastern Mediterranean 8 Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Israel, Palestinian Authority, Jordan, Cyprus Arabia 7 Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen Middle East 2 Iran, Afghanistan Make a chart for grouping countries according to Southwest Asian countries
13. 13. Subject. Eurasia Practical work -23. Compilation of a description of the geographical location of major cities in China, their designation on a contour map. Conclusion: Subject. Eurasia Practical work -24. Modeling on a contour map of the distribution of India's natural resources. Fill in the table and mark on the map natural resources (come up with symbols yourself, except for mineral ones!) Natural resources Mineral resources (indicate with symbols) Climate Soils Water Forest Recreational Conclusion: additional material here № City Province Geographical position of the city on the map of the country 1 Shanghai Shanghai 2 Beijing Beijing 3 Chongqing Chongqing 4 Tianjin Tianjin 5 Guangzhou Guangdong 6 Shenzhen Guangdong 7 Wuhan Hubei 8 Unguan Guangdong 9 Chengdu Sichuan 10 Hong Kong Hong Kong
14. 14. Theme. The geographical envelope is our home Practical work-25. Modeling on the contour map of the location of the main types of natural resources of the continents and oceans. 1 option- mineral resources(optional: fuel, ore ..) Option 2 - forest resources Option 3 - recreational resources, etc. Topic. The geographical envelope is our home Practical work -26. Drawing up a description of the area; identification of its geoecological problems and ways to preserve and improve the quality of the environment; presence of monuments of nature and culture. Territory Geoecological problems Ways to preserve and improve the quality of the environment Presence of natural and cultural monuments Ulyanovsk region Ulyanovsk Zavolzhsky district Internet http://www.drofa.ru/for-users/teacher/vertical/programs/#TB_inline?height=200&width =450&inlineId=dl

National composition of the population- distribution of people according to the sign ethnic background. An ethnos (or people) is a historically established stable community of people, united by the unity of language, territory, economic life and culture, national identity. Forms ethnic community change and become more complex in the course of development human society- from tribal and tribal associations with primitive order, nationalities in early class societies to independent nations - in the conditions of the merging of local markets into a single national market. If, for example, the formation of nations has long been completed, then in some underdeveloped, and (, etc.) tribal associations are widely represented.

To date, there are 2200 - 2400 ethnic groups in the world. Their numbers vary greatly - from a few dozen people to hundreds of millions. The largest nations include (in million people):

• Chinese - 11 70,
• Hindustanis ( chief people India) - 265,
• Bengalis (in India and) - 225,
• Americans - 200,
• Brazilians - 175,
• Russians - 150,
• Japanese - 130,
• Punjabis (the main people) - 115,
• Mexicans - 115,
• Biharis - 105.

Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century, 10 ethnic groups account for about 45% of all mankind.

In many states and regions of the world, different ethnic groups are represented differently. Therefore, the main peoples are usually singled out, that is, the ethnic groups that make up the bulk of the population, and national minorities.

According to its origin and social status National minorities are usually divided into two types:
autochthonous, i.e., indigenous peoples, ethnic groups born of immigration.

So, the following proportions are typical for the national composition of the modern. The main ethnic group - the British - make up 77% of the total population; autochthonous ethnic groups, including Scots, Irish, etc. - 14% and immigrants from different countries – 9 %.

Constantly evolving as a result of territorial heterogeneity natural movement population, migration, as well as the processes of consolidation and assimilation of ethnic groups.
The consolidation of ethnic groups is the merger of several related ethnic groups into one, larger ethnic community.

Assimilation of ethnic groups is the loss of nations mother tongue and national consciousness as a result of prolonged communication with other ethnic groups, i.e. a kind of dissolution ethnic groups in a multinational environment. This process is especially widespread in countries of immigration, which include the United States, Australia, and many countries in Europe. As a result of the processes of consolidation and assimilation of ethnic groups, the total number of peoples is gradually decreasing.

One of the main signs of ethnic unity is colloquial. On this basis, all the peoples of the world are divided into 15 language families and more than 45 language groups, which, in turn, are divided into language branches. In addition, there isolated languages, which are not included in any language family. These include, for example, Japanese, Korean, the Basque language, and some others.

