VLADIMIR REGION, subject of the Russian Federation. Located in the central part European territory Russian Federation. Included in the Central federal district. The area is 29 thousand km 2. The population is 1487.2 thousand people (2005; 1211 thousand people in 1926; 1405 thousand people in 1959; 1654 thousand people in 1989). Administrative center- Vladimir city. Administrative-territorial division: 16 districts, 23 cities, 21 urban-type settlements.

Government departments. The system of public authorities is determined by the Charter (Basic Law) of the Vladimir Region (2001). State power is exercised by the Legislative Assembly of the region, the administration, and other bodies of state power formed in accordance with the Charter of the region. The Legislative Assembly is the highest legislative (representative) body of state power in the region. Consists of 38 deputies elected for 4 years. A deputy can work on a professional permanent basis (the number of deputies working on a professional permanent basis is established by the Legislative Assembly, but not more than 10 people). The Administration of the Vladimir Region is the highest executive body of state power in the region. It is headed by the governor (head of administration) - the highest official of the region, empowered by the Legislative Assembly of the region on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

Nature. Relief. The Vladimir Region is located in the central part of the East European Plain. AT general plan the relief is represented by a slightly hilly plain, inclined from the northwest to the southeast. The most elevated extreme north-west of the Vladimir region is confined to the north-eastern tip of the Klin-Dmitrov ridge (271 m - the highest point of the region). In the northwestern part of the Vladimir region, within the Smolensk-Moscow Upland, a moraine-erosion hilly relief is developed. To the southeast, in the interfluve of the Kirzhach and the Nerl, the upland is replaced by the undulating plain of the Vladimir Opol'e (up to 238 m high), a strongly dissected ravine-beam network. In the southern part of the region there is a flat, in some places slightly hilly, swampy Meshcherskaya lowland. The eastern part of the territory of the Vladimir region is an outwash flat-wavy low-lying plain up to 184 m high, the relief of which is complicated by karst funnels and hollows. In the north of the region, between the Nerl and Klyazma rivers, and in the extreme northeast, in the Lukh river basin, there are slightly hilly and flat water-glacial and alluvial, heavily swampy lowlands.

Geological structure and minerals. The Vladimir region is part of the eastern part of the Moscow syneclise of the Russian plate of the ancient East European platform. In the eastern part of the region, the Oka-Tsninsky swell extends submeridionally, manifested in the Carboniferous deposits of the platform cover (represented mainly by carbonate rocks). Quaternary glacial, water-glacial, eolian-deluvial, lacustrine-river and bog deposits are widespread on the territory of the Vladimir region, overlying the older Carboniferous, Permian and Cretaceous deposits of the platform cover. Deposits of natural building materials (limestone, quartz sand, various clays, etc.) are known; brown iron deposits. The Vladimir region has significant reserves of peat and sapropel.

Climate. Natural conditions are favorable for the life of the population. Characterized moderately continental climate with warm summers, moderately cold winters, well-defined transitional seasons. Average January temperatures range from -11°С in the northwest of the Vladimir region to -12°С in the southeast; in July - from 17.5 to 18.5°С. Precipitation per year from 550 to 600 mm; maximum precipitation occurs in summer. In winter, a stable snow cover forms. The duration of the growing season is 160-180 days.

Inland waters. Most of the territory of the Vladimir region belongs to the basin of the Klyazma River, the main left tributary of the Oka. The most numerous and abundant are the left tributaries of the Klyazma, including the Kirzhach, Peksha, and Koloksha, which flow entirely within the region. The largest right tributary of the Klyazma in the Vladimir region is the Sudogda. The Oka River flows along the southeastern border of the region, navigable throughout its entire length within the Vladimir region (157 km). The rivers have a flat course; wide valleys and winding channels; The water regime of the rivers is characterized by high spring floods, low summer-autumn low water with individual floods during heavy rains, and stable winter low water. There are many lakes, mainly of glacial (mainly in the Meshcherskaya lowland) and floodplain (in the Oka and Klyazma valleys) origin, in the east of the region there are karst lakes.

Soils, flora and fauna. On the territory of the Vladimir region, soddy-podzolic soils of predominantly sandy and sandy composition predominate; within the Meshchera lowland and other low plains and lowlands, bog-podzolic and bog peat soils are common. On the plains of the Vladimir Opol'e, the most fertile light gray and gray forest soils within the Vladimir region were formed on mantle loams. Alluvial soddy soils are developed in the Oka and Klyazma valleys.

The Vladimir region is located in the zone of mixed forests; Forests occupy over 55% of the territory. Pine forests predominate - about 52% of forests, small-leaved forests (birch and aspen forests) occupy about 35%, spruce forests, characteristic mainly of the northwestern part, - 9%. In the floodplains of the rivers there are alder forests. Oak and linden forests were cut down in the 19th century and are represented by separate groves and copses. Lowland swamps are widespread in the southern part of the region, and floodplain meadows are found in river valleys. The old-developed landscapes of the Vladimirsky Opolye have long been famous for their garden plantations: in the 17th century, the famous winter-hardy variety of Vladimir cherry was bred, since the 19th century, Nevezhinskaya mountain ash has been known.

Elk, wolf, raccoon dog, fox, lynx, white hare, etc. have been preserved in the forests of the Vladimir region; from birds - black grouse, wood grouse, hazel grouse, woodcock, etc. In the middle of the 20th century, some previously exterminated species of mammals were reacclimatized on the territory of the region, including wild boar, marten, beaver. There are about 40 species of fish in rivers and lakes, including pike, perch, zander, bream, burbot.

Protected natural areas, occupying 6.2% of the territory of the Vladimir region, are represented by the Meshchera National Park, two sanctuaries of federal significance - complex and zoological (Muromsky and Klyazminsky), 31 sanctuaries regional significance, 163 monuments of nature, including botanical, hydrological and complex ones.

The region is quite prosperous. ecological situation, in some areas due to air pollution and surface water- moderately sharp. Air emissions of pollutants from stationary sources, mainly from industrial enterprises Vladimir and Murom, are 33 thousand tons (2003). Water intake 324 million m 3 /year; discharge of polluted Wastewater 184.8 million m 3 /year (2002), the largest volume of discharges enters the waters of the Klyazma and its tributaries - Sherna and Peksha. Landscapes are significantly disturbed in the areas of peat extraction, areas of limestone mining, etc.

