Among all USE subjects In 2019, the social studies exam will traditionally be popular, which means that today 11th graders should ask what the structure of the essay should be, as well as what clichés can be used when writing a mini-essay.

We propose to analyze in more detail the features of assignment No. 29 of KIMs in social studies, as well as find out what advice experienced teachers and tutors of the Unified State Examination give to graduates.

What will change in the exam in social studies in 2019

In connection with the changes that affect tasks 25, 28 and 29, the total primary score The USE 2019 for society will increase to 65 points (in 2018 this parameter was 64 points).

FIPI officially announced that the following changes are planned:

Learn more about the changes that will take effect in 2018-2019 academic year read the document.

Essays in the specifications allocate 45 minutes, but tutors recommend leaving at least 60-90 minutes for a mini-essay out of the total exam time, which in 2019 is 235 minutes (almost 4 hours).

ESSAY EVALUATION CRITERIA

The main criterion for evaluating an essay will be criterion 29.1 (the presence of disclosure of the meaning of the statement). At the same time, it is important to reveal the essence without duplicating the phrase itself.

Important! If, according to the first criterion, the experts give “0” points, then the essay is not further checked and for all 29 tasks the examiner receives “0”.

They will also pay attention to important nuances work like:

• correctness of theoretical positions;
• literacy in explaining key concepts
• logic and coherence of reasoning;
• relevance of examples (they should be from different sources);
• disclosure different views and different positions on the issue under consideration;
• presence of conclusions.

Since for a well-written essay on the Unified State Examination of 2019 in social studies you can get 6 primary points, you should make sure that the structure of the mini-essay is correct, and the examples given are relevant.

It is also important to remember that the volume of a mini-essay on social studies should be within 150-450 words. Going to extremes is not recommended, because the assessment can be equally negatively affected by both a borderline small and too many words. Especially if, despite the verbosity, the author does not reveal the essence of the issue in the work. The optimal length is 350 words (approximately 2-3 sheets of capital text with an average letter size).

Important! When evaluating an essay in a social studies exam, spelling mistakes made by a graduate are not taken into account. An exception may be the case when a mistake is made in the spelling of an important term or concept.

Essay structure

Despite the fact that the Unified State Examination in Social Studies expects minor changes in 2019, the structure of the essay has remained the same and includes the following 7 points:

Based on this plan, you can and should create your own mini-essays, using arguments and examples from different areas: history and politics, economics and law, philosophy and sociology. At the same time, revealing the topic of your choice, you can use examples from different blocks, united by the discipline "social science".

Themes 2019

What kind of statements will be offered to 11th graders in 2018-2019, no one knows. There is a certain bank of problems that are relevant to the main topics of social science, which can be guided in the course of preparing for the exam.

Cliche for mini essay

Is it worth looking for finished essays for the exam in social studies?

Actually the idea is to find and learn ready-made options essay visits many graduates in preparation for exams. But, here you should be especially careful, because there is a lot of irrelevant information on the Internet. Even the examples posted on the FIPI website are the works of 2013, and since then there have been many changes in the assessment criteria given task. Moreover, do not expect to get a high score for typical variant essays, because the experts who have been working on the exam for more than one year also know these texts very well.

Conclusion - it is necessary to look not for a ready-made text, but for clichés and smart thoughts that can be “strung” on the above structure, getting your unique essay for the Unified State Exam 2019. We offer you a selection of such blanks:

Secrets of a good mini-essay

In order for your essay to turn out to be holistic, concise, but at the same time deeply revealing the essence of the problem, you must:

• Understand the essence of the problem. Do not take statements whose problem you do not initially understand.
• Pick the right quote. This is milestone, which should be given enough time at the preparation stage.
• Build a chain of reasoning. All blocks of the mini-composition must be connected to each other. It is recommended to periodically return to the main idea of ​​the statement in the text.
• Consider the issue with different points vision, if any..
• Find the right examples.

Here are a few useful tips, which will help you choose the examples and arguments that require new structure essay on social studies, taking into account the innovations of 2019:

Also watch the video lesson on completing task No. 29 in the Unified State Examination in Social Studies 2018-2019 academic year:

In this article, you will learn how to write an essay on social studies. Examples are attached.

First of all, it is necessary to understand that in order to learn how to write an essay on social science, you need to long time. It is impossible to write an essay without preliminary preparation, which would be rated by experts for a high score. enduring skills, good results appear after 2-3 months of work (about 15-20 written essays). It is systematic studies, purposefulness that bring high performance. You need to hone your skills in practice with the direct help and careful supervision of a teacher.

Video - how to write an essay on social studies

If you have not yet encountered writing an essay, watch the video.

Unlike an essay on literature or the Russian language, where the minimum amount of work is clearly stipulated and general reflection(“philosophizing” without specifying), in an essay on social science, the volume is not limited, but its structure and content are fundamentally different. An essay on social science is actually the answer to the question: “Do I agree with this statement and why?”. That is why a strict argumentation, scientific character and concretization must be present in an essay on social science. At the same time, it should be noted that very paradoxical, unusual statements are often used as the topic of an essay, requiring figurative thinking, a non-standard approach to the disclosure of the problem. This inevitably leaves its mark on the style of the essay, requires maximum concentration strength and attention.

