Introduction 3

1. Norms of behavior in society 4

2. Culture marital relations 6

3. Greeting 7

4. Conversation Rules 8

5. Etiquette observed in letter 10
6. How to behave at the table 12

7. Giving gifts 12

8. In the theater, museum and restaurant 13

9. Etiquette on the road 14

10. International etiquette 15

11. Rules of business etiquette 16

12. Clothing and appearance 17

13. What is tolerance? eighteen

14. Rules of network etiquette 18

15. Ethics in the use of mobile communications 21

Conclusion 22

List of used literature 23

Introduction
Etiquette (from the French "etiquette") is a word that means a manner of behavior, that is, the rules of courtesy, politeness and tolerance that are accepted in society.
These norms of morality have been formed over a long period of formation of relationships between people. Political, economic, cultural relations are based on these norms of behavior, because existence without observing certain rules is impossible.
Modern etiquette has inherited all the customs and experience of all the peoples of the world from ancient times to the present. Cultural behavior should be universal and should be followed not by individuals, but by the whole society as a whole. In each country, the people make their own corrections and additions to etiquette, which is predetermined by social, political, social life and specifics. historical development country, origin, traditions and customs of the people.
The norms of etiquette are "unwritten", that is, they have the character of a certain kind of agreement between people regarding the observance of certain standards of behavior. Everyone man of culture should not only know and adhere to the basic norms of etiquette, but also understand the need for the existence of certain rules and relationships between people. A person's manners are an indicator of the wealth of a person's inner world; they reflect moral and intellectual development.
In today's world, cultural behavior is very great importance: It helps to establish contacts between people, communicate and create lasting relationships.

1. Norms of behavior in society
Since man is a social being, his full life outside the life of society is simply impossible. A person must reckon with the norms and forms of behavior that are established in society as a whole and in specific situations or in a particular society. Often what is unacceptable in one society can be afforded in another situation. But still, each person must form for himself the fundamental principles of behavior that will determine his life norm and line of behavior and thus shape his relationships with other people, and hence his life success. The norms of human behavior in society and in dealing with other people have been formed over the centuries. But these norms were not always the same. changed social order, social and class division of the population, the customs in the society of the aristocracy, bourgeoisie, clergy, workers, peasants, intelligentsia, military were different. At the same time, the behavior of young people and adults was different, the national and social traditions on which these norms of behavior were based were not the same. For representatives supreme state, the aristocracy had established firm rules of conduct, ignorance or violation of which was considered a lack of education. Also, often the norms of behavior of the corresponding state of society at different times were evaluated differently: at the time of their formation they were appropriate, and at another period of the development of society they were already considered inappropriate, testifying to the low culture of man. When talking, people tend to get together. Either in a smaller or in a larger society, and these meetings more people are basically caused by something. The reason may be some personal or family event (birthday, angel's day, weddings, anniversaries) or public (state and local holidays, celebration of some historical event, etc.). The participants of such meetings are, as a rule, people who know each other well. But when a stranger first enters such a society, he must first of all introduce himself so that those present know about this person. Therefore, most often such a person in society is accompanied and recommended by the owner of the house or a person who knows society well. If there is no such person, then the stranger introduces himself: Dear, let me introduce myself. My name is (you should give your name, patronymic or surname), I am by profession ... (here you can indicate either a profession or a position, etc.). Before entering the room, they usually take off their outerwear and hats in the dressing room, and women can leave their hats on. It is not considered obligatory to kick off the shoes, instead, they should be wiped well on the mat.
what to do when you are late for a party where many acquaintances and strangers have already gathered? Then you should go up to the owners and say hello, and politely nod to the rest.
When a woman older than you offers her hand in greeting, you should politely bend down slightly and kiss her hand. Moreover, this symbolic kiss should fall on the back of the fingers, a kiss on the palm or wrist will have a completely different meaning - this is most likely evidence of a low culture or a frank desire for intimate relationships. As a rule, young girls do not kiss their hands. In a large society, hugs and kisses are also unacceptable.
The habit of introducing oneself has become more and more widespread in our time. This makes it possible immediately from the moment of meeting to know a person from the perspective of what or whom he represents, as well as to imagine common topics or a range of interests that could bring you together, on the basis of which to start a conversation.
Usually, the basis of behavior in a society of acquaintances or strangers should be a polite attitude towards others. An intelligent person always knows how to keep up a conversation on any topic, listen and turn to someone. Therefore, one should not be closed in society, because it is here that we find our chances and opportunities for self-expression, self-development and self-improvement. Society, in turn, also helps us in the formation and implementation of our ideas and plans. The thought heard in society is very important, because this is how your already implemented idea will be perceived by other people, and your success in life as a whole will depend on it.
The good tradition of the old days emphasized the courtesy and intelligence of communication in the family, in society, among young people. The guys were "cavaliers", the girls - "young ladies". This did not allow shamelessness and rudeness in communication between young people, emphasized the appropriate upbringing and status. Students who completed their studies at universities and were looking for a decent job and position, respectively, were called "academicians", the first task was for them to "stand firmly on their feet" in this life and find themselves, in accordance with their condition and status, a couple-wife (best of all a young lady who will have an appropriate upbringing and an appropriate “dowry” to start her own household and adequately raise his children). Girls, on the other hand, cared less about higher education, because they did not have such a good chance of getting a decent job. To some extent, this has remained even now, although signs of emancipation indicate that guys who are not active, do not have a clearly defined goal in life, expect a “gift” of fate regarding work or personal life, are very quickly thrown into the “background” by society. and are forced out by representatives of the "weaker" sex, who have an active
position in life, beautiful manners, sufficient knowledge and desire to achieve the goal, which is currently considered not just fashionable, but an absolutely real life necessity. The modern pace of life leaves no chance for inert people, the future belongs to the brave and knowledgeable, which in turn is also a sign of good manners. Young people, communicating with each other, usually turn to "you", showing the simplicity of communication itself and friendly relations. On "you" we usually turn to older persons, people who are unknown or little known to us, represent the relevant authorities or some organizations, and the like. In some families, the tradition has remained to address parents with "you". This emphasizes special respect for parents and courtesy, parenting style. After all, it is the father and mother who are the highest authority and the highest power for the child. Such treatment also creates a "barrier" for "simple" communication with elders and does not allow so-called youth slang, which is not necessarily the best choice. The use of slang words in any case does not make a person "his boyfriend" in any society, but it gives rise in a person to an unkind habit of using not always the most pleasant words, which under certain conditions can manifest itself in an inappropriate society or at home and completely change the opinion about this person, as about a courteous and well-mannered face. Fundamental in the relationship between children and parents should be the fourth God's command: "Respect your father and your mother, so that you feel good and that you live long on earth!" With a sense of respect for a person, love is combined. We can love the one we respect. Therefore, a courteous person will always be grateful to his parents for bringing him into this world, teaching him to love life, giving him the opportunity to learn, get a profession, help and support him always. the right advice. Keeping this in mind, you should already support your parents, who, with age, very often need support and care. After all, for parents, there is nothing in the world more expensive and more dear than their children. Along with parents, a significant place in a person's life is occupied by an educator, teacher, teacher - people who tried to transfer knowledge, educate a real person and guide in life. These people should also pay tribute to honor and memory.

2. Culture of marital relations
Marital relationships can be filled with both happiness and solid difficulties, disappointments and resentments. Often at home we allow ourselves to be gloomy, dissatisfied with something, and this negatively affects the atmosphere in relationships. How to change it? First of all, you must adhere to the well-known rule: "behave the way you want to be treated with you." If we transfer this rule to relations between spouses, then it will mean that it is imperative to respect the interests of your half, as well as be interested in her affairs. Understanding in the family is very important. You don’t need to prove your case right up to a quarrel - you need to make concessions to each other. You should not constantly ask meticulously what your couple did in every second of the time without you. This only leads to mutual reproaches and mutual insults. Also, do not discuss all the details of your life with a girlfriend, friend or other people. Such behavior can put your half in an uncomfortable position. No wonder there is a saying: "Do not wash dirty linen in public." If there is a need to discuss something, then this should be done at the "family council". Don't expect a crisis in your relationship. Start changing your family life from gray and everyday to happy. Remember: harmoniously built relationships are the main key to a successful family life.