N. N. Kalutskova.

Population. Most of the population of the Vladimir region are Russians (94.7% - 2002, census). From other groups - Ukrainians (1.1%), Tatars (0.6%), Belarusians (0.4%), Armenians (0.3%).

A high natural population decline is characteristic (2004): the death rate (20.2 per 1,000 inhabitants) is more than twice the birth rate (9.4 per 1,000 inhabitants); infant mortality 10.0 per 1000 live births. The migration decline in the population is insignificant (2 people per 10,000 inhabitants). The share of women is 55%. The age structure of the population of the region differs from the average Russian low proportion of persons younger than working age (14.9%) and increased - older than working age (23.9%). The average life expectancy is 62.9 years (men - 55.6, women - 71.4). Vladimir region belongs to densely populated regions Russia: the average population density (51.3 people / km 2) exceeds the national average by 6 times. The Kameshkovsky, Murom and Suzdal regions are the most densely populated. Urban population 78.5% (2005; 56.7% in 1959; 79.2% in 1989). Large cities (thousand people, 2005): Vladimir - 310.5, Kovrov - 152.8, Murom - 123.6, Gus-Khrustalny - 64.9, Alexandrov - 64.0.

D. A. Pulyaeva.

Religion. According to the results sociological research(2004), the inhabitants of the region identified their religious affiliation as follows: 51% - Orthodox; 18.4% are generally Christians (of which only 3.1% are Catholics; 0.6% are Protestants); 1.7% - Muslims; 0.3% - Jews; 0.1% - Buddhists; 15.1% do not identify themselves with any religious group; 8.9% profess "individual religious views»; 1.1% associate their religious identification with new religious teachings and alternative cults.

The following are registered in the Vladimir region: 261 parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, in which 348 clergy serve (combined into 14 deanery districts of the Vladimir and Suzdal diocese, established in 1214); 17 parishes of the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church; 5 parishes of the Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church; 1 parish of the Roman Catholic Church; 10 congregations of Evangelical Christian Baptists; 10 Evangelical Pentecostal Christian Communities; 9 communities of Seventh-day Adventists; 6 communities of evangelical Christians; 2 congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses; 1 parish of the Evangelical Lutheran Church; 1 parish of the Armenian Apostolic Church; 1 community of the Society for Krishna Consciousness (Vaisnavas); 1 Muslim community; 1 Jewish community (2005).

On the territory of the Vladimir region there are 25 monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (2005), including the oldest in Northeast Russia: Muromsky in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord (founded before 1096), Bogolyubsky in honor of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos (1155), Vladimirsky in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos (1191), Vladimirsky Knyaginin in honor of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos (1200), Euphrosiniev of Suzdal in honor of the Deposition of the Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God (1207), Suzdal in the name of St. Basil the Great (known since the 13th century).

Historical essay. Ancient monuments Vladimir region belong to Upper Paleolithic(about 30-25 thousand years ago), the Sungir site gained worldwide fame. The Mesolithic is represented by the Butovo culture, the Neolithic by the Upper Volga culture, the Ryazan culture, the Lyalovo culture, the Balakhna culture, the end of the Neolithic and the Eneolithic by the Volosovo culture. In the Bronze Age, the Fatyanovo culture, the Pozdnyakovskaya culture, and the Abashevskaya culture existed on the territory of the Vladimir region. By the end bronze age include monuments with early reticulated ceramics. In the early iron age most The Vladimir region was occupied by the Dyakovo culture, and the Oka basin was occupied by the Gorodets culture. A number of researchers associate antiquities of the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD with the Volga-Finnish tribes - Muroma, Merei, Meshchera.

Started in the 10th century Slavic colonization the region, the cities of Suzdal, Murom arose, the territory of the modern Vladimir region became part of the Old Russian state, the Rostov-Suzdal principality, and then the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. At the beginning of the 12th century, Vladimir arose, probably Yaropolch Zalessky, in the middle of the 12th century, in connection with the activities of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky and Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky, - Yuryev-Polsky, Gorokhovets, Starodub (now the village of Klyazmensky Gorodok), Mstislavl (the village of Gorodishche Yuryev-Polsky district), the princely residences of Kideksha, Bogolyubovo. According to archaeological data, other ancient Russian fortified settlements (not mentioned in the annals), mounds are known.

In the era of the Mongol-Tatar yoke and after the loss by Vladimir in the middle - 2nd half of the 14th century of the role of the all-Russian political center a number of cities in the Vladimir region have lost their significance, many have turned into villages (the boyar estate of the 15th century near the village of Sima, Yuryev-Polsky district, has been studied archaeologically). However, the most important cities retained their status in the later period. In the 1510s, extensive construction work was carried out in the Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda (now the city of Aleksandrov) - the residence of the Grand Dukes of Moscow. In 1564-81, Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda was the actual capital of the Russian state. In 1608, during the intervention of the Commonwealth of the early 17th century, the detachments of A. Lisovsky ruined and captured Suzdal, which they controlled until 1610, later Vladimir and its environs. In 1634 Suzdal was raided Crimean Tatars. After provincial reform In 1708, the main territory of the modern Vladimir region became part of the Moscow province. A small part of the region was part of the Kazan (1708-14, 1717-19) and Nizhny Novgorod (1714-17) provinces. When the provinces were divided into provinces in 1719, the entire territory of the modern Vladimir region became part of the Moscow province, within which the Vladimir, Yuryev-Polish and Suzdal provinces were formed, part of the modern Vladimir region became part of the Pereslavl-Zalessky province. Since the 18th century, the active development of industry in the region began, primarily glass, calico and linen. In 1731, a glass factory was opened in the village of Nikolsky, Vladimir district, at the same time a linen manufactory was founded in the village of Luknovo, Yaropolchsky palace volost, in 1747 - a glass factory in Vladimirsky district, in 1749 - a canvas and linen manufactory in the village of Vyazniki. The Gus Crystal Factory, founded in 1756 by A. V. Maltsov (see Maltsov’s article) in the Shivorovo tract on the Gus River (now in the city of Gus-Khrustalny), remains the most famous enterprise to this day. In 1778-1929, the territory of the modern Vladimir region was part of the Vladimir province. The region was largely unaffected. civil war 1917-22, which had a positive effect on his economic situation. In 1918, part of the territory of the Vladimir province became part of the newly formed Ivanovo-Voznesensk province. In 1927, the Lakinskaya spinning mill was launched - the first in the USSR for 100,000 spindles. In 1929-44, after the liquidation of the Vladimir province, the territory of the modern Vladimir region was part of the Ivanovo industrial (since 1936 - Ivanovo) region, Nizhny Novgorod (in 1929-36 - Nizhny Novgorod region; since 1936 - Gorky) region, Central industrial (since 1929 - Moscow) areas. During industrialization, new large enterprises were built - the Dzerzhinsky technical glass factory in the city of Gus-Khrustalny (1929; the first mechanized glass factory in the USSR), Vladimirsky Chemical plant(1931), Avtopribor plant (1932; the first such enterprise in the USSR), Aleksandrovsky Radio Plant (1932).

