Man is a very complex, multifaceted creature and therefore it is very difficult to create some kind of "complete" description of him, a "complete" model, most likely almost impossible. But at the same time, sometimes it is useful to simply take a certain image, a metaphor, and with its help try to imagine some part of life. For example, one of the ways to describe our life, our behavior is to introduce the concept of Role.
The role is what we play, it seems to have its own purpose, its own direction. On the one hand, this is very convenient: the Role has a set of behaviors more or less suitable for many situations. Rather, the Role is a template by which behavior is built in a given situation. Plus, the fact that the role is not us. And the mistakes made during execution are not our mistakes. It's Role's fault.
Role's problem is its narrow focus and, very often, lack of flexibility and isolation. Usually, the achievements and achievements of one Role are not available to another.
One more: a common person used to play 3-4 roles. A good actor has 7-9 types in his repertoire.
But a very big plus of Roli is that they are well known. Their sets of rules of conduct and goals are regularly told by friends and acquaintances, discussed in the press, and shown on television. A huge number of writers have devoted themselves to describing the most common Roles and their conflicts with each other. (As you understand, some Roles are written that they can't stand some other Roles at all).
So, we can say that the Role is a template.
And I want to note right away that I personally do not think that the Role is something bad and wrong. This is a very convenient thing, the only question is to learn how to use it with maximum efficiency.
And like any template, it has its advantages and disadvantages. And I am by no means suggesting that we abandon the Roles (if at all such a thing is possible).
The only question is who manages whom: you are the Role or she is you.
Role-In-Life.
Among the many Roles that we often play, sometimes, we know by hearsay and have "some idea" usually there is one, so to speak, Role-For-Life. It is also sometimes called a SCENARIO. This is, so to speak, the main type, the main template, and all the other Roles are just an addition to it. Poetically speaking, Role-After-Life is the main theme, the main melody of the great symphony "The Theater of Life".
This does not mean that the Role-In-Life is one for life. Quite often people change it to some other. Although sometimes this change is purely symbolic. Therefore, here we will talk about Role-by-Life at the moment.
And some people regularly play Loser, dropping cups on the floor and getting into all sorts of trouble and getting all sorts of injuries. Someone plays the Rescuer, and usually he first ruins someone's life (completely unconsciously), and then completely heroically saves the same person. Often there is the Role of Free Nature - a person actively proving that he is free from everything in a row, although it is usually completely unclear from what specifically and why he is so notorious at the same time.
Naturally, you can come up with the name of your Role-For-Life yourself:
Highly Moral Man.
Doctor.
Psychologist.
Sissy.
Winner.
Player.
Proving to Everyone That He Is Self-Confident (not to be confused with Self-Confident).
Slobber.
Impotent.
Sexy Terrorist (in a pinch Sexy Terrorrrrist)
And although most of the above Roles are suitable for fair half humanity (only need to change gender), several purely female Roles:
Good Girl.
Seeking the Meaning of Life.
Juliet (this Role is especially funny for a woman of about 50).
Slut.
Gray Neck.
Inaccessible Beauty (as an option - the Snow Queen).
Best friend.
I am not just anyone...
Independent.
Everyone can, if desired, put their own meaning into each Role and have fun inventing Role names for friends and acquaintances. This is a fun enough activity that I highly recommend before thinking a bit and trying to figure out your own Role-In-Life.
What is your Role in Life?
Entry into the Role.
What we are going to do now, you do all the time. Especially a lot of you did it as a child. THIS is getting into the Role. Children usually learn by playing games and trying on the role of their parents, their favorite movies or TV heroes, then the role of the characters in the books. They play and learn at the same time.
And now we will try to remember this method a little and learn how to use it in our Everyday life.
This is just one of many ways to describe a person and what he does in this life. And I'm not suggesting that you simply choose a new Role over the old one. I suggest you learn to fit the situation. Just as every lock requires a specific key, every situation requires a different behavior. And when the key does not match, either you cannot enter the room, or you fiddle with the lock for a very long time and open it with a creak.
A Role is just a template. And the more of these templates you have, the more more locks you can pick up the keys.
