The first decade of the 21st century clearly demonstrated that "color revolutions", new forms and methods of warfare, the so-called network or, require a rethinking and a certain transformation of the theory and practice of construction from the state and military leadership of our country. Armed Forces, as well as their application in new conditions. Therefore, the need for reform is objective.

According to military researchers, transformations were carried out seven times in the history of our state military organization and the Armed Forces were reformed more than 15 times. And each time the reforms were a very complex, responsible and difficult process.

The state of the Armed Forces by 2008 was characterized by the following generalized indicators:

Share of connections and military units constant readiness: divisions - 25%, brigades - 57%, aviation regiments - 7%;

The number of military camps for basing - more than 20 thousand;

The number of Armed Forces is 1,134 thousand military personnel, including 350 thousand (31%), warrant officers 140,000 (12%), soldiers and sergeants under the contract - about 200 thousand (17%);

Equipped with modern weapons, military and special equipment - 3-5%;

". After the reorganization, the number of military districts was reduced to four:

• Western Military District - includes the Moscow and Leningrad military districts, the Baltic and Northern fleets
• Southern Military District - includes the North Caucasus Military District, the 4th Air Force and Air Defense Command, the Black Sea Fleet and the Caspian Flotilla
• Central Military District - includes the Volga-Ural and western part Siberian Military District
• Eastern Military District - includes the Far East and the Trans-Baikal part of the Siberian Military District, Pacific Fleet

After the military administrative reform all troops on the territory of the military district are subordinate to one commander, and he is personally responsible for security in the region. Unification under the unified leadership of the commander of the military district combined arms armies, fleets, air force and air defense commands made it possible to qualitatively increase the combat capabilities of new military districts by reducing the reaction time in crisis situations and the growth of their combined strike power. Self-sufficient inter-service groupings of troops (forces) have been created in strategic directions, united under a single command, the basis of which is formations and military units of constant readiness, capable of as soon as possible bring yourself into higher degrees combat readiness and complete tasks as intended. After the reorganization, the combat potential of the Western Military District increased 13 times compared to the Leningrad Military District, which indicates the state’s well-planned and stage-by-stage approaches to improving the Armed Forces.

During the administrative reform, it was planned to reduce the number of military units according to the following table:

During the transformation, it was planned to disband the 2nd Guards Motorized Rifle Division Tamanskaya, the 4th Guards Tank Kantemirovskaya Division, the 106th Guards Airborne Division and the 98th Guards Airborne Svir Division. The decision to disband the 106th Guards Airborne Division was later canceled, the decision to disband the 98th Guards Airborne Division was never made.

Downsizing

An essential part of the reform was the reduction in the size of the armed forces, which in 2008 amounted to about 1.2 million people. Most of reductions fell on the officer corps: from more than 300 thousand to 150 thousand people.

Military category	On the 01.09 .	On the 01.12 .	On the 01.01 .	Percent change in population
General	1107	780	866	−22 %
Colonel	15365		3114	−80 %
Lieutenant colonel	19300		7500	−61 %
Major	99550		30000	−70 %
Captain	90000		40000	−56 %
Senior Lieutenant	30000		35000	+17 %
Lieutenant	20000		26000	+30 %
Total officers	365000		142000	−61 %
Ensign	90000	0	0	−100 %
Midshipman	50000	0	0	−100 %

By Russian legislation dismissed military personnel should be provided with housing. There were more than 120 thousand people in need of housing in the Armed Forces in 2009. According to the plan of the Ministry of Defense, the elimination of the queue and the transition to providing military personnel with housing in the year they are recognized as needing it will occur by 2013. As of June 2011, about 40,000 families are in need of housing.

Directive General Staff Russian Armed Forces dated November 22 No. 314/3382 number of military personnel educational work should be reduced from 17,490 people to 4,916, that is, by 71%.

The cuts in the Russian Armed Forces happened faster than planned. In 2011, the number of officers in the Russian army is 150,000. As a result, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev set the task of returning about 70,000 officers to the Armed Forces.

military medicine

It is planned to reduce:

• State Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors of the Ministry of Defense of Russia
• 66 military hospitals
• 83 military polyclinics
• 17 infirmaries
• 5 military sanatoriums and rest houses
• 64 storage bases military equipment and property.

