Every year the modernization of the Russian Armed Forces is gaining momentum. New models of weapons are being approved, the infrastructure of the army is being improved, and the professional skills of servicemen are growing significantly. So for now the question is rearmament reforms of the RF Armed Forces 2018 still remains open.

There are doubts in certain circles that the military reform program of 2008-2020 will be completed on time. In view of the economic crisis and rapidly changing conditions in the country, it is very difficult to predict the outcome of the reform.

The problem of the need for such a reform was voiced shortly before 2008 and was presented only as one of the possible directions future reformation. The set of measures, divided into several stages, is designed to change and improve the structure, size and composition of a military organization that is strategically important for the country - the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Stages of rearmament:

• Stage I - was held in the period from 2008 to 2011 inclusive.
• Stage II - began in 2012 and ended in 2015.
• Stage III– planned for the period from 2016 to 2020 inclusive.

Organizational and staff maneuvers

At the first stage, organizational and staffing activities were carried out aimed at improving management, optimizing the number and carrying out the reform of military education.

One of the main directions of the first stage of the reformation was the transition from a system consisting of four links (that is, "military district - army - division - regiment") to a system that included only three links: "military district - operational command - brigade".

The number of military districts has been reduced, each of which has its own reserve command. In the course of the rearmament reform, the number of military units was also reduced.

Reduction degree:

• Ground troops– by 90%;
• Navy - by 49%;
• Air Force - by 48%;
• Strategic Missile Forces - by 33%;
• Airborne troops - by 17%;
• Space troops - by 15%.

A significant part of the rearmament was the reduction in the number of military personnel. Most of all, officers “fell” under the reformation: from about 300 thousand people, the number of officers was almost halved.

It must be said that the optimization of the number was determined to be unsuccessful. The actions of the military department led to complex problems: the professional part junior staff army command was completely destroyed. Experts, by the way, recognized the program for the replacement of ensigns by sergeants as a failure.

It is expected that the ensigns will return to the units and in the required composition. By the beginning of 2018, the plans of the military department to increase the number Russian army. So, the total number of officers will be 220 thousand people, ensigns and midshipmen - about 50 thousand people, military contractors - 425 thousand people, conscripts - 300 thousand people. A significant number of conscripts testify to.

The reform of military education implies the reduction of some military institutes and universities, and instead, scientific centers have been formed under the leadership of the Ministry of Defense.

Optimization of the social security of military personnel

The second stage of the reformation, which includes the solution of issues social character, was aimed at such activities: providing housing, increasing material allowance, advanced training and professional retraining.

At the moment, the number of servicemen who are not provided with housing has significantly decreased compared to 2009. Unfortunately, not everything went smoothly. In the first years of the second stage, this issue was successfully resolved, but since 2012, the number of people who are not provided with their own apartment has been growing inexorably.

The liquidation of the queue for housing, according to the plan of the Ministry of Defense, was to be carried out by 2013. However, this process was not implemented for a number of serious reasons. In such circumstances, the department adopted the only the right decision instead of housing, to issue a lump sum cash payment to those on the waiting list.

The increase in the material allowance of military personnel took place in 2012. Salaries were increased by almost 3 times, and military pensions also increased. All allowances and additional payments that were in force before the reform were canceled, and completely new additional payments were introduced instead.

All military personnel contract service, according to the reform of vocational retraining, were required to take special "survival courses" aimed at improving their skills. Retraining of officers is carried out when a serviceman is appointed to a position.

Rearmament reform now

At present, the third stage of the reform of the rearmament of the Russian Armed Forces is underway. As of 2016, the total share of new weapons in the RF Armed Forces was 47%, while, according to the plan, this figure should have been only at the level of 30%. For the army, this means getting an additional number of modern tanks, small arms and other types of weapons.

The ultimate goal of the reform is to bring the number of modern weapons to 70% by 2020. Thus, the modernization of the army of the Russian Federation must be completed on time and in full.

In addition to technical improvement, the rearmament reform contributed to raising the level of combat training of military personnel, conducting large-scale exercises, forming new military institutions and units, optimizing the structure of the military forces, etc.

Best Rated current state cases may be the opinion of our sworn "friends" from the West, who emphasize the ever-increasing military power of our country.

The main directions for improving the military organization of the state are determined by the general orientation towards increasing its effectiveness, strengthening the moral psychological state, improving logistical and social security and include:

optimization of the system of military control bodies, structure, composition and size of the military organization, balanced development of its components;
minimizing the number of ministries and departments that are allowed to have troops and military units;
improving strategic planning, bringing the scope and content of the tasks of the military organization in line with the real needs of the defense and security of the Russian Federation, eliminating functions and tasks that are unusual for the military organization of the state;
improvement of combat and mobilization readiness systems, mobilization training in the military organization of the Russian Federation;
increasing the efficiency of the system of operational and combat training, education of servicemen;
go to single system arms orders and military equipment general use;
structural, technological and qualitative transformation of the material and technical base of the military organization, defense industrial complex;
transition to a unified, integrated and unified system of logistic support for all components of the military organization of the state;
raising the social status of servicemen;
active public policy on strengthening the authority of military service, as well as on the military-patriotic education of citizens and preparing them for military service;
improvement of the regulatory legal framework for the development of the military organization, its legal relations with civil society and the state on democratic principles.

Despite the fact that Russia's military security is ensured by the totality of means at its disposal, a special place in solving this problem is assigned to the Armed Forces, whose combat power is aimed at deterring, suppressing and militarily eliminating any aggression.
The task of creating the Armed Forces as the main power element in ensuring military security was acutely faced by the leadership of Russia immediately after the collapse of the USSR. The role and place of our state in the world depended on a correct and balanced approach to its solution. international arena, its influence on modern world, providing conditions for overcoming the economic crisis, stabilizing the social situation in the country. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation form the basis of the country's defense. They are designed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation, for the armed defense of the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties Russian Federation. At the same time, the main role in "conventional" armed conflicts and wars belongs to the Forces general purpose.
The goal and intent of the reform is to create well-equipped, deterrence capabilities that meet modern requirements professional and moral-psychological training, combat-ready, compact and mobile Armed Forces of optimal composition, structure and strength, bringing them into line with modern military-political realities and the capabilities of the state.
The main way to achieve the goal of building an effective military organization is to give it optimal performance: in terms of numbers, combat composition, organizational and staffing structure, control systems and all types of support. One of the indispensable conditions is the optimization of the costs of material resources and Money aimed at ensuring military security, increasing the efficiency of their use on the basis of an interconnected, coordinated reform of all components of the military organization of the state.
Doing so is vital. Doctrinal guidelines on uniform principles, priorities and directions for building and preparing a military organization, on bringing the scope and content of its tasks, the structure, composition and strength of its components in line with the real needs of ensuring military security and the economic capabilities of the country are aimed at solving this problem.
Measures to improve strategic planning on the principles of unity of use of the Armed Forces and other troops of the Russian Federation are subordinated to the same goal.
In the military sphere, it is necessary to determine the nature and direction of military construction, the basic requirements for the Armed Forces to solve strategic tasks in possible military conflicts, the basic principles of ensuring the security of the state in the defense field, as well as the directions of their construction and development. It is obvious that the composition, structure and state of the Armed Forces of the state must correspond to the volume and degree of complexity of the tasks assigned to them.
This will make it possible to ensure a systematic approach to the construction of the RF Armed Forces and to coordinate the efforts of power ministries and departments in matters of organizing defense.
The initial assumptions for the creation of the Armed Forces, as effective remedy ensuring military security should be:

1. Clear wording concept of "Armed Forces".
2. Definition of the main tasks to be solved by the Armed Forces.
3. Development of an optimal structure of the Armed Forces based on the assigned tasks.

