The creation of maps by people began from time immemorial. The earliest maps that have come down to us were created by the Babylonians and Egyptians over four thousand years ago. They were produced on the basis of the stories of travelers about the places they visited. To get an image of the area, you can use a drawing or photograph, but an accurate mutual arrangement objects and their sizes relative to each other in compliance with all proportions can be found using aerial photography or a local plan.
(from lat. planum - plane) - a drawing depicting in conventional signs on a plane (larger scale or 1: 10,000) a small part of the earth's surface. The elements of the plan are conventional signs, definition of directions, scale.
Symbols that designate objects of the area on the plan. For convenience of consideration and use, they are usually made similar to the objects themselves. Compass north is indicated by arrow N-S, but if it is not, then the upper edge of the plan is considered to be the northern one.
(from German Mashtab) - the ratio of the length of a line in a drawing, plan or map to the length of the corresponding line on the ground. The scale is indicated as a fraction, the numerator of which is 1 (one), and the denominator is a number showing the degree of reduction in the length of the lines, for example, M 1: 80,000. Such a scale is called numerical and shows that the reduction is 80 thousand times. If we compare it with a scale of 1: 20,000, at which the reduction is made by a factor of 20,000, then we get that in the second scale the reduction is made by a smaller number of times, i.e. it is larger than the first one. On physical maps, a linear scale is used (segments 1 cm long are plotted on a horizontal ruler, above the division it is indicated that the size of the distance on the ground corresponds to a certain distance on the map).
The features of the terrain on the plan and map are displayed by indicating the relative and absolute heights of the object. Relative height
is the height difference between two points on the earth's surface.
Altitude is the vertical distance in meters from given point up to sea level. In Russia, the absolute height is calculated from the zero of the footstaff in Kronstadt (a port in Leningrad region on about. Kotlin, ). It can be positive (the area is above sea level) or negative (the area is below sea level). has a positive absolute height. most of sushi. Examples of negative altitude are less common on land: Qattara Basin, Africa (-133 m), Death Valley, North America(-85 m).
Irregularities of the earth's surface, i.e. relief and water on maps are displayed in two ways: using [isohypses (from Greek hypsos - height)] - show lines with the same absolute height and isobaths (from Greek bathos - depth) - show lines of the same depth. For determining absolute heights and depths on physical maps put a scale of heights and depths. It should be noted that with an increase in altitude from 0 m or more, the color of the surface on physical map changes hue from light green (plains) to dark brown ( high mountains). With increasing depth, the color of the surface also changes from bluish (0 m) to dark blue (deepest depressions and trenches). Therefore, the height or depth on a physical map is determined by the hue of the color that is in the spectrum.
An image of the earth's surface, which shows the location, state and relationship of nature and society, their change in time, development and movement.
According to the territorial coverage, hemispheres are also distinguished; continents, oceans and their parts; states and their parts.
In general geographic maps, a mathematical basis (projection, scale, geodetic basis) and directly cartographic images (hydrography, relief, vegetation and soils, settlements, communications, infrastructure, political and administrative division, economy and cultural objects) are distinguished.
In thematic maps, cartographic images are distinguished ( geographical basis, i.e. hydrography, borders, settlements, communication routes; thematic content) and explanatory symbols (symbols, text explanations, table). Mathematical basis not in thematic maps.
Socio-economic maps show the level of economic development, the number, density and distribution of the population by region, labor resources and etc.
The most detailed is geographic map former USSR, created by scientists in 1987 on a scale of 1: 25 OOO, that is, there are 250 meters in one centimeter. Such a detailed "portrait" of a huge
region was created for the first time, map of this scale world practice does not know.
- By appointment: reference, educational, tourist, agricultural, etc.
- Scale: small-scale (smaller than 1: 1 OOO OOO), medium-scale (from 1: 200 OOO to 1: 1 OOO OOO) and large-scale (scale from 1: 200,000 and larger).
- By object: continental, marine, astronomical, planetary.
- Image fixing method: ground, aerospace, underwater.
Selection and generalization of objects depicted on the map in accordance with the purpose, scale and characteristics of the mapped territory. For picture geographical objects conventional signs are used on the maps: large-scale (areal - forests, swamps, lakes; linear - rivers, roads); off-scale (objects that are not taken into account on the scale of the map); explanatory (arrows, drawings of trees).
The main elements of the degree grid of the map are the poles, equator, meridians and parallels.
Geographic poles(northern and southern) - points of intersection of the axis of rotation of the Earth with the earth's surface.