I would also like to add that the exam essay is assessed specific people. In order for an expert who checks from 50 to 80 papers a day to mark some essay as worthy of attention, this essay must not only meet all the requirements below, but also be distinguished by a certain originality, originality and originality - this is implied by the essay genre itself. Therefore, it is necessary not only to present scientific and factual material on the topic, but also to pleasantly surprise with the originality and flexibility of one's thinking.

Algorithm for writing an essay during the exam

1. First of all, during the exam it is necessary to correctly allocate time. Practice shows that to write an essay, it is necessary to allocate at least 1-1.5 hours out of 3.5 hours allotted for the exam in social studies. It is best to start writing an essay after all the other tasks of KIM have been solved, because. this type of work requires maximum concentration of the graduate's efforts.
2. Carefully read all the proposed topics to choose from.
3. Choose those topics that are understandable, i.e. - the student must clearly understand what this statement is about, what the author wanted to say with this phrase. In order to remove doubts about whether he understands the topic correctly, the graduate must reformulate the phrase in his own words, defining main idea. The student can do this orally or on a draft.
4. From the selected understandable statements, it is necessary to choose one topic - the one that the student knows best. It should be noted that often examinees choose topics that are easy, in their opinion, but which turn out to be difficult when revealing the topic due to the limited scientific and factual material on this issue (in other words, everything is said in the phrase itself, nothing can be added). In such cases, the essay is reduced to a simple statement of the meaning of the statement in different versions and is assessed by experts because of the poor evidence base low. Therefore, you need to choose the topic of the essay so that the student, when writing it, can fully show the completeness of his knowledge and the depth of his thoughts (i.e., the topic should be winning).
5. When choosing an essay topic, you need to pay attention to what social science referred to this statement. Practice shows that a number of phrases can refer to several sciences at once. For example, I. Goethe's statement “Man is determined not only by natural qualities, but also by acquired ones” can belong to philosophy, social psychology, and sociology. Accordingly, the content of the essay should differ depending on this, i.e. must comply with the specified basic science.
6. The essay does not need to be completely written on a draft. Firstly, because of the limited time, and secondly, because at the time of writing an essay, some thoughts come, and at the time of rewriting, others, and it is much more difficult to remake a finished text than to create a new one. On the draft, the graduate makes only a plan of his essay, approximate brief outlines of the meaning of the phrase, his argumentation, points of view of scientists, concepts and theoretical provisions that he is going to cite in his work, as well as the approximate order of their arrangement one after another, taking into account the semantic logic of the essay.
7. AT without fail the student must express his personal attitude to the chosen topic in a clear express wording(“I agree”, “I do not agree”, “I do not completely agree”, “I agree, but partially” or are similar in meaning and meaning of the phrase). Availability personal relationship is one of the criteria on the basis of which the essay is evaluated by experts.
8. Without fail, the graduate must state his understanding of the meaning of the statement. Those. the high school student explains in his own words what the author wanted to say with this phrase. It is more expedient to do this at the very beginning of the essay. And if we combine the requirements of this paragraph with the provisions of the previous one, then this is how, for example, the beginning of an essay on philosophy will look like “Before talking about the good of satisfying needs, you need to decide what needs are good”: “I fully agree with the statement of the great Russian writer of the second halfXIX- earlyXXcenturies L.N. Tolstoy, in which he speaks of real and imaginary needs.
9. You need to be very careful when choosing arguments to support your point of view. Arguments must be convincing and substantiated. As arguments, data from the relevant sciences are used, historical facts, facts from public life. Argumentation personal character(examples from personal life) are rated the lowest, so their use as an evidence base is undesirable. It should be remembered that any personal example can be easily "transformed" into an example from public life, from social practice, if you write about it in a third person (for example, not “The saleswoman in the store got nasty to me, thereby violating my consumer rights”, a “Let's assume that the saleswoman was rude to citizen S.. Thus, she violated his rights as a consumer.” The number of arguments in an essay is not limited, but 3-5 arguments are the most optimal for revealing the topic. It should also be remembered that examples from history are most appropriate in political science, partly in jurisprudence and sociological topics, as well as in philosophical topics related to the theory social progress. Examples from social practice (public life) - in sociological, economic, legal topics. The data of the relevant sciences must be necessarily used when choosing any of the topics.
10. The use of terms, concepts, definitions in the essay must be competent, appropriate, in relation to the chosen topic and science. The essay should not be overloaded with terminology, especially if these concepts are not related to the chosen problem. Unfortunately, some graduates try to insert as many terms as possible into their work, violating the principle of expediency and reasonable sufficiency. Thus, they show that they have not learned how to correctly use scientific terminology. The term should be mentioned to the place, such a mention should indicate its correct understanding.
11. It is very welcome if the graduate in his essay indicates the points of view of other researchers on the issues under consideration, gives a link to various interpretations problems and different ways her decision (if possible). Indication of other points of view can be direct (for example: "Lenin thought so: ..., and Trotsky - otherwise: ..., and Stalin - did not agree with both of them: ... "), but can be indirect, non-specified, non-personalized: "A number of researchers think this way: ..., others - differently: ..., and some - offer a completely different: ... ".
12. It is very welcome if the essay indicates who the author of this statement was. The indication should be short but precise (see the example in paragraph 8). If it is appropriate to mention the views of the author of the phrase when arguing one's position on this issue, this must be done.
13. Arguments must be presented in strict sequence, the internal logic of the presentation in the essay must be clearly traced. The student should not jump from one to another and again return to the first without explanation and internal connection, docking of individual provisions of his work.
14. It is necessary to complete the essay with a conclusion, which briefly summarizes the reflections and reasoning: "Thus, on the basis of all of the above, it can be argued that the author was right in his statement."