In 2010-2011 the military medical faculties at the Samara, Saratov and Tomsk Medical Institutes will be disbanded.

The number of medical officers is planned to be reduced from 7967 to 2200 people.

Military universities

It is planned to form 10 research centers out of 15 military academies, 46 military institutes and schools and four military universities. In particular, it is planned to disband the Academy of Aerospace Defense named after G.K. Zhukov

In an interview with journalists, Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov said: “Scientific centers will be created on the basis of 65 universities, where it will be collected into a single educational process and scientific activity. In new scientific centers a completely new technical base will be created.”

Rearmament

Pay reform

From January 1, 2012, the monetary allowance of military personnel will be increased by 2.5-3 times, and military pensions will increase by 1.5-1.7 times. On November 7, 2011, President Dmitry Medvedev signed the Law "On the monetary allowance of military personnel and the provision of separate payments to them." In accordance with the law, the accrual system has been changed allowance: additional payments and allowances that existed before are canceled and new ones are introduced. The monetary allowance of a conscripted military serviceman consists of a salary for a military position and additional payments.

The following additional payments are established for a conscripted military serviceman:

• monthly allowance for work with information constituting a state secret.

A serviceman performing military service under a contract is entitled to the following additional payments:

• monthly seniority bonus;
• monthly bonus for class qualification ( qualification category, qualification class);
• monthly allowance for work with information constituting a state secret;
• monthly allowance for special conditions military service;
• monthly allowance for performing tasks directly related to the risk to life and health in peacetime;
• monthly allowance for special achievements in the service;
• award for conscientiousness and effective execution official duties;
• annual financial assistance;
• increasing coefficients or allowances for monetary allowances for military personnel serving in the military military units stationed outside the territory Russian Federation, as well as military personnel performing tasks in conditions state of emergency, during armed conflicts, participating in counter-terrorism operations and ensuring law and order and public safety on the separate territories Russian Federation;
• increasing coefficients or allowances for monetary allowances for military personnel undergoing military service under a contract in the regions Far North and equivalent areas, as well as in other areas with unfavorable climatic or environmental conditions, including remote areas, high mountainous areas, desert and waterless areas.

Specific salaries are established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 5, 2011 No. 992 "On the establishment of salaries for the monetary maintenance of military personnel serving under a contract", the amount of additional payments - Federal Law of November 7, 2011 N 306-ФЗ "On monetary allowance military personnel and providing them with separate payments.

A military secret

Support

Vitaly Shlykov, Chairman of the Commission of the Public Council under the Ministry of Defense of Russia, believes that the military reform is long overdue and the current Russian army is ineffective. “Events in Georgia have shown that Russia needs a capable army now, and this cannot be delayed.”

... By 2016, the strength of the Armed Forces should be no more than 1 million servicemen. This is the decision of the highest political leadership of the country. The task of the Ministry of Defense is to create, within the framework of this number and economic capabilities of the state, the maximum efficient army. All other proposals that ignore the dependence of the perspective image of the Armed Forces on economic realities are demagoguery and political populism...

... there is simply no alternative to reducing the officer corps, which will allow the remaining officers to create truly attractive conditions of service ...

... the forms and methods of armed struggle, which have radically changed since the Second World War, will make it possible to abandon the armada of cadre units and formations without prejudice to the defense capability of the state ... we need to create a core of a relatively compact grouping of no more than 200 thousand, but with the highest combat potential rapid response. That is, mobile, superbly trained and constantly ready for combat use troops in any theater of operations.

Criticism

November 1, 2008 deputies State Duma from the Communist Party signed open letter To the President of Russia with a demand to abandon the concept of reform and to bring the issue of further military development to a nationwide discussion. . In particular, Viktor Ilyukhin stated:

We believe that the decision was made hastily, without taking into account vast territory country, the fact that we are entangled in NATO military bases.

Vice President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems Konstantin Sivkov:

I believe that this set of reforms, in the face of modern threats to Russia, is simply criminal.

• about 2 million Russian citizens will be deprived of the opportunity to exercise the right to receive medical care in military medical institutions;
• 101 military hospitals and 75 military clinics will lose their status legal entity, which will lead to the termination of contracts with CHI and VHI and entail financial losses;
• one gets the impression of a systematic destruction of the medical service of the army.