And the ideal here is when you can match any situation. Like the ability to make the situation "make" you. Another metaphor is when you become fluid like water. And you can fill any container.
0. Meta-Role.
Think about the role you play in life. Come up with or remember a metaphor for this Role.
It can be an image, a phrase, plus a mood.
"Actually, I'm married."
"I feel so sad".
"Nobody loves Me".
"I'm SO GOOD to see you all!"
1. Selecting a new Role.
I would like you to think and choose for yourself a role that is interesting to you and that can give you something new, teach you something interesting. Usually, I suggest that you take on a Role that is the opposite of what you usually play in life. Or one that has never been tried on at all. If you are Shy in life, then try the Role of the Insolent or Don Juan. If your usual role is Amazing woman, then take on trial the Role of a Modest Girl.
"Opposites do not contradict, but complement each other."
And try to come up with a designation - a phrase, an action, an emotion for this Role. Like in the exercise when you did the skit. Maybe it will be a loving man who says so ingratiatingly: "What's your name?". Or a girl who modestly looks down and picks the ground, says "I have nothing to do with it."
2. Creating an image.
Imagine the image that this Role signifies for you. I usually suggest three ways to do this:
1. You can imagine yourself playing this Role. How do you look from the side.
2. Think of a person who plays this Role beautifully. It can be your friend, movie hero, and even the hero of the book.
3. Create, as it were, the role archetype. Envious, Hero, Superman. It's like a pure role, without any load.
Naturally, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. When you choose an image of yourself playing this Role, it all depends on whether you can play it well or not.
If you choose another person, then along with the Role you can get his illnesses and complexes. True, only during the game. But, if he plays well, then you will most likely do it naturally and reliably. This can be called "The Rule of Wife and Mother-in-Law". Or "The Rule of Husband and Mother-in-Law".
"When you get married, along with your wife, you get to work all her relatives."
The same goes for when you get married.
This is for those who, for certain reasons, cannot get married.
The archetype does not carry any load, but it is too unnatural. Like a hero in a Mexican TV series. If this is a scoundrel, then there is nothing human in him. And if she is a decent girl, then all around are bastards and do mean things, but she is always good and nothing to do with it. It’s good to learn Roles from the archetype, but I wouldn’t particularly recommend taking it as a model. It requires more human fulfillment.
3. Entry into the image.
Now enter this image. And let go of your body. Let him do what he sees fit. If it wants to somehow bend, change position, relax or tighten, then let it do it. Be just an outside observer. Let Roli play you. But do not forget that the control panel is with you. And she plays you only as long as you let her.
I usually say that on the one hand it is extremely simple technique On the other hand, it is extremely complex. Ease of execution. Difficulty relinquishing control. In the fact that you need to "let go" of yourself, in passivity.
I'm not talking about fear of something new. It goes without saying.
4. Living in the role.
In order to better get used to and better understand all the changes that have taken place, talk a little, walk around, do different things and think about different things. Live in this image. Or rather, allow this image to get used to you for a while.
Try logging in and out of this role a few times. Feel the difference between your usual state and this new one. Entering a role is like trying on new clothes. You need to get used to it.
5. View from the side.
Now step aside and take a look at both of your Roles, the Meta Role and the New Role. What is the difference? How is your perception and your thinking changing? Find and speak these differences.
After that, think about what situations your old Role is suitable for, what new. And where they do not fit both and you need something else. Find something that unites these types of situations and try to formulate it.
Role expansion.
To some extent, you have already practiced the first part of this exercise: Getting into Role. But now the task is a little different - to make your Roles much more flexible. However, you too.
Here is a description of working with the Meta-Role. In the case of working with a situational Role, just at the first step, work is carried out with it, and not with the Meta-Role.
1. Old Role.
What role do you play in life. What is your Meta-Role. Give her a name and come up with a metaphor to characterize her.
2. New Role.
Think about what new role you would like to work. Try, to begin with, to choose a Role opposite to the one you play most in life. In this case, it will be easier for us to work.
