A1. The phenomena of the circulation of substances and energy that occur with the participation of living organisms are studied at the level
1) biospheric 3) population-species
2) biogeocenotic 4) organismic
A2. Anthropogenic factors include
1) draining swamps, deforestation, road construction
2) plants, bacteria, fungi, animals, viruses
3) minerals, plants, water salinity, plowing fields
4) air and water temperature, atmospheric pressure
A3. One of the main reasons for the reduction in the species diversity of animals at present is
1) interspecific struggle
2) destruction of animal habitats
3) excessive reproduction of predators
4) the emergence of global epidemics - pandemics
A4. Necessary condition maintaining balance in the biosphere
1) evolution organic world
2) closed circulation of matter and energy
3) strengthening industrial and reducing agricultural economic activity human
4) strengthening agricultural and reducing industrial human activity
A5. In the biosphere
1) plant biomass is equal to animal biomass
2) the biomass of animals is many times greater than the biomass of plants
3) plant biomass is many times greater than animal biomass
4) the ratio of plant and animal biomass is constantly changing
A6. The biosphere is open system, because she is
A7. According to V.I. Vernadsky oxygen is a substance
1) living 2) bioinert 3) biogenic 4) inert
A8. The upper boundary of the biosphere is located at an altitude of 20 km from the Earth's surface, since there
1) there is no oxygen 3) very low temperature
2) there is no light 4) the ozone layer is placed
A9. The shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms and transformed by them is called
1) hydrosphere 2) lithosphere 3) noosphere 4) biosphere
A10. By definition, V.I. Vernadsky, the leading role in the creation of the noosphere belongs to
1) bacteria 2) plants 3) space 4) man
A11. The highest concentration of living matter is observed
1) at the junction of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere
2) in the lower layers of the hydrosphere
3) in the upper atmosphere
4) in the lithosphere at a depth of 200 m
A12. Maintaining balance in the biosphere, its integrity contributes
1) biodiversity conservation
2) introduction of new species into ecosystems
3) creation of agroecosystems
4) expansion of the area of land occupied by cultivated plants
A13. Development of industry, transport, Agriculture taking into account environmental laws - a necessary condition
1) sustainability of the biosphere
2) evolution of the organic world along the path of aromorphosis
3) changes in biogeocenoses
4) self-regulation of numbers in populations
A14. the greenhouse effect in the biosphere causes accumulation in the atmosphere
1) dust 2) toxic substances 3) carbon dioxide 4) nitrogen
A15. The stability of the biosphere as a global ecosystem is determined
1) the diversity of its species composition
2) competition between organisms
3) population waves
4) laws of heredity and variability of organisms
A16. The release of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere causes
1) depletion of the ozone layer 3) acid rain
2) salinization of the world's oceans 4) an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide
A17. Necessary condition sustainable development biosphere -
1) creation of artificial agrocenoses
2) reduction in the number of predatory animals
3) the development of industry, taking into account environmental patterns
4) destruction of insect pests of agricultural crops
A18. In the transformation of the biosphere leading role play
1) living organisms 3) circulation minerals
2) biorhythms 4) self-regulation processes
C1. To preserve and increase fish stocks, certain rules fishing. Explain why fine mesh nets and fishing techniques such as baiting or killing fish should not be used when catching fish explosives. Give at least two reasons.
C2. What consequences can global warming? Give at least three reasons.
Test on the topic "Biosphere - global ecosystem. Biosphere and Man"
Option 2
A1. Currently biggest changes factors in the biosphere
1) biotic 3) anthropogenic
2) abiotic 4) space
A2. The biosphere is considered dynamic system, because she is
1) capable of self-regulation 3) consists of ecosystems
2) is able to change in time 4) is connected with space by metabolism
A3. Life on Earth is impossible without the circulation of substances, in which plants play the role
1) destroyers organic matter 3) producers of organic substances
2) source of mineral substances 4) consumers of organic substances
A4. The founder of the doctrine of the biosphere is
1) V. Dokuchaev 2) E. Haeckel 3) V. Vernadsky 4) C. Darwin
A5. Oil according to V.I. Vernadsky is a substance
1) biogenic 2) living 3) bioinert 4) inert
A6. The biosphere is a global ecosystem structural components which are
1) animal types 3) populations
2) biogeocenoses 4) plant divisions
A7. In the biosphere, animal biomass
1) many times greater than the biomass of plants
2) equal to plant biomass
3) many times less than plant biomass
4) in some periods exceeds the biomass of plants, while in others it does not
A8. The stability of the biosphere is ensured
1) geomagnetic phenomena 3) atmospheric phenomena
2) human economic activity 4) circulation of substances
A9. The lower boundary of the biosphere is located in the lithosphere at a depth
1) 1 km 2) 8 km 3) 5 km 4) 3.5 km
A10. The biological cycle is called continuous movement substances between
1) microorganisms and fungi
2) plants and soil
3) animals, plants and microorganisms
4) plants, animals, microorganisms and soil
A11. Global changes in the biosphere, a decrease in soil fertility caused by human impact, include
1) erosion and salinization, desertification
2) draining swamps
3) creation of artificial reservoirs
4) liming fields
A12. Atmospheric pollution with sulfur and nitrogen oxides contributes to
1) ozone depletion
2) destruction of the structure of the arable layer
3) acid rain and deforestation
4) leaching of nutrients from the soil
A13. Extension ozone holes leads to
1) an increase in air temperature, the frequent appearance of fogs
2) gain ultraviolet radiation harmful to health
3) lowering the temperature and increasing the humidity of the air
4) a decrease in the transparency of the atmosphere and a decrease in the intensity of photosynthesis
A14. Contributes to maintaining balance in the biosphere
1) creation of new varieties of plants and animal breeds
2) the introduction of new species into the ecosystem
4) introduction of low-waste technologies into production
A15. Global changes in the biosphere associated with the death of many organisms due to the appearance of a number of negative mutations in them can lead to
1) greenhouse effect 3) deforestation
2) melting glaciers 4) expanding ozone holes
A16. Global warming on Earth can come as a result of
1) urbanization of landscapes
2) cyclic processes on the Sun
3) melting glaciers
4) greenhouse effect
A17. The greenhouse effect on Earth is a consequence of an increase in the concentration of
1) oxygen 2) carbon dioxide 3) sulfur dioxide 4) water vapor
A18. How to prevent human imbalance in the biosphere?
