In the History of Russia of the 13th century, constant wars with external invaders are mainly noted. Batu Khan attacked the lands of Russia from the southwest, from northeast Russia followed the danger that came from the Baltic.

At the beginning of the 13th century, Russia began to exert very strong pressure on the entire Baltic. Novgorod and the Polotsk land established quite close relations with the people. This consisted in the constant collection of taxes from the people. But the Baltic lands seemed to attract feudal lords from Germany. These were mainly representatives of knightly and spiritual orders. The Vatican gave its blessing to the campaign of the crusade troops in the Baltic lands, after which they rapidly began to advance.

In 1200, a detachment of crusaders, led by the monk Albert, took control of the mouth of the Dvina from the west. A year later, they built a fortress in Riga, and the position of the first archbishop of Riga went to the monk Albert accompanying the crusaders. He was subordinate to a whole order of swordsmen, which in Russia was called the Livonian Order.

The Baltic population resisted the invaders in every possible way, because a detachment of crusaders completely destroyed the local residents. Fearing that the crusaders, after the capture of the Baltic states, will move on them, they decide to help the Baltic states in the struggle for their liberation. The government of Russia expected after a crushing victory to retain the right to own this state. The people of the Baltics did their best to help Russia, because their taxes were much lower than those of the German invaders.

Meanwhile, in the east of the country, the troops of Denmark and Sweden were rapidly attacking. On the site of the current city of Tallinn, the inhabitants of Denmark erected a fortress called Revel. The Swedes, in turn, sought to settle in the Gulf of Finland.

In 1240, a detachment of Swedes, led by one of the royal relatives, appeared on the Gulf of Finnish territory. He walked along the Neva River and stopped at the mouth of the Izhora. There they decided to set up their temporary camp. The Russians simply did not expect such a sharp appearance Swedish troops. At that time, Novgorod was ruled by the son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, who was only 19 years old. Throughout 1239, he built a fortification from the side of the Shelon River, which is located in the southern part of Novgorod. He feared that the prince of Lithuania would attack them.

But as soon as the 19-year-old Alexander found out that the Swedes were attacking, he immediately took his squad and went on a campaign. The Russians decided to launch a surprise attack on the Swedish camp. This happened in 1240 in mid-July.

The Swedes suffered a crushing defeat, and were forced to flee, forever losing the opportunity to gain dominance on the territory of the Neva. After this battle, Alexander was given the nickname Nevsky. With this name he is remembered to this day.

But the threat of an attack by the Livonian warriors still loomed. In 1240, the order managed to seize power over Pskov. The situation in Novgorod was quite difficult, because after the Battle of Neva, Alexander had a strong quarrel with the boyars of Novgorod and went to his father in Pereyaslavl. But after some time, the Novgorod veche again asks Alexander to ascend the throne in connection with the onset of a strong enemy. The boyars made the right choice, because in 1241 Alexander managed to recapture Pskov from the invaders almost without loss. In 1242, a memorable event took place on the ice of Lake Peipsi. This battle is described in history as Battle on the Ice. The forces of nature helped the Russian army. The Livonian knights were dressed in metal armor, and the Russian troops in plank armor. The April ice could not bear the weight of the Livonian knights in their armor and simply collapsed under their weight.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA

Serious changes took place in the socio-economic development of Russia in the 13th and 14th centuries. After the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in North-Eastern Russia, the economy was restored, handicraft production was revived again. There has been an increase and increase economic importance cities that did not play a serious role in the pre-Mongolian period (Moscow, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Kostroma).

Fortification construction is actively developing, the construction of stone temples is being resumed. Agriculture and the craft is rapidly developing in North-Eastern Russia.

There is an improvement of old technologies and the emergence of new ones.

In Russia received distribution water wheels and water mills. Parchment began to be actively replaced by paper. Salinity develops. Centers for the production of books appear in large book centers and monasteries. Massive casting (bell production) develops. Agriculture develops somewhat more slowly than crafts.

Slash-and-burn agriculture continues to be replaced by field arable land. Bipolarity is widespread.

New villages are being actively built. The number of domestic animals is increasing, which means that the application of organic fertilizers to the fields is increasing.

LARGE LAND OWNERSHIP IN RUSSIA

There is an increase in patrimonial possessions by distributing land by the princes to their boyars for feeding, that is, for management with the right to collect taxes in their favor.

From the second half of the 14th century, monastic land ownership began to grow rapidly.

PEASANTRY IN RUSSIA

In Ancient Russia, the entire population was called peasants, regardless of their occupations. As one of the main classes of the Russian population, whose main occupation is agriculture, the peasantry took shape in Russia by the 14th-15th centuries. A peasant sitting on the land with a three-field turnover had an average of 5 acres in one field, hence 15 acres in three fields.

Wealthy peasants took additional plots at the estates in black volosts. poor peasants often they had neither land nor a yard. They lived in other people's yards and were called doorkeepers. These peasants carried corvee duties to their owners - they plowed and sowed their land, harvested crops, and mowed hay. Meat and lard, vegetables and fruits, and much more were contributed to the quitrent. All peasants were already feudally dependent.

• communal- worked on public lands,
• possessory- these could leave, but within a clearly limited timeframe (Filipov's day November 14, St. George's day November 26, Petrov's day June 29, Christmas December 25)
• personally dependent peasants.

FIGHT OF MOSCOW AND TVER PRINCIPALITIES IN RUSSIA

By the beginning of the 14th century, Moscow and Tver became the strongest principalities of North-Eastern Russia. The first Moscow prince was the son of Alexander Nevsky Daniil Alexandrovich (1263-1303). In the early 90s, Daniil Aleksandrovich annexed Mozhaisk to the Moscow principality, and in 1300 he conquered Kolomna from Ryazan.

Since 1304, the son of Daniel, Yuri Danilovich, fought for the great reign of Vladimir with Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tver, who received a label for great reign in 1305 in the Golden Horde.

Metropolitan of All Russia Macarius provided support to the Moscow prince in this struggle.

In 1317, Yuri received a label for a great reign, and a year later, in the Golden Horde, Yuri's main enemy, Mikhail of Tverskoy, was killed. But in 1322, Prince Yuri Daniilovich was deprived of his great reign as a punishment. The label was given to the son of Mikhail Yaroslavovich Dmitry Terrible Eyes.

In 1325, Dmitry killed the culprit in the death of his father in the Golden Horde, for which he was executed by the khan in 1326.

The great reign was transferred to the brother of Dmitry Tverskoy - Alexander. With him, the Horde detachment was sent to Tver. The atrocities of the Horde caused an uprising of the townspeople, which was supported by the prince, as a result, the Horde was defeated.

IVAN KALITA

These events were skillfully used by the new Moscow prince Ivan Kalita. He participated in the punitive Horde expedition to Tver. Tverskaya land was devastated. The great reign of Vladimir was divided between Ivan Kalita and Alexander of Suzdal. After the death of the latter, the label for a great reign was almost constantly in the hands of the Moscow princes. Ivan Kalita continued the line of Alexander Nevsky in keeping a lasting peace with the Tatars.

He also made an alliance with the church. Moscow becomes the center of faith, as the metropolitan moved to Moscow forever and left Vladimir.

The Grand Duke received the right from the Horde to collect tribute himself, which had favorable consequences for the treasury of Moscow.

Ivan Kalita also increased his possessions. New lands were bought and begged from the Khan of the Golden Horde. Galich, Uglich and Beloozero were annexed. Also, some princes voluntarily became part of the Moscow principality.

THE PRINCIPALITY OF MOSCOW LEADS THE OVERTHROW OF THE TATAR-MONGOLIAN YOG BY RUSSIA

The policy of Ivan Kalita was continued by his sons - Semyon the Proud (1340-1359) and Ivan 2 the Red (1353-1359). After the death of Ivan 2, his 9-year-old son Dmitry (1359-1387) became the prince of Moscow. At this time, the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince Dmitry Konstantinovich had a label for reigning. A sharp struggle unfolded between him and the group of the Moscow boyars. Metropolitan Alexei took the side of Moscow, who actually headed Moscow government until Moscow finally won in 1363.

Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich continued the policy of strengthening the Moscow principality. In 1371, Moscow inflicted a major defeat on the Ryazan principality. The struggle with Tver continued. When in 1371 Mikhail Alekseevich Tverskoy received a label for the great reign of Vladimir and tried to occupy Vladimir, Dmitry Ivanovich refused to obey the khan's will. In 1375, Mikhail of Tverskoy again received a label on the Vladimir table. Then almost all the princes of northeastern Russia opposed him, supporting the Moscow prince in his campaign against Tver. After a month-long siege, the city capitulated. According to the concluded agreement, Mikhail recognized Dmitry as his overlord.

As a result internal political struggle in the North-Eastern Russian lands Muscovy achieved a leading position in the collection of Russian lands and turned into a real force capable of resisting the horde and Lithuania.

Since 1374, Dmitry Ivanovich stopped paying tribute to the Golden Horde. The Russian church played a big role in strengthening anti-Tatar sentiments.

In the 60s and 70s of the 14th century, civil strife within the Golden Horde intensified. In two decades, up to two dozen khans appear and disappear. Temporary workers appeared and disappeared. One of these, the most powerful and cruel was Khan Mamai. He tried to collect tribute from the Russian lands, despite the fact that Takhtamysh was the legitimate khan. The threat of a new invasion united the main forces of North-Eastern Russia under the leadership of Moscow Prince Dmitry Ivanovich.

Olgerd's sons Andrey and Dmitry, who had gone over to the service of the Moscow prince, took part in the campaign. Mamai's ally Grand Duke Jagiello was late to arrive at the connection with the Horde army. The Prince of Ryazan Oleg Ivanovich, who only formally entered into an alliance with the Golden Horde, did not join Mamai either.

On September 6, the united Russian army approached the banks of the Don. So for the first time after 1223, since the battle on the Kalka River, the Russians went out into the steppe to meet the Horde. On the night of September 8, Russian troops, on the orders of Dmitry Ivanovich, crossed the Don.

The battle took place on September 8, 1380 on the banks of the right tributary of the Don river. Lies, in the area that bore the name of the Kulikovo field. At first, the Horde pushed back the Russian regiments. Then an ambush regiment under the command of the Serpukhov prince hit them. The Horde army could not withstand the onslaught of fresh Russian forces and fled. The battle turned into a pursuit of an enemy retreating in disarray.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BATTLE OF KULIKOV

The historical significance of the Battle of Kulikovo was enormous. The main forces of the Golden Horde were defeated.

The idea was strengthened in the minds of the Russian people that the Horde could be defeated by united forces.

Prince Dmitry Ivanovich received from his descendants the honorary nickname Donskoy and found himself in the political role of an all-Russian prince. Unusually increased his authority. Militant anti-Tatar sentiments intensified in all Russian lands.

DMITRY DONSKOY

Having lived only incomplete four decades, he did a lot for Russia from a young age until the end of his days, Dmitry Donskoy was constantly in worries, campaigns and troubles. He had to fight both the Horde and Lithuania and Russian rivals for power and political primacy.

Settled the prince and church affairs. Dmitry received the blessing of hegumen Sergius of Radonezh, whose constant support he always enjoyed.

SERGIUS OF RADONEZH

Church pastors played a prominent role, not only in ecclesiastical, but also in political affairs. Trinity hegumen Sergius of Radonezh was unusually respected by the people. In the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, which was founded by Sergius of Radonezh, strict orders were cultivated in accordance with the cenobitic charter.

These orders became a model for other monasteries. Sergius of Radonezh called people to inner perfection, to live according to the Gospel. He tamed strife, tried on princes who agreed to submit to the Grand Duke of Moscow.

THE BEGINNING OF THE UNION OF THE RUSSIAN LANDS

Start state association Russian lands began with the rise of Moscow. 1st stage of consolidation can rightfully be considered the activities of Ivan Kalita, who bought land from the khans and begged for them. His policy was continued by his sons Semyon Proud and Ivan 2 Krasny.

They included Kastroma, Dmitrov, Starodub lands and part of Kaluga into Moscow. 2nd stage activity of Dmitry Donskoy. In 1367 he erected white walls and fortifications around Moscow. In 1372, he achieved recognition of dependence from Ryazan, defeated the Tver principality. By 1380, he had not paid tribute to the Golden Horde for 13 years.

The table compiled by students based on the materials of the textbook “The main events in the history of Ancient Russia in IX - early XII 1st century" may have the following form.

The main events in the history of Ancient Russia in IX – beginning XIII century

Year	Domestic political events	Foreign policy events
	Beginning of Rurik's reign in Novgorod
	Prince Oleg's campaign against Kyiv. Unification of the north (Novgorod) and south (Kyiv). Formation of the Old Russian state
		Prince Oleg's campaigns against Tsargrad (Constantinople). Signing a trade agreement beneficial for Russia
		Unsuccessful campaigns of Prince Igor against Constantinople
	Prince Igor was killed by the rebellious Drevlyans
		Prince Svyatoslav's campaign against the Khazar Khaganate. Destruction and death Khazar Khaganate. Russian control over the Volga trade route
		Embassy of Russia in Constantinople. Baptism of Princess Olga. Political union of Russia and Byzantium
		Russian-Byzantine war. Death of Prince Svyatoslav
	Adoption of Christianity in Russia under Prince Vladimir
	Lyubech congress princes. Legalization of political fragmentation
		The defeat of the Polovtsians by Prince Vladimir Monomakh
	The assault and defeat of Kyiv by the combined troops of the Russian princes and Polovtsian khans. The weakening of the all-Russian significance of Kyiv

Lessons #14-15. Russia between East and West.

During the lessons:

to reveal the process of formation of the Mongolian state, noting the features in comparison with the Old Russian state;

determine the reasons for the military successes of the Mongols in the period of formation Mongol Empire;

note the role of the struggle of Russia with the Mongol invasion for medieval European civilization;

characterize the significance of the struggle of Russia with the German and Swedish invaders;

draw conclusions about the significance of the choice of the princes of North-Eastern Russia in favor of an alliance with the Horde against the Catholic West.

Lesson plan:

The formation of the Mongolian state and its conquest.

Mongol invasion of Eastern and Central Europe.

Mongolian state in the XIII century.

Russia under the rule of the Golden Horde.

Russia between the West and the Horde.

Means of education: textbook §12-13, historical map No. 7 "Russian lands in the XII - early XIII centuries."

Recommended methods and techniques for conducting lessons: independent work students with the text of the textbook, a historical map with elements of a generalizing characteristic, the solution of cognitive tasks, work on compiling the table "The struggle of Russia against the invasion of the Mongols and repelling the aggression of the West."

Personalities: Genghis Khan, Batu, Alexander Nevsky.

Main dates: 1223 - the battle on the Kalka River.

1237-1242 - Batu's invasion of Russia.

1240 - Battle of the Neva.

Questions for follow-up conversation:

Reveal the causes of political fragmentation in Russia.

Prove that the period of political fragmentation was accompanied by the economic and cultural upsurge of the Russian lands.

Compare development Novgorod land and the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, in terms of natural, economic, social and political features.

Describe the activities of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. Why did his contemporaries call him "autocratic"?

There are two lessons for this topic. It is advisable in the first lesson to focus on the consideration of the first three points of the lesson plan. Dedicate the second lesson to the characterization of the most difficult issue - Russia under the rule of the Golden Horde and the problem of choosing the princes of North-Eastern Russia for civilizational development.

Option number 1 . Since a significant part of the material of the paragraph is event-driven and largely familiar to students, the first lesson organizes independent work of students with the text of the textbook and map No. 7 to prepare answers to questions. In order to save time in the lesson, it is possible to work in groups.

Comparative characteristics of the formation of the state among the Mongols and Eastern Slavs.

The reasons successful conquests Mongols.

Baty's invasion of Russia and the consequences.

Russia between East and West.

Work on the first question will make it possible to repeat the process of formation of the Old Russian state and, on this basis, note main feature states of the Mongols - "nomadic feudalism", in which main value was cattle. This question is best entrusted to the most prepared group of students, since comparative analysis complicated enough. The last question of the assignment is completed by students and considered in the second lesson.

Reference point! About historical development nomadic societies in domestic science much has been said various points vision. There has been a discussion among historians about nomadic feudalism". Some scholars believed that the nomads develop according to the same laws as the agricultural peoples, and the basis feudal relations they had land ownership(pasture). Their opponents argued that the pastures of the nomads were collectively owned, and the basis of feudalism was livestock ownership.