The consequences of these premises should be the solution of issues of financing, comprehensive support, development and, if necessary, reform of the Armed Forces.
It is obvious that the composition, structure and state of the Armed Forces of the state must correspond to the volume and degree of complexity of the tasks assigned to them.
The Armed Forces will not be able to perform tasks to the extent determined by the Military Doctrine if they are not equipped with modern types of weapons and military equipment. At the same time, the main directions for their improvement should be:

development of integrated systems and means of reconnaissance, situational illumination, control and communications, coordinate metric and other types of support, the creation of an integrated information environment and the development of a single system for storing and exchanging data for the entire military organization of the state;
development of high-precision weapons as a component of all main systems and subsystems of armaments of the branches of the Armed Forces;
universalization, informatization, "intellectualization" of weapons and military equipment, their integration and integration to give them multifunctional properties;
creation of small-sized and ultra-small means based on microminiaturization, especially in the areas of intelligence, counterintelligence and command and control;
reduction of all types of visibility of weapons, military equipment and military facilities;
increasing the mobility and transportability of weapons and military equipment;
reduction of operating costs for weapons and military equipment through the introduction of advanced means and methods of maintenance;
automation of control and logistics processes for troops, creation of a unified, integrated and unified system of logistics support for all components of the military organization.

We are well aware that the solution of the problems of reform is possible only with appropriate financial and economic support. Therefore, the tasks of reforming the Armed Forces should be closely linked to the long-term macroeconomic forecast for the development of the state's economy.
The absence for a long time of a common understanding in matters of national, political and, as a consequence, military security, led to the fact that we practically had no potential opponents, there were only "truly devoted partners and well-wishers." In such a situation, in the context of an ever-growing financial crisis, there is no need to have a strong army. It's too hard to keep her. Only the US and NATO aggression against Yugoslavia made our political leadership realize that similar scenario applicable to our country. Hence the new editions of the Concept national security and military doctrine.
The main shortcoming of the existing approach to the issues of army building is a subjective, voluntaristic approach to the questions of its building, or rather the current "reform".
The establishment of the optimal number of personnel, weapons and military equipment should be carried out only after solving a number of tasks:

1. Assessment of the military-political situation, determination of Russia's place in the modern world.
2. Analysis of possible threats to Russia and assessment of the state of the armed forces of states - potential adversaries.
3. Definition of tasks of the Armed Forces of Russia to repel possible external aggression.

The main "working background" should be such categories as the territory of Russia, its economic opportunities and the demographic situation.
Having received answers to the questions posed, we can talk about the quantitative and qualitative composition of the Russian Armed Forces.
Structurally, an army should have two components: strategic nuclear forces (in what follows it will be more convenient to use the term "deterrence force") and general-purpose forces.

Browser -Observer 2003 № 6 (1 6 1 )

MILITARY REFORM IN RUSSIA

Oleg Lisov,

Head of Sector VIMI

The first attempts at a serious and systematic reform of the Armed Forces of our state in recent decades were undertaken in the 70s, when, at the direction of the Minister of Defense of the USSR D. Ustinov, an entire army (the 28th, stationed in Belarus) was transferred to new organizational and personnel states and new equipment. After knocking together and fully equipped new technology she took part in the Zapad-81 maneuvers, showing excellent results at that time. Unfortunately, this experience was not used, and the subsequent period of stagnation and the so-called "perestroika" did not allow the country's leadership to continue to reform the army.

In the last 10 years in all layers Russian society and first of all, Russian politicians continue to debate the need to reduce the army and reform the Russian Armed Forces. The country's leadership is hesitant (or out of ignorance, or out of fear?) Attempts are being made to do something in this direction, but there are still no significant and, most importantly, positive results from these attempts. At the same time, the Armed Forces are finally losing their combat readiness and combat effectiveness, the best, youngest and most promising officers are leaving the army, equipment is aging, the number of accidents is growing sharply, and the prestige of the Armed Forces has fallen to the very low level. Service in the army has become not an honorable duty and duty (as it is written in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and as it should be), but almost a shame.

The military reform carried out in Russia since the middle of 1997 was designed to adapt the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to the new military needs of the state and to its changed economic opportunities. However, the financial and economic collapse of August 1998 interrupted the civilized military reform program and delayed its implementation for many years.

Regulatory Framework for the Reform

Until 1998, the guiding document for determining the strategy for reforming the Armed Forces was the "Plan for Reform and Construction of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation" approved by the President, which was then replaced by the "Fundamentals (Concept) of the State Policy on the Military Development of Russia for the Period Until 2005", approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in July 1998 In accordance with this document, unfortunately, each law enforcement agency developed its own inner plans reforming forces, which then had to be coordinated with the General Staff of the Armed Forces and united into common document in order to ensure, according to a single plan, a systematic process of reforming, building and strengthening Russia's military security. In accordance with this plan, some organizational and staffing measures were carried out, but over time it turned out that the measures taken did not achieve the tasks set, and many transformations did not improve, but, on the contrary, worsened the country's security organization system and required cancellation or replacement with new ones (Table 1). one).

The main measures of the military reform of the Russian Federation, carried out until 2005

Stages and main activities on reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation	Solved goals, tasks and possible consequences
Stage 1 - until 2000
(Significant reductions in the personnel of the troops, reduction (enlargement) of military districts, changes in the structure of troops and the organization of military command).
Reducing the number of personnel of the Ground Forces of the Russian Federation from 420 thousand people. up to 348 thousand people	Improving the efficiency of command and control
Reformation of the High Command of the Ground Forces.	Significant downsizing.
The inclusion of the military space forces (VKS) and the rocket and space defense forces (RKO) into the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN).	Reducing the number of administrative staff.
Formation of a new independent type of troops from the VKC and RKO - space and its transfer to the Air Force of the Russian Federation.	Reducing the cost of maintaining the management team.
Strategic Missile Forces - reorganization from a type of troops to a type of troops.	Reducing the cost of R&D and scientific development.
Completion of the formation of the structure of the RF Armed Forces, consisting of four branches - Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force and strategic forces.	Elimination of parallelism in the work of military headquarters and leadership.
The merger of the Air Force and Air Defense of the country into one branch of the RF Armed Forces - the Air Force.
Establishment of a unified system of military-administrative division of the territory of the Russian Federation into strategic directions: North-Western - within the boundaries of the Leningrad Military District; Western - within the boundaries of the Moscow Military District; Southwestern - within the boundaries of the North Caucasian Military District; the Siberian Military District and the Far East - within the boundaries of the Far Eastern Military District (5 military districts).
Stage 2 - until 2002
(Reducing the number, increasing funding, increasing combat readiness, transferring some units to contract service).
Reconstruction of the High Command of the Ground Forces (2001).	Increasing the combat readiness and combat capability of units and formations.
Increased combat readiness, modernization and development of new types and types of weapons.	Reforming and strengthening the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation.
Creation of parts and connections of "constant readiness":	Preservation of the officer corps.
three divisions and four brigades of "permanent readiness" have been formed in the Leningrad, Moscow, North Caucasian and Siberian military districts, which are equipped with personnel at least 80%, armed at 100%, trained and are constantly subject to increased requirements).	Raising the social and moral status of a serviceman.
Steps to increase the number of contract soldiers in the Armed Forces.
Raising the social status and rights of military personnel.
Experimental transfer of the Airborne Division to a contract basis, followed by the study of experience and its implementation in other troops.
Development and adoption of the Law "On Alternative Civil Service in the Russian Federation (AGS)".
Stage 3 - until 2005
(Increase in "constant readiness" units and formations, increase in purchases of military equipment. Transfer of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the entire state defense system to the principle of "effective sufficiency").
Concentration of efforts and funds on a gradual increase in the number of formations and units of "permanent readiness" (such units and formations should be created in all branches of the Armed Forces. It was planned to have up to 10 full-blooded divisions in the Ground Forces).	Improving the efficiency of troops and military equipment.
Improving the structure of command and control of the troops.	Strengthening the role and place of the military-industrial complex in the country's defense system.
Transfer of the Armed Forces proper to a three-species organization structure (land, air-space, sea).
Modernization and improvement of weapons and military equipment.	Increasing the combat power of the Armed Forces, strengthening the process of rearmament of the army, the introduction of new types and models of weapons and military equipment.
An increase in the purchase of weapons and military equipment, their enhanced and effective introduction of troops.	Implementation of the constitutional right of a citizen to an alternative service.
Preparation of a regulatory, organizational, staffing and socio-economic justification for the introduction of an alternative civilian service (ACS) in the Russian Federation, along with compulsory military service (the ACS law has been put into effect in the Russian Federation only since 2004).	Fulfillment of assumed international obligations.
Creation of a single rear of the Armed Forces for the army, navy, aviation, troops of the Russian Emergencies Ministry, border, internal and railway troops.	Reducing the number of conscripts.
100% provision of the Armed Forces with all resources (combat, financial, etc.).	Scientific and technical development of new models of technology and the development of this technology.