Essay examples on the topic:

Philosophy "Revolution is a barbaric way of progress" (J. Jaurès)

On the highest mark

I fully agree with the statement of the famous French socialist, historian and politician the first half of the twentieth century, Jean Jaurès, in which he speaks about the features of the revolutionary path of social progress, about distinguishing features revolution. Indeed, revolution is one of the ways of progress, moving forward, towards better and better complex forms organizations social structure. But since a revolution is a radical breakdown of the entire existing system, a transformation of all or most aspects of social life that takes place in a short period of time, this form of progress is always accompanied by large quantity victims and violence.

If we remember the revolutionary year of 1917 in Russia, we will see that both revolutions led to the most severe confrontation in society and the country, which resulted in a terrible Civil War, accompanied by unprecedented bitterness, millions of dead and injured, unprecedented devastation in the national economy until then.

If we remember the Great French Revolution, then we will also see the rampant Jacobin terror, the guillotine, "working" seven days a week, and a series of incessant revolutionary wars.

If we remember the English bourgeois revolution, we also see civil war, repression against dissidents.

And when we look at the history of the United States, we will see that both bourgeois revolutions that took place in this country took the form of a war: first - the war for independence, and then - the Civil War.

The list of examples from history can go on and on, but wherever there is a revolution - in China, in Iran, in the Netherlands, etc. - everywhere it was accompanied by violence, i.e. barbarism from the standpoint of a civilized person.

And let other thinkers exalt the revolution (as, for example, Karl Marx, who argued that revolutions are the locomotives of history), let the reactionaries and conservatives deny the role of revolutions in social progress, to me closer point J. Jaurès's point of view: yes, a revolution is a way of progress, a movement for the better, but carried out by barbaric methods, that is, with the use of cruelty, blood and violence. Violence cannot create happiness!

For a small score

In his quote, the author speaks of revolution and progress. Revolution is a way of transforming reality into a short time and progress is progress. Revolution is not progress. After all, progress is reform. It cannot be said that the revolution does not give positive results - for example, the Russian revolution allowed the workers and peasants to get rid of a difficult situation. But by definition, revolution is not progress, because progress is all good, and revolution is all bad. I do not agree with the author who classifies revolution as progress.

Essay plan

Introduction
1) A clear indication of the problem of utterance:
“The statement I have chosen concerns the problem….”
“The problem with this statement is….”
2) Explanation of the choice of topic (what is the significance or relevance of this topic)
“Everyone is concerned about…”
"THE RELEVANCE OF THIS TOPIC IS IN..."
3) Reveal the meaning of the statement from the point of view of social science, 1-2 sentences
4) Introduction of the author and his point of view
“The author argued (spoke, thought) from this point of view ...”
5) Your interpretation of this phrase, YOUR POINT OF VIEW (DO YOU AGREE OR NOT)
“I think…” “I agree with the author of the statement…”
6) Statement of one's position, transition to the main part of the essay

P.S. it will be a plus if in the introduction you give information about the author of the statement and insert a definition of the chosen field of the essay (philosophy, politics, economics, jurisprudence, etc.)

Argumentation:
1) Theoretical argumentation of the problem. At least 3 aspects must be presented theoretical disclosure themes.
For example: to reveal the concept itself, give examples, analyze features, functions, classifications, properties.
2) Practical reasoning or an example from public life

Among all the subjects of the USE in 2019, the social studies exam will traditionally be popular, which means that today 11th graders should ask what the structure of the essay should be, as well as what clichés can be used when writing a mini-essay.

We propose to analyze in more detail the features of assignment No. 29 of KIMs in social studies, as well as find out what advice experienced teachers and tutors of the Unified State Examination give to graduates.

What will change in the exam in social studies in 2019

Due to the changes that will affect tasks 25, 28 and 29, the total primary score of the USE in 2019 in society will increase to 65 points (in 2018 this parameter was 64 points).

FIPI officially announced that the following changes are planned:

Read more about the changes that will take effect in the 2018-2019 academic year in the document.

Essays in the specifications allocate 45 minutes, but tutors recommend leaving at least 60-90 minutes for a mini-essay out of the total exam time, which in 2019 is 235 minutes (almost 4 hours).