Over 40% of the world's population speaks languages Indo-European family, which includes 11 language groups: Romance (French, Italians, Spaniards, Moldovans, Romanians, Latin Americans); Germanic (Germans, British, Swedes, Danes, Americans); Slavic (Russians, Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Slovenes); Baltic ( , ); Iranian (, Kurds, Afghans, Tatars, etc.).

About 20% of the world's population speaks Sino-Tibetan or Sino-Tibetan family. Its weight is determined by the Chinese language group. The distribution of these languages ​​is almost completely localized by the Asian continent.

About 8% of humanity uses the languages ​​​​of the Niger-Kordofenian family, which are represented exclusively in Africa. Within this family, the main language group is the Niger-Congo group.

Another 5 - 7% of the world's population speaks the languages ​​​​of the Afro-Asiatic (or Semitic-Hamitic) family, which have become widespread mainly in Africa and Asia. The main language of this family is Arabic language.

Thus, the languages ​​of these four families are spoken by almost 4/5 of all mankind.

The exact number of languages ​​in the world has not been determined. Some experts believe that there are about 3 thousand of them, others - more than 5 thousand. This discrepancy is explained by the fact that some linguists consider the same dialects as different languages, and the other part of scientists recognizes them as dialects of the same language. The problem of classifying ethnic groups and languages ​​is greatly complicated by the fact that many peoples speak the same languages. So, for example, English is spoken not only by the British, but also by many Australians, New Zealanders, Americans, USA, Canadians, many peoples of the Caribbean, etc. Spanish is native not only for Spaniards, but for most of the peoples of Latin America . The same language is spoken by Germans, Austrians, part of the population of Switzerland. These most common languages ​​serve as a means of interethnic communication.
Some languages ​​develop, become more and more widespread, others die, lose their former meaning. For example, in Africa, the Swahili, Hausa, and Yoruba languages ​​are becoming more widespread, which are used as a means of communication for many tribes and nationalities, gradually crowding out the languages ​​of the colonialists that have taken root here. The highest concentration of languages ​​\u200b\u200b(up to 1 thousand) is on Novaya Island, where a large number of original tribes.

A significant part of all languages ​​of the world does not have a written language. In order to facilitate communication between representatives of different ethnic groups, the number of attempts to create an artificial international language. The most famous of them is Esperanto.

The most widely spoken languages ​​in the world are:

• Chinese - more than 1 billion people,
• English - 400 - 500 million people,
• Hindi - more than 350,
• Spanish - about 300,
• Russian - about 200,
• Bengali - about 170,
• Indonesian - about 170,
• Arabic - 160,
• Portuguese - 140,
• Japanese - 125,
• German - about 100,
• French - more than 100 million people.

Thus, only 12 languages ​​are spoken practically by 2/3 of all mankind. Of these most widely spoken languages, six are official and working languages ​​of the UN (English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese).

In accordance with the nature of the national (ethnic) composition of the population, five types of states can be distinguished.

1 type. These are uninational states. Most of these states are in Europe, the Middle East and Latin America.

And Russia, Although it can also be attributed, some countries of West and South Africa.

AT last years in countries with difficult national composition aggravated interethnic conflicts.

No science yet gives exact definition such a concept as “people”, but everyone means by this concept a large community of people living compactly in a certain territory.

The science of ethnography, which studies peoples and ethnic groups, including the most numerous nations, allocates today from 2.4 to 2.7 thousand nationalities living on earth. But ethnographers can rely on statistics in such a delicate matter, which give a figure of 5 and a half thousand peoples on Earth.

No less interesting is ethnogenesis, which studies the emergence and development of various ethnic groups. Let us present in a short review the largest nations that developed in ancient times, and their total strength exceeds 100 million people.

Chinese (1,320 million)

The generalized concept of "Chinese people" includes all residents of China, including people of other nationalities, as well as those with Chinese citizenship, but living abroad.

Nevertheless, the Chinese people are the largest, both in the concept of "nation" and in the concept of "nationality". Today, there are 1 billion 320 million Chinese in the world, which is from total number of the world's inhabitants is 19%. So, the list of the largest nations in the world, in all respects, is rightfully headed by the Chinese.

Although in fact, those whom we call "Chinese" are ethnically representatives of the Han people. China is a multinational country.

