Data interpretation.
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | Data interpretation. |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Sociology |
Regression analysis
Correlation analysis – measures the tightness of the relationship between variables, ᴛ.ᴇ. their tendency to change together. Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient.
Data representation. Forms:
1.grouping data into tables. Requirements for compiling tables: name, number, index per unit of measurement, sample size. 2. histograms 3. diagrams 4. graphs
After processing the data, the results of a sociological study are numerical values, on the basis of which conclusions are drawn in the process of interpretation.
Interpretation procedure:
Testing hypotheses based on the received data. The nature of hypothesis testing in applied sociology predetermined by the type of research.
In exploratory research, a hypothesis is tested by correlating the alleged statement with a numerical value revealed as a result of the research.
AT descriptive study one of the most common ways to interpret data is to compare the distribution series for relatively homogeneous groups identified in the surveyed population. The interpretation of sociological data in a descriptive study, during which a hypothesis is tested, allows the formulation of statements about the state and nature of the change in the phenomenon under study, but does not prove the cause of this change. The tasks of finding such causes are solved only in an analytical study.
The logic of proving hypotheses in an analytical study is based on the search for a connection between the characteristics of an object, their mutual influence, trends and causes of change. This suggests, apart from comparison number series distributions, search for a factor sign, ᴛ.ᴇ. a sign that affects the state and nature of the change in the object under study.
A comprehensive interpretation of the results of sociological research opens up the possibility for their wide application on practice. In the process of generalization and comparison of empirical data, the researcher gradually forms an idea of specific ways and means of solving the problems that have arisen. A detailed substantiation of these ways and means is the main task that is solved when formulating the conclusions of the study and developing practical recommendations in accordance with them. The scientific report is the main final document, which presents the methodology, methodology, analysis of the results of the study, conclusions and recommendations for the implementation of the obtained social information in practice.
Lecture 4. Social community and its types.
The main criteria for the typology of social communities
social community is the core of the subject field of sociology, it can be defined as a ʼʼsocial geneʼʼ. The concept of ʼʼsocial geneʼʼ characterizes the material carrier of heredity ( genetic information). The social gene can be defined as the originality of a single social heredity. It is necessary for the reproduction of society as a social organism. But unlike biological processes it is not transmitted in the same way as a human, because. it carries social information, and in the human hereditary apparatus there is no mechanism for transmission and assimilation social interactions. This mechanism arises only in the process of socialization - social inheritance.
social inheritance - this is a special form of transferring accumulated information, knowledge, norms, rules by fixing them in culture. The concept of culture is used in the sense of the totality of all methods of action developed by people over many generations. Each next generation receives and masters this social information, and the main subject is the social community.
In Western sociology, the problem of social communities is dealt with during the formation of sociology. For this problem, there is a large number of opinions.
Tennis(ʼʼCommunity and Societyʼʼ) considers 2 types of relationships - communal and public- and contrasts them with each other. He singled out the following differences m / d community and society:
| commonality | society |
| 1. characterizes the peasant, trees. community. | characterizes the industrial-urban social organism. |
| 2. The division of labor presupposes limited specialization (duties of relatives in the household). | professionalization of social roles, dissociating them from family roles. |
| 3. social control- ϶ᴛᴏ customs unwritten by law. | 3. social control - social law. |
| 4. basic institutions - ϶ᴛᴏ family, community, neighborhood. | 4. institutions - corporate associations of people (parties, government, business). |
| 5. culture is based on religious values. | 5. culture is based on secular values. |
| 6. motivation for life in accordance with the communal principle (mutually comprehensible, collective work) | 6. personal interests (material values - ʼʼ you have to pay for everything ʼʼ). |
Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the community is characterized by a natural, instinctive will, and a society is characterized by a more rational (rational) will. According to Tönnies, social process changes - ϶ᴛᴏ transition from community to society with corresponding changes (see table). Tönnies' ideas were taken up by Weber in his theory of ʼʼ social actionʼʼ. Category social community Weber used to explain certain types of behavior (first of all, the transition to a goal-rational type of behavior). The development of society, according to Weber, is a movement from the public from low rationality to purposeful rationality.