... after this reform, we will find ourselves in the state of people who actually ended up in the position of two piglets Nif-Nif and Nuf-Nuf, when one hid in a straw house, and the second hid in a house of branches. That is, if the wind blows, there will be nothing left of it. The current reform amazes experts with its ill-conceivedness, its total destructiveness, and so far it only leads to the degradation of the army.

…on new reform in fact, the entire mobilization readiness of the state, the entire mobilization system, will be destroyed, and we will have to fight exclusively with the army that we have. While any major war shows that no nation has ever completed a major one, big war the army that he had before the war.

... there is no need to turn to the experience of those countries that have not seriously fought for a long time, just as there is no need to learn from those states that want to conquer us!

Deputy Director of the Institute of Political and Military Analysis Alexander Khramchikhin believes that the forces formed in the process of reform ground forces not enough to repel serious military threats.

Results of the reform

Results of the reform at the end of 2010:

• The first stage of creating a new look for the Armed Forces has been completed. The Russian army got new structure, new system military planning. The systems for training and supplying troops have been substantially updated;
• Created a new three-tier structure operational management troops and fleets - a military district, operational command, brigade. Six military districts were reorganized into four - Western, Southern, Eastern and Central. On their basis, operational-strategic commands were created (OSK West, OSK South, OSK Vostok and OSK Center). These are powerful interspecific groupings of troops in key strategic directions: south, west, center and east, respectively. The unification of forces and means under a single command increased the combat capabilities and potential of the army;
• A new combat structure of the Armed Forces has been created with an established strength of 1 million servicemen. In 2010, the President of the Russian Federation approved the Defense Ministry's proposals to maintain 220,000 officer positions and 425,000 contract servicemen in the Armed Forces. The share of contract servicemen is planned to be increased as attractive conditions for military service are created.

In the fall of 2012, it turned out that the MoD was mired in corruption. Serdyukov was dismissed from his post. Medvedev stood up for him as "for a good minister." However, independent sources do not rule out a "close business relationship between Serdyukov and Medvedev."

Information

Distinctive feature the process of preparing and implementing the reform is almost complete absence information about its goals and objectives. With the exception of a single publication on October 15, 2008 in the Rossiyskaya Gazeta containing introductory information about the reform, none of the official publications of the Ministry of Defense published articles about the upcoming reforms. On the official website of the Ministry of Defense in the section "On the new look of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation" no detailed information concerning the reform process.

Former Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force Pyotr Deinekin, in an interview with the Izvestia newspaper, said:

I do not understand the meaning and purpose of the current reform of the army. What is happening in the army goes behind closed doors, without explanation to the public or military experts. And this can have very unpleasant consequences.

Until the leadership of the Ministry of Defense starts an open and honest dialogue with civil society, scandals like the one on Saturday, unfortunately, will continue.

Priority task Increasing monetary allowance in 2012 . Medvedev on raising the salaries of military personnel On the eve of the Budget Address to the Federal Assembly, President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev at a regular meeting emphasized that in a number of tasks requiring urgent solution issues directly related to military personnel. We quote: “Tomorrow we have a budget message, therefore, today it will be necessary to put an end to a number of issues. Considerable funds, in excess of those declared, were requested to reform the system of monetary allowances for military personnel in 2012, it is obvious that this, in general, is a priority task.

Notes

1. RIA News
2. http://vz.ru/politics/2010/10/22/441797.html
3. Priorities in the construction of the Armed Forces
4. Rossiyskaya gazeta Federal issue No. 4772 of October 15, 2008
5. The indicated data need to be clarified: either not all parts of the Airborne Forces at that time are given, or (subject to the calculation of divisions and airborne brigades) are given erroneously
6. "Banners - to the museum, standard-bearers - to the civilian", Independent military review of October 31, 2008
7. Lenta.ru
8. Viktor Baranets What awaits the Russian army after the military reform (Russian). KP (02.12.2008). Archived
9. Half a thousand general posts were reduced in the Russian army (Russian). Interfax (21.12.2009). Retrieved December 21, 2009.
10. Roman Osharov Army of Lieutenants (Russian). Business newspaper "Vzglyad". VZGLYAD.RU (21.12.2009). Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
11. Andrey Fedorov Then we will fight (Russian). Tape.Ru (21.01.2009). Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
12. military council
13. News of December 1, 2008
14. The officers return
15. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2008 N 1878ss "On Certain Issues of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"
16. “The reduction of the army will be paid for by command personnel”, Independent Military Review of October 17, 2008
17. Lenta.ru
18. RIA News
19. New weapons coming! "Red Star" October 2, 2008.
20. The war has shown: the Russian army is deteriorating, the stock of Soviet weapons has been fully developed NEWSru October 2, 2008.