1) increase the intensity of economic activity
2) increase the biomass productivity of ecosystems
3) take into account environmental patterns in economic activity
4) study the biology of rare and endangered species of plants and animals
C1. What are the features of the biosphere as the shell of the Earth? List at least three features.
C2.
Answers to the test
“The biosphere is a global ecosystem. Biosphere and Man"
Option 1
C1. To preserve and increase fish stocks, certain rules for fishing have been established. Explain why fine-mesh nets and fishing techniques such as pickling or killing fish with explosives should not be used when catching fish. Give at least two reasons.
When using fine-mesh nets, a lot of juvenile fish is caught, which could give a large offspring.
Pickling or jamming with explosives are predatory fishing methods in which many fish die uselessly.
C2.What are the consequences of global warming? Give at least three reasons.
Melting ice, rising sea levels.
Flooding large areas coastal areas densely populated with people.
Climate change and the unpredictability of weather events.
Option 2
C1. What are the features of the biosphere as the shell of the Earth? List at least three features.
flow in the biosphere biochemical processes, the geological activity of all organisms is manifested.
In the biosphere there is a continuous biogenic cycle substances regulated by the activity of organisms.
The biosphere converts the energy of the Sun into the energy of inorganic substances.
C2. Explain how acid rain damages plants. Give at least three reasons.
Directly damage the organs and tissues of plants.
Pollute the soil, reduce fertility.
Reduce plant productivity.
Productivity of the biosphere
The productivity of the biosphere is the total increase in its biomass within 1 year. According to the latest calculations (Whittaker, 1980), the annual (primary) production of plants is 170 10 9 tons (dry weight) and contains about 300-500 10 21 J of energy. Of this amount, 117 10 9 tons fall on the share of land phytocenoses. The largest part this amount (74 10 9 tons) is provided by forests, especially in the tropical zone. Animal production (secondary) is about 909 10 6 tons on land and 3025 10 6 tons - in the oceans, a total of 3934 10 6 tons annually.
Ecological dictionary. - Alma-Ata: "Science". B.A. Bykov. 1983
See what "Biosphere Productivity" is in other dictionaries:
Reproduction of the biomass of plants, microorganisms and animals that are part of a particular ecosystem; usually expressed in the mass of products per year per unit area or unit volume (water, soil); in more narrow sense reproduction of wild ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Reproduction of the biomass of plants, microorganisms and animals that are part of a particular ecosystem; usually expressed in the mass of products per year per unit area or unit volume (water, soil); in a narrower sense, the reproduction of wild ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Reproduction of biomass of rny, microorganisms and zhny, which are part of a particular ecosystem; usually expressed in the mass of products per year per unit area or unit volume (water, soil); in a narrower sense, the reproduction of wild women ... ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
- (from Bio ... and ... Logia is a set of sciences about wildlife. The subject of study is B. all manifestations of life: the structure and functions of living beings and their natural communities, their distribution, origin and development, connections with each other and with the inanimate ... ...
Ecosystem, or ecological system (from other Greek οἶκος dwelling, residence and σύστημα system) biological system, consisting of a community of living organisms (biocenosis), their habitat (biotope), a system of connections, ... ... Wikipedia
- (from the Greek. óikos dwelling, residence and ... Logia) biological science, which studies the organization and functioning of supraorganismal systems various levels: populations, species, biocenoses (communities), ecosystems, biogeocenoses and biosphere. ... ... Big soviet encyclopedia
I Earth (from the common Slavic earth floor, bottom) the third planet in order from the Sun solar system, astronomical sign ⊕ or, ♀. I. Introduction Z. ranks fifth in size and mass among major planets, but from the planets t ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (IBP; International Biological Program, IBP) a multi-year program to study on a planetary scale the biological productivity (See Biological Productivity) of natural and man-made plant and animal communities ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Mathematics Scientific research in the field of mathematics began to be carried out in Russia in the 18th century, when L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, and other Western European scientists became members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. According to the plan of Peter I, academicians foreigners ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Natural resources- (Natural Resources) Usage History natural resources, world natural resources Classification of natural resources, natural resources of Russia, the problem of the exhaustibility of natural resources, the rational use of natural resources ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor
Books
- Organic matter and the granulometric system of the soil, Z. S. Artemyeva. The monograph summarizes data on the problem of organo-mineral interactions in soil. It is shown that the distribution of organic matter in the soil by different structural fractions is…
Test option number 1
(theme "Biosphere")
The test consists of 3 parts.