3. Greeting
All over the world, when meeting, people greet each other, thus expressing sympathy. Often, the greetings are followed by a conversation. When we meet someone, we say hello, but we hardly think about whether we are doing it right. First of all, it must be said that it is unacceptable not to say hello to a familiar person - this will be perceived as an insult. In addition, it is worth sticking to the order of greetings. The first to greet a man with a woman. In addition, the junior should be the first to greet the elder, as well as the subordinate with the leader. In a handshake, the opposite is true: a senior or leader gives a hand to a junior or subordinate. When we greet each other, we say the appropriate words: Good morning", "Good afternoon / evening", "hello", "greetings". Further, when officially addressing, the name of the person follows, for example: "Good afternoon, Ivan Petrovich." It is also customary to look into the eyes when greeting. The greeting is said in a friendly tone and with a smile "However, if at the meeting someone avoids your gaze or does not notice you, then you should not say hello. Similarly, if you notice someone too late. If you are not walking alone, and your traveler greets someone, then you you should do it too, even if you don't know the person. simple rules greetings will allow you to avoid many misunderstandings.
4. Conversation rules
Do you know the situation when we meet beautiful young people, we are fascinated by them until the moment when they start talking? Unfortunately, such a situation can be observed daily as in public transport, and on the street, and the like. This happens because young people do not know how or do not want to communicate beautifully. Therefore, it is suitable short text"Speak up so I can see you." Author " little prince", the famous French writer and pilot, and just an educated and intelligent person Antoine de Saint-Exupery accurately noted that the greatest luxury is the luxury of human communication. A lot depends on the ability to communicate in our life. Communication is a bridge to making real friends, getting what you want, a job, a career, achieving a goal.In the end, the ability to communicate depends on whether you will be interesting to people at all, which means whether you can win their respect and authority.Therefore, it is not in vain that they say that communication is a whole art. Communication begins with an appeal. It is very unpleasant when a stranger addresses us as "you". This not only indicates bad manners, but also causes us to immediately disdain this person, unwillingness to communicate with him. as a rule, to each other relatives, friends, colleagues, friends, children.Before you switch to "you" in communication, you should ask who this person is and whether this "bridge ik" will be in your favor. The proposal to switch to "you" should come from an older, more respectable person, or a person who occupies a higher official position. The younger ones may be asked to address them as "you", although they themselves continue to address them as "you". Women are allowed to refuse to switch to "you" with a man, without any explanation. The art of communication also lies in the general intelligence, education, and hence the choice and support of the topic of conversation and the correct tone of the conversation. You should not shout, crack, abuse the attention of another courteous person. And sometimes even greater art than the art of communication is the art of being silent at the right moment. When you are talking to someone in society, it is important to focus on the topic of the conversation, take part in it, support it and add some interesting moment to it, so that you, as a conversational partner, will be remembered by others. This will be a kind of "green light" for the subsequent support of relations with these people. The conversation should be unobtrusive, relaxed. When telling any jokes or stories, think about whether they will offend any of your interlocutors in a direct or indirect way.

It is considered bad manners not to answer questions posed to you. This is allowed only if the question, in your opinion, was incorrect or inappropriate. In this case, you should leave it unattended and try to move the conversation in a different direction. When different points of view or views are expressed in a conversation, you should listen and take part in the conversation when you know exactly what you are talking about. To defend your point of view, not being completely sure of the correctness of the thought, looks unwise. In communication, one should not allow disputes in which, as a rule, no one wins and which occur simply for the sake of an argument. In this case, the interlocutors no longer hear at all and do not want to hear each other, they allow themselves harsh statements, manifestations of neglect, which is unacceptable for educated people. You should not be intrusive in a conversation, but you must adhere to the principle of speaking in turn. You should not interrupt the interlocutor, but you must wait until he finishes the thought, and you can convey your point of view to him. If you didn’t hear the appeal to yourself well, then you should ask again, and not try to answer anything. Because it can be regarded as your inattention or even neglect. Try to express yourself in full sentences, and not excerpts from them from one or more short words. If someone else joins you during the conversation, then you should briefly explain to him what exactly the conversation was about. If this does not concern him at all, then we can say that the topic was private, family, and the like. But a courteous person who wishes to join in a conversation will first of all make sure that it is appropriate for him to participate in this conversation. Since ancient times, people's communication has been based on such universal moral and ethical values ​​as benevolence, love, meekness, friendliness, honor, good breeding. Actually, our people have long been famous for these virtues. This was always noted by travelers, travelers, officials who have been in our area.

It is language etiquette that shows the full range of politeness and good breeding in communication: these are words of greeting, farewell, appeal, gratitude, congratulations, apologies, wishes, invitations, praises, and the like. It is politeness that is considered the basis of communication. And the origin of this word, its primitive meaning, is not strange. Polite is the one who looks directly into the eyes. And the mentality of the people is precisely the expression of its etiquette signs - peacefulness, lack of hostility, aggressiveness. After all, the eyes are the mirror of the soul. Therefore, when communicating, the interlocutors look into each other's eyes. Only those who tell a lie or try to hide something or are dishonest turn their eyes away. Over time, the adjective "polite" was rethought and acquired a figurative meaning: "one who adheres to the rules of decency shows attentiveness, courtesy." The highest manifestation of politeness is good manners and courtesy. Brought up - "respectfully polite in dealing with people."
Unfortunately, today we are increasingly confronted with youth slang in communication, which is interspersed with words imposed on us from other languages, impolite, often even rude words of foreign origin, which are used in a literal or figurative sense, a fusion of words that are foreign to ours. language tradition and communication. For some reason, some young people consider such communication to be fashionable or modern, at a time when conscious young people who have national consciousness and dignity and value it, reviving the national and ethnic-linguistic traditions of the people, try to communicate courteously and behave courteously, which causes significant sympathy. Therefore, our duty at the present time is to revive what has been lost in the communication of people, to establish what has been forgotten, to discard communication that is unusual for our culture, imposed by force on our people or thoughtlessly copied by someone else, rude. After all, for centuries of history our people have developed their own system of speech etiquette, which is a kind of phenomenon and reflection of the general culture of the people. In ancient times, there were different traditions on our territory regarding appeals, and they even wrote various studies on this topic. However, today this issue has already been resolved in society. The type of address is usually determined by the relationship between people, their proximity or official position. If you are still not sure how you should address this or that person, then you should resolve this issue directly with him or avoid direct contact. When to switch to "you" depends only on you and your interlocutor, there are no exact rules regarding this. However, this should be done carefully so as not to put your interlocutor in an uncomfortable position. Nowadays, it is common practice to switch to "you" after drinking glasses together. This is wrong, since conversion does not depend on the alcohol consumed, but on human feelings, sincerity and intimacy.

5. Etiquette in writing
With the advent of the Internet, writing email letters has faded into the background. After all, the rapid transmission of information is much more convenient, and sometimes it is simply a vital necessity. However, one should not forget that a letter written by one's own hand is a kind of description of a person, his handwriting, his character, a reflection of his life style and tastes. According to the content of the letter, there are: business, friendly, love, letters of response, letters of greeting, letters of sympathy ... The style and form of writing each letter must be polite, certify our personal culture and honor to the addressee. When we write letters by hand, we should take neat clean paper, it can be special letter paper. Even if it is a sheet from a notebook, it should be neatly cut and even. At the top, write the date the letter was written. Next comes the appeal to the addressee and the actual content of the letter itself. You need to write according to spelling, clearly and competently. A fuzzy or illiterate letter speaks of the ignorance of the person who writes it. Writing is a reflection of the intellect of a person. Starting a letter, you should retreat 2-3 cm from the date, leaving a paragraph on the left. The appeal indicates the attitude towards the person - respect, love, service dependence or officiality. Examples of the beginning of a letter might be the following:
Honorable Mr. Consul! Dear Mr. Professor! Reverend Father! Dear Editors! Dear friend Andrew! My dear parents! Dear mother! My dear little sister! My unforgettable friend! After that, you should touch on the reason that prompted the writing of the letter. If this letter is a response, then you should definitely thank for the letter, and only after that give an answer. It must be remembered that in letters you need to capitalize all personal and possessive pronouns that relate to the face of the addressee, therefore, the words You, You, You, You, You, You, Yours, Yours, with you and the like, as well as nouns , which are the names of the nearest family of the addressee: “Your Mom”, “How is Your Wife?”... If you are late with the answer, then you should definitely apologize, possibly explaining the reason for the delay, and only after that proceed to the main content of the letter. If this is a letter to well-known, comrades, then first of all we ask about the affairs of the addressee, we are interested in his health, the health of his closest relatives, his work and success, and then we already announce ourselves with due modesty, not forgetting to emphasize also our merits and achievements . You should also think about what exactly would be interesting and the addressee needs to know from what you can tell. A letter is a reflection of an attitude towards a person, therefore letters to elders - parents, teachers, mentors should be imbued with deep respect, love and gratitude. In any case, familiarity should not be allowed here. After all, the word has extraordinary power. Business letters are letters sent mainly to some institutions, organizations, representative offices, government bodies, and the like. They should be specific, concise, express as clearly as possible the essence of the matter and the essence of the reason for writing (petition, request, etc.). As for letters to loved ones, there is a large space for the best words, fantasies and wishes. A whole life can depend on one phrase in such a letter. These letters are a manifestation of very personal feelings, so you should remember that they must fall into the hands in which you sent them. A beautifully written letter is a manifestation general level education and culture of the person who wrote it. Letters should be answered immediately, or within a maximum of two weeks.