In Western sociology, there are many definitions of social communities. Their analysis allows us to conclude that the concept social community includes 3 characteristic features:
1) territory;
2) social interaction;
3) Availability strong ties m/d by individuals.
Smelzer emphasizes that the concept of ʼʼsocial communityʼʼ is also applicable to the living world, but in people it is much more complicated and this manifests itself, first of all, in the division of labor, communication, cooperation, conflicts, relations of domination and subordination. It is important to note that social communities are characterized by a sense of belonging to a certain group ( psychological characteristics), as well as some general status.
Poisons sees the community as key category the subject of sociology, while he comes to the conclusion that in a social organization it is through the interaction of diverse social communities that the social is produced. In the course of interaction, social communities realize their interests both in the present and in the future. In accordance with this, Yadov considers social communities very broadly, as any known stable forms of self-organization of a social subject.
Most definitions of a social community contain such features as a set of people and the signs that define them.
Poisons clarifies that instead of the concept of totality, it is extremely important to use ʼʼrelationship of individualsʼʼ, because the concept of the totality - ϶ᴛᴏ the concept is mechanical, but the concept of organic should be introduced.
Social community - this is the relationship of individuals who are an independent subject of social action and is characterized by the relative unity of the similarity of their goals, tasks and interests on the basis of general conditions of being and activity.
Data interpretation. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Data interpretation." 2017, 2018.
One of the most complex operations in psychodiagnostics is interpretation received data. It relies on the supposed multifactorial relationships between the learned data and their possible interpretation. In other words, a certain result may be due to different mechanisms. mental activity(for example, the incorrect solution of some test problems may be the result of deficiencies in perception, lack of interest, due to excitement, etc.). Conversely, the same mechanism may have different diagnostic meanings (for example, a feeling of inferiority in one person is manifested by uncertainty in behavior, a quiet voice, passivity, in another by boastful actions and similar manifestations of compensation).
Interpretation of diagnostic data can be carried out either as a quantification process, i.e. we compare the result obtained with a certain norm, or in the form qualitative analysis, in which the obtained data are compared with a number of standards, the value of which is precisely determined. The adequacy of direct interpretation depends on the accurate and correct recording of individual data and on the disclosure of their systemic relationships.
It is known that psychodiagnostics is especially closely connected with differential psychology, which studies the natural boundaries of the variation of mental phenomena and its sources. Differential psychology is looking for answers to questions about how people differ in certain mental properties and manifestations and what causes these differences. It uses methods that register these differences, but do not create them, which is essential for every diagnostic study.
test questions to the classification of methods
1. Define the method of observation
2. Name the scope of the observation method
3. What is the essence of the methods of analysis of products of activity for the purpose of psychodiagnostics
4. How can content analysis be used in the work of a speech therapist
5. Define the questionnaire survey method
6. Give examples of types of questionnaires
7. Which questionnaires can be applied in speech therapy
8. Name the main types of questionnaires
9. What is the main role of projective techniques in the examination process
10. Give examples of the use of sociometry in speech therapy.
11. Expand the concepts of validity, reliability, representativeness.
12. What are typical mistakes diagnostics?
13. What is the essence of the standardization procedure?
14. Explain what are the difficulties of interpretation.
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3.3 Data processing and interpretation
After the group of subjects has passed all five diagnostic methods, their questionnaires, questionnaires and other materials are processed in accordance with the above rules. For convenience and anonymity, the names of the subjects are replaced by the letters of Russian and Latin alphabet. First of all, scores are calculated on the Horrowitz scale, the Missippi scale and the Tadesha and Calhoun Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTSD) questionnaire. All prepared data are entered into a pivot table (application). The table is also filled in separately according to the OPTR scale and each of its criteria. Each of the characteristics: OD - attitude towards others, NV - new opportunities, SL - strength of personality, CI - spiritual changes, PC - increasing the value of life have their own normative values, indicating a low, medium or high degree of development of this factor (application). And the total score expresses the degree of post-traumatic growth of a person. Accordingly, the higher the score of one or another factor, the higher the overall post-traumatic growth (application).