1. ecosystem 3) biosphere
2. noosphere 4) view
2. changes their habitat
1. hydrosphere 3) lithosphere
1. more simple
1. biogeocenosis 3) biosphere
1. animals 3) mushrooms
2. bacteria 4) plants
1. type of animal 3) kingdom
1. oxygen 3) climate
A. plants D. bacteria
What is the biomass of the land surface, soil and oceans?
Test option number 2
(theme "Biosphere")
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them, you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
or a choice of several correct answers;
tasks for establishing correspondences of positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
sequencing tasks biological phenomena or processes
The third part (under the letter "C") includes a detailed answer to the question posed.
1. creation of nature reserves
1. biogeocenoses 3) biorhythms
1. biosphere 3) biosphere
3. declining biodiversity
3. space energy
4. solar energy
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
The doctrine of the biosphere.
Test option number 3
(theme "Biosphere")
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them, you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
or a choice of several correct answers;
tasks for establishing correspondences of positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
Tasks for determining the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
The third part (under the letter "C") includes a detailed answer to the question posed.
4. enhance photosynthesis
1. reserve 3) community
1. gas 3) storage
1. reserves 3) reserves
2. biogeocenoses 4) natural parks
IN 1. Pick a few correct statements. The gas function of living matter includes the following processes:
G. breathing process
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
Test option number 4
(theme "Biosphere")
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them, you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
or a choice of several correct answers;
tasks for establishing correspondences of positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
Tasks for determining the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
The third part (under the letter "C") includes a detailed answer to the question posed.
A1. Set of populations different types, interconnected by food and energy ties, as well as with the factors inanimate nature, circulation of substances, long time living in a certain area are called:
1. ecosystem 3) biosphere
2. noosphere 4) view
A2. In the cycle of substances, the most important role is played by:
1. abiotic factors 3) living organisms
2. anthropogenic factors 4) biological rhythms
A3. The main reason for the reduction in the number of species on Earth in the twentieth century is the action of the anthropogenic factor, since it:
1. weakens competition between species
2. changes their habitat
3. Promotes the lengthening of food chains
4. affects seasonal changes in nature
A4. The youngest of all spheres of the Earth is the biosphere, since it arose only with the advent of:
1. hydrosphere 3) lithosphere
2. atmosphere 4) life on Earth
A5. The reason for the decline in soil fertility under human influence is:
1. application of fertilizers 3) erosion, salinization
2. creation of forest belts in the steppe 4) alternation of cultivated cultivated plants
A6. Biotechnological methods of food production are more efficient because they:
1. more simple
2. allow you to get environmentally friendly products
3. does not require special conditions
4. does not require skilled labor
A7. The ecosystem created by man for growing cultivated plants is called:
1. biogeocenosis 3) biosphere
2. agrocenosis 4) experimental station
A8. In most ecosystems, the initial source of organic matter and energy is:
1. animals 3) mushrooms
2. bacteria 4) plants
A9. The source of energy for photosynthesis in plants is light, which is attributed to the factors:
1. non-periodic 3) abiotic
2. anthropogenic 4) biotic
A10. During the existence of the biosphere, living organisms have repeatedly used the same chemical elements due to:
1. synthesis of substances by organisms 3) circulation of substances
2. splitting of substances by organisms 4) constant supply of substances from the Cosmos
A11. The structural and functional unit of the biosphere is
1. type of animal 3) kingdom
2. plant department 4) biogeocenosis
A12. The reason for the negative human impact on the biosphere, manifested in the violation of the oxygen cycle, is:
1. creation of artificial reservoirs 3) reduction of forest area
2. land irrigation 4) drainage of swamps
A13. What function of living matter underlies its ability to accumulate chemical elements from environment?
1. gas 3) concentration
2. redox 4) biogeochemical
A14. In the circulation of substances and the transformation of energy in the biosphere, the following are most actively involved:
1. oxygen 3) climate
2. living matter 4) the warmth of the earth's interior
IN 1. Choose a few correct statements. The biosphere includes:
A. plants D. bacteria
B. bioinert substance E. biogenic substance
B. living matter E. inert matter
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
What are the reasons for the stability of the biosphere?
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
What are the main functions of the living matter of the biosphere?
Test option number 5
(theme "Biosphere")
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them, you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
or a choice of several correct answers;
tasks for establishing correspondences of positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
Tasks for determining the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
The third part (under the letter "C") includes a detailed answer to the question posed.