The very name of the people is "Han", which means " Milky Way”, and comes from the name of the country “Celestial”. It is also the most ancient people Earth, whose roots go back to the distant past. The Han people in China are absolute majority, about 92% of the country's population.

Interesting Facts:

• The Chinese Zhuang people, who are national minority in the country, has a population of about 18 million people, which is comparable to the population of Kazakhstan and exceeds the population of the Netherlands.
• Another Chinese people, Huizu, has a population of about 10.5 million people, which is early for the population of countries such as Belgium, Tunisia, the Czech Republic or Portugal.

Arabs (330-340 million)

The second-placed Arabs, in ethnographic science are defined as a group of peoples, but from the point of view of ethnogenesis, this is one people of the Semitic language group.

The nationality developed in the Middle Ages, when the Arabs settled in the Middle East and northern Africa. All of them are united by a single Arabic language and a peculiar script - Arabic script. The people have long gone beyond the boundaries of their historical homeland, and present stage, by virtue of different circumstances, settled in other regions of the globe.

Today, the number of Arabs is estimated at 330-340 million people. Mostly adhere to Islam, but there are also Christians.

Did you know that:

• There are more Arabs in Brazil than in the United Arab Emirates.
• Arabs consider the gesture of a figure to be an insult with sexual overtones.

Americans (317 million)

Here a prime example when you can accurately define the people, with the practically non-existent concept of "American nation". In a narrow sense, this is a group of various nationalities that make up the population of the United States and have American citizenship.

Over the 200-year history, a single culture, mentality, mutual language, used in communication, which allows you to unite the population of the United States into one nation.

There are 317 million US Americans today. For the indigenous population of America, the Indians, the name Americans may be used, but according to ethnic identification, this is a completely different ethnic group.

By the way, read about the most interesting sights in the United States.

Hindustanis (265 million)

On the this moment Hindustanis settled compactly in three neighboring countries Southeast region planets - India, Nepal and Pakistan.

As for India, the largest number of them live in the northern part of the state. In total, ethnology has about 265 million Hindustanis, and the main language of their communication is various dialects of the Hindi language.

Interestingly, of the related peoples, the closest to them are the Gypsies and Dravidians inhabiting southern regions India.

Bengalis (over 250 million)

Among the numerous peoples, the Bengalis, numbering more than 250 million, occupy their leading positions. They mostly live in Asian countries, but there are small diasporas in the USA and Great Britain, they also exist in other European countries.

Per centuries of history Bengalis have retained their national culture, identity and language, as well as their main occupations. AT Asian region live mainly in countryside since ancient times they were engaged in agriculture.

The Bengali language is one of the most difficult on earth, so it developed as a result of the synthesis of the Indo-Aryan language and numerous local dialects.

Brazilians (197 million)

A group of different ethnic groups living in Latin America has developed into a single Brazilian people. There are currently about 197 million Brazilians, most of who live in Brazil proper.

The people passed hard way ethnogenesis, so began to take shape as a result of the conquest of the South American continent by Europeans. Indian nationalities alternately lived in vast territories, and with the advent of Europeans, most of them were destroyed, the rest was assimilated.

And so it happened that Catholicism became the religion of the Brazilians, and the language of communication was Portuguese.

Russians (about 150 million)

The name of the most numerous people of Russia came about as a result of the transition of the adjective "Russian people", "Russian people" into the generalizing noun "Russians", in the concept of the people.

Modern statistical studies they say that there are about 150 million Russians on Earth, of which most live in Russia. The most numerous people of Russia belong to language group East Slavic languages, and today more than 180 million people consider Russian as their native language.

Russians are practically homogeneous in anthropological terms, although settled over a large territory, they are divided into several ethnographic groups. The ethnos was formed during the development of the Russian state from different ethnic groups of the Slavs.

Interesting fact: The largest number Russians abroad Russian Federation and countries former USSR located in Germany (∼ 3.7 million) and in the USA (∼ 3 million).

Mexicans (148 million)

Mexicans, who number about 148 million people, are united by common area residence, single Spanish communication, as well as an amazing national culture that has developed on the basis of the heritage ancient civilizations Central America.

This people is also a vivid example of duality, since those Mexicans who live in the United States can be considered Americans at the same time.
The uniqueness of the people is also in the fact that by ethnicity they are Hispanics, but the language of communication refers them to Romanesque group. It is also a nation on our planet, growing at the fastest pace.