But choose the opposite not formally, but qualitatively. For example, your usual Role is "Winner". Formally the opposite then - "Loser". Well, the qualitatively opposite one is "Free". Or "Calm". It depends only on your personal understanding of this qualitative difference. And just like in the first step, give a name and come up with a metaphor for the New Role.
3. Image of the New Role.
Imagine the image most, according to your ideas, corresponding to this type. Either you are in this state, or a person who is the most characteristic in life in this Role, or a collective image, as it were, an archetype: "Great Mother", "Business Woman", "Superhero".
Place this image a step away from you. And once it's clear enough, go into it. And let go of your body. Let him act as he sees fit. Walk around, feel what has changed in the movements, in the perception of the world. Talk. Listen to how the voice changes. In short, get used to this Role.
4. Finding out the relationship.
BUT.
Now turn around and look at the image of your old Role. What do you think of her? What can you say about her from the position of the New Role?
B.
Return to the Old Role. What can you say about your New Role? What advice would you give her or what to ask?
5. External position.
Go beyond these two Roles. Look at them from the side. What is good about each of these Roles? What can the Old Role give to the New Role? What can the Old Role take from the New?
6. Expansion of Roles.
Now bring these images closer to each other so that they are in contact. Let them exchange the most useful and valuable that they have. And see how the images change. Then let these images melt into you. Integrate with them.
You can do this by placing these Roles on your hands and slowly bringing them closer so that the edges of the palms touch. But don't squeeze them! And you can unite by pressing your hands to your chest and "pushing" into yourself the images of the changed Roles. And then let them melt into you.
7. Verification.
Think about what will change in your life after all these changes. What exactly will change. Try to say it all and imagine.
Art- one of the main forms of the spiritual culture of mankind, which arose in ancient times. So, already in the era Upper Paleolithic, 40 thousand years ago, there was "cave art" - wonderful rock engravings and paintings in which our distant ancestors depicted animals and hunting scenes.
Later sculpture, music, architecture, theatre, fiction. This is classic views art that is thousands of years old. The development of forms and types of art continues in our time. In the modern world, thanks to the development of technology, some new types of art have appeared, for example, the art of cinema, art photography, and now the art of computer graphics is emerging.
All this suggests that a person's life is impossible without art, that it meets some of his deepest needs. To explain its character, we must remember that man is an active being. Through their activities, people master the world around them and transform it.
THERE ARE THREE MAIN FORMS OF WORLD DEVELOPMENT BY HUMANS:
practical-active- it is regulated by such general needs and goals as benefit and good;
cognitive- its goal is the truth;
artistic- its value is beauty.
Therefore, art can be defined as a way of mastering and transforming the world according to the laws of beauty.
The specificity of art is to display reality through artistic images, that is, in a concrete sensory form, and not with the help of concepts and theories, as in scientific knowledge. This is evident in painting or sculpture. But even literature, although the figurative side is not striking in it, differs essentially from knowledge. For example, historians or sociologists, studying noble society in Russia XIX, describe and explain it with the help of such concepts as "estate", "serfdom", "autocracy", etc. In contrast, Pushkin and Gogol brilliantly portrayed the essence of this society in the images of Onegin and Tatyana, Chichikov and a series of landowners from Dead Souls. These are two different, but complementary ways of cognition and reflection of reality. The first is aimed at discovering the general, regular in the studied reality, the second is at expressing reality through individual images, through the consciousness and experiences of individual characters.
The role of art in the life of a person and society is determined by the fact that it is addressed to the consciousness of a person in its entirety. Artistic creativity and the perception of works of art gives a person a deeper understanding and knowledge of life. But at the same time, art affects his feelings, experiences, develops his emotional sphere. It has already been noted above big role art in the formation of human moral ideas. And, of course, the perception of works of art gives people aesthetic pleasure, an experience of beauty, and also makes them involved in the artist's work.
In all these respects, art has great strength No wonder Dostoevsky said: "Beauty will save the world."
Ideas about the role of art have changed throughout history. The important role of art was already recognized in ancient society. For example, Plato and Aristotle believed that art should purify the soul from base passions and elevate it. special role in this they assigned music and tragedy.