The "relationship to others" factor. A person began to rely more on other people in difficult moment, to experience greater intimacy with others, to express their emotions more willingly. He had more compassion for people, he began to spend more effort on building relationships with people, to admit more often that he needs other people, to value them more highly.
The New Opportunity Factor. A person has new interests, he has directed his life along a new path, he has the confidence that he can make his life better; he had opportunities that were not available before. He is more likely to try to change what needs to be changed. Factor "strength of personality". The person began to feel more self-confident, to understand better that he can cope with difficulties. He is in more capable of accepting things as they are, found himself stronger than he thought.
The "spiritual change" factor. The person began to better understand spiritual problems, became more religious.
Factor "increasing the value of life." The person has changed life priorities, he began to understand the value much better own life now he appreciates every day of his life more. Thus, subjects with a high total score of OPTR are characterized by the following features. After a disaster, their attitude towards other people changes towards greater openness, positivity, and compassion. There is a feeling of new opportunities, new interests, a desire for change. They begin to feel more self-confidence, feel the strength to cope with difficulties. They begin to better understand the spiritual problems of others. In general, they increase the value of life in general and every moment of life in particular. So, according to appendices 12-13, we can judge that the vast majority of participants have high and medium post-traumatic growth rates: almost half of the military - 46% (14 people) high performance post-traumatic growth, 40% - medium, and only 14% - low and very low scores(Figure 5). The indicators of participant L can be called ideal - the maximum possible scores for all factors, as well as participant I. Most negative results observed in subjects under the letters D, M and L.
The factors of new opportunities and reassessment of life are dynamically developing, while the attitude towards people is improving slightly. We can also say that other factors are highly dependent on the strength of the individual. We are of the opinion that it was significant even in the pre-traumatic period, which guaranteed a good semantic work of the personality and became the key to the development of resilience and growth.
The results of testing the military on the questionnaire of post-traumatic growth (PTG) of Tadesha and Calhoun in percentage terms According to the Horowitz scale from 0 to 8 points - evidence of a minimal impact of a traumatic event on a person, from 9 to 25 - an average degree of injury vulnerability, 26-43 - a moderately strong impact trauma on the personality, over 44 points - a strong traumatic effect, causing a disorder. Based on this and returning again to pivot table in Appendix 12, we can see that the majority of the military - 77% or 23 people have a pronounced strong degree the impact of a traumatic event, which confirms that they have a disorder. The extreme, which became traumatic, military experience had the strongest effect on participants U and L, and participants L and K experienced the least psychological and semantic trauma.
The results of testing the military according to the Horowitz traumatic event impact scale method.
In order to verify the objectivity of the test results according to the Horowitz method, you can analyze the scores on the Missippi Trauma Scale in the same application. combat experience. The gradation of this scale in our country is adapted by Tarabrinova N.V. According to it, a total score of up to 70 indicates a minimal impact of traumatic experience or its absence. Over 70 points - a strong influence of the event, and over 153 points - a very strong influence of a traumatic experience. According to this gradation, 86% or 26 people have a strong traumatic effect; 14% have a very pronounced effect of trauma. However, it should be remembered that there are no participants with scores below 70, which would indicate that they did not have an injury and disorder, just like there were no scores on the Horowitz scale between 9 and 25. This means that most military men have moderate severe or a strong impact of a traumatic event, which means that they are all subject to a disorder of one severity or another, but with a different potential for post-traumatic growth. In order to better understand the motivational profile of the participants, their semantic work and the possibilities of post-traumatic growth, it is necessary at the final stage to process and analyze the data from narrative interviews and questionnaires of the methodology. unfinished sentences. We have already completed the first three steps in the analysis of the narrative interview. We proceed immediately to the 4th step - the analysis of the knowledge of the test-takers. In most of the interviews - 26 - we find, as in the first one conducted with subject A, that military personnel with extreme experience are well aware of their situation, have sufficient knowledge to deal with the disorder and post-traumatic growth. They are able to easily analyze the strengths and weaknesses of their personality, find possible ways out, and help their rehabilitation.