In addition, over time, it turned out that reforms in law enforcement agencies were and are being carried out by certain groups of certain officials who are not interested in them, and their actions are often based not on scientifically developed and well-verified calculations, but on their purely personal feelings, accumulated experience and knowledge. The results of such work are the annual reduction in numbers, the merger and division of the branches and branches of the armed forces, the consolidation of districts, the reorganization of the administrative apparatus, the reform of military formations, the elimination scientific schools and the entire system of training scientific personnel, the reduction of military schools and academies. But where is the expected result - a positive effect? Such implementation of organizational and staff measures does not solve the main task - strengthening the military security of the state, but, on the contrary, weakens it and aggravates the position of the Russian Armed Forces. The results of each reform have an extremely painful effect not only on the personnel, their moral and psychological state and financial situation, but on the most important thing - the combat capability and combat readiness of forces and means for the defense of the state. An analysis of the measures taken as part of the reform of the Russian military machine shows that the effectiveness (efficiency) of many measures taken until recently, frankly, does not correspond to the initial calculations - there are no extra financial resources, no reduction in numbers, no reduction in costs. As a result, combat readiness is not increased, and some measures remain experiments and earlier decisions are canceled or replaced by others (for example, the liquidation and re-establishment of the Main Command of the Ground Forces). From such measures, at first, the efficiency of the functioning of the entire military organism is sharply reduced, then there is a loss of the best, most experienced part of the personnel of the troops, and, finally, a partial or complete loss of combat readiness of units and formations. So, if by the beginning of the 90s the ground forces had 80 combat-ready formations, then in 2002 - 20 formations of the ground forces and 15 - in other types of armed forces, out of this number only one 42nd division in Chechnya is responsible these increased requirements.

The composition of the conscripts called up for military service is also interesting - 89% of the young men of military age either evade service or are released from it. different ways- fall ill, give birth to more than 2 children, go on the run, go abroad, etc.

Of the 11% of those drafted, mainly from remote areas and remote areas, 7% have elementary education, 30% - average, and 40% nowhere, never studied and practically did not work, and only about 20% meet the requirements.

An analysis of the first stage of the military reform in Russia allowed "attentive" researchers from the London Institute for Strategic Studies in their report "The Military Balance 1999-2000." draw very pessimistic and rather amateurish conclusions. Their meaning is as follows: general state The combat readiness of all the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, with the exception of the nuclear ones, remains low due to a lack of funds for the training, maintenance and purchase of weapons. However, despite the difficulties in 1999, the RF Armed Forces demonstrated a higher than it would seem ability to deploy large combined forces. "At what expense and with what efforts?

Main Directions for the Implementation of the Reform

As experience and practice show, the main thing in solving the most complex and enormous problem of our state - reforming its Armed Forces - should be a systematic approach. This primarily includes:

Correct formulation of the political tasks facing the state and the Armed Forces;

Scientific definition of the future image of the Armed Forces (what should be the Armed Forces);

Optimal reformation of those parts and connections that exist at the time of reformation;

Gradual construction and creation of new units and formations for the successful defense of the country and the possible conduct of war for the next 10, 20, 30 and more years.

Reforms in the Armed Forces, as a rule, are carried out in four main areas - changing the command and control system of the Armed Forces, changing the recruitment system, changing the system of training and education, changing the system for equipping troops with weapons, military equipment, various types of allowances and maintenance. This has not been done in our Armed Forces until recently. military science claims that there are three states of the level of combat readiness of any military unit or formation - combat-ready, limited combat-ready and non-combat-ready. Boss General Staff The Armed Forces introduced the fourth category - the supercritical level of combat readiness of all the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - such is the current state of our Armed Forces.

It is well known that all the above tasks should be defined and formulated in the main government documents- "Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation" - a political document that defines the main directions of state policy in the field of ensuring the security of the individual, society, state and the country's security from external and internal threats; "Concepts of the National Security of the Russian Federation" - a political document that defines the military-political, military-strategic and military-economic foundations for ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation and a number of other fundamental regulatory and legal planning, executive acts. Unfortunately, these legal documents began to appear only in 2000. We can assume that from that moment on, on the basis of a whole package of such legal acts, systematic work began in our country to reform its Armed Forces.

Economic aspects of military reform

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the formation of the Russian Federation and its entry into the perestroika era, the military spending of the state began to decline sharply, and if in 1992 they amounted to 5.56% of GDP, then in 2002 - approximately - 2.5% of domestic gross product, and in 2003 - 2.65%. Moreover, the decrease in spending occurred simultaneously and was accompanied by an indiscriminate reduction in the number of the Russian Armed Forces, squandering and destruction of weapons and military equipment (Table 2). In practice, the real spending on national defense, taking into account inflation, the war in Chechnya and a number of other economic and environmental impact and other negative moments of our history, according to experts, in last years decreased by 70-75%.

Recognizing the importance and necessity of a clear and mandatory implementation of military reforms in the power structures of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation has finally designated the allocated allocations for its implementation as a separate line in the budget. Moreover, if in 2001 only 4.5 billion rubles were allocated for these purposes, then in 2002 it was already 16.544 billion rubles, i.e., practically, the amount was increased almost 4 times, and in 2003 - 15.8 billion rubles AT next year this amount should be more significant, and moreover, the country's leadership stipulates that an increase in appropriations for these purposes is possible.

Appropriations for the national defense of the Russian Federation in 1992-2003.

Indicators
GDP, billion rubles
Actual spending on national defense, billion rubles
Actual allocations, % of GDP

The main element of the reform of the Armed Forces, unfortunately, in accordance with the decisions taken, was and remains a radical reduction in the number of troops. Of the total number of personnel of law enforcement agencies, 2 million 360 thousand people. military and 960 thousand people. civilian personnel should be fired about 600 thousand people. Of the actual Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the number of which is 1 million 200 thousand people. (Table 3), 365 thousand people should be dismissed, and about 140 thousand people from other power structures. and 14.5 thousand people. civilian personnel. As of January 1, 2002, the strength of the RF Armed Forces was 1.274 million servicemen. Subsequently, some politicians propose to increase the number of the Russian Armed Forces to 600-800 thousand people, however, it is scientifically justified that for a reliable organization of the military security of the state, the number of the Armed Forces of any country should be 1% of the population. According to the calculations of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Russia should have an Armed Forces of 1 million 200 thousand people, which will reliably ensure the protection of borders and military security state and well fit into the framework of its financial capabilities.