Criteria for evaluating a mini-essay / essay (task 29) at the Unified State Examination in Social Studies in 2019

(compiled on the basis of Demo version KIM USE 2019 in social studies)

№	Criteria for evaluating a mini-essay	Points
29.1	Disclosure of the meaning of the statement	1 point
	The meaning of the statement is revealed: one or more main ideas related to the content are correctly identified social science course, and / or in the context of the statement, one or more theses are formulated, which (s) require (s) justification.	1 point
	The meaning of the statement is not disclosed: not a single main idea is singled out / not a single thesis is formulated. OR The highlighted idea, the formulated thesis do not reflect the meaning of the statement / the meaning of the statement has been replaced by general reasoning (“homemade”) that does not reflect the specifics of the proposed statement. OR Disclosure of meaning is replaced by a direct retelling / paraphrasing of the given statement / consistent explanation of each word in the statement without explaining the meaning of the statement as a whole.	0 points
	Grading Instructions: If 0 points are given according to criterion 29.1, then 0 points are given according to all other evaluation criteria.
29.2	Theoretical content of the mini-essay: explanation of the key (s) concept (s), the presence and correctness of theoretical provisions	2 points
	In the context of at least one highlighted idea / one thesis, explanations of the key concept(s) and theoretical provisions, correct from the point of view of scientific social science (without errors), are given.	2 points
	In the context of at least one highlighted idea / one thesis, explanations of the key concept(s) are correct from the point of view of scientific social science (without errors), theoretical provisions are not presented. OR In the context of at least one highlighted idea / one thesis, theoretical provisions are correct from the point of view of scientific social science (without errors), the meaning of the key concept(s) is not disclosed. OR There are some inaccuracies in the given explanations of the key concept(s) / theoretical provisions that do not distort scientific sense these concepts, theoretical provisions	1 point
	All other situations not provided for by the rules for scoring 2 and 1 points, including if there is no theoretical content of the mini-essay: the meaning of the key concept(s) is not explained, the theoretical provisions are not given or are not related to the main idea / the thesis, do not reveal the meaning of the statement. OR Reasonings of an everyday nature are given without relying on social science knowledge.	0 points
29.3	Theoretical content of the mini-essay: the presence and correctness of reasoning, conclusions.	1 point
	In the context of at least one highlighted idea / one thesis, based on the correct explanation(s) of the key concept(s), the theoretical provisions are given consistent and consistent reasoning related to each other, on the basis of which a reasonable and reliable conclusion from the point of view of scientific social science.	1 point
	All other situations, including reasoning and conclusions of an everyday nature without relying on social science knowledge.	0 points
29.4	The quality of the social facts and examples given	2 points
	Quoted from various sources at least two correct, detailed facts/examples confirming the illustrated idea/thesis/position/reasoning/conclusion and not duplicating each other in content. There is a clear connection of each fact / example with the idea / thesis / position / reasoning / conclusion given in the essay.	2 points
	Only one correct, detailed formulated fact/example is given, confirming the illustrated idea/thesis/position/reasoning/conclusion. There is a clear connection between this fact/example and the idea/thesis/position/reasoning/conclusion given in the essay. There is a clear connection of each fact / example with the idea / thesis / position / reasoning / conclusion given in the essay. OR Two examples from sources are given different types, duplicating each other in content. There is a clear connection of each fact / example with the idea / thesis / position / reasoning / conclusion given in the essay.	1 point
	All other situations not covered by the rules for scoring 2 and 1 points.	0 points
	Grading Instructions: As sources, facts of public life (including according to media reports), personal social experience(including but not limited to books read, movies watched), materials subjects(history, geography, etc.). 1. Examples from different subjects are considered as examples from different sources; 2. Facts/examples containing factual and semantic errors that led to a significant distortion of the essence of the statement or indicate a misunderstanding of the historical, literary, geographical and (or) other material used are not counted in the assessment.	0 points
	Maximum score - 6

Essay structure

3. The meaning of the statement.

4. Own point of view.

5. Argumentation at the theoretical level.

6. At least two examples from social practice, history and / or literature, confirming the correctness of the statements made.

1. Choice of utterance

Choosing phrases for an essay you must be sure that

You know the basic concepts of the basic science to which it refers;

Clearly understand the meaning of the statement;

can express own opinion(fully or partially agree with the statement or refute it);

Know the social science terms necessary for a competent justification of a personal position at a theoretical level (at the same time, the terms and concepts used must clearly correspond to the topic of the essay and not go beyond it);

Be able to give examples from social practice, history, literature, as well as personal life experience to validate your own opinion.

2. Defining the problem of utterance
For more clear wording problems suggest list possible wording problems that occur most frequently.

After formulating the problem, it is necessary to indicate urgency of the problem in modern conditions. To do this, you can use cliché phrases:
This problem is up-to-date in…

… globalization public relations;

… formation of a single information, educational, economic space;

… exacerbations global problems modernity;

…special controversial nature scientific discoveries and inventions;

…development of international integration;

…modern market economy;

…development and overcoming the global economic crisis;

... rigid differentiation of society;

… open social structure modern society;

… formations rule of law;

... overcoming the spiritual, moral crisis;

…dialogue of cultures;

... the need to preserve their own identity, traditional spiritual values.

To the problem you need return periodically throughout the essay writing process. This is necessary in order to correctly reveal its content, and also not to accidentally go beyond the scope of the problem and not get carried away by reasoning that is not related to the meaning of this statement (this is one of the most common mistakes in many exam essays).

3. Formulation of the main idea of ​​the statement
Next, you need to reveal the meaning of the statement, but you should not repeat the statement verbatim. In this case, you can use the following clichés:

“The meaning of this statement is that…”

4. Determining your position on the statement
Here you can agree with the author completely, can partially, refuting a certain part of the statement, or argue with the author, expressing the opposite opinion. In this case, you can use cliché phrases:

“Have you thought about the fact that…?”