Option number 2. After a conversation with the class about the formation of the Mongolian state and the reasons for successful aggressive campaigns The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, conduct independent work of students with the text of the textbook, map No. 7 (task No. 1, p. 93). In the course of the work, the table “The struggle of Russia against the invasion of the Mongols and the reflection of the aggression of the West” is filled in, followed by a discussion of the results. In the process of this work, it is necessary to use the analysis of the task document No. 2 of the textbook.

the date	Who did you fight?	Developments	Result
	Mongolian state	The Polovtsy turned to the Russian princes for help. The united Russian-Polovtsian army and the Mongols met in a decisive battle near the Kalka River.	The military superiority of the Mongols, disagreements among the Russian princes, the unexpected flight of the Polovtsy led to a terrible defeat for the Russian squads.
December 1237	Invasion Mongolian army led by Batu Khan.	The defeat of the troops of the Ryazan prince at the borders of the principality. Capture of the city of Ryazan.	Other principalities did not help the people of Ryazan. The defeat of the Ryazan principality.
January 1238		The battle of the Vladimir-Suzdal troops with the Mongols near Kolomna.	The defeat of the Vladimir-Suzdal troops. Siege by the Mongols of the city of Vladimir.
February 1238		The assault and capture of Vladimir by the Mongols.	Another 14 cities of North-Eastern Russia were taken by the Mongols.
March 1238		The defeat of the Vladimir troops on the City River.	Most of the Russian soldiers and Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich died. Before reaching Novgorod, the Mongols turned into the steppe.
April 1238		Siege of the city of Kozelsk 7 weeks. "Evil City"	Only by the beginning of summer did the Mongols manage to break out into the southern steppes.
Autumn 1239		Devastation of lands and principalities Southern Russia.	Invasion of Poland and Hungary.
		The Swedish fleet along the Neva invaded the Novgorod possessions. Defeat on the Neva of the Swedes from Prince of Novgorod Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky).	The Swedes failed to block the Novgorodians trade route across the Baltic.
	Livonian Order	"Battle on the Ice".	The regiments of Alexander Nevsky inflicted a crushing defeat on the ice of Lake Peipsi.

Question. Prove that the soldiers and inhabitants of Russia put up fierce resistance to the invaders.

As homework it is possible to offer tenth graders to supplement the textbook material with historical facts and examples. For the purpose of preliminary acquaintance, students at home get acquainted with the material of the textbook devoted to the issues of "Rus under the rule of the Golden Horde" and "Rus between the Mongols and the West."

In the second lesson, during the conversation, conclusions are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the consequences of the Mongol invasion of Russia and the significance of the choice of the princes of North-Eastern Russia in favor of an alliance with the Horde against the Catholic West.

What consequences did Mongol invasion for Russia?

Economic, social and cultural backwardness of Russia from the countries of Western Europe.

Heavy material damage, mass death of the population, ruin of cities. The decline of crafts, trade, cities.

Students should pay attention to the fact that this is the third factor that hindered the development of the country. Remember, what other factors hindered the development of Russia, determined its lagging behind the countries of Western Europe? Schoolchildren answering this question must name the natural-geographical factor (see § 6, pp. 44 and 46) and the absence during the formation of the Old Russian state, in contrast to the countries of Western Europe, on the territory in antiquity highly developed civilization, the inability to directly use the achievements of ancient civilization (see § 8, p. 59).

The military defeat delayed the political unification of the northeastern lands.

The connections of the Russian lands with the Orthodox countries, the countries of Europe, have ceased.

It contributed to the development of despotic forms of power in Russia.

Another point of view! What are the benefits of addiction northeastern principalities from the Golden Horde noted the historian Klyuchevsky V.O.? "In the devastated public consciousness (Northeastern princes) there was only room for the instincts of self-preservation and capture. Only the image of Alexander Nevsky somewhat covered the horror of savagery and fraternal anger, which too often erupted among Russian rulers, relatives or cousins, uncles and nephews. If they were left completely to their own devices, they would smash their Russia into incoherent, eternally hostile appanage rags. But the principalities of the then Northern Russia were not independent possessions, and tributary "uluses" of the Tatars; their princes were called serfs of the "free king", as we called the Horde Khan. The power of this khan gave at least the specter of unity to the smaller and mutually alienated patrimonial corners of the Russian princes. True, even in the Volga Sarai it was in vain to look for rights. The Grand Prince's table of Vladimir was there the subject of bargaining and rebidding; the purchased khan's label covered all falsehoods. But the offended did not always immediately grab a weapon, but went to seek protection from the khan, and not always unsuccessfully. The storm of Khan's wrath held back the bully; mercy, that is, arbitrariness, more than once warned or stopped a devastating strife. The power of the khan was a rough Tatar knife, cutting the knots that descendants were able to Vsevolod III confuse the affairs of their land. It was not in vain that the Russian chroniclers called the filthy Hagarians the batog of God, admonishing sinners in order to lead them to the path of repentance.

What was the dependence of Russia on the Golden Horde?

The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed the Grand Dukes. All princes were to receive from the khan labels to own their lands.  Contributed to the development of despotic forms of power in Russia.

Dependence on the Golden Horde mothballed political fragmentation.

The payment of tribute - "Tatar exit". Census of the population, established norms for the collection of tribute.  It made it difficult to restore and develop the economy of the north-eastern lands.

The administration of the Horde in the Russian principalities (until the middle of the XIV century) - Basques.

Punitive raids of the Golden Horde, during which the Horde took artisans and young people into slavery.  The decline of crafts, trade, cities.

Was North-Eastern Russia part of the Golden Horde?

From the point of view of the text of the textbook, North-Eastern Russia became dependent on the Golden Horde, that is, it had "autonomy" - "the conquerors retained the system of government that had developed here, the army and religion." However, in the “to summarize” section, it is said that North-Eastern Russia turned out to be “within the framework of the formed Mongol Empire.” The complete personal dependence of the princes on the Mongol khan, who gave them the right to manage their own territories, the confirmation of this dependence by regular “outputs”, the supply of troops for joint military operations, the presence of the Horde administration (Baskaki), can hardly serve as a good reason for recognizing “autonomy »Russian lands within the Golden Horde (ulus of Jochi).

Solutiondilemmas (see page 91)(i.e. a difficult choice between two equally unpleasant possibilities) princes. Solving the dilemma by Prince Alexander Nevsky.

1 point of view. The prudent policy of Alexander Nevsky, who understood the futility of resistance to the Mongols, on the union and subordination of Odra, relying on the help of the Mongol khans against the Catholic West, made it possible to maintain their own statehood.

2 point of view. Relying on the help of the Mongol khans, Alexander Nevsky consolidated the despotic traditions of governing North-Eastern Russia. At the same time, he actually put an end to the effective resistance of the Russian princes to the Golden Horde for many years to come.

Lesson number 16. Final repetition and generalization the historical material of chapter 2 is conducted with the help of questions and tasks proposed in the textbook (pp. 93-94). The volume of oral and written work, the forms of conducting the final iterative-generalizing lesson are determined by the teacher, based on the level of preparation and other features of a particular class. The organization of work in this lesson can be built using various methods and forms - a seminar, a test lesson, writing a micro-essay (see Thematic Planning).

Questions for final repetition and generalization:

The influence of natural and geographical conditions on the formation and development of Ancient Russia.

Highlight and justify the features of the emergence and development of the state among the Eastern Slavs.

Expand the main periods of the political development of Ancient Russia in the 10th - 13th centuries.

Describe the ancient Russian society, its main groups.

Determine the features of the development of the culture of Ancient Russia of this period.

Why do scientists call this period of development of Ancient Russia the pre-Mongolian period? What has changed in Russia as a result of the invasion of the Mongols led by Batu Khan?

Tests:

one). The Eastern Slavs were characterized by an economic and cultural type

nomadic pastoralists;

Farmers and settled pastoralists;

Nomadic pastoralists.

2). On the eve of the formation of the state, the worldview of the Eastern Slavs was

pagan;

Not religious;

3). Read an excerpt from the work "Strategikon" and determine the social system of the Eastern Slavs.

“They do not keep those who are in their captivity, like other tribes, for an unlimited time, but, limiting (the term of slavery) to a certain time, they offer them a choice: whether they want to return home for a certain ransom or remain there in the position of free ?

slaveholding;

Feudal;

Tribal.

four). Most Russian epics are associated with the name:

Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich;

Prince Svyatopolk the Accursed;

Prince Igor Svyatoslavich.

5). What event in the history of Russia took place in 882?