According to the adopted National Security Concept of the Russian Federation, the level of spending on national security (this includes defense) should be approximately 5.1% of GDP, and in the opinion of our President, this figure should not exceed 3.5% of the gross domestic product. The main task for the Armed Forces at this stage is the creation of units and formations of "permanent readiness" in all types and arms of the troops. Such a task was set by the President of the Russian Federation at a meeting with the high military command in July 2002. In the near future, the Ground Forces will have 10 full-blooded divisions of "permanent readiness", and in other types of the Armed Forces the number of such formations is planned to be increased

Indicators	population
Composition of the RF Armed Forces
Total population
Officers and ensigns (midshipmen)
Soldiers and sergeants, (sailors and foremen); (conscription service)
Ensigns (midshipmen), sergeants and soldiers (foremen and sailors); (contract service)

Another, no less important direction of the reform is the creation of combat-ready units and formations with the involvement of more contractors. According to many experts, with the current level of technological development, this can be done only by transferring the Armed Forces to a contract basis. Such experiments are already underway. Such an experiment is being carried out in the Pskov Airborne Division. According to conservative estimates, the transfer of only one division to a contract basis is estimated at 3-3.5 billion rubles, and the entire Armed Forces at 150-200 billion rubles. This is only a translation.

No one has yet calculated how much the maintenance of such troops will cost. Definitely, as world experience shows, it is impossible to solve all the problems of the army with the help of contract soldiers. According to the experience of most European countries, the staffing of the Armed Forces in these countries is twofold - by contract and by conscription. Foreign experts unequivocally consider this model of recruiting the army to be the best and have long since abandoned the fully mercenary Armed Forces. And this is the right decision.

The third important direction of reforming the Armed Forces is the development and adoption of a completely new legal act for our country, allowing young people called up for military service to perform non-military, as well as civilian - alternative service. The adoption of such a document would entail the creation of an entire state system organization of such a service and is likely to be costly. On July 24, 2002, the President of the Russian Federation signed a new the federal law"About alternative civil service in the Russian Federation (AGS)", which will come into force in our country in January 2004.

The appearance of such an unusual document for our country is dictated by granting citizens of Russia the right to alternative service, which is written in Article 59 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws "On military service and military service" and "On Defense". After the adoption of the Law "On Alternative Civil Service", it will be necessary to develop and adopt a regulation on the passage of alternative civilian service (ACS), adapt it to the conditions individual regions, determine the executive authority that will exercise this control and be responsible for the passage of this service by a person. This will certainly require new expenses.

Some calculated data

1998-1999 On behalf of the President of the Russian Federation and the government of the country, the General Staff of the Armed Forces, together with a number of research institutes, conducted a comprehensive scientific study "Forecast of financial and economic support for the construction of the RF Armed Forces for the period up to 2010." All work was based on the scientifically based number of the Armed Forces of 1 million 200 thousand people, the existing volumes of monetary allowance, the norms for the supply of clothing and food, the established level of medical and other types of allowance, maintenance and support.

In table. 3, 4 and 5 show the results of these studies. Despite the considerable time that has elapsed since the publication of these data, with minor amendments, they could be used for further developments.

The results of the forecast of financial and economic support for the construction of the RF Armed Forces for the period up to 2010 indicate that even in the case of the implementation of the most successful option development of the Russian economy, the Ministry of Defense of the country will be able to receive funds in required volumes only starting from 2005. This circumstance will obviously require a revision of some deadlines for the implementation of the most important measures of the military reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

billion rubles (in 1998 prices)

		preparation	Purchases of weapons and military equipment		Builder-

Table 5

Required distribution of total expenses of the RF Ministry of Defense

for the intended purpose in 1988-2005.

		preparation	Purchases of weapons and military equipment		Builder-

Some Conclusions

1. Despite a number of negative points (sometimes weak theoretical justification of the event, the lack of sufficient and real funding, the unwillingness of some senior leaders to carry out unpopular changes, an improperly organized and incompletely carried out event, etc.), the Russian Federation continues to carry out a number of organizational, staffing, structural, financial and social transformation in line with the military reform of its Armed Forces.

2. The annual increase in funding for the course of the military reform (from 4.5 billion rubles in 2001 to 16.5 billion rubles in 2002) gives new impetus to its continuation and expansion.

3. In the course of the ongoing reform, three new divisions and four new brigades of "permanent readiness" have already been created and are functioning in the RF Armed Forces in the Leningrad, Moscow, North Caucasus and Siberian military districts. They are staffed by at least 80% of personnel, 100% of property and weapons, and they are constantly subject to increased requirements. It is planned to have such parts and connections in all types of aircraft.

4. The President of the Russian Federation put before the leadership of the Armed Forces the main task- to create units and formations of "constant readiness" in all types of aircraft. In particular, it is planned to have 10 such formations in the Ground Forces, and the actual construction of the Armed Forces and the entire defense of the country should be carried out according to the principle of "effective sufficiency."

5. Practical Steps on the creation of units and formations manned on a contract basis (transfer of the Pskov division of the Airborne Forces), should give a practical result on the further expansion of this experiment to all types and branches of the Armed Forces.

6. When reforming units and formations, it is necessary to use the experience and miscalculations revealed during the anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya, NATO military operations in Yugoslavia and the US Armed Forces in Afghanistan, and possibly future battles in Iraq.

7. With the adoption by the leadership of the Russian Federation in 2002 of the Federal Law "On Alternative Civilian Service in the Russian Federation (ATS)" and its entry into force in January 2004, the process of consolidating legislative norms for the implementation of Russian citizens their rights and obligations (only 11% of the draft contingent are currently doing military service, 89% of young men of military age evade service in the Armed Forces).

8. As the experience and practice of building and reforming the Armed Forces of other states shows, such negative decisions and mistakes are always present in the implementation of such grandiose transformations as military reform. To reduce them, you need:

Participation in the transformation process a large number disinterested participants (experts);

smart approach and evidence-based development of the creature, move and end results any activity carried out;

Practical consolidation of the obtained results directly in the troops;

Evaluation and use of the experience gained for the implementation of further steps in the reform process.

9. The purposeful nature of military construction in the new changed conditions requires a rather complex and well-developed system of planning and implementation of the entire process of this construction. To do this, it is necessary to have a package of specially developed regulatory legal acts that define goals, objectives and functional responsibilities various state bodies in the management of military construction and, in general, strengthening the combat power of the state. For further, purposeful and legalized work on the implementation of practical life of the planned measures to reform the Russian Armed Forces, it would be expedient to adopt the Law of the Russian Federation "On Military Reform" - which defines the basic principles, stages, boundaries, norms and rules of military organizational development.

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The reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (AF of Russia) 2008-2020 is a set of measures to change the structure, composition and strength of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, announced on October 14, 2008 at a closed meeting of the military collegium of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Defense of Russia). The reform is divided into 3 stages.

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I stage This stage includes organizational and staffing measures: optimization of the number, optimization of management, reform of military education. Number optimization An essential part of the reform was the reduction in the size of the Armed Forces, which in 2008 was about 1.2 million people. Most of reductions fell on the officer corps: from more than 300 thousand to 150 thousand people. As a result, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev set the task of returning about 70,000 officers to the Armed Forces. In 2014, the strength of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was 845 thousand: ground forces - 250 thousand, airborne forces - 35 thousand, navy - 130 thousand, air force - 150 thousand, strategic nuclear forces - 80 thousand, command and service - 200 thousand.