In the Middle Ages the main role of art was seen in subordination to the tasks of worship. Art played, for example, a very significant role in the design of churches and in the religious rites of Orthodoxy.
During the Renaissance art, especially painting, took a central place in spiritual culture. Leonardo da Vinci considered art as a "mirror" of the world and even put painting above science. Many thinkers of this era saw in art the most free and creative activity person.
During the Age of Enlightenment primarily the moral and educational function of art was emphasized.
In the twentieth century many thinkers began to talk about the crisis of art, about the fact that contemporary art is losing its functions in society. For example, German philosopher culture of the early twentieth century. O. Spengler believed that modern western culture enters the period of decline. High classical art gives way to technical arts, mass spectacles, sports. Modern art is losing its harmony and figurativeness; abstract painting appears, in which the integral image of a person disappears.
Social structure(from lat. structure- structure, location, order) of society - the structure of society as a whole, the totality of interconnected and interacting social groups, as well as the relationship between them.
At the core social structure lies public division labor, availability specific needs and interests, values, norms and roles, lifestyle and other various social groups.
The role of the social structure:
1) organize the company into a single entity;
2) contributes to the preservation of the integrity and stability of society.
social relations - these are certain stable ties between people as representatives of social groups.
AT scientific literature, and even more so in everyday life, widely use the concepts: “man”, “individual”, “individuality”, “personality”, often making no distinctions, while there is a significant difference between them.
Man — biosocial being, the highest stage of the animal type.
Individual- an individual person.
Individuality- a special combination in a person of the natural and the social, inherent in a specific, single individual, distinguishing him from others. Each person is individual, figuratively speaking, has his own face, which is expressed by the concept of “personality”.
This is a complex concept, the study of which takes place at the intersection of natural and social. Moreover, representatives of different schools and trends view it through the prism of the subject of their science.
- Socio-biological school (S. Freud etc.), is associated with the struggle in our minds of unconscious instincts and moral prohibitions dictated by society.
- The theory of "mirror self" (C. Cooley, J. Mead), in which “I” is a part of the personality, which consists of self-consciousness and the image of “I”. In accordance with this concept, a personality is formed in the process of its social interaction and reflects a person's ideas about how he is perceived and evaluated by other people. During interpersonal communication a person creates his mirror self, which consists of three elements:
- ideas about how other people perceive it;
- ideas about how they evaluate it;
- how a person responds to the perceived reaction of other people.
So in theory "mirror self" personality acts as a result of social interaction, during which the individual acquires the ability to evaluate himself from the point of view of other members of this social group.
As you can see, the Meadian concept of personality, in contrast to the theory of Z. Freud, is completely social.
- Role theory (J. Moreno, T. Parsons), according to which the personality is a function of the set of social roles that the individual performs in society.
- Anthropological School (M. Lundman), which does not separate the concepts of "man" and "personality".
- Marxist sociology in the concept of "personality" reflects social entity person as a group public relations, which determine the social, psychological and spiritual qualities of people, socialize their natural and biological properties.
- Sociological approach which guides many modern sociologists, is to represent each person as a personality, to the extent of mastering, acquiring social significant features and qualities. These include the level of education and vocational training, a set of knowledge and skills that make it possible to realize various positions and roles in society.
Based on the above theoretical provisions, it is possible to determine personality as individual manifestation of the totality of social relations, social characteristic human.
As an integral social system, a person has its own internal structure, consisting of levels.
biological level includes natural, common in origin personality traits (body structure, age and gender characteristics, temperament, etc.).
Psychological level personality unites its psychological characteristics (feelings, will, memory, thinking). Psychological features are in close relationship with the heredity of the individual.
Finally, social level personalities divided into three sublevel:
- proper sociological (motives of behavior, interests of the individual, life experience, goals), this sublevel is more closely related to public consciousness, which is objective in relation to each person, acting as a part social environment as material for individual consciousness;
- specific cultural (value and other attitudes, norms of behavior);
- moral.
When studying a personality as a subject of social relations, sociologists pay special attention to the internal determinants of its social behavior. These determinants include primarily needs and interests.