5-6. Argumentation of one's own opinion
Next, you should justify your own opinion on this issue. To do this, it is necessary to select arguments (evidence), that is, to recall the basic terms, theoretical provisions.
Argumentation should be carried out at two levels:
1. Theoretical level - its basis is social science knowledge (concepts, terms, contradictions, directions of scientific thought, interconnections, as well as the opinions of scientists, thinkers).
2. Empirical level- There are two options here:
a) using examples from history, literature and events in society;
b) appeal to personal experience.

When selecting facts, examples from public life and personal social experience, mentally answer yourself the following questions:
1. Do they support my opinion?
2. Could they be interpreted differently?
3. Do they contradict my thesis?
4. Are they persuasive?
The proposed form will allow you to strictly control the adequacy of the arguments presented and prevent "going off topic".

7. Conclusion
Finally, we need to formulate a conclusion. The conclusion should not coincide verbatim with the judgment given for justification: it brings together in one or two sentences, the main ideas of the arguments and sums up the reasoning, confirming the correctness or incorrectness of the judgment that was the topic of the essay.
To formulate a problematic conclusion, cliché phrases can be used:
“Thus, we can conclude…”
"Summing common feature I would like to point out that…

The main mistakes and shortcomings in the work of graduates

An analysis of the work of graduates allows us to highlight some typical mistakes which are allowed on various stages essay writing.

When formulating the problem and the meaning of the author's statement:

1) On the one hand, misunderstanding and inability to isolate the problem of utterance is associated with a lack of knowledge of the basic science to which the quote refers, and on the other hand, with an attempt to fit known issues considered in the lessons, in previously written, read, that is, finished essays.

2) The inability to formulate the problem is often associated with the lack of a developed vocabulary and terminology in basic social sciences.

3) The inability to formulate the meaning of the author's statement is associated with a misunderstanding or misunderstanding of its content, lack of necessary social science knowledge.

4) Substitution of the problem by the author's position - due to the fact that the student does not see the difference between them. The problem is the theme of the author's reasoning. It is always broad, it provides for several opinions, positions, often completely opposite to each other. The essence or meaning of the author's statement is his personal answer to the question posed, one of several existing in science or social thought.

When expressing and arguing one's own position:

1. The absence of arguments is due to the student's ignorance or ignoring the requirements for an essay on social science, its structure.

2. The graduate's argument only repeats the statement.

3. Errors in operations with concepts: unjustified expansion or narrowing of the meaning of the concept under consideration, substitution of concepts.

4. Errors in working with information caused by the inability to analyze social experience. Often the examples given by graduates are weakly related to the situation under consideration (the connection is either not traceable or superficial and does not reflect significant points).

5. Uncritical perception of social information from media reports, the Internet. As a result, unverified facts, untenable or provocative claims, and biased assessments are often used by graduates as evidence in essays.

6. The predominance of a one-sided view of social phenomena, inability to identify and build cause-and-effect relationships.

Themes 2019

What kind of statements will be offered to 11th graders in 2018-2019, no one knows. There is a certain bank of problems that are relevant to the main topics of social science, which can be guided in the course of preparing for the exam.

Cliche for mini essay

Is it worth looking for ready-made essays for the exam in social studies?

In fact, the idea to find and learn ready-made essays is visited by many graduates at the stage of preparing for exams. But, here you should be especially careful, because there is a lot of irrelevant information on the Internet. Even the examples posted on the FIPI website are the works of 2013, and since then there have been many changes in the assessment criteria for this assignment. Moreover, you should not expect to get a high score for a typical version of an essay, because experts who have been working at the Unified State Examination for more than a year also know these texts very well.

Conclusion - it is necessary to look not for a ready-made text, but for clichés and smart thoughts that can be “strung” on the above structure, getting your unique essay for the Unified State Exam 2019. We offer you a selection of such blanks:

Secrets of a good mini-essay

In order for your essay to turn out to be holistic, concise, but at the same time deeply revealing the essence of the problem, you must:

• Understand the essence of the problem. Do not take statements whose problem you do not initially understand.
• Pick the right quote. This is an important stage, which should be given enough time even at the preparation stage.
• Build a chain of reasoning. All blocks of the mini-composition must be connected to each other. It is recommended to periodically return to the main idea of ​​the statement in the text.
• Consider the issue from different points of view, if any..
• Find the right examples.

Here are some useful tips to help you pick up the examples and arguments that the new social studies essay structure requires, taking into account the innovations of 2019:

Also watch the video lesson on completing task No. 29 in the Unified State Examination in Social Studies 2018-2019 academic year:

The average general education

Social science. UMK line ed. G.A. Bordovsky (VENTANA-GRAF)

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social studies (6-9)

Social science

Preparing for the Unified State Examination: an essay in social studies

This year, the criteria for assessing the Unified State Examination in social studies have changed. One of our authors, vice-chairman, talks about how the essay will now be evaluated, as well as about common mistakes of students. subject commission Unified State Examination in Social Studies of St. Petersburg Olga Soboleva.