6. How to behave at the table
Visitors should come at the time appointed by the hosts. Well-mannered people can tolerate a delay of 15-20 minutes. This is not considered a breach of etiquette. When guests sit down at the table, first of all, you should take care of your lady: give a chair and help you get comfortable. Hosts invite guests, often designating seats for the most important or distinguished guests. The location of the guests according to the degree of acquaintance or interests is successful: then they will have the opportunity to start or support one or another topic of conversation and the party will not be boring. The older ones are usually seated together, the younger ones are also chosen the appropriate places so that they can start interesting conversation. At the table, you should sit straight, but relaxed, slightly leaning on the back of the chair. The hosts try to find topics for communication so that guests are interested. They, in turn, try to keep up the conversation, avoiding gestures, raised voice tones, shouting, and the like. The conversation should be general. When older parents are talking, the younger ones should not interrupt them, it is better to support the topic. It is ugly to start eating until the hosts have offered to treat themselves to all the guests. In the process of eating, it is not recommended to put your elbows on the table. It is only in some cases that women can afford it. Cavaliers usually take food from the table, first offering it to women, and then to others who are sitting nearby. Each salad or dish is served with a spoon or fork; you should not pick up food with your own spoon or fork. It is ugly to reach across the entire table, trying to string a tidbit. Educated people ask those who are sitting near the food to give them a plate of refreshments.

7. Giving gifts
Every time we are going to visit someone for a birthday, name day or some other holiday, the question of a gift appears. It is much easier when the host of the holiday asks for a specific thing. But this situation is not always possible. Then you need to show imagination, and find yourself the thing that the owner will need. No wonder they say that both giving and receiving gifts is a whole art. Therefore, both giving and receiving gifts has a number of nuances. The choice of a gift depends on the circumstances and the holiday to which you were invited. But do not look for and buy a gift in last moment- such behavior usually does not lead to anything good. The gift is chosen depending on the person to whom it is assigned. No less important is how you present it: in this way, even a modest gift will leave a pleasant impression. If you do not have the opportunity to personally transfer the gift, then you need to add a congratulation to it and send it by mail or through an intermediary. But it is highly undesirable for him to arrive late. Usually the gift is wrapped in gift paper. Also, sometimes flowers are given in addition. During the personal presentation, it is necessary to say a few wishes. It is absolutely unacceptable at this moment to remember its price. It is also important to accept gifts properly. First of all, you need to look at what was given to you (and not put it aside!) And thank you. At the same time, it is absolutely unacceptable to show your dissatisfaction. the only possible reaction- it's joy. Whatever the gift, you should treat everyone equally cordially. It is impolite to refuse a gift. However, if there are good reasons, then this should be done tactfully, explain everything and reach an understanding with the one who gives. Remember: the person who came to you and gives a gift probably wants to bring you joy, so in return he expects at least your sincere smile and friendly attitude.

8. In the theater, museum and restaurant
If you are going to the theater, it is best to dress in classic clothes in calm colors (for men, for example, this is a dark suit), too bright and original clothes are not recommended. It is unacceptable to be late for the start of the performance, be sure to arrive in advance in order to have time to hand over your outerwear to the wardrobe and find your seats in the hall. A man should go first into the hall and along the row, it is customary to walk along the row facing the audience and with your back to the stage. In any case, try not to disturb other spectators, it is not recommended to clap loudly, shout "bravo". It is unacceptable to talk, rustle or knock during the performance (women - be careful with heels), as well as eat. Mobile phones must be turned off during the performance. It is also worth getting to the museum in advance in order to have time to see all the exhibits. Arriving 10 minutes before closing and trying to run through all the museum exhibits is ugly. In order to better navigate the exposition, it is worth buying a special guide catalog, which is sold at the entrance to the museum. It is forbidden to speak or shout loudly in the museum, as well as critically evaluate the exhibited exhibits. In addition, the exhibits must not be touched by hands, as this may damage them. If you have agreed to meet in a restaurant, and especially with a woman, then you must go there first. It is customary to remove outerwear and hats and leave them in the wardrobe or you can take them with you. The restaurant requires an appropriate style of clothing - it can be classic or festive, but in no case sports. The higher the rank of the restaurant, the more refined should be your manners in it. A man should give a chair to a lady, and only after that sit down himself. Also, drinks and food are served first to the lady. Eating in a restaurant should be done slowly, but enjoying the meal. Communication also belongs to the main manners of behavior in a restaurant. After all, people come here to have a nice time or an evening, listen to music, eat delicious food, chat, or dance. If you liked the service, it would be polite to leave a “tip” to the waiter who served you, the amount of which is 7-10% of the total bill, respectively, if they have not already provided for this. Leaving the restaurant, you can thank the staff for the pleasant service and delicious cuisine.

9. Etiquette on the road
In the modern world, many modes of transport have appeared that were inaccessible to our ancestors, but in general they can be divided into 2 groups: urban transport and intercity transport. City transport is fixed-route taxis, trams and trolleybuses. When entering and exiting these modes of transport, it is customary to let the elderly, the disabled, women and children go forward, and to help if they need help. The seats in the cabin should also be occupied by the above groups of people in the first place, so if you are sitting, but noticed, for example, an old grandmother, then you definitely need to make room and politely offer it to her. Intercity transport is buses, trains and planes. First of all, you need to come to such modes of transport on time or in the best way in advance. By being late, you will create not only inconvenience for passengers, but you may not be in time at all. Usually, in long-distance transport, seats are assigned for tickets, in another case, you must adhere to the priority rules described above. The trip will go faster if you occupy yourself with a conversation with fellow travelers, but if they do not have the desire to talk, then do not bother them with your conversations on the road. On the plane, you must follow all safety rules, such as the ban on smoking or the use of mobile phones. Listen to all the advice of the crew and do not break the etiquette. Try to avoid disturbing the peace of other passengers, because, for example, singing or scandal is unacceptable. After the flight, it will be polite to thank the crew respecting you for a successful flight. A special category of road etiquette rules are driving etiquette rules. Without cars today it is difficult to imagine your life, they are used as a means of transportation in the city and on long trips outside the city. But imagine what would happen if all these cars moved without any rules. Therefore, first of all, you need to follow the rules of the road. If you want order on the roads, then you should start with yourself. Be sure to give way to cars with special signals, every second of their delay can cost someone their life. Help other road users. If you see that someone cannot drive out of a turn, park, or make another difficult maneuver, then slow down, flash your headlights and make a gesture with your hand. You can also end up in such a situation, because if someone helped you, then thank him with an alarm or a grateful hand gesture.

10. International etiquette
Being in different countries you can immediately understand that they all differ at the cultural level: their customs, traditions, of course, etiquette and rules of conduct. Therefore, when arriving in a foreign country, first of all, it is necessary to remember about respect for these differences. When preparing for a trip, it is worth finding enough information about the peculiarities of behavior abroad. However, there are some general tips to keep in mind. Abroad, for the locals, you are a certain embodiment of your country, so behave carefully and decently. Do not make noise, shout, loudly give out your disagreement or discontent about something. Do not dress loudly - dress modestly and in accordance with generally accepted norms. Try to express yourself in simple phrases so that foreigners can understand you. This is important enough, as certain phrases often have a double meaning. No need to try to teach someone about something - show delicacy and tact. Sometimes possible different situations, but never forget about tolerance. Respect for a foreign culture is the basis of international etiquette.

11. Rules of business etiquette
AT modern business compliance with the rules of etiquette plays an important role. It is unacceptable to violate them, as in commercial activities it is unacceptable not to pay attention to economic indicators and the basic provisions of entrepreneurship. Compliance with the rules of business etiquette reflects your professionalism and serious approach to business, and their non-compliance indicates that it is better not to do business with you. Etiquette is one of the components of your business image and experienced business partners pay attention to this aspect of your behavior as well. Consider the basic rules of business etiquette: The first rule is to be punctual. It is very important in business to properly organize and calculate the time. Planning and punctual execution of all planned tasks is the key to success. Being late is incorrect in relation to the person who was waiting for you. And even the most sincere apologies and assurances about the impossibility of coming on time are unable to completely make amends, because even at the subconscious level there will remain a certain bad taste, which will mean a somewhat negative treatment towards you. The second rule - do not say too much to others. Every millionaire has certain secrets to success, but no one will tell you. Don't talk about business own business, because sometimes even the smallest hint can affect the activities of a competitor. The third rule is don't be selfish. It is impossible to conduct business successfully without taking into account the thoughts and interests of partners, customers, buyers. Often it is selfishness that prevents success. It is very important to be tolerant of your opponent or partner, learn to listen and explain your point of view. Fourth rule - dress as usual in society
Clothing is a demonstration of your taste and status in society. Do not take this rule lightly. Appearance is the first aspect that a person pays attention to and this immediately sets him in the right mood. The fifth rule is to keep your speech clean. Everything you say and write must be stated beautiful language, right. The ability to communicate, competently lead a discussion and convince an opponent is very important for negotiating. Watch your pronunciation, diction and intonation. Never use foul language or offensive language. However, do not forget that the ability to listen to the interlocutor is an equally important aspect of communication.