Needs- these are those forms of interaction with the world (material and spiritual), the need for which is due to the peculiarities of the reproduction and development of its biological, psychological, social certainty, which are realized, felt by a person in any form.
Interests- This perceived needs personality.
The needs and interests of the individual lie at the basis of her value attitude to the world around her, at the basis of her system of values and value orientations.
Some authors in personality structure include and other elements: culture, knowledge, norms, values, activities, beliefs, value orientations and attitudes that make up the core of the individual, act as a regulator of behavior, directing it to the normative framework prescribed by society.
A special place in the structure of personality is occupied by her and the role.
Having matured, a person actively enters, “introduces” himself into social life, trying to take his place in it, to satisfy personal needs and interests. The relationship between the individual and society can be described by the formula: society offers, the individual seeks, chooses his place, trying to realize his interests. At the same time, it shows, proves to society that it is in its place and will perform well a certain role assigned to it.
The social status of the individual
The social functions of the individual and the rights and obligations arising from them in relation to other participants in social interaction determine it. social status, i.e. the set of actions and the corresponding conditions for their execution, which are assigned to the given social status person holding certain place, position in social structure.The social status of the individual is a characteristic of social positions on which it is located in the given social system coordinates.
Society makes sure that the individual performs his roles properly, public functions. Why endows it with a certain social status. Otherwise, it puts on given place another person, believing that she will better cope with public duties, will bring more benefit other members of society playing different roles in it.
Social statuses are prescribed(sex, age, nationality) and achieved(student, associate professor, professor).
Achieved statuses are fixed taking into account abilities, achievements, which gives a perspective to everyone. AT ideal society most statuses are achievable. In reality, it's far from it. Each person has many statuses: father, student, teacher, public figure and others. Among them, the main one stands out, which is the most important and valuable for society. It matches social prestige this person.
Each status is associated with certain expected behavior in the execution of the corresponding functions. In this case, we are talking about the social role of the individual.
The social role of the individual
social role is a set of features, a more or less well-defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person, holding a certain status in society. So, a family man plays the role of son, husband, father. At work, he can simultaneously be an engineer, a technologist, a foreman of a production site, a member of a trade union, etc. Of course, not all social roles are equivalent for society and are equivalent for an individual. Family, professional, and socio-political roles should be singled out as the main ones. Thanks to their timely development and successful implementation by members of society, the normal functioning of the social organism is possible.
To each man have to perform and many situational roles. By entering the bus, we become passengers and are obliged to follow the rules of conduct in public transport. Having finished the trip, we turn into pedestrians and follow the rules of the street. In the reading room and in the store, we behave differently, because the role of the buyer and the role of the reader are different. Deviations from the requirements of the role, violations of the rules of behavior are fraught with unpleasant consequences for a person.
The social role is not a rigid model of behavior. People perceive and perform their roles differently. However, society is interested in people to master, skillfully perform and enrich social roles in accordance with the requirements of life in a timely manner. First of all, this applies to the main roles: worker, family man, citizen, etc. this case the interests of society coincide with the interests of the individual. With social roles - forms of manifestation and development of personality, and their successful implementation the key to human happiness. It is easy to see that it is true happy people have good family successfully fulfill their professional responsibilities. They take a conscious part in the life of society, in state affairs. As for the company of friends, leisure activities and hobbies, they enrich life, but are not able to compensate for failures in the implementation of basic social roles.
Social conflicts
However, it is not at all easy to achieve harmony of social roles in human life. This requires great efforts, time, abilities, as well as the ability to resolve conflicts that arise in the performance of social roles. These could be intra-role, inter-role and personality-role.
To intra-role conflicts are those in which the requirements of one role contradict, oppose each other. Mothers, for example, are prescribed not only kind, affectionate treatment of their children, but also demanding, strictness towards them. It is not easy to combine these prescriptions when a beloved child has been guilty and deserves punishment.