The Vladimir region within its present borders was established on 14.8.1944, included parts of the territories of the Ivanovo region (with the cities of Alexandrov, Vladimir, Vyazniki, Gorokhovets, Gus-Khrustalny, Karabanovo, Kovrov, Kolchugino, Strunino, Sudogda, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky), Gorky region ( with the city of Mur) and the Moscow region (with the city of Pokrov). In 1945, the first stage of the Vladimir Tractor Plant was put into operation. In the 1950s-70s, a number of large industrial enterprises were built and reconstructed in the Vladimir region. A. E. Leontiev.

economy. Vladimir Region is part of the Central economic region. In the country's economy, it is distinguished by the production of electric motors alternating current(36.7% from the Russian Federation, 2004), linen single-thread yarn (23.8%), televisions (22.7%), tractors (14.2%), window glass (12.6%), fabrics (5 .9%) and shoes (5.3%). The region has the only research and testing base for laser technology in the Russian Federation - the Raduga State Laser Center (Raduzhny city).

In the structure of GRP (%, 2003): the share of industry is 35.7, Agriculture 9.9, trade and commercial activities for the sale of goods and services 9.4, transport 8.0, construction 4.6, communications 2.0, other industries - 30.4. The ratio of enterprises by forms of ownership (by the number of organizations, %, 2005): private 74.7, state and municipal 14.2, public and religious organizations 7.2, other forms of ownership 4.0.

The economically active population is 806 thousand people (2004), 88% are employed in the economy. Sectoral structure of employment (%): industry 34.0, trade and catering 15.5, education 7.8, agriculture 6.8, healthcare 5.8, construction 5.5, housing and communal services 5.3, transport 5.1. The unemployment rate of 9.1% is higher than the national average. Cash income per capita 4.9 thousand rubles per month (55% of the average for the Russian Federation, March 2006); about 30% of the population have incomes below the subsistence level.

Industry. The volume of industrial production is 77.2 billion rubles (2004). In the structure of industrial production (%), mechanical engineering and metalworking are in the lead - 42.6; share of the food industry 15.5, electric power industry 11.8, glass and porcelain-faience industry 7.3, chemical and petrochemical industry 6.7, light industry 4.1, building materials industry 3.0, non-ferrous metallurgy 2.9, timber, woodworking and pulp paper 2.5.

The natural resource potential of the region is small. Building materials (clays, sands, sand and gravel materials, carbonate rocks), peat, and sapropel are of local importance.

The Vladimir region is one of the energy-deficient regions: up to 60% of the electricity consumed comes from other regions of the Russian Federation. The largest enterprise in the electric power industry is Vladimirenergo, the main producer is Vladimirskaya CHPP.

Non-ferrous metallurgy of the region is represented by the Kolchugtsvetmet enterprise (production and processing of non-ferrous metals from alloys based on copper and nickel, including supplies of blanks - copper rod - for the Kolchuginsky plant "Electrocable"). Mechanical engineering and metalworking specialize in the production of electrical, transport, agricultural and road construction equipment (table 1). The largest enterprises: "Vladimir Motor and Tractor Plant", the plant of the Turkish company "Vestel" (the city of Alexandrov; assembly of TV sets, etc.), "Vladimir Electric Motor Plant" (AC motors, cranes, etc.), the excavator plant "Kovrovets", "Muromteplovoz ". Automotive industry enterprises produce components for lighting products, electrical equipment and appliances for domestic Vehicle: "Avtopribor" in Vladimir, "Avtosvet" in Kirzhach, "Stavrovsky plant of automotive equipment" (including wheelchairs for the disabled; over 36% Russian production), etc. In the structure of mechanical engineering until the early 1990s, there was a high share of defense industry products (artillery weapons and rocket technology, radar stations, etc.). The nature of the production activities of enterprises has changed significantly in the process of conversion: the plant named after V. A. Degtyarev (Kovrov) also produces metal-cutting machines, motorcycles, sewing machines, etc., Tochmash (Vladimir) - precision mechanics devices, Murommashzavod - loaders - excavators, "Oka-Holod" - refrigeration equipment, household appliances and others, "Kovrovsky Electromechanical Plant" - hydraulic equipment.

Main Products chemical industry- fertilizers, plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, etc. Leading enterprises: "Vladimir Chemical Plant", "Sudogodsk Fiberglass", "Plant of Film Materials" (Vladimir). The glass industry is traditionally developed. One of the oldest and largest enterprises in the industry is the Gusev Crystal Plant (founded in 1756, the city of Gus-Crystal); other large enterprises - Symbol (Kurlovo; window glass), Krasnoye Ekho (Krasnoye Ekho village; glass containers), RASKO (Aponino village; glass containers), etc. light industry dominated by the textile industry. The Vladimir region is one of the main Russian producers of linen, cotton and silk fabrics. The production of garments and footwear has been developed. Leading enterprises: Gorodischenskaya Finishing Factory (Gorodishchi village; dressings), KaTeMa (Aleksandrov; fabrics, bed linen, etc.), Struninskaya Manufactory (Strunino city; fabrics, clothing), Gus-Khrustalny Textile Plant ”, “Lakinskaya Manufactory” (fabrics), Melenkovsky and Vyaznikovsky flax mills, “Sudar” (Kovrov; men's clothing), "Kolchuginskaya garment factory", "Slavyanka" (Vladimir; professional clothes), "Vladimir knitwear", etc.