A1. In preserving the diversity of plant and animal species in the biosphere, the following is of great importance:
1. creation of nature reserves
2. expansion of the area of agrocenoses
3. Increasing the productivity of agrocenoses
4. pest control of agricultural plants
A2. A closed, balanced cycle of substances in an ecosystem causes:
1. self-regulation 3) ecosystem changes
2. population fluctuations 4) ecosystem stability
A3. Russian scientist V.I. Vernadsky created the doctrine of:
1. biogeocenoses 3) biorhythms
2. the leading role of living matter in the biosphere 4) photoperiodism
A4. The introduction of low-waste technologies in industrial production allows:
1. protect the biosphere from pollution
2. increase the productivity of agrocenoses
3. accelerate the circulation of substances in the biosphere
4. slow down the circulation of substances in the biosphere
A5. A coniferous forest is inhabited by many species related to each other and to factors of inanimate nature, therefore it is called:
1. biosphere 3) biosphere
2. biogeocenosis 4) reserve
A6. The greatest role in the cycle of substances is played by
1. abiotic factors 3) anthropogenic factors
2. limiting factors 4) living matter
A7. The removal of a significant amount of biomass from the ecosystem by humans makes the cycle of substances unbalanced, which causes:
1. unstable ecosystem 3) self-regulation in the ecosystem
2. stable ecosystem 4) population increase
A8. The mass of living matter in the biosphere is very small, but it plays huge role in…
1. creation of the lithosphere 3) creation of the oceans
2. transformation of matter and energy 4) formation of continents
A9. The negative consequences of human impact on the biosphere are manifested in:
1. change atmospheric pressure
2. regulation of the population size of game animals
3. declining biodiversity
4. creation of new varieties of plants and animal breeds
A10. Change by organisms in the process of life of the habitat in the ecosystem is the cause of:
1. the circulation of substances 3) the emergence of adaptations in organisms
2. changes in ecosystems 4) the emergence of new species
A11. Industrial waste - salt heavy metals: lead, cadmium - cause poisoning in people, the birth of freaks, getting into their body:
1. in the process of reproduction 3) with inhaled air
2. by supply chains 4) with sewage
A12. For the first time the name "Biosphere" was given:
1. To Linnaeus 3) V.I. Vernadsky
2. J.B. Lamarck 4) V.N. Sukachev
A13. The biosphere exists mainly due to:
1. space energy and intraplanetary thermal energy
2. intraplanetary thermal energy
3. space energy
4. solar energy
A14. The upper limit of the biosphere is limited by:
1. bird height 3) ozone layer
2. spore detection height 4) no upper limit
IN 1. Choose a few correct statements. The functions of living matter in the biosphere include:
A. accumulative G. concentration
B. redox E. gas
B. conductive E. oxidative
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
What is the significance of the circulation of substances in nature for the existence of the biosphere? Give examples.
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
The doctrine of the biosphere.
Test option number 6
(theme "Biosphere")
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them, you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
or a choice of several correct answers;
tasks for establishing correspondences of positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
Tasks for determining the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
The third part (under the letter "C") includes a detailed answer to the question posed.
A1. The process of periodic decrease in population under the influence of environmental factors to a certain limit and its subsequent increase is called:
1. biological rhythm 3) self-regulation
2. circulation of substances 4) migration of atoms
A2. The process of destruction of organic substances by decomposers to inorganic substances and their return to the environment is an important link in:
1. metabolism 3) circulation of substances
2. self-regulation 4) seasonal changes in the life of organisms
A3. Mass cutting of dominant, habitat-forming tree species in the forest can lead to:
1. strengthening the circulation of substances 3) lengthening food chains
2. the emergence of food chains 4) ecosystem changes
A4. Acid rain, which is formed as a result of atmospheric pollution with nitrogen and sulfur oxides, leads to:
1. improving the mineral nutrition of plants
2. Forest loss in several regions the globe
3. improve water metabolism in plants
4. enhance photosynthesis
A5. Photosynthesis and respiration are attributed to the functions of living matter:
1. redox 3) biogeochemical
2. gas 4) concentration
A6. In many countries of the world, "green" parties have been created, whose actions are aimed at:
1. protection of the biosphere 3) protection of human rights to fresh air
2. refusal to use any technology 4) suspension of the development of the biosphere
A7. Ecosystems where shooting is prohibited rare species animals, collection of plants, called:
1. reserve 3) community
2. agroecosystem 4) forest park
A8. A large species diversity, self-regulation, a balanced circulation of substances are signs of:
1. agroecosystem 3) unstable ecosystem
2. sustainable ecosystem 4) ecosystem development
A9. The ability of organisms to convert one substance into another and the formation of salts, oxides is the function of living matter:
1. gas 3) storage
2. concentration 4) redox
A10. The biosphere as a global ecosystem consists of:
1. biotic and chemical components
2. biotic and dead components
3. living and chemical components
4. Biotic and abiotic components
A11. The living matter of the biosphere is formed by a combination of individuals of all types:
1. animals, including humans 3) plants and humans
2. plants and animals 4) living organisms inhabiting the planet and humans
A12. Biogenic migration of atoms is called ... circulation:
1. biochemical 3) biogeochemical
2. chemical 4) biological
A13. All kinds of plants and animals and their natural environment protected in:
1. reserves 3) reserves
2) biogeocenoses 4) natural parks
A14. Despite the constant use by plants of inorganic substances absorbed from the soil, their supply in the soil does not dry out, as the following occurs:
1. metabolism 3) circulation of substances
2. change of biogeocenoses 4) self-regulation
IN 1. Choose a few correct statements. The gas functions of living matter include the following processes:
A. the return of molecular nitrogen to the atmosphere by bacteria
B. assimilation of atmospheric molecular nitrogen by nodule bacteria
B. the ability to accumulate a certain substance in the cells of horsetails and sedges
G. breathing process
E. accumulation of iodine in the cells of the seaweed kelp
E. accumulation of chemicals in the cells of organisms
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
Name the components and boundaries of the biosphere.