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Optimization of management One of the main directions of the reform is the transition from the four-level command and control system "military district" - "army" - "division" - "regiment" to the three-level "military district" - "operational command" - "brigade". After the military-administrative reform, all troops in the territory of the military district are subordinate to one commander, who is personally responsible for security in the region. Unification under the unified leadership of the commander of the military district combined arms armies, fleets, air force and air defense commands made it possible to qualitatively increase the combat capabilities of new military districts by reducing the reaction time in crisis situations and the growth of their combined strike power. Self-sufficient inter-service groupings of troops (forces) have been created in strategic directions, united under a single command, the basis of which is formations and military units of constant readiness, capable of as soon as possible bring yourself to the highest degree of combat readiness and complete tasks as intended

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Stage II This stage includes the solution of social issues: Increasing monetary allowance, Providing housing, Professional retraining and advanced training of military personnel. Increasing the monetary allowance Since January 1, 2012, the monetary allowance of military personnel has been increased by 2.5-3 times, and military pensions have increased. On November 7, 2011, President Dmitry Medvedev signed the Law "On the monetary allowance of military personnel and the provision of certain payments to them." In accordance with the law, the system of accrual of monetary allowance was changed, the additional payments and allowances that existed before were canceled and new ones were introduced. The monetary allowance of a conscripted military serviceman consists of a salary for a military position and additional payments.

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Professional retraining and advanced training of servicemen Starting from January 2012, all contract servicemen are required to take courses of intensive combined arms training in specially created training centers, the so-called "survival courses". In the first six months of 2012, more than 5,500 military personnel were trained in the Southern Military District alone, of which about a thousand military personnel did not pass the test. Since 2013, all those who entered the military service under the contract from among the citizens who are in the reserve must undergo four weeks of training under the intensive combined arms training program. Retraining of officers takes place in specialized centers upon appointment.

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Stage III On November 19, 2008, the Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, General of the Army Nikolai Makarov, told reporters that in the Russian army in the next 3-5 years weapons and equipment will be updated by a third, and by 2020 this will be done 100% President of Russia Vladimir Putin demanded that by the end of 2015 the armed forces be equipped with modern weapons by at least 30%, and by the end of the year - 47%. By the end of 2020, this figure should be at least 70%. This means that in the Strategic Nuclear Forces (SNF), which are a priority in development, there will already be 100%, as in the Aerospace Forces and the Navy. A little less in the Ground Forces and the Airborne Forces, but they will also have high rates.

1. Necessity, prerequisites and purpose of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The main task of the lesson is to consider: in-depth study of available documents and materials in order to provide moral and psychological support to the personnel (especially officers) for the idea and plan of the reform of the Armed Forces, the formation of an interested attitude towards its results, a sense of ownership and personal responsibility for its progress and outcome.

The Russian Federation is going through a difficult and responsible period of its development. The tasks of deep economic and democratic transformations are being solved.

Historical experience shows that in turning points in the life of our country, the Armed Forces have always undergone a profound reform. Their number, structure, recruitment methods, military-technical equipment were brought into line with the realities of the time.

At present, large-scale and active work has begun in our country to reform the army and navy, to give them modern look, mobility, high combat capability and combat readiness.

On July 16, 1997, the President of Russia signed the Decree "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure." It substantiates the objective need for military reform, defines its stages, content, economic justification and timing of its implementation. The decree establishes proper control and responsibility for the implementation of the planned measures of military organizational development. This document is a detailed and reasoned program for the reform of the Armed Forces.

1. Necessity, prerequisites and purpose of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Since the creation of the Russian Armed Forces (May 7, 1992) there has been a lot of talk about reforming them. In practice, the matter essentially did not move forward. Today in the country, in the military leadership, a clear and distinct understanding has been formed objective necessity, goals, ways of reforming the army and navy.

What exactly are the regularities that determine the need for the ongoing reform? What is their essence and how do they influence military construction?

One of the determining factors , affecting the military construction of the state, is geostrategic position of the country, the nature and characteristics of the military-political situation in the world. The point is to correctly, soberly and balancedly determine whether there is a military threat to the country, its sources, scale and nature, to give a correct assessment of the real military-political situation and the prospects for its development. The nature and direction of the state's military development directly and directly depend on the answer to them.

After the end of the Cold War, the military-political situation in the world has changed significantly. It has seen many positive changes. The former sharp and dangerous military and ideological confrontation between the two systems is gone. For our country at present and in the near future there is no threat of a large-scale war. It must be emphasized that a large-scale armed clash with the NATO bloc is also unlikely, despite its expansion to the East. In other words, at present and in the near future, there is no serious external threat to the country. Russia, in turn, does not consider any state, any people as its potential enemy.

But these changes do not mean the complete disappearance of the military danger. It now proceeds from the possibility of local wars and armed conflicts. That is why it is important to decide what kind of army Russia should have, based on the nature of modern regional wars and conflicts in which it can participate to one degree or another.

Today, the country's Armed Forces, not counting numerous other troops, are 1.7 million people. Their number is clearly inadequate to the existing military danger. There is a direct expediency of their reduction and reorganization. This is the starting point of the country's leadership, putting forward a well-founded and long overdue task of immediate reform of the Armed Forces.

The need to reform the Armed Forces is also dictated by considerations of an economic nature. The country has been implementing economic reform for the 6th year already. It is carried out in conditions of the most severe crisis. The decline in production has not yet been overcome. Russia is seriously lagging behind the main centers of power in the modern world in a number of key indicators. It accounts for only 2% of world economic production, but 4% of military spending. This means that the country's spending on the military sphere is twice the world average. And one more indicator: in terms of gross domestic product per capita, we are in 46th place in the world.

At present, for the maintenance of the Armed Forces, other troops and law enforcement up to 40% of the country's annual budget revenue is spent. This holds back economic transformations and does not allow for an increase in investment in the development of industrial and agricultural production. Our economy, which is also in a crisis situation, is simply not able to withstand such a load. Related to this is the underfunding of the army, especially for combat training and equipping with new weapons, delays in the payment of monetary allowances and an increase in the number of homeless servicemen. These circumstances have an extremely negative impact on the combat capability and combat readiness of the army and navy. Life requires bringing the Armed Forces in line with the level of the existing military danger and the economic capabilities of the state.

The need to reform the Armed Forces is also associated with a number of demographic restrictions. . The decline in the population is a matter of serious concern for the Russian leadership. In 1996, the population of the country decreased by 475 thousand people. The trends in 1997 are similar.

In recent years, despite the seeming sufficiency of human resources, only a quarter of the conscripts come to military service. The rest enjoy benefits, deferrals, etc. As a result, there is a large shortage of private and non-commissioned officers, which reduces the level of combat readiness.

Today, every third young man cannot serve for health reasons (in 1995 - only every twentieth). 15% of conscripts have a body deficit; 2 times more prone to alcoholism (12%); 8% of young people recruited into the army are drug addicts.

The situation with staffing is aggravated by the presence of military formations in another 15 federal structures, which also claim to be a conscription contingent. Let's say the Ministry of Internal Affairs has about 540 thousand people, plus 260 thousand as part of the internal troops; Railway Troops- 80 thousand; Border troops- 230 thousand; Ministry of Emergency Situations - 70 thousand; building structures - about 100 thousand people, etc. And from this point of view, the restructuring of the military organization is extremely necessary.