The largest enterprises in the food industry: chocolate Factory"Pokrov" (one of the leading Russian manufacturers), "Gorokhovetsky Pishchevik" (bakery products, etc.), distilleries "Vladalko", "Aleksandrovsky", "Muromsky" and others. A wide range and high quality tinctures and balms of the experimental fruit and nursery farm for sea buckthorn (Gus-Khrustalny district) differ. Artistic crafts are developed: embroidery, jewelry, lacquer miniatures (Mstera village).

Main industrial centers- the cities of Vladimir, Murom, Kovrov, Aleksandrov, Kolchugino.

Agriculture. The volume of agricultural production is 12.5 billion rubles (2004).

Agriculture is predominantly suburban. In value terms, crop production dominates (about 63%). The agricultural development of the territory is low: the area of ​​agricultural land is 911.5 thousand hectares (31.4% of the area of ​​the region), of which about 66% is arable land. They grow fodder (62.5% of the sown area), cereals (24.9%, rye, oats, wheat) crops, potatoes and vegetables (12.3%), industrial crops (0.2%) (Table 2). Horticulture (mainly the cultivation of cucumbers in the Suzdal region) and horticulture are well developed.

Animal husbandry is of an intensive-extensive type, mainly with stall keeping of livestock. The main industries are dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming and horse breeding (tables 3, 4).

Most of the agricultural land (87.2%) belongs to the lands of agricultural organizations; in the personal use of citizens - 7.1%, the share of peasant (farm) enterprises accounts for 2% of agricultural land. Almost all grain (98.8%) and about 3/4 of livestock and poultry for slaughter, milk and eggs are produced by agricultural organizations; households are leading in the production of potatoes (85.7%) and vegetables (90.9%).

Transport. Length railways 928 km. Main railroads: Moscow - Vladimir - Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow - Murom - Kazan, Moscow - Alexandrov - Yaroslavl. The length of paved roads is 5556 km. The highway Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Kazan passes through the region. Airport in Vladimir (passenger flights have been canceled since 1995; specializes in fire fighting). Navigation on the rivers Oka and Klyazma. River ports: Vyazniki, Murom. Large pipelines run through the territory of the Vladimir region: the oil pipeline Surgut - Almetyevsk - Nizhny Novgorod - Yaroslavl - Kirishi; gas pipeline Urengoy - Surgut - Chelyabinsk - Kazan - Nizhny Novgorod - Vladimir - Moscow, etc.

D. A. Pulyaeva.

healthcare. In the Vladimir region there are 16.4 thousand hospital beds(105 beds per 10 thousand inhabitants); 4.8 thousand doctors work (1 doctor per 328 inhabitants), 14.0 thousand paramedical personnel (2003). The main causes of death are diseases of the circulatory organs (about 62.1%), injuries, poisoning and accidents (12.5%), and malignant neoplasms (10.9%).

A. N. Prokinova.

Education. cultural institutions. More than 51 thousand children are brought up in 598 preschool institutions of the region, in 576 general education schools about 164 thousand students study (2005). There are 91 institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, 26 universities (including branches and representative offices), including state ones: Vladimir University (leads its history from the Vladimir Evening polytechnic institute, established in 1963; the name and status changed several times; modern name since 1996), Vladimirskiy Pedagogical University(since 1919), Kovrov Technological Academy (1996). Scientific research and developments are carried out by 39 organizations and enterprises, including All-Russian Research Institute Animal Protection (Vladimir), Research Institute of Glass (Gus-Khrustalny). four regional libraries(2005). 14 museums, including the historical, architectural and art museum-reserves - Vladimir-Suzdal (1854; modern name since 1958) and "Alexandrovskaya Sloboda"; Murom Historical and Art Museum (1918), Mstyora Art Museum (1919), Yuryev-Polsky Historical, Architectural and Art Museum (founded in 1920 as a local history museum), House-Museum of N. E. Zhukovsky (1937; village of Orekhovo, Sobinsky District), Alexander Literary and Art Museum of Marina and Anastasia Tsvetaeva (1990), Crystal Museum (Gus-Khrustalny), Museum of the Rooster (1997; city of Petushki), etc.

Mass media. The main publications (2006) are the newspapers "Vladimirskiye Vedomosti", "Molva", "Appeal", "Pulse of the province". Television companies - GTRK "Vladimir", "TV-Center - Vladimir", "TV-6 - Vladimir". Radio stations - "Public Russian Radio - Vladimir", " Vladimir service news".

Architecture and fine arts. In the 12th - 1st half of the 13th century, the Vladimir-Suzdal art school developed on the territory of the Vladimir region. The oldest architectural monuments - the Church of Boris and Gleb in the village of Kideksha (1152, murals of the 1180s), the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165), fragments of the princely residence in Bogolyubovo, etc. - were built from local white stone, with the participation of foreign, obviously German masters. Richly carved decorations distinguish the Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir, the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin in Suzdal (1222-25; fragments of painting 1233, 1635-36; the unique Golden Gates - 1158-64) and St. George's Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky. Stone construction interrupted Tatar-Mongol invasion, revived at the end of the 15-16th century: the royal residence was erected in the Alexander Sloboda (see Alexandrov), large monastic complexes were formed in Suzdal (Savior-Evfimiev and Pokrovsky monasteries), Kirzhach (Annunciation monastery), Murom (Spassky monastery). In the 17th century, a lot of construction was carried out in monasteries: Mikhailo-Arkhangelsky in Yuryev-Polsky, Nikolsky and Sretensky in Gorokhovets, Trinity in Murom. The murals of the Trinity Cathedral and the Intercession Church of the Alexander Sloboda (16th century), as well as the murals of the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery (1689, artists G. Nikitin and S. Savin) have been partially preserved. In the 17th century, a number of regional art schools, primarily Suzdal, whose monuments include churches: Lazarevskaya (1667), Smolenskaya (1707), Voskresenskaya (1720 or 1732), the Ascension Church of the Alexander Monastery (1695) and others. Among the works in the Baroque style are the Kazan Church in Smolyev ( 1737), Pokrovskys in Omoforovo (1769) and in Kliny (1777), Andreevskaya in Andreevsky (1778-79). The main monuments of classicism are the churches: St. in Potakino (1824), the bell tower of the Rizopolozhensky Monastery in Suzdal (1813-19).