At the 5th stage of the analysis, a comparison of all thirty interviews is carried out. According to the principle of "minimal" contrast, we find coincidences in the main traumatic events: the death of friends, as in the first case - 6 interviews, severe wounds- 10 interviews, captivity - 5 interviews. The principle of "maximum" contrast reveals a picture of the biographical project of military personnel that fits into the scheme of entering the service - a career in Peaceful time- military events - trauma - resignation or temporary break for rehabilitation.
The sixth, final step completes the model life experience researched. The typical biographical model of military personnel is the service divided into three periods, before, during and after participation in hostilities in Chechnya. The temporality of the belt relations of the past, present and future is confirmed, in which a semantic change occurs, leading to trauma. But at the same time, the semantic transformations of narrators are close to the image of "wise men", which indicates a high potential for post-traumatic growth in most of them. Main sphere problematic - getting rid of the disorder, the transition from experiencing to living and normal existence. In the structure of the transition, an endonarrative in the past, an existential narrative of extreme experience, and a mesonnarrative of postextreme experience are revealed. In this mezanarrative, the military comes to a rethinking of the value of life, the disclosure of self-realization in the family or in another peaceful field. Similar processes are reflected in the questionnaires of unfinished proposals. 60% or 18 people want a cure for the disorder, a transition to normal full life. Almost as many dream of a sequel military career or other favorite pastime. They hope that they will be able to cope with mental discomfort, improve relations with others - 70%. More than half construct a positive image of their personal future. So, the diagnostic experiment showed that all the military are subject to post-traumatic stress and disorder, while in 77-86% the influence of a traumatic event is strongly pronounced. However, 86% of the total number of subjects have an average or high rate of post-traumatic growth, 86% are well aware of their situation and, as shown, narrative analysis know ways to overcome frustration, 70% have confident hope. Positive transformations are taking place in their semantic sphere, and there is an opportunity for the transition from disorder to growth in the “disorder-resistance-growth” triad. Therefore, after a rehabilitation course for half of the group, we will control experiment to confirm or refute our hypothesis that military personnel who have undergone psychological rehabilitation endure traumatic experience more easily than those who have not undergone psychological rehabilitation.
Protection, provision with the help of self-government bodies, military commissariats of obtaining social benefits established by law. Thus, specialized centers for the socio-psychological rehabilitation of combatants play an important role in resolving this problem. Conclusion The problem of socio-psychological rehabilitation and adaptation of a person to living conditions and ... Features psychological consequences traumatic stress in extroverted and introverted combatants
Object and subject of research Object this study was post-traumatic stress disorder. The subject of the study is the features of the psychological consequences of traumatic stress in extroverted and introverted combatants. 2.1.3 Purpose, objectives and hypotheses of the study The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the psychological consequences ...
Differences in age, education, and the nature of combat experience. Symptoms of PTSD in groups of adapted and maladjusted combatants Results clinical diagnostics PTSD are presented in Table. 2. In the “adapted” group, 91.9% of veterans never had post-traumatic symptoms. Partial current PTSD was detected in two people (5.4%), complete PTSD in the past - ...
KEY.
The results of the answers are compared with the "key". For the answer corresponding to the key, 1 point is assigned, for the non-corresponding key - 0 points. The points received are summed up.
1. Scale of extraversion-introversion:
answers "no" (-): 22, 30, 46, 84;
yes answers (+): 1, 5, 10, 15, 18, 26, 34, 38.42, 50, 54, 58, 62, 65, 70, 74, 77, 81, 90, 92, 96.
2. Neutrotism scale;
yes answers (+): 3, 7, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72, 75, 79, 83, 86, 89, 94, 98.