Changed evaluation criteria

Not for the first time the corporation Russian textbook” invites specialists to talk about task No. 29 from the Unified State Examination in social studies. Actual information constantly changing and expanding. For example, this year the wording of the task has changed. The word "problem" was replaced by the concept of "idea", and the student can work out not all the ideas of the statement, but one of them. The evaluation criteria have changed significantly:

• 29.1 Previously, the child could show his understanding of the topic in the general context of the essay. In 2018, for this it will be necessary to highlight and formulate the ideas of the statement. If the requirement is not met, 0 points are given for the entire essay.
• 29.2 A perfect score will not be obtained if the theoretical reasoning is unrelated. Since all statements are different, it is impossible to say exactly how many concepts should be disclosed. But for a good mark, of course, you need to highlight all the theses.
• 29.3 Previously, the point was deducted for the presence of errors, now it is awarded as a bonus for their absence.
• 29.4 It is still necessary to give two factual arguments from different sources, but now these examples need to be presented in detail and indicate how they relate to the statement.

Thus, the criteria became more. Maximum amount points for essay in 2018: 6.

Let's take into account one more important change. Previously, a serious requirement was the correspondence of the content to one science. But since the boundaries of the sciences are conditional, now students can consider topics in different contexts, and this will not be a mistake. Let's take, for example, a statement from law: "Complete obedience to the law of kindness will eliminate the need for government and the state (O. Frontingham)" - it can also be attributed to politics, sociology, and philosophy.

Common Mistakes

Let's highlight the main difficulties that students face in task number 29.

• Topic selection

The student is offered 5 essay topics. How to make the right choice:

• understand that main criterion- the ability to fulfill all requirements.
• Determine in advance basic science. Be prepared for a change of choice: in the exam, a topic in this science may not be acceptable. When preparing, use the lists of topics presented on the Internet.
• Other equal conditions do not choose figurative themes. Every year there are formulations that even excellent students cannot cope with. For example: "The family is the crystal of society (V. Hugo)".
• Focus on your abilities and characteristics, and not on the recommendations of the teacher. The teacher may have prejudice to certain topics. The opinions of experts about the “convenience” and “inconvenience” of topics differ.

• Focus on other items

Often students try to comply with the requirements for essays in other subjects in an essay on social science. This not only does not help, but also increases the likelihood of an error. In reality, the following are not taken into account:

• volume (the ability to express thoughts concisely is a plus),
• grammatical errors(but not in cases where they affect the meaning),
• structure,
• style (no longer an essay),
• correct setting Problems,
• knowledge about the author of the statement (can be entered, but this is not evaluated),
• moral / ideological position (however, one cannot violate the laws of the Russian Federation and it is not recommended to express sharp positions on any topic).

• Rewriting the theme

Unfortunately, even excellent students sometimes incorrectly rewrite the topic due to excitement. An error can be the omission of a word, the omission or addition of the “not” particle, the omission or replacement of a letter, the omission or addition of a return particle, the change of punctuation marks. All this changes the meaning of the topic and leads to 0 for the essay.

• Template phrases

Some of the wording often looks silly and irritates experts. For example, "a problem that is relevant at all times", "the topic opens up a huge scope for reflection" and others. This does not mean that they should definitely be avoided. The main thing is that everything in the text should be appropriate and logical.

• Wrong Examples

What doesn't count:

• Speculation (“what would have been”).
• Invented examples.
• Facts that are not facts.
• Examples are not specific.
• Examples that are more like theories.
• An example with actual errors.
• Examples outside the scope of the theory presented.
• Examples that refute the student's own theoretical positions.
• Model examples (but there may be exceptions).
• Examples from one kind of source.

• Homemade preparations

In many works there are redundant provisions. For example, the definition of society, the inappropriate use of the definition of science - in most cases, this spoils the work and causes dissatisfaction among experts.

Frequently asked Questions

Consider also common questions about the content of the text.

Do I need to agree with the author? Not necessary. Of course, there are statements about the relativity of phenomena with which it is impossible not to agree, for example: “Society does not necessarily correspond to political borders(S. Turner)”. But there are also provocative phrases that are very difficult to agree with. In any case, the attitude of the examinee to the topic should be traced in the argumentation.

How to formulate the meaning of the statement and how many ideas are better to reveal? It all depends on the specific statement. It is better to narrow the study of the aspect to one science.

Is it possible to isolate only part of the statement? Experts believe that it is impossible, since the statement carries certain meaning. The student must show that he understood the whole statement, even if he wants to focus on one part of it.

How to learn theoretical positions? When you can’t understand and assimilate, you can use a simple trick: “Write correctly.” The student must in a short time find and write off theoretical justifications on a specific topic from the textbook - this will help to remember the provisions.

Preparation Methods

In the publications of the corporation "Russian Textbook" the system of preparation for writing an essay on social science is fully implemented. The authors present memos, examples, lists of topics, as well as algorithms for the phased formation of the necessary skills.

Specialists are often asked how many essays should be written in preparation. Answer: as many as possible to "fill your hand", and up to 5 pieces for the highest score. In addition to training, it is useful for the student to keep a hoard of information on selected topics, view essay samples on thematic sites and check the work with the teacher according to trial criteria.

The manual is designed for independent or under the guidance of a teacher preparing schoolchildren and applicants for the exam. In it in in full the material of the course of social studies is included, which is checked at the exam. The theoretical part of the manual is presented in a brief and accessible form. A large number of diagrams and tables allows you to easily and quickly navigate the topic and find the information you need. Training tasks correspond to modern USE format, taking into account all changes in the content examination work introduced in recent years.