In Gorokhovets there are rare monuments of civil architecture - the merchants' chambers of the late 17th - early 18th centuries. A number of estate ensembles of the Baroque era (Andreevskoye, 1760-70s) and classicism (Omoforovo and Ratislovo, both - the last quarter of the 18th century) have been preserved, as well as estates of the late 19th century with a predominance of neo-Gothic forms - Fedorovskoye, Mikhailovskaya (architect E. A. Sabaneev), Muromtsevo (architect P. S. Boitsov). Among the buildings in the neo-Byzantine and neo-Russian styles, churches stand out - St. (1866), the Vvedensko-Ostrovsky Monastery (1894), the Cathedral of the Smolenskaya Zosimov Pustyn Monastery (the last quarter of the 19th century). The combination of modern and neo-Russian style is typical for railway station in Murom (1912, architect A.V. Shchusev), Prishletsov’s houses in Gorokhovets (early 20th century), etc. The House of Culture of the Krasny Profintern factory in Karabanovo (1928), the Palace of Culture in Kovrov (border 1920- 30s), the Krasny Proletarian textile mill in Vyazniki. After the Great Patriotic War large scientific and restoration work was carried out (architect A. V. Stoletov and others). Since the 1970s, cultural objects have been built (the building of the Drama Theater in Vladimir, 1970, architect G.P. Gorlyshkov, etc.) and tourism ( large complex tourist center created in Suzdal, 1976; architects M. A. Orlov, Yu. V. Raninsky, V. I. Kosarzhevsky, sculptor Yu. V. Alexandrov, etc.). Many cities of the Vladimir region have preserved their historical buildings of the 18th - early 20th centuries; in some, fragments of the old Russian planning are preserved (in Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky, Murom, Gorokhovets). The white-stone architectural monuments of the Vladimir region are included in the World Heritage List.

Traditional crafts: Mstyora miniature and embroidery in Mstyora (Honored Artist T.M. Shulpina, craftswomen A.I. Kislina, N.M. Kotkova; lace - V.N. Kolchugina. Among the artists - I. S. Kulikov, K. N. Britov, V. G. Kokurin, V. Ya. Yukin, N. M. Baranov (painting); V. A. Basmanov, V. S. Volkov, P. G. Dik, B. F. Frantsuzov (graphics); I. A. Chernoglazov, V. A. Shanin (sculpture).

Music. Musical culture is based on song and instrumental folklore of the Central Russian tradition; at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries wide popularity ensembles of horn players received in Russia and abroad (see the Vladimir horn in the article). Folklore was recorded by G. O. Dyutsh, S. M. Lyapunov, I. V. Nekrasov, E. E. Lineva, B. F. Smirnov, B. I. Rabinovich, and others. I. Taneev.

In 1944, the Regional Philharmonic Society (until 1968 a concert and variety bureau) was founded in Vladimir, it included: the Rus vocal and choreographic ensemble, the Russian Chamber Orchestra, the Chamber String Orchestra, and the Amadeus vocal ensemble. The Center for Choral Music of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus (1992) functions in Vladimir, it includes: Vladimir Chamber Choir, Vladimir Governor's Symphony Orchestra, Boys' Choir, City Girls' Choir. Among the professional musicians of the region is the choir conductor E. M. Markin. Held: the Festival of Russian Choral Music named after S. I. Taneyev (since 1981), the international festival "Jazz Province", the All-Russian Competition of Russian Romance Performers.

V. S. Zinnatullina.

Theatre. The first serf theaters appeared in the Vladimir province at the end of the 18th century (the village of Andreevskoye, the estate of Count A. R. Vorontsov). In 1848, the first stationary theater was opened in Vladimir in a specially constructed building under the direction of entrepreneur B. Solovyov. In 1851, a new theater building was built at the Golden Gate (architect Ya. M. Nikiforov). In 1887, the Society of Lovers of Musical and Dramatic Art was organized. Since 1905, various entreprises have performed on the stage of the People's House. In 1918, the People's House was transferred to the Association of Dramatic Artists, in 1922 it was renamed the Vladimir State Drama Theater (since 1934 named after A. V. Lunacharsky). In 2003, the City Theater Complex was formed on the basis of the theatre. Also in the Vladimir region work: in Vladimir - the Puppet Theater (1969), in Aleksandrov - the Municipal Drama Theater (1993).

Lit .: Stoletov A.V. Architectural monuments of the Vladimir region. Vladimir, 1958; Voronin N. N. Architecture of North-Eastern Russia XII-XV centuries. M., 1961-1962. T. 1-2; he is. Vladimir. Bogolyubovo. Suzdal. Yuriev-Polsky. M., 1983; On the land of Vladimir. Guide. 2nd ed. Yaroslavl, 1970; Land of Vladimir: Geographic dictionary. Vladimir, 1991; Archaeological map of Russia. Vladimir region. M., 1995; Monuments of history and culture of the Vladimir region. Vladimir, 1996; Karlovich I. A., Levitskaya A. I., Karlovich I. E. Geography of the Vladimir Region: Nature. Vladimir, 1999; Vladimir land. M., 2002. T. 1-2; Vladimir Encyclopedia. Vladimir, 2002; Code of architectural monuments and monumental art of Russia. M., 2004.T. 5: Vladimir region. Part 1

Vladimir region

The Vladimir region of Russia is located in the center of the East European Plain. The area of ​​the region is 29 thousand square meters. km, population - 1594 thousand people, urban 80% (2001). The region includes 23 cities, 34 urban-type settlements. The administrative center is Vladimir, other large cities: Kovrov, Murom, Gus-Khrustalny, Aleksandrov, Kolchugino, Kirzhach. The region was formed on August 14, 1944 and is part of the Central Federal District. Vladimir region in the north borders on Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions, in the west - with the Moscow region, in the south - with Ryazan region, in the east - with the Nizhny Novgorod region. The region is located in a flat area. In the north-west of the region there is the Smolensk-Moscow Upland, in the interfluve of the Nerl and Kirzhach - the Vladimir opole, in the south - the Meshcherskaya lowland. The main rivers are the Oka and the Klyazma (Volga basin).