Main directions of reform

Structural changes

One of the main directions of the reform is the transition from the four-tier system of command "military district" - "army" - "division" - "regiment" to the three-tier "military district" - "Operational Command" - "brigade". The number of military units is planned to be reduced according to the following table: Type of Armed Forces
and types of troops* 2008 2012 Degree of reduction
Ground forces 1890 172 -90%
Air Force 340 180 -48%
Navy 240 123 -49%
Strategic Missile Forces* 12 8 -33%
Space Forces* 7 6 -15%
Airborne troops* 6 5 -17%

During the transformation, it was planned to disband the 2nd Guards Motorized Rifle Division Tamanskaya, the 4th Guards Tank Kantemirovskaya Division, the 106th Guards Airborne Division and the 98th Guards Airborne Svirskaya division. However, the decision on the 106th Guards Airborne Division was later canceled.

Reduction

An essential part of the reform will be a reduction in the size of the armed forces, which currently stands at about 1.2 million people. Most of the cuts will be officers: from more than 300 thousand to 150 thousand people.

Reduction degree:

General 1107 780 866 -22%
Colonel 15365 3114 −80%
Lieutenant Colonel 19300 7500 −61%
Major 99550 30000 -70%
Captain 90000 40000 -56%
Senior Lieutenant 30000 35000 +17%
Lieutenant 20000 26000 +30%
Total officers 365,000 142,000 −61%
Ensign 90000 0 0 −100%
Midshipman 50000 0 0 −100%

According to Russian law, retired military personnel must be provided with housing. There are now more than 130,000 people in need of housing in the armed forces.

The cuts in the Russian Armed Forces are proceeding faster than planned. According to Deputy Defense Minister Nikolai Pankov: next year no more than 127 thousand officers will remain in the Russian Armed Forces - 23 thousand less than previously announced.

By 2016, the strength of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation will be 1,884,829 units, including 1,000,000 servicemen.

According to the Russian Ministry of Defense, there are more than 5,000 officers in sergeant positions. (REN News, April 30, 2010)

military medicine

It is planned to reduce the State Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors of the Russian Ministry of Defense, 66 military hospitals, 83 military clinics, 17 infirmaries, five military sanatoriums and rest homes, 64 bases for storing military equipment and property. In 2010-2011, the military medical faculties at the Samara, Saratov and Tomsk Medical Institutes will be disbanded.

The number of medical officers is planned to be reduced from 7967 to 2200 people.

Military universities

It is planned to form 10 research centers out of 15 military academies, 46 military institutes and schools and four military universities. In particular, it is planned to disband the Academy of Aerospace Defense named after G.K. Zhukov

In an interview with journalists, Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov said:

On the basis of 65 universities, scientific centers will be created, where it will be collected into a single educational process and scientific activities. A completely new technical base will be created in new scientific centers

Armament

According to an unnamed source in the Russian Defense Ministry, the number of tanks in the Ground Forces and coastal units of the Navy is planned to be reduced from 23,000 to 2,000 units.

military educators

According to the directive of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces dated November 22 No. 314/3382, the number of military personnel of the educational work bodies should be reduced from 17,490 people to 4,916, that is, by 71%.

Rearmament

In the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper dated October 2, 2008, Colonel-General Vladimir Popovkin, Chief of Armaments of the Russian Armed Forces - Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, noted that the Russian Armed Forces had completely exhausted the stock of weapons and military equipment left over from the USSR, and therefore it is necessary speed up the equipment of the aircraft with new ones, modern designs weapons.

On November 19, 2008, the Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, General of the Army Nikolai Makarov, told reporters that in the Russian army in the next 3-5 years weapons and equipment will be updated by a third, and by 2020 this will be done by 100%.