3. Scale of psychotism:
answers "no" (-): 2, 6, 9, 11, 19, 39, 43, 59, 63, 67, 78, 100;
“yes” (+) answers: 14, 23, 27, 31, 35.47, 51.55, 71, 85, 88, 93.97.
4. Scale of sincerity:
answers "no" (-): 4, 8, 17, 25, 29, 41, 45, 49, 53, 57, 66, 69, 76, 80, 82, 91, 95;
yes (+) answers: 13, 21, 33, 37, 61, 73, 87, 99.
Average scores on the extraversion-introversion scale: 7-15 points. High scores on the extraversion-introversion scale correspond to the extraverted type, low scores correspond to the introverted type.
Average scores on the neuroticism scale: 8-16. The result - less than 8 points indicates the emotional stability of a person, more than 16 - about emotional instability(neuroticism).
Mean scores on the psychotism scale: 5-12. People who scored more than 10 points are not recommended to work in the specialty of the type. "man-man".
If on the scale of sincerity the number of points exceeds 10, then the results of the survey are considered unreliable, the subject should answer the questions more frankly.
G. Eysenck considered the structure of personality as consisting of three factors.
1) Extraversion - introversion. Describing a typical extrovert, the author notes his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, wide circle acquaintances, the need for contacts. A typical extrovert acts on the spur of the moment, impulsive, quick-tempered. He is carefree, optimistic, good-natured, cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions do not have strict control, prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.
The typical introvert is a calm, shy, introspective person. Restrained and distant from everyone except close friends. Plans and considers his actions in advance, distrusts sudden urges, takes decisions seriously, likes everything in order. Controls his feelings, he is not easily pissed off. Possesses pessimism, highly appreciates moral norms.
2) Neuroticism - emotional stability. Characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability). Neuroticism, according to some data, is associated with indicators of lability nervous system.
Emotional stability is a trait that expresses the preservation of organized behavior, situational focus in ordinary and stressful situations. An emotionally stable person is characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety, as well as a tendency to leadership, sociability.
Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, anxiety, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations. Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality, impulsivity; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, a tendency to irritability. The neurotic personality is characterized by inadequately strong reactions to the stimuli that cause them. Individuals with high scores on the neuroticism scale in adverse stressful situations may develop neurosis.
3) Psychoticism. This scale indicates the tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inadequacy emotional reactions, high
conflict, non-contact, self-centeredness, selfishness, indifference.
According to Eysenck, high scores on extraversion and neuroticism are consistent with a psychiatric diagnosis of hysteria, and high scores on introversion and neuroticism are consistent with anxiety or reactive depression.
Neuroticism and psychotism in the case of the severity of these indicators are understood as a "predisposition" to the corresponding types of pathology.
Drawing on data from higher physiology nervous activity, G. Eysenck hypothesizes that strong and weak types according to Pavlov, they are very close to the extroverted and introverted personality types. The nature of intro- and extraversion is seen in innate properties central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition. According to G. Eysenck, such personality traits as extraversion - introversion and neuroticism - stability are orthogonal, i.e. are statistically independent of each other. Accordingly, G. Eysenck divides people into four types, each of which is a combination of a high or low score in the range of one property, together with a high or low score in the range of another. Thus, using the survey data on the scales of extraversion - introversion and neuroticism - stability, it is possible to derive indicators of personality temperament according to the classification of I.P. Pavlov, who described four classical type: sanguine (according to the main properties of the central nervous system, it is characterized as strong, balanced, mobile), choleric (strong, unbalanced, mobile), phlegmatic (strong, balanced, inert), melancholic (weak, unbalanced, inert).
A "pure" sanguine person quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly converges with people, is sociable. Feelings easily arise and change, emotional experiences, as a rule, are shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not regulate his impulses enough, does not know how to strictly adhere to the developed routine of life, the system at work. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out a task that requires an equal loss of strength, a long and methodical effort, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.