Japanese (132 million)

There are 132 million conservative Japanese on Earth, and they live mainly on historical homeland. After the Second World War, part of the Japanese settled around the world, and now only 3 million people live outside of Japan.

The Japanese people are distinguished by isolation, high industriousness, special treatment to the past and national culture. For many centuries, the Japanese have managed to preserve, and most importantly, increase their heritage, both spiritual and material and technical.

The Japanese have a special, somewhat suspicious attitude towards foreigners, and are reluctant to allow them into their lives.

Punjabis (130 million)

Another one from largest nations compactly lives in the territories of India and Pakistan. Of the 130 million Punjabis in the regions of Asia, a small part settled in Europe and Africa.

The hard-working people for many centuries created an extensive irrigation system of irrigated fields, and their main occupation has always been agriculture.

It was the Punjabis, one of the first peoples on earth, who created a highly developed and cultural civilization in the Indian river valleys. But, as a result of the cruel colonial policy, much of the heritage of this people was lost.

Biharis (115 million)

The amazing people of Biharis, who live mainly in the Indian state of Bihar, today number about 115 million people. A small part settled in other Indian states and in neighboring states.

Modern representatives of the people are direct descendants of those. Who in the Indus and Ganges valleys created the first agricultural civilizations on Earth.

Today there is active process urbanization of the Biharis, and, leaving the main occupations and ancient crafts and crafts, they massively move to cities.

Javanese (105 million)

The last major nation of the earth, whose population is above 100 million people. According to the latest data of ethnology and statistics, there are about 105 million Javanese on the planet.

AT XIX century only the Russian ethnographer and traveler Miklukho-Maclay cited data on the origin, and today quite a lot is known about the ethnogenesis of the Javanese.

They settled mainly on the islands of Oceania, and are the indigenous population. big island Java and the states of Indonesia. For many centuries they have created a unique and inimitable culture.

Thais (over 90 million)

Already by the name of the ethnic group, it becomes clear that the Thais are the indigenous population of the Kingdom of Thailand, and today there are more than 90 million of them.

The etymology of the origin of the word "tai" is interesting, which in local dialects means " free man". Ethnographers and archaeologists, studying the culture of the Thais, determined that it was formed in the early Middle Ages.

Among other nations, this nationality is distinguished by true love, sometimes bordering on fanaticism, to theatrical art.

Koreans (83 million)

The people formed many centuries ago and at one time settled the Korean peninsula of Asia. They managed to create a highly developed culture, and carefully protect national traditions.

The total number of people is 83 million, but the confrontation led to the formation of two states with one ethnic group, which is today an unresolved tragedy of the Koreans.

Over 65 million Koreans live in South Korea, the rest in North Korea, and also settled in other Asian and European states.

Marathi (83 million)

India, among all its uniqueness, is also the record holder for the number of numerous nationalities living on its territory. For example, the amazing Marahti people live in the state of Maharashtra.

A very talented people whose origins hold high positions in India, Indian cinema is filled with marahti.

In addition, Marahti is a very purposeful and close-knit ethnic group, which in the 50s of the twentieth century achieved the creation of its own state, and today, numbering 83 million people, this is the main population of the Indian state.

European peoples

It is worth separately touching on the largest peoples of Europe, among which the descendants of the ancient Germans, the Germans, are in the lead, the number of which, according to various sources, ranges from 80 to 95 million. The second place is firmly held by the Italians, of whom there are 75 million on earth. But the French firmly settled in third place, with a population of about 65 million.

Summarize

In the photo: Fountain of Friendship of Peoples in Moscow.

Large nations living on the globe However, like the small ones, they have their own cultural, national traditions that have developed over a long historical process.

Today, the process of erasing ethnic and national boundaries is increasingly observed. There are practically no mono-ethnic states left on Earth, it’s just that in each of them, there is some one predominant nation, and all the multi-ethnic people are united under the generalized concept of “resident of the country”.

Practical work 5Analysis of maps of anthropogenic landscapes. Identification of continents with the largest areas of such landscapes. (o)

Section 2. The population of the Earth (3 hours)

The population of the Earth. Placement of the population.