At the beginning of 2010, in terms of the "new look", hardware communications, in most cases, come in the 2nd category, but 86-89 years of production, as a result, it is not combat ready, requires overhaul both the hardware itself and the mobile base. Or the old one remains, but plundered in the 90-98s, which the command of the units hides from the top leadership. This article lacks links to sources of information.
Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and removed.
You can edit this article to include links to authoritative sources.

A military secret

On November 11, 2008, the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, General of the Army Nikolai Makarov, signed a directive "On preventing the disclosure of information about the reform of the Russian Armed Forces." The document prohibits the dissemination of information about the progress of reforms, emerging problems and moods in the troops. Chairman of the Public Council Commission under the Russian Ministry of Defense Vitaly Shlykov believes that military reform is long overdue and the current Russian army is not effective. The events in Georgia have shown that Russia needs a capable army now, and this should not be delayed.

Lieutenant General Vladimir Shamanov supports army reform

... By 2016, the strength of the Armed Forces should be no more than 1 million servicemen. This is the decision of the highest political leadership of the country. The task of the Ministry of Defense is to create the most combat-ready army within the framework of this size and economic capabilities of the state. All other proposals that ignore the dependence of the future image of the Armed Forces on economic realities - demagoguery and political populism ... ... there is simply no alternative to reducing the officer corps, which will create truly attractive service conditions for the remaining officers ... ... forms and methods that have radically changed since the Second World War armed struggle will allow, without prejudice to the defense capability of the state, to abandon the armada of cadre units and formations ... we need to create a core of a relatively compact, numbering no more than 200 thousand, but with the highest combat potential of a rapid reaction group. That is, troops that are mobile, superbly trained and constantly ready for combat use in any theater of operations.

On November 1, deputies of the State Duma from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation signed an open letter to the President of Russia demanding that the concept of reform be abandoned and that the issue of further military construction be brought up for public discussion. In particular, Viktor Ilyukhin said:

We believe that the decision was made hastily, without taking into account the vast territory of the country, the fact that we are entangled in NATO military bases.

Vice President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems Konstantin Sivkov:

I believe that this set of reforms, in the face of modern threats to Russia, is simply criminal.

On May 27, 2009, the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation held hearings on the problems medical support military personnel, persons discharged from military service and members of their families. Chairman of the Commission of the Public Chamber for Veterans, Military Personnel and Members of Their Families A. N. Kanshin and Chairman of the Commission of the Public Chamber for Health L. M. Roshal, as well as participants in the hearings express doubts “in the thoughtfulness of the initiated reform of the medical service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” and consider:
about 2 million Russian citizens will be deprived of the opportunity to exercise the right to receive medical care in military medical institutions;
101 military hospitals and 75 military polyclinics will lose the status of a legal entity, which will lead to the termination of contracts with CHI and VHI and entail financial losses;
one gets the impression of a systematic destruction of the medical service of the army.

Honorary Professor of the G.K. Zhukov Military Academy of the East Kazakhstan Region I. V. Erokhin believes that the training of military space defense specialists outside the Military Academy of the East Kazakhstan Region is the deepest delusion and contradicts the “Concept of the Aerospace Defense of the Russian Federation” approved by the President

... after this reform, we will find ourselves in a state of people who actually ended up in the position of two piglets, Nif-Nif and Nuf-Nuf, when one hid in a straw house, and the second hid in a house of branches. That is, if the wind blows, there will be nothing left of it. The current reform amazes experts with its ill-conceivedness, its total destructiveness, and so far it only leads to the degradation of the army.

... according to the new reform, the entire mobilization readiness of the state, the entire mobilization system, will actually be destroyed, and we will have to fight exclusively with the army that we have. Although any big war shows that not a single state has ended a serious, big war with the army that it had before the war.

Former Minister of Defense P. Grachev believes:

... there is no need to turn to the experience of those countries that have not seriously fought for a long time, just as there is no need to learn from those states that want to conquer us!

Deputy Director of the Institute of Political and Military Analysis Alexander Khramchikhin believes that the forces of the Ground Forces formed in the process of reform are not enough to repel serious military threats. A distinctive feature of the process of preparation and implementation of the reform is the almost complete lack of information about its goals and objectives. With the exception of a single publication on October 15, 2008 in the Rossiyskaya Gazeta containing introductory information about the reform, none of the official publications of the Ministry of Defense published articles about the upcoming reforms. The official website of the Ministry of Defense in the section "On the new look of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation" does not provide any detailed information regarding the reform process.