It would be expedient to drastically reduce the number of federal departments that have military formations, and more resolutely switch to a mixed, and then to a contract system of manning units. With the reduction of the Armed Forces, this prospect becomes quite real, making it possible to move on to a professional army.

What is the goal of the proposed reform? First of all, it is called upon to increase the country's defense capacity, to bring the troops in line with the requirements of the times.

“Modern Armed Forces,” notes the Address of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin to the soldiers of Russia - must be compact, mobile and equipped with modern weapons. “At the same time, the reform,” said the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, “will radically improve social status and material well-being of a person in uniform.” ("Red Star", July 30, 1997).

As the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, General of the Army I. D. Sergeev, noted, these should be “highly equipped, with sufficient deterrence potential, a modern level of professional and moral and psychological training, combat-ready, compact and mobile Armed Forces of a rational composition, structure, and strength.” (“Red Star”, June 27, 1997)

2. Main stages and content of the reform.

Military reform is a nationwide, nationwide task. Being extremely complex, it is designed for a long period. In its course, there are two stages.

First (before 2000) structure is being optimized, combat strength and strength of the Armed Forces.

During this period, a new military doctrine is being developed and approved, research and development work (R&D) is being actively carried out on new generation weapons, combat control and communications equipment, and dual-use technologies.

On the second (2000-2005) the qualitative improvement of the reduced Armed Forces is ensured,

increasing their combat capability, switching to the contract principle of recruitment, the development of weapons of the next generations continues. In short, over the next 8 years, the Russian Armed Forces will be completely reformed. And in the future, a large-scale rearmament of the army, navy and other troops will begin with models of equipment that will serve in the 21st century.

What are the specific priorities of military construction at the first stage of the reform of the Armed Forces? They are outlined in the reform plan approved by the leadership of the Ministry of Defense, the commanders-in-chief of the branches of the Armed Forces and approved by the President of the Russian Federation.

The reform of the army, despite insufficient budget allocations, began. We can say with satisfaction that she is gaining fast pace. Reasonable and rational directions for its implementation have been chosen.

In order to bring the military organization of the state in line with the needs of defense and security, as well as the economic capabilities of the country, the number of military personnel is being reduced.

In total in 1997 - 2005. Almost 600,000 officers, ensigns and midshipmen will be fired from the Armed Forces. Including in 1998 more than 175 thousand regular military personnel, in 1999 - almost 120 thousand. The number of civilian personnel will decrease from 600 thousand people to 300 thousand people within a year and a half.

As of January 1, 1999, the number of servicemen in the army and navy was set at 1.2 million. Such a strength of the Armed Forces is quite optimal and will undoubtedly provide reliable defense of the Russian state.

However, the reduction of the army and navy is not the main thing in their reform. The main thing is to optimize the structure and combat strength, improve the controllability and equipment of the troops.

Therefore, it is necessary major organizational restructuring of the Armed Forces. Before January 1 next year, the Strategic Missile Forces will be united, military space forces and troops of the Air Defense Missile and Space Defense. It will be a qualitatively new branch of the Armed Forces. It will retain the name "Strategic Missile Forces". This merger will make it possible to abandon unnecessary parallel links, as well as to pool resources and get rid of excess financial costs. The main thing is that related defensive functions are concentrated in the same hands, the cause of the country's security wins. As a result of this reorganization, the effectiveness of the possible use of the Strategic Missile Forces is increased by about 20%, and economical effect will exceed 1 trillion rubles.

In the same year, carried out measures to radically optimize the management bodies, including - central apparatus. Their number will be reduced by about 1/3. In particular, the Main Command of the Ground Forces is not only significantly reduced, but also transformed into the Main Directorate of the Ground Forces. It is reassigned to one of the Deputy Ministers of Defense and will focus mainly on issues of combat training of troops. The purpose of the transformation of the management bodies is to improve the quality and efficiency of management, professionalism, and staff culture. In 1998, the Air Force and Troops are merged air defense .. On the basis of their unification, a type of Armed Forces is created - Air Force. But the process of this unification will be far from simple, given different methods and ways to control these types of Armed Forces, and most importantly - they have different tasks. In the course of the unification, the combat composition of the Air Force and Air Defense will also be optimized, and the problem of managing them under the conditions of the new structure will be solved.

In connection with these transformations, the transition from the five-service to the four-service structure of the Armed Forces is being completed. Then a three-species structure is envisaged (according to the spheres of application of troops: land, air, space and sea). And ultimately we must come to two components: the Strategic Deterrence Force (SSF) and the General Purpose Force (SDF).

During the reform Navy there will also be changes, although its structure as a whole will remain. 4 fleets will remain - the Baltic, Northern, Pacific and Black Sea, as well as the Caspian flotilla. But they will be more compact than the current groupings of forces and assets in strategically important oceanic and maritime sectors. The fleet should remain ships of high combat effectiveness, strategic submarine cruisers, security forces. Reduction ship's composition will increase the importance of coastal-based naval aviation. The fleet will decide more limited than at present, combat missions.

Ground troops - the basis of the Armed Forces. And yet the number of divisions in them will decrease. It is supposed to keep 25 divisions. Some of them will be fully manned and combat-ready in every strategic direction. They will be able to effectively solve the relevant tasks. On the basis of the remaining divisions, bases for the storage of weapons and military equipment will be created. The combat potential of the retained divisions will increase. They will be equipped with new weapons and control systems. Thanks to this, the effectiveness of the striking actions of the division will almost double. Serious changes will also affect the military districts.

Military districts are given the status of operational-strategic (operational-territorial) commands Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the relevant areas. Within the boundaries of their responsibility, the military districts are entrusted with the functions of operational leadership of all military formations, regardless of their inclusion in various federal departments. This means that the border, internal troops, civil defense units and other military formations are operationally subordinate to the operational-strategic command.

Due to planned changes military system will undergo major changes throughout the country. It will acquire harmony and completeness, the ability to more effectively solve the pressing issues of strengthening the country's defense.

As already mentioned, the reform of the Armed Forces is being carried out under conditions of severe financial constraints, when the defense budget not only does not increase, but is even cut. Therefore, it is important to persistently seek out internal reserves and skillfully use them.

This thesis is rejected by a number of opponents and is heavily criticized by some media. Meanwhile, there are internal reserves. They are serious enough.

Already at the first stage of the reform, it is necessary to get rid of unjustified and unproductive expenditures that do not meet the interests of strengthening the country's defense capability. The Armed Forces must get rid of enterprises and organizations, objects and structures, without which their vital activity will practically not suffer and they are quite capable of existing.

Already at present the process of withdrawing the so-called support structures from the Armed Forces began. Some of them are substantially reorganized and corporatized. This will reduce the number of military and civilian personnel. At the same time, considerable funds will be received to replenish the defense budget and ensure social protection.

There is a major reorganization of the military construction complex. It is carried out on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation signed on July 8, 1997 "On the reform of state unitary enterprises that are part of the construction and quartering bodies of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation." Over 100 organizations of the military-construction complex being withdrawn from the Armed Forces will be transformed into joint-stock companies. At the same time, the number of military personnel will be reduced by 50 thousand people, and controlling stake shares will remain in federal ownership. On this basis, considerable funds will be received. As part of the Armed Forces, 19 state-owned enterprises are temporarily retained, which will be engaged in construction and industrial activities, as well as ensuring the life of remote garrisons.

On July 17, 1997, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Decree on Education Federal Service special construction in Russia . The reorganized Rosspetsstroy will provide the most important special construction works. At the same time, the number of military personnel will be reduced from 76,000 to 10,000 people. Also on July 17, 1997, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation the Federal Road Construction Administration was reorganized. It operated under the Ministry of Defense, and is now transferred to the Federal Road Service of the country. At the same time, the number of servicemen of this department is reduced from 57 to 15 thousand people.