12. Clothing and appearance
Everyone knows the well-known proverb: "Meet by clothes, but see off by mind." Although the mind is considered much more important, clothing still determines what impression you will make on another person. The appearance reflects the personality, reflects the essence and inner world of a person, with all his habits and inclinations. The culture of clothing is no less important than the culture of behavior. In clothes, you need to consider color, line, texture and style. Clothing is also predetermined by the position, style, tastes and material condition of a person. The main rule is that clothes should not be dirty, sloppy or torn. This indicates the negligence of its owner, disrespect for people and, first of all, for himself. Clothing should be comfortable and not contrary to the generally accepted requirements of decency. Fashion is a significant factor influencing clothing. To a greater or lesser extent to adhere to it - the person himself decides. A man's clothing influences his success in business circles, contributes to the creation of an appropriate image. A businessman's suit should be quite conservative, any soft color, one-color. Vest and jacket must be covered upper part trousers, coat sleeves should cover the sleeves of the jacket. A tie is the main indicator of the taste and status of a man, therefore it is necessary that when tied it reaches the buckle of the belt, and the width should correspond to the width of the lapels of the jacket. Pants should just go down to the boots in front, and reach the heel in the back. Socks should match the suit, but their color should be a little darker, preferably black, but never white. The color of shoes must be identical to the color of the belt and watch strap. In an official setting (when they enter the office, speak, sit on the presidium), the jacket must be buttoned up. You can unfasten it while sitting on a chair (for example, at a table). Women enjoy greater will in choosing clothes, its style, color and fabric. In women's clothing more than in men's clothing, her individual style and personal character are displayed. It is important to choose a suit that suits the situation. A beautiful suit with a skirt emphasizes the authority of a woman. The skirt should be dark in color, and the suit lighter. It is not customary to walk in luxurious dresses. Hair, makeup and jewelry should complement the business attire. Make-up should not be defiant and too noticeable, jewelry should be as small as possible, but they should be expensive and in harmony with the costume itself. Spirits should be felt only at close range. And remember: "There are no ugly women, there are women who do not know how to make themselves beautiful!".

13. What is tolerance?
Tolerance is the ability, without aggression, to perceive thoughts, behavior, forms of self-expression and lifestyle of another person that differ from one's own. There was tolerance in Western civilization on the religious level. The emergence of this concept is associated with the signing of the Edict of Nantes. First of all, tolerance means a benevolent and tolerant attitude towards something. The basis of tolerance is the openness of thought and communication, the personal freedom of the individual and the evaluation of human rights and freedoms. Tolerance means an active position of a person, and not a passive-tolerant attitude towards surrounding events, that is, a tolerant person should not be tolerant of everything, for example, violation of human rights or manipulation and speculation. Anything that violates universal morality should not be tolerated. Therefore, one should distinguish between tolerant behavior and slavish tolerance, which does not lead to anything good. It is necessary to carefully distinguish between these concepts, because manipulators (including most politicians) call for false tolerance, since people who are loyal to everything are easier to manage. Consequently, tolerance is a rather subtle category, which certainly must be adhered to, since it determines the moral, social and democratic development of society.

14. Rules of network etiquette
Etiquette is the order of conduct adopted in certain social groups. On the Internet, which is also community group, also formed their own generally recognized rules, on the basis of which communication in the network is built. When communicating online, do not forget that you are dealing with real people. The rules of etiquette for the ordinary world and for the virtual are the same. Do not write or do anything that you do not want to hear or see yourself. Learn to prove your position without humiliating your opponent. Remember, the person with whom you communicate through the keyboard does not see your emotions, does not hear your voice. Try to imagine yourself in the place of this person and form your thoughts correctly in order to avoid misinterpreting your opinion. There is another reason why you should carefully monitor what you write online. "The word is not a sparrow, it will fly out - you won't catch it" - this saying is especially true for cyberspace, because everything you write is stored in network storages, which means it can surface in the future and cause a lot of trouble. Summarizing all of the above, we can say that the main and fundamental principle of network etiquette is the attitude towards virtual opponents, as to real people. Do not do anything that you would not do in real life, where we are all, consciously or not, subject to unspoken rules. In a network society, it is relatively difficult to hold people accountable for their actions. Therefore, people feel impunity and behave inappropriately, justifying themselves by saying that the network is "not at all like in life." No matter how people try to justify themselves, it will be wrong anyway. Standards of conduct vary more or less, but in general they are more lenient than in ordinary life. Try to maintain the ethics of communication at the proper level, ignoring the opinions of those who say "there is freedom - whoever wants, says what." Don't believe it. If you happen to be in a difficult ethical situation, then put yourself in this place in real life and you will quickly find correct solution. Another important point of network etiquette. If you use non-free software - pay for it, your contribution will contribute to the development of the software market. Violators of the laws of virtual space, usually violate them in real life. Do not forget that you are in a virtual information space and the norms of behavior adopted on one site may differ from the norms of another. For example, if on one forum it is customary to abruptly deviate from the main topic of discussion and this is normal, then on another it will be perceived as bad form. In order to avoid unpleasant situations, before entering into a discussion, I recommend that you take a closer look at the rules and procedures. After that, you can communicate. Respect the time and opportunities of others, because not all Internet users have high-speed data transmission channels. For a person who has connected to the network using a modem connection, it will be very difficult to download your letter, with an attached photo (of your favorite cat) in the size of 20 megabytes. By reducing the photo size, you save the other person's time. Online, if you wish to remain anonymous, no one will know your age, skin color, manner of speaking, family details and other personal things. Therefore, your interlocutors on the network will form an opinion about you, only on the basis of the manner in which you express your thoughts. Watch what you write and how you write. Avoid spelling mistakes, because for most people spelling rules play an important role. About a person who chronically makes mistakes, netizens can only think negatively - a stupid teenager. Incorrectly submitted, false information in advance can bring a flurry of emotions from your interlocutors. If this is repeated repeatedly, then a situation may occur like in the game "broken phone" - your words will be perverted beyond recognition, and your reputation will suffer forever. Pay attention to the content of your messages. They must be logical, consistent and sustained. You can write a page of text, but it will be very difficult to understand any of this. This often happens when a person, not understanding the topic too well, wants to convince the interlocutor and uses polysyllabic terminology for this, in which he himself is weak. Never offend virtual opponents, be patient and polite, do not use profanity and do not make conflicts for no reason.

Help people in those matters in which you are competent enough. If you yourself raise a question - make it as meaningful and correct as possible. This way you will get the correct answer faster. Thanks to your answers and the answers of other people, the amount of knowledge on the network is increased, which will be useful to many other people.
If you receive information from another person through the short message system containing a large number of small remarks, summarize the data obtained and send them to the forum - the information will be prepared in a convenient form for perception. Knowledge sharing is what the global network was created for, do not deviate from these traditions, share information.
If you possess interesting information, which may be of interest to other people, send it to the conference. By doing this, you will make your contribution to the global information space. Do not get involved in conflicts and prevent them. Flames are emotions expressed by text that are made without taking into account the opinions of other participants in the conversation. Is flame forbidden by netiquette? Yes and no. Flame refers to the old network traditions. In a qualitative form, it can bring pleasant emotions for all participants in the conversation. But the flame, which develops into numerous malicious messages that are usually exchanged by several people, is prohibited by netiquette. Such "flashes" can overwhelm the entire conversation and drown useful information in the garbage, destroying all the positive atmosphere.

Respect the human right to personal information. Don't abuse your power. Thanks to the skills gained in professional field, some people get a significant advantage over other network users. There are many examples of this - system administrators, programmers, information coding specialists.
Due to their wide knowledge, they can gain an advantage and use it against you. For example, read your personal correspondence. But this should not be! Don't abuse your power!
Forgive other people's mistakes. And help fix them, because you, too, were once a beginner. If you see how some person makes commonplace mistakes, for example - asking stupid questions or in the wrong way building your answers, be tolerant of him. But helping a person does not have to behave arrogantly. Modesty adorns. Tell me about the error not at all, but in personal communication.

15. Ethics of using mobile communications

Knowledge and compliance with the rules of mobile etiquette is a criterion good upbringing and culture of the mobile subscriber.
If on airplanes medical institutions or in other places there is a warning "Please turn off your mobile phone", then try to follow this instruction and turn off your mobile phone. Do not forget that you should switch your mobile phone to silent mode or use the "Voice mail" service in cinemas, museums, theaters, and exhibitions. By following these rules, an unexpected ringing of your mobile phone will not disrupt the performance with an unexpected loud signal (ringtone).
When choosing ringtones, be guided by your taste, but do not forget that they should not disturb the people around you. When you are driving, keep your phone volume down and stay away from phone calls and conversations to make your trip safer. If you have the opportunity to use the hands free function, then do not neglect it when talking while driving - it will greatly facilitate negotiations.
At business meetings and negotiations, always remember to put your mobile phone on silent mode or use the "Voice mail" service, unless otherwise agreed. If you need to write a text message in a library or theater, turn off the keyboard tones first. If you work in an office, do not forget to take your mobile phone with you, even if you are away from your workplace for a short time. In order not to distract others with your conversations on the phone, while in public places: transport, elevators, shops, etc., try to speak as quietly and briefly as possible. In the library, in order not to distract readers, switch your mobile phone to silent mode, and if it becomes necessary to answer, then speak quietly and to the point. In order not to embarrass others, do not install ringtones on your mobile phone that are obscene language, rude language or unpleasant sounds.
It is impolite of you to use other people's mobile phones for personal purposes and give their mobile numbers to strangers without permission. You should check your phone for ringtone volume levels at home, but not in public places.
Respect the privacy of others by using the video recording function and taking photos. Before shooting or photographing, be sure to ask permission from the person you want to photograph or film. It is also appropriate for you to tell your friends about mobile etiquette. Compliance with the rules of mobile etiquette can tell a lot about you to the interlocutor and the people around you.
Conclusion

Intelligence is not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand another person. It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to quietly help another person, to protect nature, not to litter around oneself - not to litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas.
Intelligence is a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people.
At the heart of all good manners is the concern that the person does not interfere with the person, so that everyone feels good together. We must be able not to interfere with each other. It is necessary to educate in oneself not so much manners as what is expressed in manners, a careful attitude to the world, to society, to nature, to one's past.
No need to memorize hundreds of rules, but remember one thing - the need respectful attitude to others.