Interrole conflicts arise when the requirements of one role contradict, oppose the requirements of another role. A striking illustration of this conflict is the dual employment of women. The workload of family women in social production and in everyday life often does not allow them to fully and without harm to health perform their professional duties and conduct household, to be a charming wife and a caring mother. There are many ideas about how to resolve this conflict. The most realistic at the present time and in the foreseeable future are relatively uniform distribution household chores among family members and a reduction in the employment of women in social production (part-time work, a week, the introduction flexible schedule, the spread of home-based work, etc.).
Student life, contrary to popular belief, is also not complete without role conflicts. To master the chosen profession, to receive education, a focus on educational and scientific activities is required. However, for young man you need a variety of communication, free time for other activities and hobbies, without which it is impossible to form a full-fledged personality, the creation of his family. The situation is complicated by the fact that neither education nor diverse communication can be postponed for more late deadline without prejudice to personality formation and training.
Personal-role conflicts arise in situations where the requirements of a social role contradict the properties and life aspirations of the individual. Thus, a social role requires from a person not only extensive knowledge, but also good volitional qualities, energy, ability to communicate with people in different, including critical, situations. If a specialist lacks these qualities, then he cannot cope with his role. The people on this occasion say: "Not for Senka hat."
Each person included in the system of social relations has countless social connections, is endowed with many statuses, performs a whole set of different roles, is the bearer of certain ideas, feelings, character traits, etc. It is almost impossible to take into account the entire variety of properties of each individual, but in this is not necessary. In sociology essential not individual but social properties and personality traits, i.e. qualities, that many individuals have, which are in similar objective conditions. Therefore, for the convenience of studying individuals who have a set of recurring essential social qualities, they are typologized, that is, they are attributed to a certain social type.
Social personality type- a generalized reflection, a set of recurring social qualities inherent in many individuals who are part of any social community. For example, European, Asian, Caucasian types; students, workers, veterans, etc.
Typology of personalities can be carried out according to different grounds. For example, by profession or type of activity: miner, farmer, economist, lawyer; on territorial affiliation or way of life: city dweller, village dweller, northerner; by gender and age: boys, girls, pensioners; by degree social activity: leader (leader, activist), follower (performer), etc.
In sociology, there are modal,basic and ideal personality types. Modal called the average personality type, which really prevails in this society. Under basic refers to the type of personality that the best way meets the needs of the development of society. Ideal personality type is not tied to specific conditions and is considered as a model of the personality of the future.
In development social typology personality a great contribution was made by an American sociologist and psychologist E. Fromm(1900-1980), who created the concept of social character. By E. Fromm's definition, social character is the core of the character structure, common to most members of a particular culture. E. Fromm saw the importance of the social character in the fact that it allows you to most effectively adapt to the requirements of society and gain a sense of security and security. According to E. Fromm, classical capitalism is characterized by such features of a social character as individualism, aggressiveness, and the desire for accumulation. In modern bourgeois society, a social character is emerging, oriented towards mass consumption and marked by a feeling of satiety, boredom and preoccupation. Accordingly, E. Fromm singled out fourtype of social character:receptive(passive), exploitative, accumulative and market He considered all these types to be unfruitful and opposed them with the social character of a new type, which contributes to the formation of an independent, independent and active personality.
AT modern sociology has become widespread personality types depending on the their value orientations.
- Traditionalists are mainly focused on the values of duty, order, discipline, law-abidingness, and such qualities as independence and the desire for self-realization are very weakly expressed in this type of personality.
- Idealists, on the contrary, have strong independence, a critical attitude towards traditional norms, attitudes towards self-development, and neglect of authorities.
- Realists combine the desire for self-realization with a developed sense of duty and responsibility, healthy skepticism with self-discipline and self-control.
They show that the specificity of relations in various fields public life stimulates the manifestation of certain personal qualities and types of behavior. So, market relations contribute to the development of entrepreneurship, pragmatism, cunning, prudence, the ability to present oneself; interactions in the sphere of production form egoism, careerism and forced cooperation, and in the sphere of family and personal life - emotionality, cordiality, affection, the search for harmony.
Relationship, interdependence of the individual and society
Consider the different concepts presented by M. Weber and K. Marx.