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
What are the reasons for the stability of the biosphere?
Key answers to tests on the biosphere.
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| IN 1 | BVDE | GDD | ABG |
1- all plants and animals 2- multicellular organisms 3- microorganisms 4-living organisms 2. The boundaries of the biosphere are determined 1- conditions unsuitable for life 2- fluctuations in positive temperatures 3- amount of precipitation 4- cloudiness of the atmosphere 3. In accordance with the ideas of V.I. Vernadsky are classified as bioinert bodies 1- soil 2- minerals 3- atmospheric gases 4- animals 4. The redox function of the planet's biosphere is connected 1- with the evolution of living organisms 2- with climatic conditions 3- with the metabolism and energy 4- with the development of new habitats by organisms 5. The biosphere covers the whole 1- atmosphere 2- lithosphere 3- hydrosphere 4- atmosphere and hydrosphere 6. In the biosphere 1- Animal biomass is many times greater than plant biomass 2- plant biomass is many times higher than animal biomass 3- plant biomass is equal to animal biomass 4- the ratio of plant and animal biomass changes over time 7. The composition of the biosphere includes 1- living matter and bio-inert bodies 2- living and inert matter 3- bio-inert and inert matter 4- living and inert matter, bio-inert bodies 8. Nodule bacteria, using the molecular nitrogen of the atmosphere for the synthesis of organic substances, perform the function in the biosphere 1 - concentration 2 - gas 3 - oxidizing 4 - reduction 9. The bulk of ocean biomass is 1- plants 2- animals 3- fungi 4- bacteria 10. The biosphere is a system that unites 1- living organisms 2- geospheres of the earth 3- living and non-living natural systems 4 planets of the solar system 11 What is the process of vital activity in some protozoa animals that ensures their concentration function in the biosphere 1- reproduction 2- growth 3- nutrition 4- movement 12. Lack of any gas in primary atmosphere limited the development of life 1- hydrogen 2- oxygen 3- nitrogen 4- methane 13. Thanks to plants and some bacteria, there was an accumulation in the earth's atmosphere 1- hydrogen 2- carbon dioxide 3- oxygen 4- nitrogen 14. Which of the scientists first suggested the composition of the primary atmosphere 1- S. Miller 2- A.I. Oparin 3- F Redi 4- L. Pasteur 15. L. Pasteur's contribution to the development of ideas about the development of life on Earth is that he 1- proved the existence of spontaneous generation of life 2- proved the impossibility of spontaneous generation of microorganisms 3- experimentally proved the possibility biochemical evolution 4- proved the impossibility of the emergence of life in water 16. Coacervates, according to the theory of A. I. Oparin, are the precursors of cellular life forms, knock out a sign that was absent in coacervates. 1- concentration chemical elements 2- reproduction of the molecules that make up them 3- separation of large droplets into small ones 4- exchange of substances with the environment 17. According to the panspermia hypothesis, life 1- arose as a result of biochemical evolution 2- created in a supernatural way 3- brought to the planet from space 4- arose many times as a result of spontaneous generation 18. Establish the correct sequence of occurrence of the main stages of life on Earth 1- emergence of self-reproducing molecules 2- concentration organic molecules and formation of biopolymers 3- the appearance of the first cells 4- abiogenic synthesis of low molecular weight organic molecules from inorganic 19. Which process promotes the repeated use by plants of the same chemical elements absorbed from the soil 1- root pressure 2- photosynthesis 3- self-regulation 4- circulation of substances 20. In the transformation of the biosphere, the main role is played by 1- living organisms 2- biorhythms 3- circulation of mineral substances 4- processes of self-regulation 21. The energy necessary for the circulation of substances is drawn from space 1- plants in the process of photosynthesis 2- putrefactive bacteria 3- nodule bacteria and 4- heterotrophic organisms 22. The use of oxygen in the process of respiration and the release of oxygen by it in the process of photosynthesis indicate their participation 1- in the creation of organic substances 2- the destruction of organic substances to mineral 3- in the formation of food chains 4- in the circulation of substances 23. Due to photosynthesis occurring in plant cells, all living organisms are provided with 1- oxygen 2- mineral salts 3- hormones 4- enzymes 24. The primary consumers in the biosphere are 25. Producers of organic substances in the biosphere are 1- producers 2- decomposers 3- consumer s of the 1st order 4- consumers of the 2nd order 26. The highest productivity in the biosphere 1- have areas occupied by land 2- have areas occupied by the ocean 3- neither land nor oceans possess (equal in productivity) 4- Possess different plots, depending on their location 27. The biosphere is called an open system because it 1- changes significantly over time 2- consists of structural elements - biogeocenoses 3- linked to outer space metabolism and energy 4- capable of self-regulation and has stability 28. What factor directly determines the stability and integrity of the biosphere? 1- diversity of living beings 2- adaptive abilities of living organisms 3- movement of chemical elements along food chains 4- interaction of living organisms with abiotic factors environments 29. The solution of the problem of sustainable development of the biosphere contributes 1- reduction in the number of species 2- introduction of new species into communities 3- destruction of pests of agricultural crops 4- elimination of environmental pollution 30. The main role in biological cycle substances play (-et) 1- nutritional relationships of organisms 2- distribution of living organisms on the planet 3- vital activity of all organisms on the planet 4- struggle of organisms with adverse conditions 31. The biosphere is called dynamic system, because she 1- formed by ecosystems 2- not a self-regulating system 3- changes in time 4- is connected with outer space by the metabolism and energy 32. The main difference between the biosphere and other shells of the Earth is that 1- geochemical processes do not occur in the biosphere, but only biological evolution 2- only geological evolution is characteristic of the biosphere 3- geological and biological evolution are going on simultaneously 4- biological evolution renders strong influence on the geological evolution ^ Test control knowledge on the topic "Circulation of substances in nature" 1. In the transformation of the biosphere, the main role is played by 1-living organisms 2-chemical processes 3- physical processes 4- mechanical phenomena 2. To irreplaceable energy resources on Earth are 1-oil 2-peat 3-wood 4-wind 3. What process facilitates the repeated use of the same chemical elements absorbed from the soil by plants? 