Literature:
"Etiquette of a business person" E. Ya. Solovyov
"Business protocol and etiquette" N. V. Demidov
"Rules of social life and etiquette" Yuryev and Vladimirsky
Internet Etyket.org.ua

1. Some people believe that social norms limit them, force them to live according to certain rules, and not the way they want.
Imagine what would happen to society if all social norms disappeared.
Philosophers of the Enlightenment believed that freedom consists in the right to do anything that does not harm another. Social norms allow people to control their behavior of peaceful and conflict-free coexistence with other members of society. In the absence of social norms, society will “drown” in conflicts and its very existence will be threatened.

2. Match the names of social norms and their definitions.

1. Legal regulations		A. Traditionally established order of behavior of people
2. Customs		B. Rules of Conduct Consisting in Symbolic Actions Established by Custom
3. Religious norms		AT. External forms human behavior
4. Rites		D. Norms based on society's ideas of good and evil
5. Moral (moral) norms		E. The system of rules of conduct accepted in certain social circles
6. Etiquette		F. Norms that are established by the church and regulate the behavior of believers
7. Manners		G. Rules of conduct binding on all, enshrined in laws and protected by the power of the state

3. Determine which social norms the examples illustrate.

* At the entrance to an Orthodox church, believers are baptized; women cover their heads with scarves - religious norms .
* At the wedding, the bride throws her bouquet into the crowd of guests and every unmarried girl tries to catch it - rite .
* A person who has been entrusted with a personal secret should not tell it to others - moral standards .
* When traveling by bus or trolleybus, you must pay the fare - legal regulations .

4. Do a little research. Remember and list what social norms you fulfilled during the day. Were there any rules you broke? What conclusions can you draw from the results of the study?
The task is done independently. For example:
Fulfilled: legal norms (attending school, travel by transport, shopping in a store), manners and moral standards (behavior and communication in society), customs (respect for elders).
Violated: legal norms (transition to a red light of a traffic light).
Conclusions: social norms are an integral part of the behavior of each member of society. Each of our actions corresponds to certain social norms.

5. Determine which social norm has been violated and explain why you think so.

* A young man came to the solemn official reception at the embassy in torn jeans and a T-shirt - violated etiquette .
* A friend who has a car promised his friends - a young family - to help move things. However, he not only did not help, but also did not warn that he would not come - violated moral (moral) norms .
* A young man exceeded the speed limit on the highway and his car almost crashed into a pole - legal norms are violated .
* Several 11th graders said that they would not come to the last call - broken tradition (custom) .

All people are individual. Their differences are due to a number of factors, the most significant of which are ethnicity, nationality, external data, character, thinking, worldview, goals, habits, interests, etc. Even among the seven billionth population of the Earth, there are no two absolutely identical people.

But, despite this, all people have one thing in common - their full life is possible only within the social cell. It is society that is the most comfortable environment for a person, regardless of personal factors.

general concepts

The norms of human behavior in society are a rather multifaceted concept that reflects the forms of interaction of a person with the world around him.

A person as a social unit must be guided by the rules and customs established in a particular society. For each specific situation there is a set of rules, which, however, are not fixed. Thus, actions that are acceptable in one society are categorically unacceptable in another. On the other side - social norms Personal behavior can change depending on the situation and time.

For example, imagine that you met with old friends with whom you have been friends for many years. You can afford to be free to wear what you see fit, not to be shy about profanity, cheeky gestures and bad habits. Friends are accustomed to you and perceive all your actions as the norm. Now imagine that you have come to work in a large corporation and plan to achieve considerable career success here. Your image, actions and gestures in this situation will be radically different from the previous situation: appearance corresponds to the dress code, speech acquires a business coloring, bad habits are veiled as much as possible. But after a year or two, you go with your employees to a long-planned corporate party. In this situation, you can allow yourself to show a piece of your real self. Indeed, despite the fact that the composition of society has not changed, the situation has changed, and too restrained behavior can be perceived by others as distrust or hostility on your part.

If norms of behavior can be mobile, then the fundamental principles that determine behavioral patterns and outlook on life must have clearer boundaries.

Components of social norms

Lifestyle and behavior are dictated by a combination of external and internal factors, which were influenced by both the surrounding society and the person himself.
The system of norms of behavior includes the following concepts:

1. social norms- indicate the necessary model of behavior in a particular society.

2. habits is a set of personal behavioral models for a particular situation, fixed as a result of repeated repetition.

There are positive, neutral and bad habits. Positive habits are perceived with approval by society (greeting at a meeting, drinking polite words), neutral habits often do not cause any reactions (drinking tea without sugar, keeping a diary), bad habits indicate bad manners and characterize a person from a negative side (smoking, champing, talking with a full mouth, loud belching).

3. Manners- forms of behavior based on habits. They characterize the upbringing of a person and his belonging to a certain social stratum. An educated person knows how to dress elegantly, knows how to clearly formulate his thoughts and expresses them in a form understandable to the interlocutor.

4. Etiquette- a set of norms of behavior (politeness, tact, tolerance), relevant for the highest social strata.

5. public values- this is the standard of ideas approved by the majority of social units: goodness, justice, patriotism.

6. Principles- these are especially important and unshakable beliefs that a person creates for himself. These are some kind of boundaries set for self-control. For example, for one person, a family - supreme value and he will never allow himself to be betrayed. For another, fidelity is not included in the list of principles; he can repeat betrayal repeatedly without remorse.

Religion as a lever to control human behavior

Despite the achievements of science, progressive thinking and modern outlook on life, religion still remains one of the important factors in shaping the norms of individual behavior.

The priority importance of religion for a person is due to several factors:

1.Help from above. Every person sooner or later faces troubles that become a real test for his will. Bankruptcy, loss of property, divorce, serious illness or death of a loved one... It is in such situations that people most often remember the presence of an invisible force in heaven. Their faith may be fickle, but at such moments they need someone to whom they can shift some of the responsibility, from whom they can expect help, albeit an illusory one.

2. Setting principles. It is religion that often becomes a dogmatic guide to behavior. Biblical commandments say not to kill, rob, and commit adultery, and some people take these principles as personal.

3. Search for the meaning of life. Another reason for turning to religion is the search for answers to eternal questions.

Behavior patterns

Each action performed by a person is conditioned by a corresponding motive, which, in turn, dictates the order of reproducible acts.

All actions fall into two categories:

1. Automatic- these are actions based on innate and acquired reflexes and skills that do not require mental awareness and are performed inertially. These include the ability to chew, breathe, walk upright, read, speak their native language.

2. Conscious- these are more complex actions or their combination, requiring the use of intellectual capabilities person. This model behavior is based on the choice of one or another pattern of actions in an unfamiliar situation.

For example, you are angry with a person and want to express your indignation to him, insult and humiliate him. But you understand that your desire is temporary and is connected not only with this person, but also with yours. bad mood and general failures. If you succumb to aggression, then, most likely, you will forever lose contact with a person. It is consciousness that decides what to do in this situation, evaluating all the pros and cons. In addition, the predominance of the logical or emotional component in the character plays an important role.

Youth behavior

Youth is the perspective of the nation. Therefore, it is very important how the younger generation will be brought up.

The norms of human behavior in society call on young people to:

Be active members of society;
- set life goals and strive to achieve them;
- diversify your personality;
- exercise;
- get a decent education;
- lead a healthy lifestyle without smoking and drinking alcohol;
- do not use profanity and rude language in conversation;
- be respectful to the older generation;
- create a value system for yourself and stick to it;
- know and follow the rules of etiquette.

But in the modern world, the behavior of young people in society often differs from established norms and has a deviant character.

So, some young people aged 14 to 20 believe that smoking and drinking alcohol is fashionable, and attending lectures at the institute is an occupation for crammers. They prefer discos to books, are rude in their statements and have promiscuity.

Such behavior is most often formed under the influence of the company and requires immediate intervention from the parents.

Interaction of youth with the older generation

The problem of interaction between different generations will always be relevant. on which one age group was brought up, by the time of growing up, the other partly loses its relevance. As a result, misunderstandings and disagreements arise.

Among the main causes of conflicts are the incompatibility of interests, different, immoral behavior of one of the parties, the lack of a culture of communication, the struggle for superiority, unwillingness to concede.

Nevertheless, the values ​​and norms of behavior instilled in us from childhood say that the younger generation should yield to the older ones in any situation, even if such a decision seems unfair. In addition, it is necessary to adhere to a certain model of behavior. In communication, you need to use a respectful form of address - “you”, and also avoid slang. It is not allowed to ridicule and make fun of the elders. Refusing to help is considered bad manners.