Thus, only according to the three decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, due to structural changes, it will be possible to reduce about 150 thousand military personnel. In general, as a result of the reform, the number of military builders will be reduced by 71%, and civilian personnel in military construction by 42%. Military construction is planned to be conducted on a competitive basis. All this will significantly reduce the burden on the defense budget. Moreover, it will be significantly replenished due to the withdrawal of numerous enterprises from the Armed Forces.

At the first stage of the reform, such problems will also have to be solved. There are about 100 agricultural enterprises in the system of the Ministry of Defense. Many of them are profitable. They were created during a period of shortage of products. At present, their preservation in their former form is not everywhere justified. Therefore, their corporatization is envisaged. However, in some regions ( Kola Peninsula, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Tiki, etc. They still significantly fill the need for the most important food products.

The number of military representations at enterprises in which officers are involved, numbering 38 thousand people, is being reduced. Moreover, representatives various kinds The Armed Forces sometimes perform duplicating functions. There is a need to have a unified system of state representations at enterprises. It is also advisable to eliminate the numerous hunting grounds, recreation facilities, etc., for the maintenance of which subsidies and compensations from the Ministry of Defense are constantly increasing.

In the course of the reform of the Armed Forces, transfer of social infrastructure facilities to local authorities(parts of housing and communal services, kindergartens and nurseries, schools, household enterprises, etc.), which are on the balance sheet of the Ministry of Defense. These are tens of thousands of buildings and structures. The cost of maintaining social infrastructure sometimes reaches 30% of the cost of maintaining troops. Their transfer to local budgets will begin this year and end in 1999. This measure will save 2-3 trillion rubles annually. They will also go to provide social guarantees for servicemen.

Currently started a radical reorganization of military trade, which employs about 62 thousand people. The administrative apparatus is being restructured and reduced. Unprofitable enterprises are liquidated. There is a sale of the largest objects of military trade in Moscow and large centers, where they have lost their functional purpose. All this will make it possible to almost halve the number of military trade personnel, including military personnel by 75%. From corporatization trade enterprises more than a trillion rubles will be received. At the same time, the Ministry of Defense retains a controlling stake. It is possible to manage these enterprises and earn income.

It should be especially noted that military personnel and their families will not suffer in the slightest from the reorganization of the military trade system. Indeed, up to 70% of enterprises serve closed and remote garrisons.

In the course of the reform, many military camps are freed up. Becomes redundant a large number of various weapons. Military property is released.

The reform of the Armed Forces is designed to adjust the structure of the defense budget . Recently, an extremely unfavorable structure for financing the Armed Forces has taken shape. Up to 70% of the allocated funds are spent on salaries for officers and salaries for civilian personnel. Moreover, in 1996 more than 7 trillion rubles were spent for these purposes in excess of budgetary funds. And combat training and purchases new technology are not actually funded. At a meeting of the Federation Council on July 4 this year. Defense Minister General of the Army I.D. Sergeev declared: "In the Armed Forces, with the exception of the Rocket Forces and several formations of the Ground Forces, there is practically no combat training" (Krasnaya Zvezda, July 5, 1997). The troops almost do not receive new Combat vehicles and weapons. As a result, the level of combat and mobilization readiness of troops and their technical equipment are decreasing. The reduction of the army and navy, their organizational changes will allow about half of the defense budget to be used for combat training and the acquisition of new weapons.

The most important problem determining the success of the reform is financing. This is the "question of questions" today. As is already clear from the previous explanations, it is envisaged to have three sources of funding: 1) budget money for improving the combat training of troops, the daily maintenance of the entire structure of combat readiness (Today this figure is 1%, but in 1998 it will rise to 10%); 2) the sale of surpluses of released military property, trade enterprises; 3) an item in the budget for social guarantees for retired servicemen.

It will be decided in a completely new way question of military training. The task of reforming the military education system is to raise the level of personnel training and, at the same time, optimize training costs. Currently, the Ministry of Defense has 100 universities, incl. 18 military academies. Their number clearly exceeds the needs for personnel in the army and navy under the new conditions. It will be reduced, including through mergers. For example, at present, aviation specialists for the Air Force, Air Defense and Ground Forces are training 17 military educational institutions, incl. two academies (VVA VVS and VA PVO). After their reorganization, 8 aviation schools will remain. The two academies will be merged into the Air Force and Air Defense Military Academy, which will train command personnel. A military technical aviation university them. NOT. Zhukovsky will focus on training engineering personnel for all branches of the Armed Forces.

In the course of the military reform, such a complex task will also have to be solved. It, of course, goes beyond the Ministry of Defense, but its experience in reorganizing the system of training military personnel will have to be used in every possible way. Now each power ministry and department has its own system of training military personnel. In addition to the Ministry of Defense, military universities operate in the Ministry of Internal Affairs (more than 30), in the Federal border service(7) etc. Unfortunately, the activities of numerous universities are not coordinated by anyone. There is a need to create a unified (federal) system for training military personnel for all power ministries and departments. At the same time, the quality of personnel training will certainly increase. This will be facilitated by the increase in the professionalism of the teaching staff of universities. In particular, the replacement of a number of posts by trained civilian specialists, the extension of the service life of officer scientists and highly qualified specialists, etc.

Further - in the current state of affairs, primarily because of the low prestige of military service, many cadets of military schools after completing their second year of study break their contracts. At the same time, they are credited with a two-year term of military service and they continue their education in related civilian educational institutions from the 3rd year. As a result, the Ministry of Defense incurs huge expenses and does not receive required amount trained officers. This problem requires an optimal solution.

Practice shows that up to 40% of graduates leave the Armed Forces upon graduation. The reasons are well known. All this leads to a shortage of young officer cadres. Here we have to find the right and optimal solutions.

Significant reform to be rear organs Armed Forces. They are brought into line with the new species structure army and navy. Their optimization, adaptation to market conditions of management is envisaged. The rear of the Armed Forces is called upon to be more economical, rationally use budget resources. All this should contribute to improving the nutrition of soldiers, their clothing allowances, and, in general, the material and technical support of the troops.

Thus, the reform of the Armed Forces is a truly large-scale and responsible undertaking, requiring great efforts and significant material costs. The reform affects the fundamental interests of the country's national security. Its success depends on a number of conditions. First of all, from the nationwide support of the ongoing activities (material and moral support), from the level of state and military leadership of the transformations in the military sphere. No wonder the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin took the course of the reform of the Armed Forces under his personal control.

3. The tasks of military personnel to ensure combat readiness, strengthen military discipline and law and order, and successfully implement the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The reform of the Armed Forces and their radical transformation have a decisive influence on changes in the scale and nature of the tasks they are solving.

It should be emphasized that under the new conditions, as follows from the essence of the reform, the function of the Armed Forces has been and remains the same. This is to ensure the security of Russia from external threats to its territorial integrity, sovereignty, economic and political interests.

Despite the low probability of large-scale aggression against our country in modern conditions, the task of ensuring external security is still relevant. The main sources of military danger are local wars and regional conflicts in which Russia may be involved.

Under these conditions, there is a need for some adjustment as common tasks, as well as their individual types. And this will inevitably determine the content and direction of the entire process of combat training and military service. The Armed Forces are called upon to reliably deter any possible aggression, and at the same time to have the ability and skill to prevent or fend off local wars and regional conflicts.