1-root pressure 2-photosynthesis 3-self-regulation 4-circulation of substances 4. The circulation of substances is consumed solar energy, which is involved in this process 1- nodule bacteria 2- fungi 3- plants 4- animals 5. Carbon dioxide enters the biosphere as a result of 1- photosynthesis 2- recovery of minerals 3- putrefaction of organic residues 4- lightning discharges in the atmosphere 6. Nodule bacteria play important role in the biosphere, participating in the circulation 1- carbon 2- phosphorus 3- nitrogen 4- oxygen 7. What is the main source of energy that ensures the circulation of substances in ecosystems 1- ATP 2- sunlight 3- living organisms 4- organic matter 8. Biogenic migration in the biosphere is a cycle 1- organic substances that make up living organisms 2- inorganic substances that make up living organisms 3- chemical elements that make up living organisms 4- organic and inorganic substances that make up living organisms 9. The cycle of substances in the biosphere provides 1- soil depletion 2- accumulation of inert gases in the atmosphere 3- water pollution 4- repeated use of chemical elements by organisms 10. The bulk of nitrogen is involved in the cycle due to 1- its free entry into the body of animals 2- the process of photosynthesis 3- the activity of bacteria 4- the formation of nitric oxide during thunderstorms 11. In the process of carbon cycle in the biosphere, 1- nitrates and nitrites 2- coal and oil 3- iron ores 4- silica 12. Included in the nitrogen cycle 1- deposits of limestone and marble 2- vegetable proteins 3- oil fields 4- natural gas fields "Man as an inhabitant of the biosphere"
3- increase in the content of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere 4- increase in carbon dioxide content and smoke in the atmosphere 2. Global changes in the atmosphere include 1- air pollution by industrial waste in certain regions 2- soil pollution in rural areas water-washed fertilizers, pesticides 3- reduction in world stocks fresh water 3. How to prevent human imbalance in the biosphere? 1- increase the intensity of economic activity 2- increase biomass productivity of ecosystems 3- take into account environmental patterns in economic activity 4- study the biology of rare and endangered species of plants and animals 4. The greenhouse effect can contribute rapid development plants in the biosphere, because it leads 1- to an increase in the density of the atmosphere 2- to a decrease in the transparency of the atmosphere 3- to the constant accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere 4- to the constant accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere 5. To the number of global environmental issues do not apply 1- ozone depletion 2- greenhouse effect 3- environmental pollution 4- increase in the number of populations of certain species 6. Acid rain is caused by emissions 1- carbon dioxide 2- sulfur dioxide 3- freon 4- chlorine-containing gases 7. How does the drainage of swamps in the upper reaches affect the state of forests located in the lower reaches 1- improves 2- does not affect at all 3- does not significantly affect 4- affects slightly 8. Which of the adverse effects on the biosphere increases the rate of photosynthesis 1- pollution of the environment by chemicals 2- destruction of the ozone layer 3- greenhouse effect 4- acid rain 9. How did V.I.Vernadsky call the state of the biosphere, the development of which is controlled by man? 1- anthroposphere 2- noosphere 3- cosmosphere 4- astrosphere 10 The reason for the global ecological crisis in present era it could be considered 1- overgrazing on pastures 2- volcanic activity 3- reduction of the planet's biodiversity 4- river floods during floods 11. The greenhouse effect in the biosphere is the result of an increase in the atmosphere 1- dust 2- toxic substances 3- carbon dioxide 4- nitrogen 12. The action of anthropog. factor is not of a regular nature, therefore, in individuals of the population 1- adaptations are formed to it 2- adaptations cannot be formed to it 3- there are mutations useful for an individual of the population 4- there are modifications useful for the individual 13. In recreation areas, a change in biogeocenosis is gradually taking place under the influence 1- weathering 2- trampling 3- warming 4- changes in humidity 14. The best way to participate individual person in the conservation of the biosphere is 1- refusal to use transport 2- suppression of any poaching 3- implementation of environmental laws 4- reducing the amount of garbage 15.Global environmental issues include 1- epidemic caused by a new virus 2- depletion of the ozone layer 3- breeding of new species of domestic animals 4- weathering of rocks 16. The greenhouse effect is caused by emissions into the atmosphere 1- helium 2- CO2 3- chlorofluorocarbons 4- freons 17. How does the construction of artificial reservoirs affect the condition of nearby forests? 1 - significantly affects 2 - does not significantly affect 3 - does not affect at all 4 - improves 18. The negative result of human economic activity is the transformation of complex ecological systems into simple ones, which are characterized 1- high productivity 2- poor species composition 3- stability 4- diverse species composition Answer cipher on the topic “Circulation of substances in the biosphere. Man as an inhabitant of the biosphere