Practical work 6. FROM comparative description of the number, density and dynamics of the population of the continents and countries of the world (o)

Peoples and religions of the world.

Practical work 7. Modeling on the contour map of the location of the largest ethnic groups and small peoples, as well as large cities. (and)

Key business activities, impact on natural complexes. Complex cards. Countries of the world, their classification.

Section 3. Oceans and continents (50 hours)

Topic1. Oceans (2 hours)

Pacific Ocean. Indian Ocean, Atlantic, Arctic

Geographical position. Short story exploration of each of the oceans.

Features of nature, human activity.

Practical work 8 Identification and reflection on the contour map of the transport, commercial, raw materials, recreational and other functions of one of the oceans (optional) (s)

Practical work 9 Description from maps and other sources of information of the features of the geographical location, nature and population of one of the large islands. (o)

Topic 2. Southern continents (1 hour)

Geographical position. General features geographic location. Common features relief, climate, inland waters. Similarities in the location of natural areas. Soil map of the world . African studies.

Topic 3. Africa (10 hours)

Geographical position. Oceans and seas, their influence on nature. Features of nature. The relief of the mainland. Relief formation under the influence of external and internal factors. Placement of minerals.

Inland waters, their dependence on relief and climate. Main river systems. Lakes. The importance of rivers and lakes in human life.

natural areas. Soils, vegetation and animal world. Reserves and National parks.

Practical work

Peoples and countries. The hypothesis of the African origin of man. racial diversity and ethnic composition mainland population. Placement of the population, its causes. The colonial past of the mainland. Modern political map. The division of the mainland into major regions.

The composition of the territory and countries of the region. Common features and features of nature. Differences between the countries of the region. main characteristics of the population. Big cities.

Practical work 10 Determination by maps of natural wealth of the countries of Central Africa. (o)

Practical work 11 Identification from maps of the main types of economic activity of the population of the countries of South Africa. (o)

Practical work 12Assessment of the geographical location, layout and appearance of the largest cities in Africa. (o)

Topic 4. Australia (4 hours)

Australia. Geographical position. Oceans and seas, their influence on nature. Research history.

Climate. Distribution of air temperature, pressure, precipitation. Climatic zones and areas. Inland waters, their dependence on relief and climate. Major river systems. Lakes. The importance of rivers and lakes in human life.

natural areas. Soils, flora and fauna. Changing the nature of man. Reserves and national parks. Natural wealth, their use.

The population of Australia. Features of the culture of the natives and the Anglo-Australians.

Australian Union. Types of economic activity and their differences in different parts mainland.

Practical work 13.Comparative characteristics of nature, population and its economic activity of two regions of Australia. (and)

Topic 5. Oceania(1 hour)

Geographical position. Research history.

Features of nature depending on the origin of the island. The settlement of Oceania, the change of nature by man.

Geographical position. Dimensions, outlines of the mainland. Oceans and seas, their influence on nature. History of discovery and research.

Features of nature. The relief of the mainland. Relief formation under the influence of external and internal factors. Placement of minerals.

Climate. Distribution of air temperature, pressure, precipitation. Climatic zones and regions.

Inland waters, their dependence on relief and climate. Major river systems. Amazon - greatest river planets. Lakes. The importance of rivers and lakes in human life.

originality organic world. natural areas. Soils, flora and fauna. Altitudinal zonality Andes. Changing the nature of man. Amazon problems. Reserves and national parks.

Natural wealth, their use. Spontaneous natural phenomena.

Peoples and countries. The history of the settlement of the mainland. Indigenous and alien population. The diversity of the racial and ethnic composition of the population of the mainland. Placement of the population, its causes. The colonial past of the mainland. Modern political map. The division of the mainland into large regions.

The composition of the territory and countries of the region. Features of the geographical position (Brazil, Argentina, Peru) of their nature and natural wealth. Common features and features of nature. Differences between the countries of the region. main characteristics of the population. Big cities.

Practical work 14 Compilation of a description of the nature, population, geographical location of major cities in Brazil and Argentina. (o)

Practical work 15 Characteristics of the main types of economic activities of the population of the Andean countries (s)

Topic 6. Antarctica (1 hour)

Geographical position. Arctic and Antarctic. History of discovery and research.