Former Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force Pyotr Deinekin, in an interview with the Izvestia newspaper, said:

I do not understand the meaning and purpose of the current reform of the army. What is happening in the army goes behind closed doors, without explanation to the public or military experts. And this can have very unpleasant consequences.

Military observer Viktor Litovkin believes:

Until the leadership of the Ministry of Defense starts an open and honest dialogue with civil society, scandals like the one on Saturday, unfortunately, will continue.

Notes

Show compact
RIA News
Russian newspaper Federal issue No. 4772 dated October 15, 2008
“Banners - to the museum, standard-bearers - to civilian life”, Independent Military Review of October 31, 2008
Lenta.ru
Viktor Baranets What awaits the Russian army after military reform(Russian). KP (02.12.2008). Retrieved December 21, 2009.
Half a thousand general posts were reduced in the Russian army (Russian). Interfax (21.12.2009). Retrieved December 21, 2009.
1 2 Roman Osharov Army of Lieutenants (Russian). Business newspaper "Vzglyad". VZGLYAD.RU (21.12.2009). Retrieved December 21, 2009.
Andrey Fedorov That's when we'll fight (Russian). Tape.Ru (21.01.2009). Retrieved December 21, 2009.
Denis Telmanov of the Ministry of Defense exceeds the plan for the reduction of officers (Russian). GZT.RU (25.11.2009). Retrieved December 21, 2009.
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2008 N 1878ss "On Certain Issues of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"
“The reduction of the army will be paid for by command personnel”, Independent Military Review of October 17, 2008
Lenta.ru
RIA News
"The General Staff is changing its views on modern and future wars", Independent military review of July 10, 2009
1 2 News of December 1, 2008
New weapons coming! "Red Star" October 2, 2008.
The war showed Russian army is deteriorating, the stock of Soviet weapons is completely exhausted NEWSru October 2, 2008.
General Staff: in the next 3-5 years, the Russian army will be rearmed by a third, and by 2020 - by 100% NEWSru November 19, 2008.
Ivan Konovalov The restructuring of the army will be carried out without publicity (Russian). Newspaper "Kommersant" (29.11.2008). Retrieved December 21, 2009.
Red Star from 11.02.2009
Site NEWSru.com
Website of the Communist Party

"Recommendations of hearings on the problems of medical support for military personnel, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families" on the website of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation
HBO on November 21, 2008.
Lenta.Ru: Press conferences: Reform of the Russian army.
IBO March 30, 2009
"NVO" dated October 16, 2009
1 2 Independent newspaper dated December 1, 2008
Links
Rossiyskaya gazeta Federal issue No. 4772 of October 15, 2008
"Military Reform 2009-2012" NVO of December 12, 2008
Independent military review of October 17, 2008, October 24, 2008 and October 31, 2008
Interview with the Chief of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, General of the Army N. E. Makarov
Vladimir Voronov Army on the hook. "The New Times" (October 27, 2008). “There is also a political component, about which people in uniform speak sparingly, although they admit that the army is being shaken also because the Kremlin elite feels a threat emanating from there. For in a system where there are no real parties and parliament, only the army remains the only organized structure that can, if not seize power, then try. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
That's when we fight. A. Fedorov. Lenta.Ru, 01/21/2009.

BSSR

History of education in Belarus

Basic indicators

In 2012, 4064 institutions operated in the Republic of Belarus preschool education with 398 thousand children and 54.1 thousand teaching staff. In the 2012/13 academic year, there were 3579 institutions of general secondary education with 928.2 thousand students and 128.1 thousand teachers, 226 institutions of vocational education with 79.9 thousand students, 225 institutions of secondary special education with 152.2 thousand students. Most of the students in institutions of secondary specialized education studied in the technical and technological profile (50 thousand), as well as economic, legal and managerial (34.3 thousand), agricultural (21.3 thousand), architectural and construction (14, 3 thousand) and medical profiles (11.5 thousand)

In the 2012/13 academic year, there were 54 higher educational institutions in the country (45 public and 9 private), where 428.4 thousand students studied, including 209.3 thousand daily form education, 0.9 thousand in evening and 218.3 thousand in correspondence. More than half (30) universities are located in Minsk; more than half of the students (223.9 thousand) study in the capital.