Calling for the reign of Rurik;

The death of Prince Igor from the Drevlyans;

Prince Oleg's campaign against Kyiv.

6). Which of these events happened later than all the others?

Baptism of Russia;

Prince Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad;

The death of Prince Igor as a result of the uprising of the Drevlyans.

7). The consequence of the adoption of Christianity by Russia was

Acquaintance with the heritage of antiquity;

The split of Russian society along religious lines.

eight). Who owns the words mentioned in the annals? "If someone does not come to the river tomorrow - whether it be rich, or poor, or a beggar, or a slave, he will be my enemy."

Prince Yaroslav the Wise;

Prince Alexander Nevsky;

Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.

9). The event to which the phrase refers: "Let everyone keep his fatherland" took place in

1. 1097; 2. 1113; 3. 1237.

ten). Hereditary land ownership in medieval Russia is called:

1. Estate; Rope; Graveyard.

eleven). The Code of Laws of Ancient Russia was called:

"Salic Truth";

"Russian Truth";

"Ladder".

12). Servant, purchase, serf in Ancient Russia belonged to

dependent population;

free population;

notable population.

13). Which of the main groups of the population of the Old Russian state owns the article in Russkaya Pravda?

“If __________ hits a free person and runs away to the mansions, ... and after that, if a person beaten by him finds ________ somewhere, let him kill him like a dog.”

fourteen). Match genres ancient Russian literature and titles of works.

BUT). "The Word" 1. "The Tale of Boris and Gleb"

B). Life 2. "The Tale of Bygone Years"

C) Chronicle 3. "Instruction" by Vladimir Monomakh.

fifteen). Read the passage from the chronicle and determine to which event the information given in it relates.

“Why are we destroying the Russian land, raising enmity against ourselves, and the Polovtsy are tearing our land to pieces and rejoice that there are wars between us to this day. From now on, we will unite in one heart and will protect the Russian lands. Let everyone keep his fatherland ... "and on that they kissed the cross ... and taking an oath, they went home ... ".

16). Establish a correspondence between concepts and their definitions.

BUT). Expansion 1. Detour by the prince and the retinue of the lands subject to Kyiv with

purpose of collecting tribute.

B). Heresy 2. Expansion, capture of new territories.

AT). Votchina 3. A creed other than a system of religious

beliefs accepted by the church.

G). Polyudie 4. Hereditary land ownership in medieval Russia.

17). Read an excerpt from a historian's work and determine which of the princes of the 12th century it was dedicated to.

“Having not only a good heart, but also an excellent mind, he clearly saw the cause of state disasters and wanted to save people from them. at least his area: that is, he abolished the unfortunate system of appanages, reigned with autocracy and did not give cities to either brothers or sons ... "

Key to test tasks:

Lyubech congress

Andrey Bogolyubsky

Topic 3. Western Europe in the XI-XV centuries

The material of this topic gives an idea of ​​the formation of the foundations of European civilization. The historical material of the chapter of the textbook considers important problems of economic (urban development, handicraft small-scale production), political (education centralized states) and social (bourgeois and the formation of new bourgeois values) processes in countries medieval Europe. Small in volume historical material chapter is important from the point of view of studying similar processes in Russia and to determine the features, differences that are similar, but only at first glance, the directions of the historical development of medieval Russia and Western countries.

Lesson number 17. Economic and political development.

During the lesson:

note the important changes in the economic life of the medieval society of Western Europe and their consequences for the rapid development of cities;

analyze the causal relationship between the processes of economic recovery, the transformation of townspeople into an influential political force in medieval society and the formation of centralized states in Western Europe;

give a comparative description of the strengthening of royal power and the creation of centralized states on the example of France and England;

characterize the weakening of the power of the popes over secular monarchs, the growth of heretical movements in Europe.

Means of education: textbook §14.

The culture of our country is so interesting and diverse that I want to study it deeper and deeper. Let's plunge into the history of our country of the XIII century.
Russian man is great person, he must know the history of his homeland.
Not knowing the history of their country, not a single civilized society will develop, but on the contrary will begin to lag behind in its development, and possibly even stop.
The period of culture of the XIII century is usually called the pre-Mongolian period, that is, before the arrival of the Mongols in our state. During this period of time, the development of culture big influence provided by Byzantium. Thanks to Byzantium, Orthodoxy appeared in Russia.

The culture of Ancient Russia of the XIII century is a great creation of the past. Each period of time in history is so unrepeatable that each period separately is worthy of the deepest study. Looking at the monuments of history, we can say that culture has entered the modern spiritual life. Despite the fact that many works of art have not survived to our times, the beauty of that time continues to delight and amaze us with its scale.

Features of the culture of the XIII century:
- Religious outlook prevailed;
- during this period, many signs were invented, there were no explanations for them by science, and to this day they cannot be explained;
- great attention was paid to traditions, grandfathers were revered;
- slow pace of development;
The tasks facing the masters of that time:
- unity - the rallying of the entire Russian people, at that time in the fight against enemies;
- glorification of the great princes and boyars;
- evaluated all previous historical events. The culture of the 13th century is closely connected with the past.

During this time, literature continued to develop. The work “Prayer” was written by Daniil Zatochnik. The book was dedicated to Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. The book used Speaking combined with satire. In it, the author condemns the dominance of the boyars, the arbitrariness that they committed. He created a prince protecting orphans and widows, thereby trying to show that good and good-natured people did not disappear in Russia.
Monasteries and churches still remained centers of book storage. On their territory, books were copied, annals were kept.
The genre - Life, the main idea - has become widespread. These works were descriptions of the lives of the saints. Special attention devoted to the lives of monks and ordinary people.

They began to write parables.

An important place in the development of literature was occupied by chronicles, where everything that happens in people's lives was written, everything was described over the years.
Epics glorified the exploits of warriors who defended their homeland. At the heart of the epics, there were events that actually happened.

Architecture.

During this period, construction was developed. As already mentioned, the whole culture of this period was imbued with the trends of Byzantium, which could not positively affect the culture of Russia. The transition from wooden construction to stone construction begins.
In addition, Byzantine culture always put the church and icon painting in the first place, cutting off everything that contradicted Christian principles.
The principles of art that arrived were faced with the fact that the Eastern Slavs worship the sun and the wind. Wore cultural heritage Byzantium left an imprint on the culture of Ancient Russia.
The main symbol of the construction of this period of time was the St. Sophia Cathedral. The walls of the cathedral, for the first time in Russia, were made of red brick. The church was with five domes, behind them were eight more small ones. The ceiling and walls were decorated with frescoes and mosaics. Many frescoes were not on a religious theme, there were many everyday drawings dedicated to the family of the Grand Duke.
Wood carving has been greatly developed. The houses of the boyars were decorated with cuts.
In addition to churches at this time, the wealthy segments of the population begin to build stone houses from pink bricks.

Painting.

The paintings of the 13th century left their imprint of the city where the masters worked. So Novgorod painters sought to simplify the style of their craftsmanship. He reached his greatest expression in the painting of the Church of George in Staraya Ladoga.
At the same time, mosaics began to be painted directly on the walls of temples. Frescoes became widespread. Fresco - painting painted with water-based paints, directly on the walls covered with plaster.

Folklore.

The history of Russia is so great that it is impossible not to say about folklore. Folklore occupies a huge place in the life of the Russian people. Reading epics you can learn about the whole life of the Russian people. They sang the exploits of heroes, their strength and courage. Bogatyrs have always been sung as defenders of the Russian population.

Life and customs of the people.

The culture of our country is inextricably linked with its people, way of life, customs. People lived in cities and villages. The main type of housing was the estate, the houses were built from log cabins. Kyiv in the XIII century was a very rich city. It had palaces, estates, towers of boyars and wealthy merchants. The favorite pastime of the rich population was hawk and falcon hunting. The common people organized fisticuffs and horse races.
The clothes were made of cloth. The main costume was a long shirt and trousers for men.
Women wore long skirts made of cloth. Married women wore a headscarf. Unmarried girls had long beautiful braids, they could be cut off only when they got married.
Weddings were played on a large scale in the villages, the whole village gathered for them. Huge, long tables were set right in the courtyard of the house.
Since the church played an important role in the life of the population in the 13th century, church fasts, holidays were sacredly observed by the inhabitants.