M. Weber sees in the role of the subject of public life only certain individuals that act intelligently. And such social totalities as “classes”, “society”, “state”, in his opinion, are entirely abstract and cannot be subjected to social analysis.
Another solution to this problem is the theory K. Marx. In his understanding, subjects community development are social education several levels: humanity, classes, nations, state, family and individual. The movement of society is carried out as a result of the actions of all these subjects. However, they are by no means equivalent and the strength of their influence varies depending on historical conditions. AT different eras as a decisive one, such a subject is put forward, which is the main driving force of this historical period.
Nevertheless, it must be borne in mind that in Marx's concept, all subjects of social development act in line with the objective laws of the development of society. They can neither change these laws nor repeal them. Their subjective activity either helps these laws to operate freely and thereby accelerates social development, or prevents them from operating and then slows down the historical process.
How is the problem of interest to us represented in this theory: the individual and society. We see that the individual here is recognized as the subject of social development, although it is not brought to the fore and does not fall into the number of driving forces social progress. According to Marx's concept, personality Not only subject, but also society object. It is not an abstract inherent in the individual. In its reality it is the totality of all social relations. The development of an individual is conditioned by the development of all other individuals with whom he is in direct or indirect communication; it cannot be divorced from the history of previous and contemporary individuals. Thus, the vital activity of the individual in the concept of Marx is comprehensively determined by society in the form of the social conditions of its existence, the heritage of the past, the objective laws of history, etc., although there is some space for it social action still remains. According to Marx, history is nothing but the activity of a man pursuing his goals.
And now let's get back to reality, the life of modern Russians in the 21st century. The Soviet totalitarian state collapsed. New social conditions, values. And it turned out that many people cannot perceive them, master them, assimilate them, find their own. new way in so difficult time. Hence the social pathologies that are now the pain of our society - crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide.
Obviously, time will pass and people will learn to live in new social conditions, to seek and find the meaning of life, but this requires the experience of freedom. She gave rise to a vacuum of existence, breaking traditions, estates, and so on, and she will also teach how to fill it. In the West, people are already making some progress in this direction - they have studied longer. Highly interesting ideas the Austrian scientist Dr. V. Frankl speaks on this score. He believes that it is natural for a person to strive to ensure that his life is meaningful. If there is no meaning, this is the most difficult state of the individual. There is no common meaning of life for all people, it is unique for everyone. The meaning of life, according to Frankl, cannot be invented, invented; it must be found, it exists objectively outside of man. The tension that arises between a person and external meaning, - a normal, healthy state of mind.
Despite the fact that the meaning of each life is unique, there are not so many ways in which a person can make his life meaningful: what we give to life (in the sense of our creative work); what we take from the world (in terms of experiences, values); what position do we take in relation to fate if we cannot change it. In accordance with this, three groups of values can be distinguished: the values of creativity, the values of experiences and the values of relationships. The realization of values (or at least one of them) can help make sense of human life. If a person does something beyond the prescribed duties, brings something of his own to work, then this is already a meaningful life. However, the meaning of life can also be given by an experience, for example, love. Even a single brightest experience will make meaningful past life. But deeper is the third group of values - the values of attitude. A person is forced to resort to them when he cannot change the circumstances, when he falls into extreme situation(hopelessly ill, deprived of freedom, lost a loved one, etc.). Under any circumstances, a person can take a meaningful position, because a person's life retains its meaning to the end.
The conclusion can be made quite optimistic: despite the spiritual crisis in many people of the modern world, there will still be a way out of this state as people master new free forms of life, opportunities for self-realization of their abilities, achievement of life goals.
Personal self-realization, as a rule, occurs not in one, but in several types of activity. Except professional activity, most people strive to create a strong family, have good friends, interesting hobbies, etc. All the various activities and goals together create a kind of personality orientation system for long term. Based on this perspective, the individual chooses the appropriate life strategy ( general direction life path).
Life strategies can be divided into three main types:
- life well-being strategy - the desire to create favorable conditions life, earn another million;
- strategy life success- Desire to get another job another title, conquer the next peak, etc.;
- strategy of life self-realization - the desire to maximize their abilities in certain activities.