Rules of conduct between spouses

To build a stable house, you need to lay a solid foundation and build walls brick by brick. So it is in family relationships - love is the foundation, behavior is the building blocks.

Married life is not only joyful moments, it is also disappointment, irritation and resentment. In order to adequately go through all the unpleasant moments and maintain the integrity of the marriage, you must follow a few simple rules:

Treat your partner as an equal;
- appreciate his personal qualities;
- support in any endeavors and not make fun of failures;
- discuss important points and make decisions together;
- do not switch to insults and insults;
- do not allow yourself assault;
- Be faithful to your spouse.

Business Etiquette

If a general rules human behavior in society may vary depending on the situation, then Business Etiquette is a set of behavioral models that have the most delineated edge.

In the business world, there are 5 rules of etiquette:

1. Punctuality. Arrive to all important meetings on time, this will show your organization.

2. Competence. Be smart about what you talk about. Sometimes it is better to remain silent than to give false information.

3. Speech. Learn to speak fluently and clearly. Even the most successful idea, presented in clumsy and uncertain language, is doomed to failure.

4. Appearance speaks of your taste and status, so in your wardrobe, in addition to jeans and T-shirts, you must definitely have a suit for an important meeting.

5. Interaction. Listen to the opinions of others and do not trust your idea to the first person you meet.

Compliance with these rules plays a very important role, as it reflects the level of professionalism and the seriousness of the approach to business.

Deviant behavior: deviation from the norm

Rules and norms of human behavior may not always be expressed according to regulated standards. Some behavior patterns may have a significant deviation from the norm. Such a manner is defined as deviant. She may have like positive features, as well as negative ones.

A striking example of opposing deviants are terrorists and national heroes. The actions of both of them deviate from the behavior of the "middle masses", but are perceived by society differently.

Thus, the general norms of behavior can be placed on one axis, and deviant deviations on different poles.

Forms of abnormal behavior in society

The norms of human behavior in society, expressed as deviant, have four pronounced forms:

• Crime. In recent years, this figure has increased by 17%. In many ways, crime is due to the transition to market relations and a high level of competition, unemployment and low living standards, as well as psychological deviations. In addition, corruption in the legal and judicial-executive sectors is of no small importance, which allows, in the presence of prosperity, to avoid liability for violation of the law.
• Alcoholism. Alcohol is an integral part of festive feasts and ordinary friendly meetings. It is used to celebrate something, relieve pain or just relieve stress. People are used to the fact that alcohol has become a part of their lives, and do not realize its detrimental effect on the individual and on society as a whole. According to statistics, 70% of crimes are committed while intoxicated, and drunk drivers are to blame for more than 20% of fatal accidents.

• Addiction. Dependence psychotropic substance, which depletes the body and leads to its degradation. Unfortunately, despite the official ban on drugs, every tenth teenager has tried one or more types of drugs.
• Suicide. Suicide is the intentional desire to take one's own life because of problems that seem unsolvable. According to world statistics, suicide is most common in highly developed countries, where there is high competition both in the business sphere and on the personal front. Age group most at risk are adolescents aged 14 to 18 and people of retirement age.

Sanctions for non-compliance

The rules and norms of conduct are governed by the approved laws of the state and unspoken rules society.

Sanctions for deviant behavior vary depending on the severity of the violation.

For example, murder or robbery fall under the article of violation of the criminal code, therefore, are punishable by imprisonment. A provocation or a fight are administrative violations. As a liability for misconduct, the violator will be asked to pay a fine or perform civil work. Violations related to habits (did not wash the dishes, did not cut his nails, was late for important meeting, lied), will cause disapproval of society and further disregard or contempt.

It remains for us now, summing up what has been said above, to indicate the starting positions for determining the place of a legal norm in the system of law, to take all the risks and responsibility for possible inaccuracies, the loss of some aspects and details, which often happens when developing constructions of such high class. The object of our analysis is the norm of the law, the legislative norm, since what can be said about it applies, perhaps with slight adjustments, to the norms of legal custom, judicial precedent, etc.
From the many definitions of a legal norm existing in the legal literature, one can extract typical elements this concept, which include the general obligatory nature of the norm, the repetition of its action, an indefinite circle of non-personalized addressees, the possibility of state coercion to the behavior necessary according to the norm. A serious discussion requires the traditional experience of defining a legal norm as a rule of conduct, since it does not take into account the real differentiation of norms in today's society. Over time, this deficiency becomes more and more noticeable. So, D. A. Kerimov, commenting on his definition, according to which “a rule of law is a single general rule of behavior objectively established within the institution of law ...”, he immediately notices that this provision “should not be understood only in the sense that each a legal norm always contains a direct indication of the behavior of persons in a particular case.
If the norm does not contain such an indication and does not say anything at all about behavior (there are such norms), then how can one