Yaroslav the Wise tried to prevent civil strife after his death and established between his children order of succession to the throne of Kyiv by seniority: from brother to brother and from uncle to eldest nephew. But even this did not help to avoid a struggle for power between the brothers. AT 1097 Yaroslavichi gathered in the city of Lyubich ( Lubian Congress of Princes) and forbade princes to move to reign from principality to principality. This created the preconditions for feudal fragmentation. But this decision did not stop internecine wars. Now the princes took care of expanding the territories of their principalities.

On the a short time the world was restored to the grandson of Yaroslav Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125). But after his death, wars broke out with new force. Kyiv, weakened by the constant struggle against the Polovtsians and internal strife, is gradually losing its leading value. The population seeks salvation from the constant plunder and moves to more peaceful principalities: Galicia-Volyn (Upper Dnieper) and Rostov-Suzdal (interfluve of the Volga and Oka). In many ways, the boyars, who were interested in expanding their patrimonial lands, pushed the princes to seize new lands. Due to the fact that in their principalities the princes established the Kyiv order of succession, processes of fragmentation began in them too: if at the beginning of the 12th century there were 15 principalities, then by end of XIII century already 250 principalities.

Feudal fragmentation was a natural process in the development of statehood. It was accompanied by the revival of the economy, the rise of culture and the formation of local cultural centers. At the same time, during the period of fragmentation, the awareness of national unity was not lost.

Reasons for fragmentation A: 1) no solid economic ties between individual principalities - each principality produced everything necessary within itself, that is, it lived by subsistence farming; 2) the emergence and strengthening of local princely dynasties; 3) weakening of the central power of the Kyiv prince; 4) the decline of the trade route along the Dnieper "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and the strengthening of the importance of the Volga as a trade route.

Galicia-Volyn principality located in the foothills of the Carpathians. Trade routes from Byzantium to Europe passed through the principality. In the principality, a struggle arose between the prince and the big boyars - landowners. Poland and Hungary often intervened in the struggle.

The Galician principality was especially strengthened under Yaroslav Vladimirovich Osmomysl (1157–1182). After his death Galician principality was annexed to Volhynia by the prince Roman Mstislavovich (1199–1205). Roman managed to capture Kyiv, declared himself the Grand Duke, and pushed the Polovtsy from the southern borders. Roman's policy was continued by his son Daniel Romanovich (1205–1264). During his time, the Tatar-Mongols invaded and the prince had to recognize the power of the khan over himself. After the death of Daniel, a struggle broke out in the principality between boyar families, as a result of which Volhynia was captured by Lithuania, and Galicia - by Poland.

Novgorod principality stretched throughout the Russian North from the Baltic to the Urals. Through Novgorod there was a lively trade with Europe along the Baltic Sea. The Novgorod boyars were also drawn into this trade. After uprisings of 1136 Prince Vsevolod was expelled and the Novgorodians began to invite princes to their place, that is, a feudal republic was established. Princely power was significantly limited city ​​council(meeting) and Council of gentlemen. The function of the prince was reduced to organizing the defense of the city and external representation. The one elected at the veche actually ruled the city posadnik and the council of gentlemen. Veche had the right to expel the prince from the city. The veche was attended by delegates from the city ends ( Konchan veche). All free citizens of this end could participate in the Konchan veche.

The republican organization of power in Novgorod had a class character. Novgorod became the center of the fight against German and Swedish aggression.

Vladimir-Suzdal Principality It was located between the Volga and Oka rivers and was protected from the steppes by forests. Attracting the population to the desert lands, the princes founded new cities, did not allow the formation of urban self-government (veche) and large boyar land ownership. However, by settling in princely lands, free community members became dependent on the landowner, that is the development of serfdom continued and intensified.

The beginning of the local dynasty was laid by the son of Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky (1125–1157). He founded a number of cities: Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Moscow. But Yuri sought to get to the great reign in Kyiv. The real owner of the principality became Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky (1157–1174). He founded the city Vladimir-on-Klyazma and moved the capital of the principality there from Rostov. Wanting to expand the boundaries of his principality, Andrei fought a lot with his neighbors. The boyars, removed from power, organized a conspiracy and killed Andrei Bogolyubsky. Andrey's policy was continued by his brother Vsevolod Yurievich Big Nest (1176–1212) and son of Vsevolod Yuri (1218–1238). In 1221 Yuri Vsevolodovich founded Nizhny Novgorod. The development of Russia was slow Tatar-Mongolian invasion of 1237–1241.

Russia in XII - XIIIcenturies. political fragmentation.

AT 1132 d. last died mighty prince Mstislav, son of Vladimir Monomakh.

This date is considered the beginning of the period of fragmentation.

Reasons for fragmentation:

1) The struggle of the princes for the best principalities and territories.

2) The independence of the boyars-patrimonials in their lands.

3) Subsistence economy, strengthening the economic and political power of cities.

4) Decline Kyiv land from the raids of the steppes.

Characteristic features of this period:

The aggravation of relations between the princes and the boyars

Princely strife

The struggle of the princes for the "Kyiv table"

The growth and strengthening of the economic and political power of cities

The heyday of culture

Weakening of the military potential of the country (fragmentation caused the defeat of Russia in the fight against the Mongols)

The main centers of political fragmentation:

Novgorod land

The supreme power belonged to the veche, which called the prince.

Elected at the meeting officials: posadnik, thousand, archbishop. Novgorod feudal republic

Vladimiro - Suzdal Principality

Strong princely power (Yuri Dolgoruky (1147 - the first mention of Moscow in the annals), Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Big Nest)

Galicia-Volyn principality

Powerful boyars that fought for power with the princes. Famous princes - Yaroslav Osmomysl, Roman Mstislavovich, Daniil Galitsky.

Before the Mongol invasion - the heyday of Russian culture

1223 - the first battle with the Mongols on the Kalka River.

The Russians tried to fight back along with the Polovtsy, but were defeated

1237-1238 - the campaign of Batu Khan to North-Eastern Russia (the Ryazan principality was the first to be defeated)

1239-1240- to South Russia

Reasons for the defeat of Russia in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars

• Fragmentation and strife between the princes
• The superiority of the Mongols in the art of war, the availability of experienced and large army

Effects

1) The establishment of a yoke - the dependence of Russia on the Horde (payment of tribute and the need for princes to receive a label (a khan's letter that gave the prince the right to manage his lands) Baskak - a khan's governor in Russian lands

2) The ruin of lands and cities, the deportation of the population into slavery - undermining the economy and culture

Invasion of German and Swedish knights to the northwestern lands - Novgorod and Pskov

Goals

*seizure of new territories

* Conversion to Catholicism

Novgorod prince Alexander Nevsky at the head of the Russian troops won victories:

Russian principalities and lands in the XII-XIII centuries

on the river Neve over the Swedish knights

1242 on Lake Peipsi over the German knights (Battle on the Ice)

1251 -1263 - the reign of Prince Alexander Nevsky in Vladimir. Establishing friendly relations with the Golden Horde to prevent new invasions from the West

Work plan.

I. Introduction.

II. Russian lands and principalities in the XII-XIII centuries.

1. Reasons and essence state fragmentation. Socio-political and cultural characteristics of Russian lands in the period of fragmentation.

§ 1. Feudal fragmentation of Russia - natural stage development of Russian society and state.

§ 2. Economic and socio-political reasons for the fragmentation of Russian lands.

Vladimir-Suzdal principality as one of the types of feudal state formations in Russia in the XII-XIII centuries.

§ 4 Features geographical location, natural and climatic conditions of the Vladimir-Suzdal land.

Russian lands and principalities in the XII - the first half of the XIII century.

Features of the socio-political and cultural development of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

2. Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia and its consequences. Russia and the Golden Horde.

§ 1. The originality of the historical development and way of life of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia.

Batu's invasion and the formation of the Golden Horde.

§ 3. The Mongol-Tatar yoke and its influence on ancient Russian history.

The struggle of Russia against the aggression of the German and Swedish conquerors. Alexander Nevskiy.

§ 1. Expansion to the East of Western European countries and religious and political organizations at the beginning of the XIII century.

§ 2. The historical significance of the military victories of Prince Alexander Nevsky (Battle of the Neva, Battle of the Ice).

III. Conclusion

I. INTRODUCTION

XII-XIII centuries, which will be discussed in this control work, barely visible in the fog of the past.

In order to understand and understand the events of this most difficult era in the history of medieval Russia, it is necessary to get acquainted with the monuments of ancient Russian literature, study fragments of medieval chronicles and annals, read the works of historians related to this period. It is historical documents that help to see in history not a simple collection of dry facts, but the most complex science, the achievements of which play an important role in the further development of society, and allow a deeper understanding of the most important events in national history.