The climate is temperate continental, the average temperature in January is -11C, in July +17C. Precipitation is about 500 mm per year. The Vladimir region is located in a zone of mixed forests (forests cover 42% of its territory), dominated by pine, spruce, birch, and aspen. Wolves, foxes, moose, wild boars, ferrets are found in the forests of the Vladimir region. The Meshchera National Park is located on the territory of the region. Leading branches of the regional economy: mechanical engineering and metalworking (Vladimir Tractor Plant, the Degtyarev plant in Kovrov, Murommashzavod), instrument making (Alexandrovsky Radio Plant), textile industry (mainly cotton, the Kirzhachshelk factory), non-ferrous metallurgy, food, chemical (rubber, plastic products, Vladimir Chemical Plant), glass industry (technical glass, crystal, dishes, Glass Fiber Plant). Artistic crafts are developed (embroidery, jewelry), lacquer miniature (Mstera village). The leading branch of agriculture is dairy and meat cattle breeding, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats; horse breeding (Vladimir heavy trucks). Grain crops (wheat, rye, barley, oats) are grown in the Vladimir region. Navigation is developed along the Oka and Klyazma (in the lower reaches).

Story

ancient history Vladimir region is associated with the formation of the Rostov-Suzdal land. The city of Vladimir, founded in 1108 by Vladimir Monomakh on the site of an already existing small town of artisans and farmers, becomes the center of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Like other regions of northeastern Russia, the cities and villages of the Vladimir region in 1237-1238 were subjected to Batu invasion. Many monuments of past centuries were destroyed, the treasuries of princes were plundered. But the throne of Vladimir retained its importance as the main one in the north-east of Russia. The princes sought to obtain from the Khan of the Golden Horde a label for the reign of Vladimir. So, Alexander Nevsky disputed the right to reign in Vladimir from his brother Andrei.The culture of the Vladimir principality left deep trace in the history of the entire North-Eastern Russia, the Vladimir architectural school had a serious influence on the stone architecture of Moscow and other Russian cities. By the 14th century, after the nomination of Moscow as the center of the Russian state, the cities of the Vladimir land lose their political significance. The Vladimir province was formed in 1796, it included 14 counties. The Vladimir province included Ivanovo-Voznesensk (now Ivanovo) and Orekhovo-Zuyevo (now part of the Moscow region). Since the 17th century, textile production has been developing in the Vladimir region (manufactories in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Shuya, Vyazniki, Murom). In the Melenkovsky district, the ironworks of the Botashevs operated. In the second half of the 18th century, the glass factories of the Maltsovs were founded in the Sudogda district (now the Gus-Khrustalny district). Most industrial enterprises were located not in cities, but in villages and settlements. In the 19th century, the Vladimir province became one of the centers of textile production; a third of the cotton fabrics produced in Russia were produced here. Handicrafts have become widespread in the province. Leading value had weaving. Since the end of the 17th century, icon painting has been known (Shuya, Palekh, Mstera). All-Russian fame was given to Vladimir and Suzdal masons, Pokrovskaya and Gorokhovets carpenters. In 1929, after the liquidation of the Vladimir province, its territories were part of three regions: Ivanovo, Gorky and Moscow. On August 14, 1944, the Vladimir region was created within its current borders. The Vladimir region with its ancient Russian towns and villages attracts Russian and foreign tourists. Suzdal, Yuryev-Polskoy, Kovrov, Murom, Gorokhovets, Gus-Khrustalny, Aleksandrov, Mstera are traditional centers of Russian tourism.

Cities

Gus-Khrustalny - a city in the Vladimir region, an ancient center of the glass industry; is located on the Gus River (a tributary of the Oka), 63 km south of Vladimir. Population - 72.3 thousand people (2001). The village of Gusskaya volost is mentioned in the documents of the 17th century. The glass enterprise here was founded in 1756 as a small manufactory by the Oryol merchant Akim Maltsov (the Maltsov family received the nobility in 1775, and in the 19th and early 20th centuries gave Russia many industrialists and patrons of art). Until the beginning of the 20th century, the factory produced products intended for mass consumption from plain or colored glass, as well as products from crystal with diamonds and engravings. Since the 1960s, the plant's artists have been creating new types of crystal products. There is a museum in the city, which presents several thousand exhibits of crystal products. The museum occupies the building of the church of St. George, which was built at the expense of Yu. S. Nechaev-Maltsov according to the project of L. N. Benois (1892-1904). At one time, the temple simultaneously accommodated three thousand believers. The painting in the temple was made by the artist V. M. Vasnetsov. The church is decorated with a mosaic image of the Mother of God, a mosaic iconostasis is installed inside. The city has preserved houses for workers and craftsmen built in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, in in general terms the layout of that time has also been preserved.

Petushki is a city in the Vladimir region, located on the left bank of the Klyazma, 67 km west of Vladimir. Population - 18.2 thousand people (2001). The city originated as a settlement railway station Petushki (opened in 1861 on the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod line), named after the neighboring village of Petushki (now Starye Petushki). The architectural monuments of Petushki include the former estates of the Vorontsov-Dashkovs (18th century) and Karpova (19th century). The town gained fame largely thanks to the story of Venedikt Erofeev "Moscow-Petushki".

Kolchugino - city, district center Vladimir region, located in Yuryevsky Opole, on the Peksha River (a tributary of the Klyazma), 74 km northwest of Vladimir. Population - 46.3 thousand people (2001). The city was founded in 1871 as a settlement at the copper and wire plant of the Moscow merchant A.G. Kolchugin. Kolchugino received city status in 1931. Of tourist interest is the temple complex 16 km from Kolchugino in the village of Esiplevo, consisting of two churches: Nikolskaya (18th century) and Pokrovskaya (1798).

Pokrov is a city in the Petushinsky district of the Vladimir region, located on the left bank of the Klyazma, 82 km from Vladimir. Population 16.1 thousand people (2001). The settlement arose in the 17th century as a monastic village near the monastery of Antoniev Pokrovskaya male hermitage (existed in the 15th-18th centuries). After the abolition of the desert, the village of Pokrov began to belong to the treasury. Pokrov received city status in 1778. Of the architectural monuments in modern Intercession, the Pokrovskaya and Trinity churches of the 19th century have been preserved. The city gained fame thanks to the confectionery factory built at the end of the 20th century.