More recently, the hopes of mankind in terms of solving food problem due to population growth, they were associated with the ocean, which occupies about 70% of the Earth's surface. It was believed that the sea is about two times more fertile than the land. There are more nutrients there, plants do not need hard tissues to reach for the sun, and branched roots to reach for moisture, temperatures are more stable, etc. In the ocean, the rate of renewal of living matter is very high, so that vegetation can produce up to fifty generations during the year. Therefore, for example, whales grow up and become mature not in 30-40 years, like elephants, but in just two years. It would seem that everything is logical. However, a more detailed study sea spaces, conducted in 1964-1974 as part of the International Biological Program, showed that the sea is significantly inferior to land in terms of average productivity. Despite its size, the sea produces only 55 billion tons of clean water per year. primary production, while the land gives 115 billion tons per year. Indeed, some areas of the ocean, especially tropical coastal (shelf) zones, especially at the confluence major rivers(estuaries), as well as coral reefs and kelp beds, are the most productive. The net primary productivity of estuaries is 200...3500 with an average of 1500 per year, the productivity of coral reefs and algal beds is 500...4000 with an average of 2500 per year. Only humid tropical and subtropical evergreen forests have the same productivity on land (1000 ... 3500 on average 2200 per year). This is comparable to the productivity of well-subsidized agrocenoses, which can reach 3500 per year (the productivity of unsubsidized and poorly subsidized agrocenoses can drop to 100 per year, on average this value is 650 per year). However, the total area of estuaries, reefs and algal beds is very small and their total net productivity is about 3.7 billion tons per year, while tropical and subtropical forests provide about 37.4 billion tons per year of net production. All other coastal waters are characterized by lower primary net productivity (200…600 on average 360 per year). However, in upwelling regions (fertile areas of the ocean with a natural influx of nutrients due to the upward movement water masses from the bottom to the surface, caused, for example, ocean currents) this figure is increasing (400…1000 on average 500 per year). As for the spaces open ocean, then these ecosystems are characterized by extremely low productivity of about 2…400 on average 125 per year. This is almost 2 times lower than the average gross primary productivity throughout the biosphere, which is 333 per year. A lower rate of 10 ... 250 on average 90 per year is typical only for deserts and semi-deserts. Even in the tundra, the productivity is somewhat higher (10…400 on average 140 per year). For comparison, forest productivity temperate zone is 600 ... 2500 on average 1200 per year, taiga - 400 ... 2000 on average 800 per year. So low productivity ocean is explained by the fact that the bulk of the ocean water is very poor in life. All producers live in the upper layer of water. In more fertile coastal zones, this layer does not exceed 30 m; in the poorer waters of the open ocean, the zone of producers can extend down to 100 m. This is due to the fact that the peak of photosynthesis occurs in the uppermost layers of water and its intensity rapidly decreases with increasing depth. The main producer in the sea is phytoplankton, that is, small algae floating in the water column, giving it a greenish color. Here, in surface areas rich in phytoplankton, the bulk of animals live, for which phytoplankton is the main supplier of primary production. All these organisms form the so-called surface or planktonic film of life. In addition to the surface, in the ocean it is also customary to distinguish the bottom or benthic film of life, which exists mainly due to the sedimentation of dead matter from the surface film to the bottom. Due to the impossibility of photosynthesis at great depths, this film is inhabited by benthos, that is, benthic life forms, which are mainly heterotrophs. Other types of deep-sea near-bottom ecosystems are also possible, existing due to the production of chemosynthesis, which binds the energy of the earth's interior. Here, in addition to heterotrophs, there are also autotrophs. But these ecosystems are still very little studied. Similar films or thickenings of life can also be distinguished on land. This is primarily a surface film of life, enclosed between the surface of the soil and upper bound vegetation cover. This is, in fact, the kind of life that we face every day. More hidden from us is the second, soil film of life, inhabited by plant roots, as well as moles, earthworms, insect larvae, etc., but the main population of this film is microorganisms. Despite the small thickness, which is determined mainly by the thickness of the soil layer, this film is characterized by a greater diversity of life than the surface film. Suffice it to say that millions of insects, hundreds of earthworms, hundreds of millions of microorganisms can be counted on 1 soil. For the first time, these films, as the most important centers of concentration of life, were identified by V.I. Vernadsky. Such a film organization of life is not at all accidental. For the biosphere in general, the concentration of life is subject to the so-called edge effect: the greatest concentration of life is usually confined to the boundaries of the environments of life. This may be the surface of the ocean or soil, the bottom of the sea, as well as other boundaries of the different kind, for example, the edge of a forest, a river floodplain, a seashore, etc. Common name borders of this kind are called ecotones. The more abruptly the external environment changes, the more distinct are the boundaries of communities on both sides of the ecotone. Ecotone communities contain, in addition to the organisms of contacting communities, also organisms that are characteristic only for the ecotone, which are not found outside the ecotone. The fact is that many types of organisms on different stages life cycle very different conditions are required, which is most successfully realized in ecotones. For example, many insect larvae develop in water