Consider the reasons that led to feudal fragmentation - the political and economic decentralization of the state, the creation of practically independent friend from a friend, independent state formations; to understand why the Tatar-Mongol yoke on Russian soil became possible, and what was the domination of the conquerors for more than two centuries in the field of economic, political and cultural life, and what consequences it had for the future historical development of Russia - this is the main task of this work.

13th century rich tragic events, and to this day excites and attracts the eyes of historians and writers.

After all, this century is called the "dark period" of Russian history.

However, its beginning was bright and calm. A vast country, larger than any European state, was full of young creative power. The proud and strong people who inhabited it did not yet know the oppressive gravity of the foreign yoke, did not know the humiliating inhumanity of serfdom.

The world in their eyes was simple and whole.

They did not yet know the destructive power of gunpowder. Distance was measured by the span of arms or the flight of an arrow, and time was measured by the change of winter and summer. The rhythm of their life was unhurried and measured.

At the beginning of the XII century, axes were knocked all over Russia, new cities and villages grew. Russia was a country of masters.

Here they knew how to weave the finest lace and build soaring cathedrals, forge reliable, sharp swords and draw the heavenly beauty of angels.

Russia was a crossroads of peoples.

On the squares of Russian cities one could meet Germans and Hungarians, Poles and Czechs, Italians and Greeks, Polovtsians and Swedes... Many were surprised how quickly the “Rusichs” assimilated the achievements of neighboring peoples, applied them to their needs, enriched their own ancient and unique culture.

At the beginning of the XIII century, Russia was one of the most prominent states in Europe. The power and wealth of the Russian princes were known throughout Europe.

But suddenly a thunderstorm approached the Russian land - a hitherto unknown terrible enemy.

A heavy burden fell on the shoulders of the Russian people, the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The exploitation of the conquered peoples by the Mongol khans was ruthless and comprehensive. Simultaneously with the invasion from the East, Russia also faced another terrible misfortune - the expansion of the Livonian Order, its attempt to impose Catholicism on the Russian people.

In this difficult historical era, the heroism and love of freedom of our people manifested itself with particular force, people whose names were forever preserved in the memory of descendants were exalted.

II. RUSSIAN LANDS AND PRINCIPALITIES IN THE XII-XIII CENTURIES.

1. CAUSES AND ESSENCE OF STATE Fragmentation. SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RUSSIAN LANDS

THE PERIOD OF Fragmentation.

§ 1. FEUDAL Fragmentation of RUSSIA - A NATURAL STAGE

DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND THE STATE

From the 30s of the XII century, the process of feudal fragmentation began in Russia.

Feudal fragmentation is an inevitable step in the evolution of feudal society, the basis of which is a subsistence economy with its isolation and isolation.

The system that has been established so far subsistence farming contributed to the isolation from each other of all individual economic units (family, community, inheritance, land, principality), each of which became self-sufficient, consuming all the product it produced. There was practically no trade in goods in this situation.

Within the framework of a single Russian state, independent economic regions, new cities grew, large patrimonial farms, possessions of many monasteries and churches were born and developed.

Feudal clans grew up and rallied - the boyars with their vassals, the rich top of the cities, church hierarchs. The nobility was born, the basis of whose life was the service to the overlord in exchange for a land grant for the time of this service.

The huge Kievan Rus, with its superficial political cohesion, necessary, first of all, for defense against an external enemy, for organizing long-range campaigns of conquest, now no longer met the needs major cities with their branched feudal hierarchy, developed trade and craft strata, and the needs of the patrimonials.

The need to unite all forces against the Polovtsian danger and the mighty will of the Grand Dukes - Vladimir Monomakh and his son Mstislav - temporarily slowed down the inevitable process of crushing Kievan Rus, but then it resumed with renewed vigor.

“The whole Russian land was irritated,” as the chronicle says.

From the point of view of general historical development, the political fragmentation of Russia is a natural stage on the way to the future centralization of the country, the future economic and political rise on a new civilizational basis.

Europe also did not escape the collapse of the early medieval states, fragmentation and local wars.

Then the process of education developed here nation states secular type that still exist. Ancient Russia, having gone through a period of disintegration, could come to a similar result. However, the Mongol-Tatar invasion violated this natural development political life in Russia and threw him back.

§ 2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIO-POLITICAL REASONS

Fragmentation of RUSSIAN LANDS

We can single out the economic and socio-political reasons for feudal fragmentation in Russia:

1.Economic reasons:

- the growth and development of feudal boyar land ownership, the expansion of estates by seizing the lands of smerds-communists, buying land, etc.

All this led to the strengthening of the economic power and independence of the boyars and, ultimately, to the aggravation of the contradictions between the boyars and the Grand Duke of Kyiv. The boyars were interested in such a princely power that could provide them with military and legal protection, in particular in connection with the growing resistance of the townspeople, smerds, contribute to the seizure of their lands and intensify exploitation.

- the dominance of subsistence farming and the lack of economic ties contributed to the creation of relatively small boyar worlds and the separatism of local boyar unions.

- in the XII century, trade routes began to bypass Kyiv, "the path from the Varangians to the Greeks", which once united around itself Slavic tribes, gradually lost its former meaning, because

European merchants, as well as Novgorodians, were increasingly attracted to Germany, Italy, and the Middle East.

2. Socio-political reasons :

- strengthening the power of individual princes;

- weakening the influence of the great Kyiv prince;

- princely strife; they were based on the Yaroslavl appanage system itself, which could no longer satisfy the overgrown family of Rurikovich.

There was no clear, precise order either in the distribution of inheritances or in their inheritance. After the death of the great prince of Kyiv, the "table" according to existing law did not go to his son, but to the eldest prince in the family. At the same time, the principle of seniority came into conflict with the principle of “fatherland”: when the princes-brothers moved from one “table” to another, some of them did not want to change their homes, while others rushed to the Kyiv “table” over the heads of their older brothers.

Thus, the preserved order of inheritance of the "tables" created the prerequisites for internecine conflicts. AT middle of XII centuries of civil strife reached unprecedented sharpness, and the number of their participants increased many times due to the fragmentation of princely possessions.

At that time in Russia there were 15 principalities and separate lands. In the next century, on the eve of Batu's invasion, there were already 50.

- the growth and strengthening of cities as new political and cultural centers can also be considered a reason further crushing Russia, although some historians, on the contrary, regard the development of cities as a consequence of this process.

- the fight against nomads also weakened Kiev principality, slowed down his progress; in Novgorod and Suzdal it was much calmer.

Feudal fragmentation in Russia in the 12th-13th centuries. Specific Russia.

• Feudal fragmentation– political and economic decentralization. The creation on the territory of one state of independent independent principalities, formally having a common ruler, a single religion - Orthodoxy, uniform laws of "Russian Truth".
• The energetic and ambitious policy of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes led to the growth of the influence of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality on the entire Russian state.
• Yuri Dolgoruky, son of Vladimir Monomakh, received the Vladimir principality in his reign.

• 1147 Moscow first appears in chronicles. The founder is boyar Kuchka.
• Andrei Bogolyubsky, son of Yuri Dolgoruky. 1157-1174. The capital was moved from Rostov to Vladimir, the new title of the ruler is Tsar and Grand Duke.
• The Vladimir-Suzdal principality flourished under Vsevolod the Big Nest.

1176-1212. The monarchy was finally established.

Consequences of fragmentation.

Positive

- the growth and strengthening of cities

– Active development of crafts

— Settlement of undeveloped lands

- laying roads

— Development of internal trade

— The flourishing of the cultural life of the principalities

Strengthening the local self-government apparatus

Negative

— continuation of the process of fragmentation of lands and principalities

— internecine wars

- weak central government

- Vulnerability to external enemies

Specific Russia (XII-XIII centuries)

With the death of Vladimir Monomakh in 1125.

the decline of Kievan Rus began, which was accompanied by its disintegration into separate states-principalities. Even earlier, the Lyubech Congress of Princes in 1097 established: “... let each one keep his fatherland” - this meant that each prince becomes the full owner of his hereditary principality.

The collapse of the Kievan state into small principalities-patrimonies, according to V.O.