Choleric is characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. It is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, pronounced expression. emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by business, he is inclined to act with all his might, to be exhausted more than he should. Having public interest, temperament manifests in initiative, energy, adherence to principles. In the absence of spiritual life, the choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, affectivity, intemperance, irascibility, inability to self-control under emotional circumstances,
The phlegmatic is characterized by a relatively low level of activity of behavior, new forms of which are developed slowly, but are persistent. Possesses slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods, Persistent and stubborn "worker of life", he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to affects, having calculated his strength, brings the matter to the end, is even in relations, and the measure is sociable, does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy, does not waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person can be characterized by “positive” traits: endurance, depth of thought, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy; indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to perform only habitual actions.
In a melancholic, the reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus, there is depth and stability of feelings with their weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic (“hands down”). He is characterized by restraint and muffled motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, indecision. Under normal conditions, a melancholic is a deep, meaningful person, can be a good worker, successfully cope life tasks. At adverse conditions can turn into a closed, timid, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult inner experiences of such life circumstances who don't deserve it at all.
As a rule, one should talk about the predominance of certain traits of temperament, since in life in pure form they are rare.
That is why G.V. Sukhodolsky believes that it is necessary to single out not four ("pure" types - this is an abstraction), but nine types of personality:
norm and eight accentuations. In addition to the four “pure” types mentioned above, G.V. Sukhodolsky proposed four “intermediate” ones: choleric-sanguine, sanguine-phlegmatic, phlegmatic-melancholic and melancholic-choleric types, as well as the fifth - normal type.
According to G.V. Sukhodolsky, G. Eysenck's typology can be represented as a matrix, the rows of which characterize the orientation (introversion; average values; extraversion), the columns correspond to the levels of emotional stability (neuroticism; average values; stability), and the elements - statistically normal and deviant types. In table. 3 shows a matrix typology of personalities according to the EPQ method.
With the help of this matrix, it is easy to determine whether a person belongs to one of the nine personality types, using a combination of the degree of severity of extraversion and neuroticism.
Table 3. Matrix typology of personalities according to the EPQ method
In table. 3 shows the values of the indicators of the scales extraversion, introversion, neuroticism-stability according to the EPQ method. By substituting the average values on two basic scales, as well as the extreme manifestations of signs in points, it is easy to obtain a matrix that allows you to determine the type of personality using the EPL method.
Each type of personality corresponds to the following external manifestations:
1. Choleric (X) - aggressive, quick-tempered, changing his views / impulsive.
2. Choleric-sanguine (CS) type - optimistic, active, extroverted, sociable, accessible.
3. Sanguine (C) - talkative, quick to respond, laid-back, lively.
4. Sanguine-phlegmatic (SF) type - carefree, leading, stable, calm, balanced.
5. Phlegmatic (F) - reliable, self-controlled, peaceful, reasonable.
6. Phlegmatic-melancholic (FM) type - diligent, passive, introvert, quiet, unsociable.
7. Melancholic (M) - restrained, pessimistic, sober, rigid.
8. Melancholic-choleric (MX) type - conscientious, capricious, neurotic, touchy, restless.
With individual diagnostics, this matrix helps to determine whether a person belongs to a certain type, on the basis of which a psychological portrait of a person can be built. In addition, the matrix distribution of types allows you to portray social communities.
In most works, the results of studies of such complex psychological objects as "personality", "intelligence", "national character" and other characteristics of social groups of people are presented, as a rule, on descriptive level due to the lack of the necessary scientific means of expression. The matrix distribution of personality types acts as a means of obtaining quantitative "portraits" of large social communities.
The matrix portrait is a typological portrait "full face". It has the maximum completeness of reflection in the aspect of the selected properties: extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-stability, but does not have a geometric visual form, therefore G.V. Sukhodolsky and T.A-Vernyaeva proposed a "profile" portrait of social groups.
The "profile" portrait of psychology students at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute can be written as a multiset of types: ). Fixing the order of enumeration of types, we obtain a one-dimensional statistical distribution, which can be compared with a graphic image in the form of a profile similar to the known psychological profiles according to G.I. Rossolimo. The only difference of the profile obtained by us is that the scales are scaled as a percentage.