In the Middle Ages, secondary and higher education was received in Collegiums (Vilna, Polotsk, Pinsk, Grodno, Yurovichi. The Vilna University in 1579 became the first institution of higher education in Belarus. In late XVIII century Belarusian lands joined the Russian Empire as a result of the division of the Commonwealth between the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Austria.

In the 19th century, the Russian Empire created one system state educational institutions, consisting of 4 types of educational institutions: parish, county, provincial or gymnasiums and universities.

One of the first gymnasiums on the territory of present-day Belarus is the Slutsk Gymnasium. Gymnasiums similar to the secondary schools in Russia also began to appear on the territory of present-day Belarus. Russian government tried in every possible way to Russify education, suppressing teaching in schools in the Belarusian and Polish languages.

After the uprisings of 1830-1831 and 1863-1864 Polish language in teaching was banned and replaced by Russian, and barriers were put up for studying abroad. The famous Vilna University was closed, as well as the Polotsk Jesuit Academy. Petitions local nobility on education in the Belarusian provinces national university rejected - tsarism did not want to create a possible "hotbed of freethinking."

During numerous, in part inconsistent reforms education in the BSSR, the basis of the system higher education which still exists today. It was during this period that most of the most famous universities today were created:

• Belorussian State University,
• Belarusian national Technical University,
• Belarusian state the University of Economics,
• Belarusian state medical University,
• Belarusian state Pedagogical University,
• Belarusian Agricultural Academy and others.

After joining Western Belarus By the BSSR in 1939, the process of creating universities in the western regions began (before that, there was not a single university in Western Belarus) - initially teachers' institutes were opened there. In the 1940/41 academic year, there were 25 universities in the BSSR, 21,538 students and 927 teachers of all degrees.

After the Great Patriotic War and recovery normal operation existing higher education institutions began to observe a tendency to increase the number of technical universities and to an increase in admission to them, which was caused by the needs of the BSSR economy in qualified personnel for industry. In the late 40s - early 50s, specialized humanitarian universities, and teachers' institutes (primarily in western regions BSSR were transformed into pedagogical institutes). Thanks in part to this, and also to the development correspondence education, by 1958 the BSSR surpassed the Western European countries in the number of students per 10,000 people. In the 1958/59 academic year, there were 55.7 thousand students and over 3 thousand faculty members in 25 universities of the BSSR.

In the late 50s - early 60s, in education in the BSSR, there was a tendency to increase attention to fundamental science. Significantly increased admission to graduate school, scientists are put in front of the most promising scientific tasks and unpromising ones are cut off. As a result, the Belarusian State University is soon included in the top 25 institutions of the USSR for the development of science. The admission of students to the most promising specialties(for example, for 1958-1965 the number of students per Faculty of Chemistry BGU increased from 300 to 1000, which was due, in particular, to a significant development chemical industry BSSR during the seven-year plan). To provide the developing radio-electronic industry with qualified personnel, the Minsk State radiotechnical institute(today - Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics). In 1969 the Gomel State pedagogical institute was transformed into Gomel State University and thus became the second university in the BSSR. In 1978 Grodno State Pedagogical Institute was transformed into Grodno State University.

January 29, 1991 in order to increase the effectiveness of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel of bodies government controlled, managers and specialists National economy to work in a market economy, the Council of Ministers of the BSSR decided to establish on the basis of the abolished Intersectoral Institute for Advanced Studies and Retraining of Leading Personnel under the Belarusian state institute national economy. V. V. Kuibyshev Academy of Public Administration under the Council of Ministers of the BSSR (today - Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Belarus), which in 1995 was given the status of the President.

In the 90s, many institutions received the status of universities. In addition, there appeared non-state universities. In 1992, the European Humanities University. In 2004, he was forced to stop working in the republic and since 2005 has been operating in Lithuania.

Returned Belarusian school for 11 years of study.