call it a rule of conduct? It seems to us that the generic feature of a legal norm is the demand for due, emanating from the political authority, primarily the state, it is implemented within the framework of the “power-subordination” relationship. An authoritarian, imperious demand, indeed, is often brought to the addressee in the form of a rule of conduct, but it can also take on another form of what should be - a general goal setting, a guideline in a certain field of activity, a principle, and even ideological provisions that are important for the course community development, but they give little to the individual for constructing a specific act.
In our opinion, the rule of law is an imperious requirement of what is due to the behavior of people, as well as to the order of things created and maintained by people in the process of their social activity, clothed in the form of command and prescription. Not everyone essential features legal norms are covered by this definition, but they can be logically deduced from it. Our task is to show the value of the elements included in this definition.
It was emphasized above that all valid legal norms operate in different ways, differentially affect social relations, and are capable of implementing unified programs of legal regulation. The diversity of the operation of norms can be considered a factor due to which the necessary regulatory effect is achieved in each individual case, and in general, a legal order is created that ensures the safety, freedom and well-being of people. Behind the diversity of the operation of norms are not only unequal social conditions for the implementation of law, but also the obvious dissimilarity of their structural and functional construction. We will not talk about the social prerequisites for law enforcement now, since enough has been said on this practically inexhaustible topic, but it is necessary to dwell on the structural and functional differences in legal norms.
To verify the existence of these differences, one should only carefully read the articles of the Constitution, codes, laws, and other normative legal acts, in which legal norms are presented in the form of texts and formulas. The first conclusion we come to is the absence of any single standard of legal norm. In the mind of a lawyer who went through a thorough school of private law, there was an idea of ​​a legal norm as a rule of conduct that is mandatory under certain circumstances. Any rule combines at least two series of events: a series of conditions (hypothesis) under which a certain action must be performed, and a series of actions (disposition) that will follow the onset of these conditions. The rule of conduct translates into a norm of repeated action: “every time the subject falls into conditions A, he must perform action B”, “if there is A, then there must be B”. According to the norms - the rules of conduct, numerous transactions are made, contracts are concluded, obligations are fulfilled, huge masses of lawful actions are implemented. In addition to the rule of conduct, recognized as the standard for a legal norm, normative lawyers did not want to recognize other types of norms for a long time. Today the situation seems to be changing; the dogma “what is not a rule of conduct cannot be considered a legal norm” loses its former power over the minds of lawyers.
The idea that the rules of law are not limited to the rules of conduct, that the latter constitute only one, albeit the most common, variety of legal norms was expressed quite a long time ago. So far, these varieties have been identified in relation to the largest arrays of legal norms, the specificity of which lies, as they say, on the surface. Many, but not all, authors agree that, in addition to the rules of conduct, there are norms-principles, norms-declarations, norms-goals, norms-tasks, norms-definitions. Often these norms are called differently, some authors add to them norms-statements, norms-symbols, program norms, etc.
Be that as it may, but the classification of types of legal norms is not a scholastic occupation, behind it are attempts to put in order our ideas about the structure of law as a normative sphere, in accordance with which we could conduct successful institutional construction, solve the strategic and tactical tasks of the legal regulation public relations. The fact is that the diversity of regulatory structures is a necessary condition for the implementation, adjustment and improvement of legal regulation strategies.
In a number of cases, law achieves success by influencing not the person himself and his behavior, but external circumstances that determine human behavior. Indeed, even in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation we find a large number of norms that seem to relate to the behavior of a person, but do not contain any rule, they only indicate overall result and the purpose of the act, require certain legal qualities of behavior. There are norms that are not directly directed at people's behavior, do not have a specific "living addressee", but put forward requirements for the order of things, the arrangement of affairs regulated by law. "The Federal Assembly is constantly acting body", - the Constitution of the Russian Federation says (part 1 of article 99). There is no rule of conduct here - this is obvious, but we have before us a very important constitutional norm that fixes a fundamental moment in the organization of the Russian constitutional system. This is a typical norm relating to the constitutional "order of things", due and obligatory.
Since further we will talk not only about norms - rules of behavior, but also about norms-principles, norms-declarations, norms-goals, norms-definitions, etc., it is necessary to say why we consider it possible to attach normative significance to phenomena (principles, purposes, terms, etc.) capable of functioning independently outside the sphere of law.
In a different social context, the same declarations may have little in common with goals, principles with definitions, all of them with norms. But when the legislator, in accordance with social and political circumstances, includes them in the constitution or other normative legal acts, when they go through the stages of legal institutionalization, they are joined by an element of demand, command of power. The goal is no longer just a goal, but an imperious requirement for the subjects of law to fulfill this goal; the principle is perceived as a normative requirement to be guided by it in legal situations; declarations set ideological (ideological) milestones in the field of law; definitions acquire the ability to give a clear organizational framework to law enforcement acts. All this is nothing but the regulatory effects inherent in the rules of law. Constitutional declarations, legal principles and definitions, goals and tasks, having passed the legislative, law-making selection, become norms, fall under the general definition of a legal norm, according to which it is a requirement for the proper behavior of people, as well as the order of things, arranged through human actions. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about the now widespread definition of a legal norm as a rule of conduct established by the state, addressed to indefinite circle individuals and designed for repeated use.
The narrowness and inaccuracy of the above definition attracts attention, but its main feature is the identification of the concepts of "legal norm" and "rule of conduct". As a matter of course, we omit some of the arguments that show the impossibility of such an identity also because various non-legal requirements for people's actions (moral precepts, community rules, non-legal customs, etc.) often act as a rule of conduct, so , the concepts of "legal norm" and "rules of conduct" already for this reason coincide or overlap only partially.
The position that law is a system of legal norms - rules of conduct, is generally accepted in the jurisprudence of many European states. Common law countries are no exception, where often in the definitions of law there is an element of "a rule of conduct prescribed by the ruling power, reinforced by a sanction, justified by the mandate of this power to make laws for the public good."
French lawyers write about the norm as a general rule of a binding nature, the same position is repeatedly recorded in the legal literature of Germany. In itself, the tradition of elevating law into a mechanism for regulating human behavior has existed for a long time; attempts to characterize it as a set of rules of conduct were made even in pre-revolutionary Russian jurisprudence. Legal norms, wrote the pre-revolutionary Russian lawyer F. V. Taranovsky, are the rules for the behavior of individuals in society. In the definitions of law, which are contained in many old and new textbooks, this provision is quite often reproduced without any comments. However, this tradition experienced difficult fate. In the first years of Soviet power, class, sociological and ideological schemes for understanding law (the schools of P. I. Stuchka, E. B. Pashukanis, M. A. Reisner, and others) essentially replaced the normativist approach. The norm receded into the background, it was seen as just a simple technical tool that did not represent any significant theoretical interest. For reasons that have received fairly detailed coverage in the literature, Soviet legal science in the mid-1930s. not without instructions from above, it was returned to the path of a normative understanding of law. One of the main initiators of this turn was A. Ya. Vyshinsky, he owned a “new” definition of law, in which he conceptualized a view of the legal system of a class society, reflecting the experience of a fierce political struggle, administrative coercion and repression.
Vyshinsky’s definition of law was, of course, normative, but not only that: “Law is a set of rules of human behavior established by state power as the power of the ruling class in society, as well as customs and rules of community life, sanctioned by state power and enforced with the help of state apparatus in order to protect, consolidate and develop social relations and procedures that are beneficial and pleasing to the ruling class.
Just as Patriarch Nikon was once condemned, but his innovations were not rejected, the harsh political criticism of Vyshinsky's activities, which began in the second half of the 1950s, did not lead to a fundamental revision of the concept of law he proposed. If we do not take into account the “pure” politics (the class moment, the orders that meet the interests of political domination), which, of course, do not have their former recognition today, then the legal basis of the definition and some logical accents still remain. Among them are the identification of the concepts of "rule of law" and "rule of conduct", and the interpretation of the system of law as a set of rules of conduct.
It is noteworthy that arguments against such an identification were already expressed at the first meetings of lawyers (1938), at which the definition of law proposed by Vyshinsky was discussed. In particular, the well-known lawyer N. N. Polyansky drew attention to the fact that the term "rule of conduct" can not be extended to all legal norms, many of which can be considered rules of conduct "with a big stretch and very artificially." As an example, he pointed to organizational norms that establish the competence of state bodies.
At that time, such considerations were not taken into account, the choice was made in favor of identification. Lawyers for a long time preferred the option in which all norms began to be considered as rules of conduct, and, indeed, “with great stretch” in relation to many of them. Throughout the subsequent Soviet period and after it, the expressions “law is a system of norms (rules of behavior)” and “law is a system of rules of behavior (rules)” acquired the character set phrases. They are still found today in well-established textbooks and teaching aids for universities in the theory of law.
One could complain about this and talk once again about the persistence of stereotypes among lawyers, but in this case we are not just a stereotype. The truth is that many legal norms are represented as rules of conduct, but not all. In the same way, law consists of norms - rules of conduct, but not entirely. In connection with this, we will make an assumption that seems to us very probable, but still needs to be verified through special historical research. From ancient times to modern times, legal systems evolved from unwritten and written rules of behavior of a casuistic (casuistic) type. In fact, we do not find anything else in the texts of the ancient monuments known to us, medieval world, traditional societies. Legal inclusions and fragments in famous scriptures(Bible, Avesta, Koran, etc.) are normative requirements addressed to believers (“you must do this”, “you must not do this”), provided with sacred sanction.
The most ancient legal monuments that have come down to us in fragments (Hittite, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian laws, ancient Roman laws of the XII tables, etc.) indicate that the norm typical at that time concerned exclusively human actions and was built according to the “if - then". As an example, we can cite the norms from the law of the Babylonian king Hammurabi (19th century BC): “if a person brings a marriage gift to his father-in-law’s house, gives a ransom, and then his friend slanders him and the father-in-law says:“ you will not take my daughter”, then he must return everything that was brought to him in double size; and his friend cannot marry his wife”; “If a man hires a bull and causes his death by negligence or beatings, then he must compensate the owner of the bull for the bull.” Under the conditions of such a method of regulation, which persisted for a very long time, the identification of the rule of law and the rule of conduct was quite justified. The same laws of Hammurabi contained declarative statements, proclaimed noble goals, ideals of justice and mercy, but they were concentrated in the preamble and epilogue of the law, separated from its normative part. Doesn't this mean that it was the rules of conduct and only them that were perceived as law at that time? Is it not here, i.e., in the deep legal history, we find an explanation of the well-known requirement of legal technique, according to which the preamble of the law should not contain legal norms?
The situation noticeably changes with the transition of mankind to the latest stage of its history. Bourgeois revolutions have shown people what enormous regulatory power and mobilization resource political and legal declarations can have. Law begins to be enriched with types of norms that differ from the rules of conduct, strengthening and accelerating their action. The variety of types of legal norms, which is associated with a significant expansion of the means of legal regulation of social relations, is a characteristic feature and historical feature modern developed systems of law. It is here that this diversity is not only realized, which happened before, but is also used in order to achieve the necessary regulatory effects. Possibility of building legal institutions combining the advantages of different types of legal norms.
In a number of normative structures and formations, the rules of conduct retain their primacy in the sense that their focus on the behavioral sphere is clearly and consistently expressed. Other types of norms, putting forward requirements for the order of things and the circumstances under which legal behavior is implemented, are involved in this area indirectly. The existence of norms-principles, norms-goals, norms-declarations, etc. is justified to the extent that they contribute to the implementation of norms-rules of conduct. The position and authority of the latter in legal system will remain unshakable even if, in addition to the existing ones, people come up with new types of norms. The fact is that the rule of conduct gives people an accurate and undistorted signal about what kind of behavior is approved or condemned by the legislator, indicates exactly what the action should be, defines a number of substantive and formal qualities of the act that are recognized as socially valuable and subject to implementation in all cases, and without fail. The subject of law-making, from which the norm comes, directly and actively directs the behavior of those who are the addressee of legal requirements, points them to a positive program of action and gives essentially finished project possible action. Such a rule should describe the relevant behavior as fully and clearly as possible.
The legal norm, O. E. Leist wrote, meaning, of course, the rule of conduct, “is an abstract model of social relations and human behavior.” The view of law, which is able to model regulated relations and actions in norms, is very common in the legal literature; on the whole, it expresses the commendable concern of lawyers to provide persons participating in legal communication with detailed and as reliable as possible instructions, instructions, instructions regarding how to behave in some conditional situations. This concern is akin to parental care for children who need to be explained everything, shown in detail, leaving nothing unclear for them. Some Western theorists (for example, the American lawyer J. Frank), using these associations, believed that the law is burdened with a “parental complex” and this shortcoming should be overcome by assimilating free regulation methods that free the individual from guardianship and leadership from above. In fact, the right is handicapped create models of attitudes and actions. When it is too carried away by details, overloading legal norms with them, a deplorable fate awaits it in captivity of casuistry.
If a model is understood as a conceivable analogue of some phenomenon, conditional image, reproducing more or less holistically typical features, then the law does not create such models, and, most importantly, they are not needed for legal regulation. Even the most complete models cannot contain any significant information about the future action, so that a person is almost always left with some uncertainty about whether everything is done as it should be. The casuistic rule of conduct, rigidly tying the subject of the action to a certain line and facts, in itself does not say anything or says too little about the expected assessment of the specified action by other subjects and society, the possible result and public resonance of the act.
Derived from practical experience the general principle “do it and you will be right!” in this regard, it can only be very little consolation for a legal entity, since the same experience tells him that there are no two acts similar in legal features (purchasing a thing, applying to a state body with a statement, getting married, etc.) would be the same in their consequences, social significance. Citizen A may follow a certain rule of conduct just as scrupulously as citizen B, but the meaning and results of their actions are very different. From this it follows that the exact (exceptionally obedient) adherence to the norm - the rule of behavior in itself does not guarantee
the subject of the desired regulatory effect. Hence the need for such legal regulation arises, which goes beyond the regulation of a single act of behavior or a combination of these acts and tries to introduce elements of unification into social life that prevents too sharp and obvious differences in the perception and assessment of people's legal activities.
At the heart of the now widespread idea of ​​a rule of law as a description of a proper act and its consequences according to the “if-then” scheme, generally speaking, is the idea that a person, acting in one way or another, takes as a model a project of a certain action, fixed in norm. The main point, of course, is that careful logical and structural analysis articles, paragraphs and other divisions of normative legal acts can convince us that there are not so many norms in law that represent a rule of conduct in its purest form. But in laws and other normative documents we discover great amount norms, as if exposing external arguments for our behavior in the form of general principles, guarantees, declarations, goals, conditions, appeals, etc.
The legislator does not often and willingly take upon himself, in fact, a very difficult and completely impossible task - to regulate a behavioral act, to prescribe a positive course of action in its sequence and details. He does not have the opportunity and, most importantly, does not see the need to control the actions of subjects of law with such thoroughness and guardianship with which, say, a mother watches every step of a small child or a teacher directs the actions of a student. He, as it were, says to the subjects of law: I cannot or do not want to prescribe you specific image actions in this situation, I do not give you a general and mandatory template for all; all of you are free and at your own discretion to construct your own actions as you see fit in any particular case, but you must ensure a certain result of the action, satisfy one or more basic requirements, realize or at least not violate known interests, etc. Here why the norms-rules of behavior are limited to listing only the main stages and features of an act, and the project of action contained in them is incomplete or unclear.
In order for a legally inexperienced person to be able to act correctly in accordance with a legal norm, he must make a number of legal clarifications necessary for himself, consult a lawyer, and receive guarantees. If the rule of conduct standardizes the process of action, makes it general and obligatory, then in this case the norms regulate the circumstances related to the action, the outcome of the act, in a word, they invade the environment that causes and determines the legal action of the subject before, during and after its commission. .
The features of the norm - the rules of behavior, which have a philosophical and legal meaning, include its ontological status, expressing the above-mentioned duality of the norm with respect to the spheres of being and due. When we talk about the rule of law as a matter of course, we are stating something generally accepted, logically proven, but we understand at the same time that this is not the whole truth about the norm, since in certain aspects it also refers to being, takes its place in the real being. Norm - the rule of behavior emphasizes the process of action, describes the proper in the act itself, that is, it contains a certain content that moves from the sphere of the proper to the real. The construction of this norm is notable for the fact that the duality with respect to what is and what should be is reflected in its structural elements. How? In order to understand this, let us recall the simplest and, by the way, very conditional scheme for dividing a legal norm into a hypothesis, a disposition and a sanction. We note at once that this scheme does not matter for all legal norms, but only for rules of conduct. Moreover, the sanction separate part norms are not included in the structure of most rules of conduct, it is an indispensable element of only those norms that establish criminal, administrative and other individualized liability of persons for offenses. As for the bulk of the rules of conduct, the responsibility for their non-compliance, improper execution is carried out on the basis of special sanctions, which, in the right opinion of some scientists, are independent legal norms with a wide area of ​​application. In this case, the sanction acts as an element of legal responsibility (rather than a norm). So the ordinary rules of conduct consist of two parts - a hypothesis and a disposition, and only after a violation or non-fulfillment of the norms does a sanction appear. It may not exist if the implementation of the rule of conduct goes smoothly, without conflicts and disputes. The hypothetical part of the norm lies in the plane of the being described in the future tense. The conditions envisaged by the hypothesis may or may not occur, but sometimes they are inevitable in a person's life (“if a person has reached the age of majority, then ...”). Existing is carried out in accordance with the logic of being. The disposition of the norm - the rules of conduct contains a statement about what is due, the requirement of what is due to a human act, which the subject may or may not perform. “If there is A, then there must be B,” but it doesn’t have to be. By itself, the logic of being does not guarantee us the realization of what is due, which is in the volitional power of a person, even in the case when the disposition prescribes due as necessary, obligatory behavior.
In the nature of the sanction, if it comes into effect as a norm of legal responsibility, a logical connection is expressed between what should and what is. Like any norm, a sanction is a due, more precisely, a proper response to a violation or non-fulfillment of the requirements laid down in the disposition of a legal norm. At the same time, the sanction connects two states of being - the fact that the subject does not perform the actions provided for by the disposition, and the fact that it is fixed in the norm. negative consequences for failure to do so. All these normative connections in acts of legal responsibility should be realized mainly on the basis of the rules of conduct, but not only these norms.
Further, the norm in the form of a rule of conduct is an active factor that forms a legal relationship, generating subjective rights and legal obligations. Other types of norms play a purely auxiliary role in this case, they influence the relevant processes in an indirect way. For example, in the norm “money is debited from the account by the bank on the basis of the client’s order” (part 1 of article 854 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), the future legal relationship between the bank and the client is clearly traced. From the same norm we draw ideas about the elements given relationship- the subjective right of the client to make an order to debit funds from his account and the legal obligation of the bank to exactly fulfill this order. But the legal relationship cannot develop only on the basis of one norm, it needs normative reinforcement with various parties.