Klyuchevsky, was caused by the existing order of succession to the throne. The princely throne was not passed from father to son, but from the elder brother to the middle and younger. This gave rise to strife in the family and the struggle for the division of estates. certain role played external factors: raids of nomads devastated the southern Russian lands and interrupted the trade route along the Dnieper.

As a result of the decline of Kyiv, the Galicia-Volyn principality rose in southern and southwestern Russia, the Rostov-Suzdal (later Vladimir-Suzdal) principality rose in the northeastern part of Russia, and in northwestern Russia- The Novgorod Boyar Republic, from which the Pskov land emerged in the 13th century.

All these principalities, with the exception of Novgorod and Pskov, inherited political system Kievan Rus.

They were led by princes, relying on their squads. The Orthodox clergy had great political influence in the principalities.

Question

The main occupation of the inhabitants Mongolian state was nomadic pastoralism.

The desire to expand their pastures is one of the reasons for their military campaigns. It must be said that the Mongol-Tatars conquered not only Russia, it was not the first state they took. Before that, they subordinated to their interests Central Asia including Korea and China. From China, they adopted their flamethrower weapons, and because of this they became even stronger. The Tatars were very good wars. They were armed "to the teeth", their army was very large.

They also used psychological intimidation of enemies: in front of the troops were soldiers who did not take prisoners, brutally killed opponents. The very sight of them frightened the enemy.

But let's move on to the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia. The first time the Russians faced the Mongols was in 1223. The Polovtsy asked the Russian princes to help defeat the Mongols, they agreed and a battle took place, which is called the Battle of the Kalka River. We lost this battle for many reasons, the main of which is the lack of unity between the principalities.

In 1235, in the capital of Mongolia, Karakorum, a decision was made on a military campaign to the West, including Russia.

In 1237, the Mongols attacked the Russian lands, and the first city captured was Ryazan. There is also in Russian literature the work “The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu”, one of the heroes of this book is Yevpaty Kolovrat. The "Tale .." says that after the ruin of Ryazan, this hero returned to his native city and wanted to take revenge on the Tatars for their cruelty (the city was plundered and almost all the inhabitants were killed). He gathered a detachment of the survivors and rode after the Mongols.

All wars fought bravely, but Evpaty distinguished himself with special courage and strength. He killed many Mongols, but in the end he himself was killed. The Tatars brought the body of Yevpatiy to Batu, talking about his unprecedented strength. Batu was struck by the unprecedented power of Yevpaty and gave the body of the hero to the surviving tribesmen, and ordered the Mongols not to touch the Ryazans.

In general, the years 1237-1238 were the years of the conquest of northeastern Russia.

After Ryazan, the Mongols took Moscow, which resisted for a long time, and burned it. Then they took Vladimir.

After the conquest of Vladimir, the Mongols split up and began to ravage the cities of northeastern Russia.

In 1238, a battle took place on the Sit River, the Russians lost this battle.

The Russians fought with dignity, no matter what city the Mongol attacked, the people defended their homeland (their principality). But in most cases, the Mongols still won, only Smolensk was not taken. Kozelsk also defended for a record long time: as many as seven weeks.

After a trip to the north-east of Russia, the Mongols returned to their homeland to rest.

But already in 1239 they returned to Russia again. This time their goal was the southern part of Russia.

1239-1240 - the campaign of the Mongols in the southern part of Russia. First they took Pereyaslavl, then Chernihiv Principality, and in 1240 Kyiv fell.

This ended the Mongol invasion. The period from 1240 to 1480 is called the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia.

What are the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the yoke?

• Firstly, this is the backwardness of Russia from the countries of Europe.

Europe continued to develop, but Russia had to restore everything destroyed by the Mongols.

• Second is the decline of the economy. A lot of people were lost. Many crafts disappeared (the Mongols took artisans into slavery).

Russian lands and principalities in the 12th - first half of the 13th centuries

Also, farmers moved to more northern regions of the country, safer from the Mongols. All this hindered economic development.

• Third- the slowness of the cultural development of Russian lands. For some time after the invasion, no churches were built in Russia at all.
• Fourth- termination of contacts, including trade, with the countries of Western Europe.

Now the foreign policy of Russia was focused on Golden Horde. The Horde appointed princes, collected tribute from the Russian people, and, in case of disobedience of the principalities, carried out punitive campaigns.

• Fifth consequences are highly controversial.

Some scientists say that the invasion and the yoke preserved the political fragmentation in Russia, others argue that the yoke gave impetus to the unification of Russians.

Question

Alexander is invited to reign in Novgorod, he was then 15 years old, and in 1239 he marries the daughter of the Polotsk prince Bryachislav.

With this dynastic marriage, Yaroslav sought to consolidate the union of the northwestern Russian principalities in the face of the threat looming over them from the German and Swedish crusaders. The most dangerous situation developed at that time on the Novgorod borders. The Swedes, who had long competed with the Novgorodians for control over the lands of the Finnish tribes of Em and Sum, were preparing for a new onslaught. The invasion began in July 1240. The Swedish flotilla under the command of Birger, the son-in-law of the Swedish king Eric Kortavy, passed from the mouth of the Neva to the fall of the river.

Izhora. Here the Swedes made a stop before advancing on Ladoga, the main northern fort of the Novgorodtsev post. Meanwhile, Alexander Yaroslavich, warned by the sentinels about the appearance of the Swedish flotilla, hastily left Novgorod with his squad and a small auxiliary detachment. The calculation of the prince was based on the maximum use of the element of surprise. The blow should have been delivered before the Swedes, who outnumbered the Russian army, had time to completely disembark from the ships. On the evening of July 15, the Russians swiftly attacked the Swedes' camp, trapping them on a cape between the Neva and Izhora.

Thanks to this, they deprived the enemy of freedom of maneuver and at the cost of small losses, all 20 people. This victory secured the northwestern border of the Novgorod land for a long time and earned the 19-year-old prince the glory of a brilliant commander. In memory of the defeat of the Swedes, Alexander was nicknamed Nevsky. In 1241, he expelled the Germans from the fortress of Koporye, and soon freed Pskov. The further advance of the Russian troops to the northwest, bypassing Lake Pskov, ran into fierce resistance from the Germans.

Alexander retreated to Lake Peipsi, pulling up all available forces here. The decisive battle took place on April 5, 1242. The battle formation of the Germans had the traditional wedge shape for the crusaders, at the head of which were several rows of the most experienced heavily armed knights. Knowing about this feature knightly tactics, Alexander deliberately concentrated all his forces on the flanks, in the regiments of the right and left hands. He left his own squad - the most combat-ready part of the army - in ambush in order to bring it into battle at its most critical moment.

In the center, along the very edge of the Uzmeni bank (channels between Lake Peipus and Pskov), he placed the Novgorod infantry, which could not withstand the frontal attack of the knightly cavalry. In fact, this regiment was initially doomed to defeat. But having crushed and thrown it to the opposite shore (to the island Raven Stone), the knights inevitably had to substitute the weakly protected flanks of their wedge under the blow of the Russian cavalry.

In addition, now the Russians would have a shore behind their backs, and the Germans would have thin spring ice. The calculation of Alexander Nevsky was fully justified: when the knightly cavalry broke through a pig regiment, it was taken in pincers by the regiments of the Right and Left hands, and a powerful attack princely squad completed the destruction.

The knights turned into a stampede, while, as Alexander Nevsky expected, the ice could not stand it, and the waters of Lake Peipus swallowed up the remnants of the crusading host.

World around 4th grade

Hard times on Russian soil

1. Circle the border of Russia at the beginning of the 13th century with a red pencil.

Mark on the map with arrows the path of Batu Khan in Russia.

Write down the dates when Batu Khan attacked the cities.

Ryazan- end of 1237

Vladimir- in February 1238

Kyiv- in 1240

3. Read the poem by N. Konchalovskaya.

Previously, Russia was specific:
Each city separate
Avoiding all neighbors
Ruled by a specific prince,
And the princes did not live together.
They would need to live in friendship
And big family one
Protect your native land.
I would be afraid then
Horde attack them!

Answer the questions:

• What does specific prince mean?

  Russia by the middle of the XII century broke up into separate principalities, which were ruled by specific princes.

• How did the princes live? The princes did not live together, there were civil strife.
• Why were the Mongol-Tatars not afraid to attack Russian lands? The Russian princes were unable to unite to repulse the enemy because of the fragmentation of the Russian principalities.

Match the battle with its date.