Matrix and profile mapping makes it easy to compare typological portraits of different social groups of people, and graphic image profiles provides clarity when comparing.
Work 20. MPI QUESTIONNAIRE (Eysenck Method).
Target: diagnostics of individual psychological properties of a person.
Material: The questionnaire consists of 70 questions, 24 of which are aimed at diagnosing extraversion, 24 at diagnosing neuroticism, 2 questions are camouflage, they do not provide any information about the subject. And, finally, the remaining 20 questions form the so-called "lie scale", the main task of which is to provide information about the reliability of the testee's answers on the scales of extraversion and neuroticism. (See Annex 13 MPI)
Commenting on the results of the examination, the diagnostician often fully takes into account the specifics of the method he uses, does not analyze the data obtained, and has no idea what interpretation is. He imposes his own vision of the processes and phenomena that are investigated or measured on these data. The results of interpretations are almost always the object sharp criticism and scholarly discussions.
Interpretation is understood as a set of meanings (meanings) that are provided in an appropriate way to different data (in broad sense theories, symbols, formulas, etc.), that is, to interpret something means to attribute (assign) content to it.
The role and importance of interpretation is very important. Correct, objective interpretation allows you to compare and compare scientific concepts with the fragments they describe real world, generate practical recommendations, apply best ways actions, since the interpretation is based on bottom-up data. Researchers distinguish two of their levels: substantive and formal. The content level of data is a set of empirical objects that are considered together with relationships that are of interest to the researcher. An empirical system with relations is a model of reality in which each object is a carrier of the phenomena and relations that interest us. We abstract from other relations, do not take them into account, considering them insignificant.
Interpretation of a problem-oriented and logically justified conclusion about the personality of the subject. In this conclusion, the psychologist must explain the behavior observed in the subject, based on the results of an experimental psychological examination. In other words, interpretation by description psychological mechanisms, which control the behavior of an individual research subject, and therefore can be used to predict and correct individual behavior. The need for interpretation arises due to the fact that, in practice, conclusions and recommendations for individual individuals are required, and all forecast and diagnostic models are probabilistic in nature, that is, only the average indicators for a sample of research subjects are correct, and not for an individual. This is the main problem of psychodiagnostics - how to move from conclusions that are correct with average indicators to conclusions that are correct in individual cases.
So far, this problem has not been formally solved.
Wrote conclusions, the psychologist must operate on the totality of data: pedagogical, medical, social, biographical and others, and not just the results of the survey. Testing data should be used as an aid to explaining and systematizing anamnestic existing information.
Working on the interpretation, the psychologist must also take into account the totality of psychological knowledge about personality factors and the ways they interact in the formation of real behavior. For example, in some activities low level ratings on one factor can be offset by high ratings on another, and the like.
If we take the formal level, then in the process of measurement, each object is assigned some formal symbol (more often mathematical). The mapping of an empirical system into a mathematical one occurs in the process of measurement. Basically in this process we assign numbers to the corresponding mental properties and their attitude. The formal level of data is a collection of measurement results. It is customary to call ascending data content-level data.
Using one or another mathematical method, we assume that the elements of mathematical systems that we use in the measurement allow us to implement many conditions.
Relationships between elements mathematical system(for example, numbers) reflect the corresponding relationships between empirical objects. For example, using an ordinal scale to measure satisfaction interpersonal relationships, we assume that the ratio "more-less" between the answers of the subjects (that is, between the real "satisfaction" of those same subjects.
The corresponding relations between the elements of the mathematical system reflect the corresponding empirical relations even when there was no corresponding intention to model the latter in the measurement process. Such confidence is based on meaningful hypotheses, which are based on the intuition of the researcher.
The phenomena of interest to the researcher are reflected in mathematical model to identify (recognize) the parameters used by the corresponding method. For example, using the analysis linear correlations, we assume that there are linear relationships between the values of the dependent and independent variables.