For him, the constitutional norm is important, which proclaims the right of a citizen to dispose of property owned by him, the norms establishing the principles of the relationship between the bank and customers, etc.
The arrangement of rights and obligations in a particular legal relationship may change in the course of its development. The bank, which has entered into legal relations as an obligated party, has the right to demand from the client that the order to debit money from the account be made in the proper form, and the client has the obligation to fulfill this requirement. Any legal relationship is a kind of interweaving of lines along which the same persons act either as authorized or as obligated subjects. This makes the legal connection particularly susceptible to legal principles, norms-goals, other types of norms that determine the general direction and meaning of legal activity.
Norms - rules of conduct have a special ability to link subjective rights and legal obligations as the corresponding elements of a legal relationship. A special kind of correspondence is established between the right and actions of the authorized person, on the one hand, and the duty, actions of the obligated person, on the other. This connection is often expressed through the object or subject of a legal relationship: what one of its participants claims according to its subjective right must be provided to it by another participant in accordance with its legal obligation. The categories of subjective right and legal obligation can act in legal terms only in conjunction, they have such properties as pairing, symmetry, correlativity. Being strictly correlated phenomena, they form a kind of poles of legal relations. It is enough for one of them to disappear, as this entire “legal structure” will collapse.
The idea of ​​a clear correlation between subjective rights and legal obligations seems to some legal scholars to be too mechanical, and they refute it with references to the possibility of the existence of obligations without corresponding rights. For example, whose specific right is satisfied by the constitutional obligation of a citizen to preserve the environment, to treat natural resources with care? Answering these doubts, it should be said that constitutional obligations, like rights, exist on a different level of legal existence, in contrast to subjective rights and legal obligations. The former are elements of the constitutional and legal status of a citizen, established by the constitution and legislation, the latter are elements of a specific legal relationship in which subjects meet face to face, make claims, satisfy demands, exchange legal actions, etc. All the properties of the norms that we have listed are - rules of conduct are practically revealed in legal relations. Here, however, these properties receive a completed form, are improved, giving the rules of behavior the necessary regulatory force.
Concluding the discussion of the issue of norms - rules of conduct, let us once again emphasize their leading position in the normative structure of law. At the same time, it seems obvious that law, when considered as a system of norms, cannot practically consist of rules of conduct in the proper sense. In order for the law to be able to provide a person with the reliability and certainty of his social status, a high probability of fulfilling his expectations, including him in the creative atmosphere of society, it should widely use not only norms - rules of conduct that determine how a person should behave, but also norms that regulate certain conditions, the results of an act, indicating what can expect the subject if he will behave properly. In these norms, the emphasis is shifted from the act itself to its social environment, they describe not what is proper in the action itself, but the proper meaning or proper result of the action associated with certain expectations of subjects in relation to punishment or reward, damage or benefit, praise or blame, etc. P.
Ultimately, not only people's behavior is regulated and unified by establishing special rules, but also the conditions of behavior, the criteria for its assessment, the goals and objectives of actions, in a word, it is regulated and unified social environment, in which the legal action is implemented. In one case, the legislator creates a norm for direct regulation of behavior in order to change social conditions through it (behavior), in the other, he seeks through the norm to indicate circumstances that could exclude or cause, weaken or stimulate any act, give it known mandatory qualities, to aim it at a certain result. originality specified norms is based on the difference between direct and indirect legal impact on human behavior.

More on the topic Norms - rules of conduct:

1. Section One Principles and Norms of Professional Conduct of a Lawyer