Features of nature. Climate. The peculiarity of the organic world. Modern research.

Practical work 16 Determination of the objectives of the study of the southern polar region of the Earth. Drawing up a project for the use of the natural resources of the mainland in the future. (o)

Topic 7. Northern continents (1 hour)

Geographical position. General features of the geographical location. Common features of relief, climate, inland waters. Similarities in the location of natural areas.

Topic 8. North America (7 hours)

Geographical position. Dimensions, outlines of the mainland. Oceans and seas, their influence on nature. History of discovery and research.

Features of nature. The relief of the mainland. Relief formation under the influence of external and internal factors. Placement of minerals.

Climate. Factors of its formation. The influence of the underlying surface. Distribution of air temperature, pressure, precipitation. Climatic zones and regions.

Inland waters, their dependence on relief and climate. Major river systems. Lakes. The importance of rivers and lakes in human life

Features of the manifestation of zonality on the mainland; the main features of the nature of the tundra zone, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, steppes. Altitudinal zonality in the Cordillera.

Changing the nature of man. Reserves and national parks.

Natural wealth, their use. Natural phenomena

Peoples and countries. The history of the settlement of the mainland. The main peoples .. Placement of the population, its causes. Modern political map. The division of the mainland into large regions. a brief description of Canada and USA

Practical work 17 X characteristics according to the maps of the main types of natural resources of Canada, the USA, Mexico. (and)

Practical work 18. Identification of the features of the distribution of the population, as well as the geographical location, layout and external appearance of the largest cities in Canada, the USA and Mexico. (about)

Topic 9. Eurasia (16 hours)

Geographical position. Dimensions, outlines, dimensions of the mainland. Oceans and seas, their influence on nature. Research history. Features of nature. The relief of the mainland. Relief formation under the influence of external and internal factors. Placement of minerals. Climates versus climate North America. Distribution of air temperature, pressure, precipitation. Climatic zones and regions.

Influence of climate on human economic activity. Inland waters, their dependence on relief and climate. Major river systems. modern glaciation. Lakes. The importance of rivers and lakes in human life. Manifestation latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonality in the Alps and the Himalayas. natural areas. Soils, flora and fauna. Altitude zonation of the Andes. Changing the nature of man. Reserves and national parks.

Peoples and countries.

The diversity of the racial and ethnic composition of the population of the mainland. The largest peoples of Eurasia. Placement of the population, its causes. Stages of formation of modern political map. main characteristics of the population. The division of the mainland into large regions. Economic activity of the population.

Practical work 19. Compilation of a “catalog” of the peoples of Eurasia by language groups (o)

Countries Western Europe, Northern Europe. Eastern European countries. Countries Southern Europe(Italy)

Practical work 20. Oscripture types of economic activities of the population of the Nordic countries associated with the ocean. ()

Practical work 21. Comparative characteristics of Great Britain, France and Germany. (and)

Foreign Asia. Southwest Asia. Countries Central Asia. Countries East Asia. South Asian countries.

Practical work 22.Grouping the countries of Southwest Asia according to various criteria (o)Practical work 23.Сleaving a description of the geographical location of major cities in China, marking them on a contour map. (and)

Practical work 24.Modeling on the contour map of the distribution of the natural resources of India. (s)

Section 3 The geographical envelope is our home (2 hours)

patterns geographical envelope. The most important regularities of the geographical shell. Historical and modern factors of PC formation. Interaction of nature and society. The value of natural resources for man. Types of natural resources. The influence of nature on the living conditions of people. Changing the nature of man. The need for cooperation to protect nature.

Polygamy is widespread across the Earth in many cultures. Much less common is polyandry - when one woman has several husbands at once. If polygamy (polygyny) occurs in most traditional cultures (much more often than just monogamous marriages), then polyandry (polyandry) occurs in less than a hundred. Truth, historical evidence show that in ancient times polyandry was much more widespread on the planet than a hundred years ago.

What is polyandry anyway?

Pure polyandry - the marriage of one woman to several husbands at once - is rare. Much more often, such a marriage is furnished with various additional conditions, and in addition exists mixed with other forms of marriage.