Equator(from lat. aequator - equalizer) - the line of intersection of the Earth's surface with a plane passing through the center of the Earth, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The equator divides the globe into two hemispheres (Northern and Southern) and serves as the reference point for geographic latitude. Length - 40,076 km.
Meridian(from lat. meridianus - midday) - line of section of the surface globe a plane passing through a point Earth's surface and the Earth's axis of rotation. AT modern system Greenwich is taken as the prime meridian.
Parallels- lines parallel to the equator are directed from west to east. Their length decreases from the equator to the poles.
Geographical coordinates- this is geographical latitude and longitude.
Geographic latitude- distance in degrees from the equator to any point. Latitudes are measured along the meridian from the equator to the north ( northern latitude) and south ( south latitude) from 0° to 90°.
Geographic longitude- distance in degrees from prime meridian to any point. Longitude is measured from the prime meridian to the east (east longitude) and west (west longitude) from 0° to 180°.
Russian early cartography is known for the following four of its works:
- Big blueprint Russian state. Compiled in one copy in 1552. The sources for it were "scribe books". The Great Drawing did not reach us, although it was renewed in 1627. The geographer of the time of Peter the Great V. N. Tatishchev wrote about its reality.
- Book big drawing- text to the drawing. One of late lists books published by N. Novikov in 1773
- The drawing of the Siberian land was drawn up in 1667. A copy has come down to us. The drawing accompanies the "Manuscript ...".
- The drawing book of Siberia was compiled in 1701 by order of Peter I in Tobolsk by S. U. Remizov and his sons. This is the first Russian geographical atlas of 23 maps with drawings of individual regions and settlements.
Mathematical methods of image on the plane of the surface of the earth's ellipsoid. Map projections determine the relationship between the coordinates of points on the surface of the earth's ellipsoid and on the plane. There are the following types of map projections:
- By the nature of the distortions: equal-angled, equal-sized, arbitrary;
- By the type of images of parallels and meridians: cylindrical, conical, azimuthal, polyconical, pseudoconical, pseudocylindrical, conditional.
Accordingly, when depicting the surface of the Earth on a plane, four types of distortions arise: length, area, angle and shape.
The main differences between a plan and a map:
- The plan scale is much larger than the map scale;
- Not on plans graticule, orientation is made along the north-south arrow;
- Plans are drawn up for small areas of the area;
- The plan does not take into account the relief of the Earth, on the map - it is taken into account.
Areas of application of plans and maps in human life:
- Travel, acquaintance with countries and cities of the world, features of relief, climate, etc.;
- For orientation on the ground, on the water (in the seas and oceans), when navigating, hiking;
- Using the map as a basis for conducting various works for the needs National economy, in military affairs;
- They are an indispensable tool scientific research especially in the branches of geography.
AT recent times In connection with the wide exploration of space, it became possible to use various navigators to find out the position of objects anywhere in the world. Satellites fly around our entire planet and transmit data about various places to Earth, and computers plot this information on maps.
Determination on the ground by the observer of his location relative to the sides of the horizon, landmarks and direction of movement.
To determine the direction of movement in Right place, which, due to the distance, cannot be seen, you should understand where to go. This is done by determining the azimuth (compass heading).
(from Arab, assumut - path, direction) - this is the angle, counted clockwise, measured in degrees on the map, between north and the point where you want to go.
To determine the azimuth, you need to do the following:
- Find the location on the map where you are and place the compass at that location. Rotate the compass dial so that the letter C, which means north, is on the vertical grid of the map (on the map this line runs from north to south).
- Now turn yourself and turn the map until the compass needle aligns with vertical line on which the letter C is located. Imagine a line connecting the point you want to hit and the center of the compass. The place where this line crosses the compass disk will show you the direction - the azimuth in which you should go.
- It is necessary to turn the disk so that the direction to the point you need to hit coincides with the arrow on the base of the compass. Now turn yourself until the compass needle aligns with the line on which the letter C (north) is located. As you travel along the route, check from time to time that the compass needle is still pointing to the letter C.
However, if you do not have a compass at hand, you can navigate in other ways.
natural landmarks. The sides of the horizon are determined by the stars ( polar Star shows north direction). During the day, you can determine the sides of the horizon with the help of a clock and the Sun: on the clock you need to set the local time, direct hour hand on the Sun, halve the angle between the hand and the number 12 on the dial. The resulting line will indicate the direction north - south (before noon, south will be to the right of the Sun, in the afternoon - to the left). In the same way, the sides of the horizon are determined by the clock and full moon. Most of the plants are peculiar "": mosses and lichens are located on the north side of trees and stones, the bark of trees is rougher and blacker with north side. Ants stand with south side trees, and coniferous trees resin accumulates more abundantly on the south side, branches of isolated trees are also longer on the south side.