while adults live on land; some birds need trees for nesting and meadows for food, etc. Therefore, the number of species and the density of populations in an ecotone are often higher than in contact communities. The edge effect is especially pronounced at the boundaries of three or more media, for example, a river delta (river - sea - land - air). Man has always sought to settle along the banks of rivers and seas. If there was a forest nearby, then he sought to preserve the forest edge community around him, reducing the forest to small plots interspersed with meadows and agricultural land. This gave him the opportunity to enjoy the benefits of all these communities. True, there is a limit to everything. For example, an excessive increase in the perimeter of the forest due to the increase in the number of edges can lead to a decrease in the productivity of the forest. Among the most typical natural local concentrations of life in the ocean, caused by the edge effect, the following can be distinguished: 1. Coastal zones of the ocean. The bulk of living matter in the sea is concentrated near the shore, where feeding conditions are favorable. It is in the area continental shelf all major fisheries in the world are concentrated. In the coastal zone, littoral regions can be distinguished, that is, a narrow tidal zone with a periodically changing environment. Particularly productive areas coastal zone are estuaries - systems formed at the confluence of rivers, the length of which is the greater, the greater the removal of nutrients from land. 2. Upwelling zones. The upwelling process consists of bringing cold deep water rich in accumulated, well-mixed nutrients to the surface. It usually happens where the winds are constantly driving away surface water from the steep coastline. At the same time, a special kind of cyclonic currents is formed in the ocean, washing the shores of the continents. These zones are most intensively used for fishing. It is interesting that the coastal regions of the land, due to the predominance of winds blowing towards the sea and carrying away moisture from the land, are often deserts. 3. Coral reefs. The coral reef system is formed on the basis of some algae and coelenterates that have evolved together with each other. The result is an efficient nutrient cycling mechanism that allows the entire system to maintain very high productivity in waters with a relatively low content of these elements. They usually form in areas with favorable temperature regime. They are characterized by a huge species diversity and richness of various kinds of symbioses, due to which they have a very high coefficient of emergence, which contributes to one of the most high performance productivity. 4. Sargasso condensations. Are being created in large numbers floating algae, most often Sargasso (in the Sargasso Sea) or Phyllophora (in the Black Sea). 5. Rift deep-sea concentrations. These concentrations were discovered only in the 70s. They exist in total darkness at exit points. hot water from bottom faults (rifts), rich in mineral salts and sulfur. The main supplier of primary products for these ecosystems are chemosynthetic sulfur bacteria that release energy from sulfur compounds. Large multicellular organisms either feed on these bacteria, or these bacteria live in their intestines, forming a unique symbiosis, apparently characteristic of ancient life, developed at the expense of the Earth's own energy. We still know very little about this life. However, quite a variety of sensational reports have already accumulated, which require careful verification, about the possible presence of highly organized life forms in these ecosystems. On land, one can also distinguish a number of local concentrations of life associated with the edge effect: 1. Ecosystems of tropical and subtropical coasts of the seas. Their high productivity is associated with an optimal, fairly stable temperature regime and high humidity. These ecosystems are especially rich if they are separated from the continental region by mountains that do not let clouds out beyond these zones. 2. Ecosystems of river floodplains periodically flooded during floods. These floodplains are well fertilized with silt, and with it organic and biogenic substances. Particularly productive are river deltas, in which, due to the matter brought from the entire drainage basin, including nutrients, entire islands are formed. 3. Ecosystems of small ponds and lakes. Especially productive is a pond located, for example, on the edge of a forest clearing. The presence of a reservoir helps to stabilize the balance ground water in the vicinity of a reservoir, softens the microclimate, having a beneficial effect on the surrounding vegetation. At the same time, the forest supplies the pond with nutrients (fallen leaves, branches, etc.). Polyana provides the most favorable conditions for the existence of animals, mainly birds and insects, whose larvae develop in the pond. Large animals coming to the watering place fertilize the clearing with their excrement. Of particular note are the ecosystems of humid tropical and subtropical forests located in continental zone. Although the edge effect is more difficult to trace here, nevertheless, they have a productivity that is practically not inferior to the productivity of a coral reef. The secret here is the same as in coral reef systems, namely: a high emergence rate due to a large number symbiotic bonds. In other words, a tropical forest is a well-functioning organism, able to exist even in conditions of poverty of fresh nutrients, whose life depends little on "vicissitudes" external environment. As in any living organism, internal cycles of substances, unique chains of transformation and energy transfer are organized in it. If one day all these interconnections are destroyed, then such a system will not be able to recreate itself anew, even if we provide everything for this. necessary components. Just as it is impossible to create living cell, bringing together everything that it should consist of, just as it is impossible to carry out the experiment of Dr. Frankenstein (create a living person from fragments of various corpses).  
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