The possibility of identifying the parameters of the model, which is determined by the mathematical method, is associated with many assumptions: the nature of the distribution of features is considered (for example, the requirement for the normality of the distribution of parameter values), with the mechanism for generating ascending data (for example, the assumption that there is some "ideal" object among the subjects allows identify the similarity of the significance of the object, rank). Often such assumptions are not subject to practical test, and it is not enough for the researcher to have an intuitive assessment of their correctness.
In the process of interpreting data, two principles of interpretation should be applied. The principle of consistent interpretation - according to this principle, the interpretation of the results of applying the mathematical method must be consistent with the interpretation of ascending data; the principle of supplementing formalism - in accordance with the mentioned principle, if substantive considerations were not reflected in the interpretation of the results of applying the method.
An effective interpretation scheme was proposed by L. N. Sobchik, using a holistic approach in understanding the personality as a unity of biological and social factors. The approach is based on the position of S. L. Rubinshtein, according to which the formation of the psyche under the influence of social experience occurs indirectly, breaking through individually outlined internal conditions of a person. The basis of the scheme is the concept of personality, in which the main typological features are the end-to-end presence at all levels of the personality of the corresponding emotional-dynamic pattern, which is manifested by trends.
The leading trend of this concept is the stand, the core quality of the personality, which is included in the type of higher nervous activity, in the constitutionally specified properties of the nervous system and provides an individual coloring of the style of experience, thinking, interpersonal behavior, determines the main focus and strength of motivation, the type of reaction to stress, features adaptation mechanisms. These stable individual-personal tendencies create an appropriate channel, which limits the number of degrees of freedom in the formation of the highest levels of personality organization - social orientation, hierarchy of values, conscious motivation, moral guidelines. The integral center of this construct is self-consciousness, which embraces the awareness of "I" in the context social relations. The balance between one's own Self and the environment is realized through self-esteem and self-control.
The individual-personal typology developed on this methodological basis is based on a comparison of specific properties: introversion - extraversion, anxiety - aggressiveness, lability - rigidity, sensitivity - spontaneity. These properties correlate with the properties of the nervous system: activity - inactivity, lability - inertia, dynamism of excitation - dynamism of inhibition, and with types of higher nervous activity - weak and strong (Fig. 5.7).
Each individual typological variant corresponds to a certain style of experience, thinking, motivational orientation, type of professional activity, corresponding selectivity in the direction of life values, that is, the properties that form the leading trend. The concept of "tendency" is more capacious than "feature", "property", "state", although at the same time it unites them. A trend is a definition that contains both the conditions that contribute to the formation of a particular personal property, and the property itself and the state that can develop as a continuation of an individual-personal property. With unprofitable emotional tension, in a state of distress and an increase in signs of socio-psychological maladaptation, typological features as some kind of predisposition can help to successfully adapt or develop into a maladaptive state.
The first group of indicators (vector) is a continuum of qualitative characteristics sustainable properties personality (Eysenck ERI).
The second group of indicators (vector) reflects the degree of harmony and the level of adaptation of the individual (MMRI, FPI).
The third group of indicators (vector) characterizes the relationship of individual typological tendencies with personality traits that are formed on this basis (predominant: the style of experiences, the strength and direction of motivation, the style of thinking and interpersonal interaction, tropism regarding life values and types of professional activity) (lyre, TAT).
The fourth group (vector) - reflects the relationship between conscious and unconscious different levels of personality (unconscious experiences, subjective self-esteem and social attitudes).
The fifth group of indicators (vector) - psychobiography, the range of fluctuations in personality traits in ontogeny (in a longitudinal study), or based on a comparison of the current and retrospective evaluation subjects of research of their personal properties and states.
So, if the psychologist can take into account all the data and psychological patterns, then the resulting conclusion will be sufficiently reliable and objective without special calculations. Therefore, the ability to deeply, meaningfully interpret test results can be considered as one of the important indicators of the professional qualifications of a practicing psychologist.