Mstera - an urban-type settlement in the Vyaznikovsky district of the Vladimir region (until the beginning of the 20th century - Bogoyavlenskaya Sloboda on Mstera); located 14 km from the Mstera railway station (on the Kovrov-Nizhny Novgorod line). Mstera is a center of miniature painting on lacquerware, embroidery (satin stitch, "Vladimir seam"), jewelry (fine) products. The first mention of the Epiphany churchyard on the Mstera River - the patrimony of the Romodanovsky princes - is found in cadastral books for 1628. The low fertility of the land, on the one hand, and waterway, connecting the village through the Klyazma, Oka and Volga with the major trading cities of the Volga region, on the other hand, contributed early development crafts. The largest of them - icon painting - arose in the 17th century in the Epiphany Monastery and by the end of the 18th century spread widely throughout the settlement, becoming the main occupation of the male population. Highest Development Artistic crafts of Mstera (the production of icons and church utensils, satin stitch embroidery) were received after the reform of 1861. The masters of Mstera art N. P. Klykov, A. I. Bryagin, A. F. Kotyagin, V. N. Ovchinnikov, I. N. Morozov, E. V. Yurin, brought up on the centuries-old traditions of ancient art, laid the foundations contemporary art Mstera. By the beginning of the 1930s, former icon painters had mastered the technology of making papier-mâché items decorated with miniature painting, while retaining the style of ancient Russian icon painting. In 1931, the artel "Proletarian Art" was founded (since 1960 a factory). There are also other factories in Mstera: stitching and embroidery (white Mstera smooth surface and “Vladimir seams”), Jeweler (products in the filigree technique), toys, furniture, and the Mstera Art Museum.

The Vladimir Region belongs to the Central Federal District. A satellite map of the Vladimir Region allows you to see that it is located in the southern part of the Volga-Oka interfluve. Its area is more than 28 thousand square meters. kilometers. The map is an indispensable companion on any journey. With its help, you can explore such a large area in detail and find an object of interest on it.

A detailed map of the Vladimir region shows which regions this territory borders on. These are the Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and Moscow regions.

The main city in this area is Vladimir.

The region has excellent recreational resources due to the hilly terrain. Winter sports are common here.

The region is also rich mineral resources. Peat, quartz sands, and limestone are mined on its territory.

Using a map of the Vladimir region with cities in good quality you can find any cities of the Golden Ring to which the region belongs.

Districts on the map of the Vladimir region

There are many districts and settlements in the region. These are urban and rural areas. You can select some areas on the map of the Vladimir region.

One of the important regions of the region is Suzdal. The main part of the territory is located on Vladimir opolie, representing a slightly hilly relief.

One of the largest chocolate companies in the world is located in Petushinsky District.

Also in the area there is a large livestock complex and a plant for the production of roofing materials.

The map of the Vladimir region by regions shows that an important railway line passes through this region, as well as the highway Nizhny Novgorod - Moscow.

In the northwestern part of the region, you can find the Aleksandrovsky district. The relief on the territory is mostly hilly. The area has extensive mineral resources. highest point Vladimir region is located in this area. This is the Tukhanka tract. Many rivers flow through the region. These include the Big Kirzhach, Kubr, and also the Saber.

The map of the Vladimir region shows in detail where the Kirzhachsky district is located.
The territory is crossed by the rivers - Dubna, Kirzhach and Sherna.

The region has good transport links. The main direction of cargo traffic is carried out along four lines.

The railway network within the region is also developed. Large depots are located in Murom, Vladimir and Aleksandrov.

The region is crossed by numerous highways. These include M 7, as well as R 125 and A 108.
Passenger and cargo navigation is also carried out along the Oka and Klyazma rivers.
The cities of Kovrov and Vladimir have equipped trolleybus systems.

Map of the Vladimir region with cities and villages

Using the routes of the Vladimir region on the map, you can plan a trip around this region. There are many interesting cities on its territory.

• Vladimir is the most beautiful and oldest city Russia. It contains a large number of cultural and historical monuments. This settlement belongs to the Golden Ring of Russia and represents huge interest for visitors to the city.

The city has architectural monuments that are recognized world heritage UNESCO. These include:

• The Assumption Cathedral was erected in the 14th century, it contains frescoes by Danila Cherny and Andrei Rublev;
• the Dmitrievsky Cathedral, which dates back to the 12th century, is decorated with beautiful carvings;
• white stone arch called the Golden Gate.
  To travel with sightseeing, you will need a road map of the Vladimir region.

• One of the important cities in the region is Kovrov. This city is famous for its defense industry.
• Murom considered to be an ancient city. There are many interesting places on its territory.
• An interesting city is Gus-Khrustalny. It is located more than 60 km from Vladimir. A map of the Vladimir region with cities and villages will help you find the city. Its territory is crossed by the Gus River. The city is one of the oldest cities in the glass industry. In the city you can visit the museum, in the halls of which several thousand exhibits of crystal are stored.
• On the coast of the Klyazma is the city Petushki. On the territory of the city you can see interesting architectural monuments - these are the Vorontsov-Dashkov mansions, as well as the Karpova estate.
• The district center of the region is - Kolchugino. In the vicinity of the city there is a unique temple complex.
• In the Petushinsky district, a map of the Vladimir region with villages will help you find Cover. The famous sights of the city are the old confectionery factory and various churches.

Economy and industry of the Vladimir region

Industry is considered the main industry in the Vladimir region. Map of the Vladimir region scheme will help you find any production facility.

A significant part of the region's budget consists of profits from sightseeing and historical tourism. Eco-tourism is also developing in the region.

Metalworking and mechanical engineering are considered important industries.
The main centers of mechanical engineering are Murom, Kovrov, Kolchuginsky district, and Vladimir.

Using Yandex maps of the Vladimir region, you can find an excavator plant in Kovrov, an electric motor plant in Vladimir, as well as machine building plant in Murom.
The largest combined enterprises are Opole and Moloko.

The main branch of agriculture is animal husbandry.

Vladimir region is huge territory with important industrial and cultural-historical centers.

The Vladimir region is a very attractive region for tourists. It includes several cities of the "Golden Ring" of Russia, interesting examples of ancient Russian architecture have been preserved.