Social landmarks . The altars and chapels of the Orthodox and Lutheran churches face east, the altars Catholic churches- to the west, Buddhist pagodas facing south.
Thematic planning of work programs in geography
Planning geography lessons at school is one of the critical tasks facing each teacher, regardless of the length of service or the level of qualification of the teacher. How to make lesson plans Educational and methodical complexes(TMC) to use in the work, according to what scheme should the work program on geography of a teacher teaching at school be drawn up? You are unlikely to find specific answers to all these questions, because everything is so confusing, everything is complicated that you have to decide how to compose thematic planning lessons, what types and types of interaction to use with students in their lessons, and how to conduct them in general. This is especially true today, when against the background overall decline craving for learning, subjects such as geography are often relegated to the background in the minds of students.
Geography Lesson Planning
Before planning lessons, it is necessary to start with an analysis of existing and existing teaching materials based on the presence of these textbooks in the school library. As a last resort, we consider the possibility of buying textbooks by students and their parents, if such a practice is developed at your school. Although it is worth noting that school libraries and free issuance textbooks are still preserved in our schools.
So, the textbook is chosen, and it remains only to find desired material so that the thematic planning of geography lessons is carried out taking into account this specificity. Today, the main material is in the hands of the teacher, these are work programs in geography, which include many items, ranging from assessment criteria to a list of references used in preparing for lessons. As part of the work program, the main element is thematic planning, the essence of which is the distribution of hours according to the topics of geography lessons.
Work programs in geography
Today, many students have made the task of planning lessons much easier, realizing that work programs in geography can be easily downloaded for free on the Internet. And on the one hand, this is very correct, because it is not very convenient to sit and write all the words and letters yourself, and it takes a lot of time. But at the same time, one must understand that the working programs for geography that are on the network are not unified, but rather personalized. That is, this is not a plan for general use, and private development. This applies to the regional component when planning geography lessons, on the basis of which the geography work programs have quite extensive points related to the study of the geography of their region or even locality. So, when using other people's plans, an important component is a detailed proofreading and adjustment of work programs so that it does not turn out that a teacher living in Buryatia did not submit a plan for verification, which includes many points related to the geography of Murmansk.
That is, all these nuances must be considered, read, understood and corrected. And in order to do this, one must not rush, because work programs in geography are drawn up for one year, so the teacher does not interfere with a little work in the month of August.
Download free thematic planning and work programs in geography
Naturally, every teacher wants to find on the net, and most importantly download, at the same time, for free, thematic planning and work programs in geography for their lessons, and this is very right choice, because it is much easier to remake what is ready than to invent plans and bicycles yourself.
Algorithm for compiling work programs:
- Create a special folder with work programs on your computer
- Downloading a bunch thematic developments and authored work programs for each class in which you teach
- Doing detailed analysis each material to see which one suits you best
- Make a copy of this working program to keep the original document just in case
- Edit the copy for yourself so that the geography work program meets your request and the thematic planning of geography lessons turns out exactly what you need
As a result of these simple actions, the teacher receives at his disposal the material that is necessary for conducting lessons in the upcoming academic year.
Plans of characteristics of geographical objects
Mountain characterization plan
1. Geographic location.
3. The length of the ridges (km).
4. Dominant height.
5. highest height(vertex coordinates).
6. age, origin.
Plan of characteristics of the plains
1.Geographic location.
2. Borders of the plain.
3. Formation of plains.
5. Length from west to east and from north to south (km).
ocean characterization plan
1.Geographic location.
2. Square. A place among other oceans.
3. Features of the bottom topography.
4. Prevailing and greatest depths.
5. Ocean currents.
6. Transport sea routes.
Sea characterization plan
1.Geographic location.
2. Internal or marginal.
3. Outline of coasts and area.
4. Islands and peninsulas.
5. The greatest and predominant depth.
River characterization plan
1.Geographic location.
2.Where does it begin (source).
4. Where does it flow (mouth).
5. Dependence of the direction and nature of the current on the relief.
Lake characterization plan
1.Geographic location.
2.How it was formed.
3. The greatest depth.
4. Salinity.
5. Drainage or drainless.
6. The nature of the coast.
Weather Characteristics Plan
1. Name of the month, season of the year.
2. The height of the Sun above the horizon (for each season).
3. The length of the day.
4. Average temperature.
5. Prevailing winds.
6. Quantity and types of precipitation.
Map Characteristics Plan
1. map view by area coverage.