The most common is fraternal polyandry, when two or more brothers have one wife. In these cases, as a rule, the elder brother marries himself and his younger brothers. It is the elder brother (respectively, the elder husband) who is the head of the family and has the freedom of marriage choice. He also establishes the order of marital relations between his brothers and their common wife. With this form of marriage, the freedom of a woman is only apparent. In fact, this is a very regulated form of marriage, and it is based on the primacy of the eldest man in the family. Such polyandry is still common among many peoples of Nepal, among part of the population of Bhutan, among the Dards - the fair-haired and light-eyed people living in the Himalayas (there is a legend that they are descendants of the soldiers of Alexander the Great), among the Tibetans, among some small peoples of South India, many Indian tribes South America etc.

In Tibet and the Himalayas, polyandry often coexists with polygamy. The older brother, married to himself and all his brothers, can take both a second and a third wife. At the same time, they will only be his wives, but not the wives of his brothers. His other wives, in turn, may be married to other men who are not the husbands of his first wife. Such a marriage is called polygynandry and differs from group marriage, in which marital relations within a group of men and women are fairly free.

A variation of polyandry is multiple paternity. It is found in some peoples of Melanesia. It's interesting what they have leading role in determining kinship, it is not biological paternity that plays, but participation in the upbringing of children. Their relationship is counted exclusively by the mother (matrilineal), but the brothers of a woman living with her in the same house are considered in the tribe as the fathers of her children, and husbands who do not live in the same house with their wife are not recognized as such.

There is also biandria, when one woman has two husbands, who are not necessarily related to each other. In the New Hebrides (Oceania), until recently biandry was mandatory for widowers and widowers. Associative polyandry - when marriage is first concluded as a pair, but then the wife can take more husbands.

Why did it happen?

Ethnographers see the main reason for the emergence of polyandry in the economy: polyandry made it possible to avoid fragmentation land ownership between brothers-heirs medieval Europe the principle of majorat played such a role). This reason "works" for Tibet and the Himalayas with their poor soil or for India with its overpopulation. But it does not explain the rooting of polyandry among many peoples of Oceania, and especially among the Indians of the Amazon, who lived mainly by hunting and gathering. In some cases, polyandry may have been caused by a shortage of women due to the selective killing of newborn girls. Probably, the reasons for the emergence of the custom of polyandry were varied in different societies Earth, and any one universal does not exist.

Polyandry among historical peoples

The first historical mention of polyandry we meet in the law of the king Sumerian city Lagash Uruinimgina (XXIV century BC), who forbade this custom under pain death penalty through the stoning of a polygamist woman (nothing is said about the execution for men). From this we can conclude that polyandry was more common among the Sumerians in more early periods stories. Polyandry was considered legal in Media ancient persia, as well as among the Ephthalites (“White Huns”), who formed the state in Central Asia in the IV-VI centuries. There are indications of the existence of polyandry among the Arabs in the pre-Islamic era. AT ancient india polyandry was common and did not surprise anyone, as follows from the epic Mahabharata.

In " General History»the ancient Greek writer Polybius (II century BC) there are indications that polyandry was once widespread in Sparta. There are references to the revolt of ancient Roman women who demanded the legalization of biandry. There is evidence (epitaphs on the graves) of happy civil biandric marriages in the same ancient rome when husband and lover long years lived with one woman in love and harmony and raised children together.

Polyandry was widespread among many aboriginal peoples of North America (Shoshone, Navajos, Apaches, etc.) before the start of white colonization of their territories.

The current state of polyandry

The spread of Christianity with its ban on any intimate relationship, except for monogamous heterosexual marriage, outside the Old World in modern times led to the extinction of the custom of polyandry in many cultures. The change in the form of management was also important, in which many of the economic factors that previously supported this practice disappeared.

However, polyandry is still practiced by a number of peoples in the Indian subcontinent. In Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, polyandrous marriages are officially permitted by law. In a number of other countries, polyandry exists de facto, under the guise of official monogamy. It still, apparently, prevails among many non-contact peoples (that is, those who voluntarily avoid communication with outside world), such as a number of Amazonian Indian tribes.

In some countries, polyandry is not explicitly prohibited by law, and this contributes to the revival of such a practice. So, in 2013, the Kenyan authorities registered a biandric marriage for the first time. At one time, polyandry was practiced among the Masai - one of the largest peoples of this country and neighboring Tanzania.