In the secondary education system of Belarus, 1st to 11th grades in 2010 are introduced training program extracurricular activities"Fundamentals Orthodox culture. Orthodox shrines Eastern Slavs» December 2, 2010 at the session of the House of Representatives National Assembly the draft Code of the Republic of Belarus on Education was adopted In 2010, the Institute border service The Republic of Belarus . On the budget form almost 6,000 fewer applications were submitted to universities than in 2009 (among them, 60% of students of Belarusian universities are part-time students). 71.5% (approximately 10 thousand Minskers-applicants) became university students, 82% of those who entered chose state universities

AT regulations, regulating admission to higher and secondary specialized educational institutions of Belarus, changes and additions will be made. It is planned to sign a special decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus. In 2011, admission will be carried out by 55 higher education institutions (45 state form property, 10 - private). On June 6, 2011, the Ministry of Education closed the " Women's Institute Envila". As of September 2011: institutions of general secondary education - 3.4 thousand (920 thousand schoolchildren, in the first grades - about 87 thousand people), vocational schools - 217 (studied - 106 thousand people), colleges (level of secondary specialized education ) - 213 (according to the plan - 56 thousand people), universities (level of higher education) - 45 state universities(subordinate to 12 ministries and departments) and 10 private (according to the plan - 89.7 thousand people).

From 2013/14 school year it is planned to transfer students from more than 230 specialties of universities to a four-year training program.

Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the federal law which provides for a gradual increase retirement age for five years. This was announced on Wednesday, October 3, by the press service of the Kremlin.

Earlier that day, the bill was approved by the Federation Council. 149 senators voted for the adoption of the law on pension reform, five against, three abstained. During the meeting, several members of the Federation Council spoke out against the adoption of the law, Interfax reports. According to one of them, Vyacheslav Markhaev, it contradicts the Russian constitution, which prohibits the issuance of laws that abolish or diminish the rights and freedoms of a citizen.

A phased increase in the retirement age for men to 65 years and to 60 for women will be carried out annually for 1 year during the transition period from 2019 to 2023. To retire early, the seniority for men will be 42 years, and for women - 37 years.

The State Duma of Russia adopted in the third, final reading the draft law on raising the retirement age on September 27. This law did not find understanding in Russian society- mass protests swept across the country, and the ratings " United Russia and President Vladimir Putin fell by 7 and 8 percentage points, respectively.

Context

On the day the law was adopted by the upper house of the Russian parliament, October 3, in Moscow in front of the Federation Council, several actions were held at once, organized by the Communists and the leader of the Left Front, Sergei Udaltsov.

The day before, during a meeting with the government of the Russian Federation, President Putin said that after the adoption of the amendments he proposed at the end of September to mitigate the reform, raising the retirement age will not bring any income to the state budget. Therefore, the government must find funds in the federal budget to finance the changes.

See also:

• The government waited for the election results

  Experts have been talking about the need to raise the retirement age in Russia for a long time. The government and officials did not pedal the topic ... until the presidential elections on March 18, 2018. And after the re-election of Vladimir Putin and the reappointment of Dmitry Medvedev as prime minister, the pension reform was officially announced.



Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

Plus 5 years for men, plus 8 for women

On June 14, 2018, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the draft law on the gradual increase in the retirement age. According to it, the retirement age for men is planned to be increased from 60 to 65 years by 2028, for women - from 55 to 63 years by 2034.



Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

Raising the retirement age in Russia under the guise of the 2018 World Cup

It is noteworthy that the government of the Russian Federation announced plans to raise the retirement age during the 2018 World Cup. According to experts, the authorities have made a safe bet on sports euphoria.



Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

Unions - against the increase

The All-Russian Association of Trade Unions launched a petition addressed to President Putin demanding that the retirement age not be raised. In the first two weeks alone, more than 2.5 million Russians have already signed it.



Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

Retirees ordered to live long

One of the questions that concern citizens in the event of an increase in age is whether they will live to retire. For Russian men here the situation is particularly problematic. Even with the current retirement age of 60, 20-year-old men in Russia have a 68% chance of surviving to that point.



Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

What pensioners are needed in Russia

In general, the prospects for pensioners look like this: the retirement age will increase to 65 for men and 63 for women. The only question is, will life expectancy increase? Today average duration life of men in Russia is 66.5 years, and women - 77.



Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

Response to pension reform, or Protest instead of giving

In response to government plans to raise the retirement age, many Russians took to the streets. The first numerous actions initiated by Alexei Navalny were held on July 1 in three dozen Russian cities. Since then, actions against raising the retirement age have been repeated with noticeable regularity.