2. View of the map by scale.
3. View of the map by content.
4. Purpose of the card.
Plan for describing the geographical position of the mainland
1. The area of the mainland and its place among other continents.
2. The location of the mainland relative to the equator, the tropics ( polar circles), zero and 180th meridian.
3. Extreme points of the mainland, coordinates. The length of the mainland in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east.
4. The nature of the outline of the coast.
5. Location in climatic zones.
6. Oceans, seas washing the mainland.
7. Location relative to other continents.
Plan of characteristics of the relief of the territory
1. The general nature of the surface. General patterns.
2. Location of landforms on the surface under study.
Landform Characterization Plan
1. Location on the mainland.
2. Approximate area and its comparison with the area of the mainland.
3. Greatest, smallest and prevailing heights.
4. Origin (processes)
Climate Characterization Plan
1. Geographic location.
2. Type of climate (climatic zone and region).
3. Climate-forming factors.
4. Average January and July temperatures, temperature maximums and minimums.
5. The amount of precipitation and its distribution during the year.
6. Prevailing winds (by season).
Plan of characteristics of climatodiagrams.
1. Location (mainland, part of it).
2. Annual temperature variation.
3. The amount of precipitation. Distribution of precipitation by months.
4. Characteristic type of climate (climatic zone and regions).
River characterization plan
1. Location on the mainland relative to other landforms.
2. Location of the source.
5. The nature of the current (flat or mountainous).
4. In what area does it flow.
6. Change in runoff by seasons.
7. Tributaries of the river.
8. The location of the mouth.
9. Nature of human use.
Natural area characterization plan
1. Geographical position, borders.
3. Animal world
4. Climate.
6. Vegetation.
7. Inland waters.
Plan for the characteristics of the population of the continents
1. Peoples inhabiting this territory.
2. Distribution of the population on the mainland (densely populated areas and less populated areas, reasons).
3. Average density(in general for the mainland and for individual regions).
Country Characteristics Plan
1. Geographic location, borders, border states, capitals.
2. Relief features ( general character surfaces, minerals).
3. Climatic conditions (climatic zones, average January and July temperatures, annual precipitation).
4. Inland waters ( major rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.).
5. natural areas and their features (soils, vegetation, fauna).
7. Population (main races, peoples and their economic activity).
Plan for characterizing the geographic position of the ocean
1. Location relative to the hemispheres, equator, tropics, zero meridian and 180 meridian.
2. Washed continents.
3. Bordering oceans (straits).
4. Location in climatic zones.
Sea characterization plan
1. Which ocean belongs to the basin.
2. What parts of the mainland washes.
3. Features coastline.
4. Sea depth, salinity.
5. Freezing.
6. Commercial value.
Plan for the characteristics of the natural-territorial complex (NTC)
1. Geographic location.
2. Geological structure and minerals.
3. Relief.
4. Climate (climatic zones and regions, average temperatures in January and July, temperature range, average annual precipitation, moisture coefficient, annual sum of temperatures above + 100С, possibility natural conditions for agricultural use).
6. Vegetation.
7. Animal world
8. Environmental problems.
Performance plan natural resources
1. General stocks and concentration per unit area).
2. Quality, composition.
3. Conditions of occurrence (depth, layer thickness).
4. Combination with other types of minerals, the possibility of their joint use.
5. Development of the territory.
6. Transport possibilities.
7. Conclusion about rational use taking into account the impact on environment.
Population Characteristics Plan
1. Number. Natural and mechanical growth.
3. Density, features of population distribution.
Yaskova Larisa Ivanovna
Educational institution: MBOU Gymnasium№6 city of Bryansk
Brief job description: Calendar-thematic planning for the course "Economic and social geography peace. Grade 10" designed for 34 teaching hours, compiled for a textbook edited by V.P. Maksakovskiy.
KTP contains the following sections: lesson number; title of the topic, section, practical work; ZUN; basic terms and concepts; hometasks.
Geography is the science that studies the earth and its inhabitants. In Russia, geography is taught in grades 5-11 of schools. Geography materials are presented on our website in the following sections: Lesson notes Technological cards Control and verification Laboratory and practical Self Tests Preparing for USE Preparation to the OGE Olympiad tasks Quizzes and games extracurricular activities Work programs Lesson […]
Geography lesson plans on the Konspektek portal
Planning educational process is an essential part of any teacher's job. A well-designed lesson plan is a guarantee successful assimilation educational material students. The importance and laboriousness of the process of drawing up lesson plans in geography forces many teachers to look for ready-made developments on the Internet. Chapter " lesson planning» for teachers of geography on the Konspectek website contains works sent by our readers - teachers with many years of experience. The materials are intended to facilitate the work of teachers - you can download them for informational purposes and use them as a source of inspiration and new ideas. The developments comply with the principles enshrined in the Federal State Educational Standard and reflect latest trends in education.