Story

The cultural and political heyday of the territory, which in our time has become known as the Vladimir region, fell on the XII-XIII centuries, the so-called period feudal fragmentation. The center of the region, the city of Vladimir (full name - Vladimir-on-Klyazma), was founded in 990 or 1108. According to one version, Vladimir the Holy was its founder, according to another, Vladimir Monomakh. In the second half of the 13th century, Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky transferred the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir-on-Klyazma, and the city began to flourish. The Vladimir-Suzdal principality is being strengthened and is gradually gaining a dominant position over other lands. But this period was short-lived. In 1238, the Tatar-Mongols came here, they ruined the city and the entire principality. A flourish similar to that which was in XII-XIII centuries Vladimir no longer knew. In the 18th century, the Vladimir province was formed, which existed until 1929. This year the territory was divided into three parts, which became part of the Moscow, Ivanovo and Gorky regions. Only at the end of the war, in 1944, did the Vladimir region appear.

Geography

The Vladimir region is located on the territory of the East European Plain. Its area is about 29 thousand sq. km. The area is mostly flat. A large lowland - Meshcherskaya, is located in the south. On the territory of the region there are many rivers (the main ones are Klyazma and Oka) and lakes. The Vladimir region borders on the Ivanovo, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan and Yaroslavl regions.

Population

About 1.5 million people live in the Vladimir region. About 80% of the population lives in cities. Most of the inhabitants of the Vladimir region are Russians. There are also Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Armenians and representatives of other nationalities.

Administrative-territorial structure

The Vladimir region is a subject of the Russian Federation, headed by a governor (currently Nikolai Vinogradov). The largest cities are Vladimir, Kovrov, Murom, Alexandrov, Gus-Khrustalny. The territory of the region includes 4 urban districts and 12 municipal districts.

Urban districts: Alexandrov, Vyazniki, Kolchugino and Murom.

Municipal districts: Gorohovetsky, Gus-Khrustalny, Kameshkovsky, Kirzhachsky, Kovrovsky, Melenkovsky, Petushinsky, Selivanovsky, Sobinsky, Sudogodsky, Suzdalsky and Yuryev-Polsky.

Transport

Aircraft

There are no passenger airports in the Vladimir region. The nearest airport is in the city of Ivanovo ( Ivanovo region). Since October 1, 2008, it has been accepting passenger flights from Moscow. The Semyazino airfield near Vladimir does not accept passenger flights. Since the Vladimir region borders on the Moscow region, the land transport network is well developed. Therefore, there is no great need for a civilian airport.

Trains

The region has a well-developed railway network. Them total length- more than 1.5 thousand kilometers. The main routes passing through the region are Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow-Yaroslavl, Moscow-Kazan. By train from Moscow, you can get to the main cities of the Vladimir region, by local electric trains - to almost all settlements in the region.

Buses

The Vladimir Region has good bus links with Moscow, the Moscow Region and other regions. By bus from Vladimir you can get to almost any settlement in the Vladimir region.

Automobile

Of the highways passing through the region, the most important highway is the M7 ("Volga"). It goes from Moscow through Noginsk, Kirzhach, Pokrov, Petushki and Lakinsk to Vladimir. Here it splits in two. On one way you can go to the points of Bogolyubovo, Vyazniki, Gorokhovets and further beyond the border of the region, on the other - to Suzdal. Perpendicular to the M7 are the routes P72 and P74, diverging from Vladimir. By P72 you can get from Vladimir to Murom, and by P74 to Yuryev-Polsky.

Hitch-hiking

As elsewhere in Russia, you can hitchhike in the Vladimir region. However, we must not forget that the famous Vladimirsky Central prison, sung in the thieves' song of the same name, is located in this region. In spite of strict regime, prisoners sometimes escape from there, so the roads of the Vladimir region are unsafe.

Water transport

Cargo and passenger ships go along the Oka and Klyazma rivers. There are ports in Vyazniki and Murom.

Climate

Weather

The weather of the Vladimir region differs little from Moscow. The climate here is temperate continental with pronounced seasonality. The average temperature in January is -11ºС - -13ºС, in July - +18ºС - +20ºС. annual rate rainfall - about 600 mm. Snow lies about 140 days a year.

Best time to travel

The best time to travel to the Vladimir region is the summer months, as well as late spring or early autumn. Since the Vladimir region specializes in excursion tourism, it is better to go here when the daylight hours are long enough. As elsewhere in the European part of Russia, in early spring It's slushy and cold here late autumn it is rainy.

Traditions

Religion

Orthodoxy is widespread in the Vladimir region. On its territory there are many churches and temples that have both religious and historical meaning. But, as elsewhere in Russia, representatives of other concessions also live here - Catholics, Protestants, Muslims and Jews.

Language

Residents of the Vladimir region mostly speak Russian, but the pronunciation norm here is somewhat different from Moscow. In the Vladimir region, as well as in the Vologda, Nizhny Novgorod and some other regions, the "okay" dialect is common, that is, when pronouncing the word, the sound "o" is distinguished. Young residents of the region have adopted the Moscow norm, but in the manner of pronunciation of the older generation, "okanye" will remain.

Kitchen

The cuisine of the Vladimir region is traditional Russian cuisine. Here you can try pancakes, fish soup, okroshka and other dishes. Suzdal mead is widely known - a traditional Russian low-alcohol drink made with honey.

Souvenirs

From the Vladimir region they bring: products made of birch bark, wood, fabric (shawls, towels, patchwork), jewelry made of stones and enamel, crystal, lacquer miniatures. Souvenirs with images of architectural monuments are popular. A traditional souvenir from Suzdal is mead, from Pokrov a figured gingerbread. In large cities of the region, a network of fixed telephones is developed, but in small towns, towns and villages, fixed telephones may not be enough. A program has recently begun to install public telephones in rural settlements, you can call emergency services free of charge. However, they are not yet available everywhere. Cellular operators are the same as in Moscow. Unless otherwise provided by your operator, you will be roaming in the Vladimir region and will pay more for calls. Not all the signal is received well enough.

The Internet is not well developed everywhere. There are quite a few Wi-Fi zones. If you want to always be in touch, it is better to buy a special device for access via satellite. Internet access should be available at post offices, but it is not always available.

Prices

Food prices in stores in the Vladimir region are slightly lower than in the Moscow region. Significantly lower than Moscow prices in cafes. Museum tickets are also cheaper.