5. Read the description of the battle on Lake Peipus.

The Russians fought furiously. Yes, and how not to fight without rage, when children and wives were left behind, villages and cities were left, native land with a short and sonorous name Rus was left.
And the crusaders came like robbers.

But where there is theft, there is cowardice side by side.
Fear took the dogs-knights, they see - the Russians are pushing them from all sides. Heavy horsemen cannot turn around in a crush, do not escape.

And then the Russians used hooks on long poles. They will hook the knight - and off the horse. He crashes on the ice, but he cannot get up: it hurts awkwardly in thick armor. Here he is off his head.
When the battle was in full swing, the ice suddenly crackled under the knights and cracked. Crusaders went to the bottom, pulled them heavy armor.
The crusaders did not know such a defeat until that time.
Since then, the knights have looked eastward with fear.

They remembered the words spoken by Alexander Nevsky. And this is what he said:
(O. Tikhomirov)

Answer the questions:

• Why did the Russians fight furiously? They defended their native land
• Why was it hard for the crusader cavalry in battle?

  Russian lands and principalities 12-13 century (p. 1 of 6)

  The Crusader cavalry were heavy, clumsy.

• What did the Russians use hooks for? They hooked the knights with hooks and dragged them off the horse.
• What words of Alexander Nevsky did the knights remember? Underline these words of the Russian prince in the text. Remember them.

The social, political and cultural development of the Old Russian state took place in close cooperation with the peoples of the surrounding countries. One of the first places among them was occupied by the powerful Byzantine Empire, the nearest southern neighbor of the Eastern Slavs. Russian-Byzantine relations of the 9th-11th centuries are a complex complex that includes peaceful economic, political and cultural connections, and sharp military clashes On the one hand, Byzantium was a convenient source of military booty for the Slavic princes and their combatants On the other hand, Byzantine diplomacy sought to prevent the spread of Russian influence in the Black Sea region, and then try to turn Russia into a vassal of Byzantium, especially with the help of Christianization Together with Thus, there were constant economic and political contacts. Evidence of such contacts is the existence of permanent colonies of Russian merchants in Constantinople, known to us from Oleg’s agreement with Byzantium (911). Trade exchange with Byzantium is reflected in a large number of Byzantine items found on the territory of our country. with Byzantium

Russian squads, crossing the Black Sea on ships, raided coastal Byzantine cities, and Oleg even managed to take the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople (in Russian - Tsargrad) Igor's campaign was less successful

In the second half of the 10th century, some Russian-Byzantine rapprochement was observed. Olga's trip to Constantinople, where she was friendly received by the emperor, strengthened relations between the two countries. Byzantine emperors sometimes used Russian squads for wars with their neighbors.

A new stage in Russia's relations with both Byzantium and other neighboring nations falls on the time of the reign of Svyatoslav, the ideal hero of Russian chivalry Svyatoslav pursued an active foreign policy. He clashed with the powerful Khazar Khaganate, which had once taken tribute from the territory of Southern Russia. , 941 and 944, the Russian warriors made campaigns against the Khazars, having achieved the gradual release of the Vyatichi from paying tribute to the Khazars. Taman Peninsula Tmutarakan Principality and to the liberation from the power of the Khaganate of the Volga-Kama Bulgarians, who after that formed their own state - the first state formation of the peoples of the Middle Volga and Kama region

The fall of the Khazar Khaganate and the advance of Russia in Pricher- 54

In an effort to mutually weaken Russia and Danubian Bulgaria, against which Byzantium pursued an aggressive policy, the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phocas offered Svyatoslav a campaign in the Balkans Svyatoslav won a victory in Bulgaria and captured the city of Pereyaslavets on the Danube This result was unexpected for Byzantium There was a threat of uniting the Eastern and Southern Slavs into one state, with which Byzantium would not have been able to cope. Svyatoslav himself said that he would like to transfer the capital of his land to Pereyaslavets

To weaken Russian influence in Bulgaria, Byzantium used Pechenegs This Turkic nomadic people first mentioned in the Russian chronicle under 915. Initially, the Pechenegs roamed between the Volga and the Aral Sea, and then, under pressure from the Khazars, they crossed the Volga and occupied the Northern Black Sea region. The main source of wealth for the Pecheneg tribal nobility was raids on Russia, Byzantium and other countries time it was possible to “hire” the Pechenegs for attacks on the other side. So, during Svyatoslav’s stay in Bulgaria, they, apparently at the instigation of Byzantium, raided Kiev. Svyatoslav had to urgently return to defeat the Pechenegs, but soon he again went to Bulgaria, a war began there Russian squads fought fiercely and bravely with Byzantium, but the forces of the Byzantines outnumbered them too much.

a peace treaty was concluded, Svyatoslav's squad got the opportunity to return to Russia with all their weapons, and Byzantium was satisfied only with the promise of Russia not to attack

However, on the way, on the Dnieper rapids, apparently having received a warning from Byzantium about the return of Svyatoslav, the Pechenegs attacked him. Svyatoslav died in battle, and the Pecheneg prince Kurya, according to chronicle tradition, made a cup out of Svyatoslav's skull and drank from it at feasts. According to the ideas of that era, this showed, paradoxically as it may seem, respect for the memory of the fallen enemy, it was believed that the military prowess of the owner of the skull would go to the one who drinks from such a cup

New stage Russian-Byzantine relations falls at the time of the reign of Vladimir and is associated with the adoption of Christianity by Russia Asia Minor, threatened Konstantin the field and claimed the imperial throne In exchange for help, the emperor promised to marry his sister Anna to Vladimir

was in no hurry with the promised marriage.

This marriage was of great political importance. Just a few years earlier, the German emperor Otto II had failed to marry Byzantine princess Theophano. Byzantine emperors occupied the highest place in feudal hierarchy Europe of that time, and marriage to a Byzantine princess sharply raised the international prestige of the Russian state.

In order to achieve the fulfillment of the terms of the agreement, Vladimir besieged the center of the Byzantine possessions in the Crimea - Chersonese (Korsun) and took it. The emperor had to fulfill his promise. Only after that, Vladimir made the final decision to be baptized, because, having defeated Byzantium, he ensured that Russia did not have to follow in the wake of Byzantine policy. Russia became on a par with the largest Christian powers of medieval Europe.

This position of Russia was also reflected in the dynastic ties of the Russian princes.

So, Yaroslav the Wise was married to the daughter of the Swedish king Olaf - Indigerda. Daughter of Yaroslav - Anna was married to French king Henry I, another daughter - Elizabeth became the wife of the Norwegian king Harald. The Hungarian queen was the third daughter - Anastasia.

Granddaughter of Yaroslav the Wise - Eupraxia (Adelheida) was the wife German emperor Henry IV.

Russian lands and principalities 12-13 century

One of the sons of Yaroslav - Vsevolod was married to a Byzantine princess, the other son Izyaslav - to a Polish one. Among the daughters-in-law of Yaroslav were also the daughters of the Saxon margrave and Count Stadensky.

FROM German Empire Russia was also connected by lively trade relations.

Even on the remote periphery of the Old Russian state, on the territory of present-day Moscow, was found dating back to the 11th century. a lead trade seal originating from some Rhenish city.

The constant struggle of Ancient Russia had to be waged with the nomads. Vladimir managed to establish a defense against the Pechenegs. Nevertheless, their raids continued. In 1036, taking advantage of the absence of Yaroslav, who had left for Novgorod, in Kiev, the Pechenegs laid siege to Kiev.

But Yaroslav quickly returned and inflicted a severe defeat on the Pechenegs, from which they were never able to recover. They were forced out of the Black Sea steppes by other nomads - the Polovtsy.

Polovtsy(otherwise - Kipchaks or Cumans) - also a Turkic people - back in the 10th century.

lived in the territory of North-Western Kazakhstan, but in the middle of the X century. moved to the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region and the Caucasus. After they ousted the Pechenegs, under their rule was huge territory, which was called the Polovtsian steppe or (in Arabic sources) Desht-i-Kipchak.

It stretched from the Syr Darya and the Tien Shan to the Danube. For the first time, the Polovtsians are mentioned in Russian chronicles under 1054, and in 1061.

first encounter with them. 56

“The Polovtsy came first to the Russian land to fight” The second half of the XI-XII centuries - the time of the struggle of Russia with the Polovtsian danger

So, the Old Russian state was one of the largest European powers and was in close political, economic and cultural relations with many countries and peoples of Europe and Asia

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