The base of our site is constantly updated with new developments, so if you have a ready-made lesson plan or any other material, we will be happy to publish it on the pages of our site.
Program extracurricular activities geography for 6th grade is designed for the basic level and is designed in accordance with:
. . federal law« About education in Russian Federation» No. 273 dated December 29, 2012 (as amended on July 3, 2016)
(Version valid from July 15, 2016)
. Basic educational program main general education MOU SSH s. Astradamovka
. calendar plan- graphics MOU SSh s. Astradamovka for 2017-2018 academic year
Target audience: for grade 5
The work program of the elective course in geography " Practical geography"Designed for students in the ninth grade. Designed for 34 hours. Will help graduates prepare for the final exam in the subject.
This program forms a holistic view of students about the elements of the public service system,
the market of which has expanded significantly. The content of the course is based on the knowledge acquired by students in the study of the geography of continents and oceans, Russia, as well as the history foreign countries and our state. The questions posed within the framework of the program will help students to know the world in all its beauty and richness, which will make them themselves much richer and more perfect.
Work program and KTP in geography Grade 6. Planning along the line of UMK "Polyarnaya Zvezda". Development for teachers of the Crimea. Introduced practical work, recommended by CRIPPO, author Suprychev A.V. Planning for 34 hours. 1 lesson per week.
Target audience: for grade 6
The work program of the UMK line “Geography. Sphere "(grades 5-9) for the main school is compiled on the basis of the Federal State educational standard general education, Requirements for the results of mastering the basic educational program of basic general education, Fundamental core content of general education, Sample program by geography. AT work program the ideas and provisions of the Concept of Spiritual and Moral Development and Education of the Personality of a Russian Citizen, the Program for the Development and Formation of Universal learning activities, which ensure the formation of the Russian civic identity, mastering core competencies, which form the basis for self-development and continuing education, the integrity of the general cultural, personal and cognitive development students and communicative qualities of the individual.
Target audience: for teachers
The working program of the course “Geography. Russia" for grade 8, compiled for the textbook "Geography. Russia” series “Polar Star” (edited by A.I. Alekseev).
The work program takes into account the recommendations of the manual: Lesson developments. Grade 8: teacher's guide / V.V. Nikolina. - M.: Education, 2009.
The 8th grade geography course is designed for 68 hours (2 hours per week).
Target audience: for grade 8
Target audience: for grade 8
The working program of the course "Social and economical geography of the world” for grade 10, compiled for the textbook “Social and economic geography of the world” by V.P. Maksakovsky. M., Enlightenment.
The 10th grade geography course is designed for 34 hours (1 hour per week).
Target audience: for grade 10
Target audience: for grade 10
The working program of the course “Geography. Russia" for grade 9, compiled for the textbook "Geography. Russia” series “Polar Star” (edited by A.I. Alekseev).
The work program takes into account the recommendations of the manual: Pourochnye development. Grade 9: teacher's guide / V.V. Nikolina. - M.: Education, 2010.
The 9th grade geography course is designed for 68 hours (2 hours per week).
Target audience: for grade 9
Target audience: for grade 9
The working program of the course "Social and economic geography of the world" for grade 11, compiled for the textbook "Social and economic geography of the world" by V.P. Maksakovsky. M., Enlightenment.
The work program takes into account the recommendations of the manual: Pourochnye development. Grade 10: teacher's guide / E.A. Zhizhin, V.V. Nikolina. - M.: "VAKO", 2009
The 11th grade geography course is designed for 34 hours (1 hour per week).
Target audience: for grade 11
Target audience: for grade 11
The working program of the geography course for grade 7 was compiled for the textbook: Korinskaya V.A., Dushina I.V., Shchenev V.A. Geography of continents and oceans. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
The work program takes into account the recommendations of the manual: Pourochnye development in geography Grade 7. Nikitina N.A., after training kit Korinskaya V. A., Dushina I. V., Shchenev V. A. Geography of continents and oceans (M.: Bustard.).
The 7th grade geography course is designed for 68 hours (2 hours per week).
Target audience: for grade 7
Target audience: for grade 7