The main task of deterring aggression is still entrusted to the Strategic Missile Forces. In connection with the reform, they acquire new fighting qualities. While playing a decisive role in deterring aggression, they are also less expensive than other branches of the Armed Forces. Nuclear deterrence remains at the core of Russia's national defense system. This is a reliable guarantee of the country's security for a period of deep economic and political transformations, including the reform of the Armed Forces.

In terms of conventional Armed Forces and armaments, Russia will have sufficient capabilities to successfully solve combat missions in local wars and regional conflicts. The ground forces will be small in number, compact and mobile. They will have means of transfer for operations in various strategic directions. In local wars and regional conflicts, the Air Force will play an increasing role. The combat power of conventional Armed Forces during the years of reform will increase significantly as a result of equipping them with high-precision weapon systems.

Navy, keeping mostly modern structure, will have the ability to solve problems in important oceanic and sea strategic areas, ensuring the state interests of the country. But the volume of these tasks may be limited due to positive changes in the military-political situation in the world.

The likelihood of local wars and armed conflicts will necessitate more active participation in international peacekeeping operations. They are organized by the UN, OSCE, CIS. For the Russian Armed Forces, this is fundamental new task. To solve it, special military contingents may be required, as is happening, for example, now in Tajikistan.

As you can see, the reform of the Armed Forces, their deep transformation does not in the least remove the task of ensuring the country's security from the army and navy. But the content of the tasks is specified and adjusted in connection with changes in the nature and scale of military dangers for the country.

The success of the reform of the Armed Forces and the fulfillment by them of the tasks of ensuring the security of our state directly depends on the activity and efficiency of the military labor of the personnel of the army and navy. The challenges of reform are complex. But any reforms are carried out by people - specific military personnel. And Active participation in the implementation of reforms in practice is our common patriotic duty.

The leader of the classes must emphasize that the main efforts of the personnel in the context of the reform should be aimed at maintaining high combat readiness, which is unthinkable without high proficiency of military personnel, strong military discipline and law and order.

The leadership of the Ministry of Defense considers the prevention of crimes and incidents, primarily related to the death and injury of people, the manifestation of hazing, the loss and theft of weapons, ammunition and military property, to be a task of paramount importance at the stage of reforms. Such facts reduce the effectiveness of the course of reforms and divert much effort from solving the main tasks related to reforming the army and navy.

The level of organization of the personnel is very important, it is necessary that the reorganization, the mass dismissal of military personnel, the withdrawal of support structures from the Armed Forces, etc., are carried out according to plan, without any failures. The main thing is not to weaken attention to the tasks of increasing vigilance and combat readiness, because the modern world is not safe.

Under these conditions, the demands on officers who organize the training and education of subordinates, and the conductors of state policy in the army and navy, are immeasurably increasing. The quality of combat training, the level of military skill of soldiers and sergeants primarily depend on their professionalism, sense of responsibility, and initiative.

They are the bearers of high morale and discipline. Only their personal example in service, in observance Russian laws and military regulations serves as an effective means of establishing law and order and strong military discipline in the troops.

This is what he spoke about at a reception in honor of graduates of military academies on June 30, 1997, the Minister of Defense, General of the Army I.D. Sergeev: "We must not forget that the state of the army and navy is determined primarily by the state of the officers. It is the officers, true professionals, patriots devoted to their Fatherland, who with dignity carry their high title of defender of the Russian land" ("Red Star", July 1, 1997 .).

During the reform period, attention to the issues of social protection of soldiers should not be weakened.

The guarantee of success lies in maintaining a healthy moral and psychological state in military collectives in today's difficult times.

It is necessary to see in each of your subordinates not a robot, not a blind tool, but a person, a person. However, humanity is not connivance, not lisping, but care combined with exactingness. The main thing is not to forget about the dignity of your subordinates, to always feel personal responsibility for their training and education, for their lives.

One of the most important tasks of the officer corps is to strengthen the patriotic, moral and military education of their subordinates.

It is important to achieve awareness by every soldier, every subordinate of the state significance of the reform of the Armed Forces that has begun, personal responsibility for maintaining high vigilance and combat readiness. Military personnel must deeply understand that the reduction of the army and navy should not weaken their combat power. It must be replenished by the growth of the combat skill of each soldier, the skillful possession of military equipment and weapons, the strengthening of military discipline, organization and military law and order.

During the period of reform, when individual units and subdivisions will be reduced, it is more important than ever to treat a variety of material resources with care and economy.

And one more problem. Today, when there is a spiritual and political confrontation in society, various forces are trying to influence the army. The involvement of military personnel in political processes would lead to destabilization in military collectives and would be not just illegal, but in the full sense, disastrous for the cause of reforming the army and society. Skepticism, discrediting the ideas of military reform, reform of the Armed Forces, is capable of inflicting serious damage to the national security of the country. But there is no turning back. Behind is only the degradation and destruction of the army and navy. Ahead, on the path of reform - powerful Russian Armed Forces Forces XXI century. Great Russia needs a strong, reformed army. Everyone should realize this.

In conclusion, we emphasize once again that the reform of the Russian Armed Forces is a major, historical event in the life of the people and their armed defenders, a matter of great national importance. It is objectively conditioned and natural. The reform will bring the Armed Forces into full conformity with the nature and characteristics of the current military-political situation and the economic potential of the country. The army and navy, having decreased in number, will increase their combat capability and combat readiness due to qualitative parameters.

One of the strategic tasks of the reform, as emphasized by the President of the Russian Federation, is to qualitatively improve the life of military personnel, “... to restore the former prestige and respect of the Russians to the military profession.” (Red Star, July 30, 1997).

The implementation of the reform will contribute to the economic and political stabilization of the country. The tasks of the reform cannot be accomplished without raising the level of combat readiness, without strengthening military discipline and law and order, without the interest of every serviceman in its successful implementation.

Sample questions for the seminar (conversation):

What caused the need for such a radical reform - the Armed Forces of the country?

In what recent speeches of the leadership of the country and the army, and how are the goals and priorities of the reform formulated?

Tell us about the main stages of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Personnel policy in the course of reform.

Restructuring of military education.

Tell us how the defense budget will be adjusted.

What should be done to increase the prestige of military service?

What sources of funding are envisaged to ensure the reform?

What measures are planned to be taken to ensure social protection of servicemen and their families?

Tell us about the tasks of the Armed Forces in modern conditions.

How do you imagine the tasks of your unit, subdivision and your personal ones in the course of the reform?

Literature

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M., 1993.

2. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Defense". - M., 1996.

3. Message on national security of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly. - Russian newspaper, 1997, March 7.

4. "K active foreign policy and effective military reform.” From the message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly. - Red Star, 1997, March 11.

5. Address of the President of the Russian Federation "To the soldiers of Russia". - Red Star, 1997, March 28.

6. Answers of the President of the Russian Federation to the questions of the "Red Star" / "Towards a new look for the army." - Red Star, 1997, May 7.

7. "Meeting of the Defense Council: severity of presidential assessments". - Red Star, 1997, May 23.

8. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure." - Red Star, 1997, July 19.

9. Answers of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, General of the Army I.D. Sergeev to the questions of the "Red Star" / "Reforms are our common concern." - Red Star, 1997, June 27.

10. Sergeev I.D. Speech at a meeting of the Federation Council. - Red Star, 1997, July 5.

11. Sergeev I.D. The new image of the army: realities and prospects. - Red Star, 1997, July 22.

12. Text of the radio address by B.N. Yeltsin dated 25.07.97

13. Address of the President of the Russian Federation, Supreme Commander"To the soldiers of Russia". - Red Star, 1997, July 30.

14. Sergeev I.D. New Russia, new army. - Red Star, 1997, September 19.