To begin with, you always need to refer to the criteria for evaluating the task that we are analyzing. Download it and keep reading:

Download the demo version of the exam in social studies 201 7

Highlighting a problem

So, let's look at the very last pages of the document that you have downloaded and take a look at paragraphs K1-K3, trying to extract from this formula good essay, which will be evaluated by experts

First, you need to directly understand the statement: highlight the problem, reveal its meaning and highlight aspects of the problem. A number of cliches will help you here, because the exam is traditionally built on templates and this helps in preparing

What are the problems in the exam? From my own experience, I can identify 6 main “flanks” on which you need to try on your aphorism:

• Essence problem...
• The problem of inconsistency...
• Role problem...
• Relationship problem...
• Relationship problem...
• Unity problem...

What does it mean to reveal meaning? In general, I tell my students that essays should be translated “from Russian into Russian”, in fact, from literary to scientific language, based on the block in which you write your work. You can end everything with a “reason for a raise”: look at the problem with various parties. This will be the structure of the first part of the essay.

Theoretical reasoning

Now let's move on to the second criterion, which involves argumentation based on theory. What does this mean and what parts should your essay include?
Naturally, these are terms. Hence, if you are an applicant who is preparing on his own, ALWAYS study this or that topic in the context of any concepts from the field that you are studying

Also, you must clearly, clearly and consistently formulate your statements and conclusions from what you stated in the thesis of your essay - this is very important element, pay attention to it. In addition, it is necessary to give an example various principles and campaigns, prove their position and reveal the causes and consequences of the events referred to in the formulation of the assignment

Factual Argumentation

As a fact, you must prove theoretical material, which was mentioned above, with the help of media reports, materials of educational subjects (usually humanitarian), facts from social experience and own reasoning. The most interesting thing is that you need to give 2 ARGUMENTS factual nature, and both of them cannot be from media reports, or the same story, political life… It is important to understand this, otherwise the expert will lower your score

Well, in the end, you make a qualitative conclusion based on the thesis, simply writing it down in other words, with a “tinge” of completeness. That's all you need to know from theory on how to write social studies task 29

Speech by T. Liskova - Features of the solution of the second part at the Unified State Exam-2017

The video of her performance is attached below.

Finished essays

Now let's look at the structure. Below I attach 4 very first works of my students on politics. I suggest you look through them, select constituent elements, find errors, if any, and unsubscribe about them in the comments

First essay

“Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely” (J. Acton)

In his statement, the American historian and politician J. Acton raises the question of the influence of power on the behavior of a person who possesses it. This statement can be interpreted as follows: more human empowered, the more often he begins to go beyond what is permitted and act only in his own interests. This problem has not lost its relevance for many centuries and history knows many cases when the unlimited power of the ruler led the country to ruin.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

So what is power and why does it exist? Power is the ability and ability to influence the behavior of people regardless of their desire to do so. In any state, power is primarily aimed at maintaining order and monitoring compliance with laws, but often the more unlimited power becomes, the more it corrupts a person and ceases to be a guarantor of justice, which is why I fully support the opinion of J. Acton.

Examples for disclosure K3

The ruler, endowed with great power, ceases to care about the welfare of the entire people and tries even more to strengthen his position. Let's take, for example, the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible: striving for unlimited autocracy, he introduced the oprichnina in the camp, which consisted in mass terror, violence, and the elimination of not only the discontented boyars, but also any opposition. So, on suspicion of treason, many innocent people were executed, which ultimately led the country to a crisis, the ruin of cities and the death of a huge number of people.

My family also faced the consequences of unlimited power during the reign of I.V. Stalin. During dispossession, my grandmother's family was repressed, her father was sent to the Gulag, and six children were forced to live in a barracks with the same repressed families. Stalin's policy was aimed at equalizing the strata of the population, but the number of dispossessed kulaks during the years of his rule significantly exceeded the number of real kulaks, which is a clear violation of human rights and freedoms.

Thus, one can come to the conclusion that unlimited power corrupts people and brings not so much good as ruin and a fall in the standard of living of the population. AT modern society absolute power no longer dominates in most countries, which makes their inhabitants more free and independent.

Second essay

“When a tyrant rules, the people are silent and the laws do not work” (Saadi)

I see the meaning of Saadi's statement in the fact that the rule of law is the basis for building a democratic state, while tyranny opposes the public good and is aimed only at achieving one's own interests. This statement expresses two aspects: the participation of citizens in the life of the state under different political regimes and the attitude of the government to generally accepted laws.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

Tyranny is often inherent in states with the unlimited power of one ruler; for the most part, these are countries with a totalitarian regime. Its main difference from democracy is political regime, which is characterized by the equality of all people before the law and the belonging of power to the people, is the concentration of all power in the hands of one ruler (party) and control over all spheres of society. With unlimited power, the ruler can interpret the laws in own benefit, or even rewrite them, and the people do not have the right to express their own opinion, which absolutely does not meet the principle of legality. It is impossible not to agree with the opinion of Saadi, and history knows many confirmations of this.

Examples for disclosure K3

Italy during the reign of B. Mussolini can serve as an example of tyranny. Having suppressed rights and freedoms in the country, Mussolini established a totalitarian regime, applied political repression. As head of seven ministries and as prime minister at the same time, he eliminated virtually all restrictions on his power, thus building a police state.

A. Solzhenitsyn speaks about the lawlessness of the totalitarian regime in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”. The work shows life former soldier, who, like many others, ended up in prison after the front. Solzhenitsyn described the situation of people during the reign of I.V. Stalin, when soldiers who managed to escape from German captivity, were declared enemies of the people and, instead of getting to their relatives, were forced to work in a colony for decades.

Having considered these examples, we can conclude that under the rule of a tyrant, human rights do not have any weight, and the people do not have the right to openly express their opinion, as they are constantly in fear for their lives.

Third essay

In his statement, P. Sir expressed his attitude to the problem characteristic features and characteristics of power. The author argues that any decisions that a person in power will ever have to make must be carefully thought out and analyzed from all sides. These words can be considered from two points of view: positive and negative influence power over society.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

P. Syr's statement does not lose its relevance to this day, because all the time rash actions led to bad consequences both for the leaders themselves and for those who obey them. That is why I fully share the author's point of view regarding this problem. In order to confirm the relevance of this, it is first worth considering it from the point of view of theory.

It’s worth starting with the simplest: what is power? As we know, power is the ability to influence the actions and decisions of people against their will. Usually this happens both through persuasion and propaganda, and through the use of violence. Power is an essential attribute of any organization and human group, because without it, order and organization simply cannot form. As the main sources of power, one can single out both the personal attitude of each subordinate to the leader, and the level of his authority, material condition, level of education and strength.

Examples for disclosure K3

To confirm the relevance of P. Syr's statement, we can give an example from history. As ill-conceived actions, the monetary reform carried out by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, which replaced silver money with copper, can act. Due to the lack of coins from the latter material in the treasury, it was the silversmiths who collected taxes, which soon led to the almost complete depreciation of the coppers. The reform, which did not suggest such a scenario, did not allow to correct the situation, which led to the Copper Riot of 1662. The result of the uprising was the withdrawal of copper coins from circulation. This example clearly illustrates to us the lack of thoughtfulness and logic in the actions of a politician who had to cancel the transformation he had carried out in order to calm the angry people.

As a second example, this time of successful and planned transformations, one can cite events from recent history. We are talking about the policy of the Russian Federation, pursued from the beginning of its existence. Thoughtful, systematic reforms were able to strengthen the disintegrated country. Also, the effect of these transformations was the strengthening of the state and its positions in the international economic and political arena. This example shows us that a policy that involves not sudden and thoughtless changes, but structured and consistent reforms can lead to an improvement in the situation in the state.

Summing up, we can say that the problem of the peculiarities of power and its characteristic features will never cease to be one of the most important issues on whose decision the destinies of states depend and will continue to depend. Especially now, in the post-industrial age, which is characterized by globalization, incorrectly implemented reforms can have an impact not on individual countries, but on all powers together.

Fourth essay

“The state is something without which it is impossible to achieve either order, or justice, or external security.” (M. Debre)

In his statement, M. Debre expressed his attitude to the main functions of the state and their importance. According to the author, it is state machine plays a decisive role in the life of society, controlling the norms and rules of its behavior, regulating the basic laws, and also being responsible for protecting the borders of the country and maintaining the safety of its population. This question can be considered from two sides: the importance of the role of the state in the life of society and the ways in which the first influences the second.

The words of M. Debre do not lose their relevance to this day, because regardless of chronological period, the state has always played key role in people's lives. That is why I fully share the author's point of view. In order to confirm these words, it is first worth considering them from the point of view of theory.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

What is the state itself? As we know from the course of political science, the state can be called any organization of political power, which has a mechanism for managing society, ensuring the normal activity of the latter. The functions of the state are not limited to any one sphere of life, but affect their entirety. In addition to internal functions, there are also external ones, the most important of which is the process of ensuring the defense of the territory of the state and the establishment of international cooperation.

Examples for disclosure K3

For the first example, let's look at ancient history. The states of all peoples began to form for similar reasons, but in this case let's consider this process and its consequences on the example of the East Slavic tribes. One of the main prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state was the need for protection from an external enemy - Khazar Khaganate. The scattered and warring tribes could not cope with the enemy alone, but after the formation of the state, victory over the nomads became only a matter of time. This clearly illustrates the effect of one of the essential functions states are defensive.

The following example, illustrating the impact of the state on society, can be taken from new history. As you know, in 1861 Alexander II carried out peasant reform which resulted in the abolition of serfdom. This phenomenon rendered big influence on the life of the Russian people, because most of population Russian Empire at that time were none other than serfs. By granting them freedom, the state greatly expanded the rights and obligations of the liberated peasants. The abolition of serfdom resulted in the formation of a new social stratum, a change in the foundations and customs that had developed over several centuries. This example shows us the consequences of the reform carried out by the state, which affected the entire population of the country.

Summing up, we can say that the importance of the role of the state and the need for the functions it performs have been tested by time. Without an impact, exerting any influence on the citizens of the country, the state apparatus simply cannot exist, and the changes it carries out can be perceived differently by citizens

I hope the article helped you deal with enough problematic issue exam. Help spread the word about this article: click on the buttons social networks and subscribe to blog updates to receive new articles on your blog in a timely manner email. Bye everyone

Do you want to understand all the topics of the social studies course? Sign up to study at the school of Ivan Nekrasov with a legal guarantee of passing the exam for 80+ points!