The choice of a particular life strategy depends on three main factors:
- objective social conditions that society (the state) can provide to the individual for its self-realization;
- belonging of an individual to one or another social community(class, ethnic group, social stratum, etc.);
- socio-psychological qualities of the personality itself.
For example, most members of a traditional or crisis society, in which the problem of survival is the main one, are forced to adhere to a strategy of well-being. AT democratic society with developed market relations the most popular is life success strategy. AT social society (state), in which the overwhelming majority of citizens have solved the main social problems, it can be very attractive life self-realization strategy.
A life strategy can be chosen by an individual once and for life, or it can change depending on certain circumstances. So, the individual has fully implemented the strategy of life success and decided to focus on a new strategy, or the individual is forced to abandon the previously chosen strategy (a scientist who has lost his job, a bankrupt businessman, a retired military man, etc.).
Introduction 3
The concept, signs of law and its role in society 4
Civil legal relations: concept, features,
Principles of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation.
The concept, essence and structure of the criminal law 14
Problem 21
References 22
Introduction
The topic of "law" is relevant in our time, as it is the basis of practical jurisprudence, knowledge of the theory of law develops legal thinking. Law is a system of norms sanctioned by the state, mandatory for all members of society, it establishes the relationship of ownership, regulates the procedure for the activities of representative bodies, government bodies, determines measures to combat crimes and offenses.
1. The concept, signs of law and its role in the life of society.
Right - one system norms (rules) binding on all members of society. Right, in narrow meaning- a system of obligatory social norms established or sanctioned by the state; also covers in a broader sense legal relations and the fundamental rights of the citizen, fixed, guaranteed and protected by the state. In a state-organized society, law establishes property relations, the mechanism of economic relations, acts as a regulator of the measures and forms of distribution of labor and its products among members of society (civil law, labor law); regulates the formation, the procedure for the activities of representative bodies, government bodies (constitutional law, administrative law), determines measures to combat encroachments on existing social relations and the procedure for resolving conflicts (criminal law, procedural law), affects many forms of interpersonal relations (family law) .
The specific definition of law depends on the type of legal understanding that this or that scientist adheres to (that is, his ideas about law). At the same time, the definitions of various schools allow the most complete presentation of law. Therefore, pluralism is especially important for the development of legal science, which is not always possible due to the traditional proximity of this branch of knowledge to state power.
Essential signs of law.
Various scholars distinguish various signs of law, but almost all theories recognize the following signs:
Normativity. The right is necessarily sanctioned (or established) by the state;
obligatory;
State security;
Has an objective character;
Formal certainty - the rules of law are expressed in official form;
Non-personalization and repeated operation of the rules of law. Legal norms are designed for an unlimited number of applications. They do not have a specific addressee, they are addressed to everyone;
Fairness of the content of legal norms;
Consistency. Law is an internally coordinated, ordered organism;
Giving and binding character. At the same time, it grants powers to one subject, and imposes a corresponding obligation on another.
Law functions.
The function of law is understood as the main directions of the impact of the norms of law on social relations, behavior, consciousness of people.
Functions of law - due to the social purpose of law, the direction of legal influence on social relations.
There are two groups of functions of law.
1. General social include, in particular:
a) economic function- for example, civil law contracts ensure the process of moving material goods;
b) political function - law regulates the activities of the subjects of the political system;
in) educational function- law reflects a certain ideology, affects people's behavior;
d) a commutative function - through the law, a connection is provided between the objects of management;
e) ecological function.
2.Special legal functions:
a) regulatory is expressed in the impact of law on social relations by determining the rules of human behavior in various situations; ensuring public order;
b) protective is aimed at protecting the most significant social relations, is implemented through the application of special protective norms;
c) evaluative - allows the right to act as a criterion for the legitimacy or illegality of someone's actions.
Depending on the sphere of social relations that fall under the functional impact of law, and the internal structure of law, there are:
a) general legal functions related to the entire domestic system of law, which unites norms, institutions, branches of law on an agreed basis;
b) cross-sectoral functions that apply to such industry families as public or private law, substantive or procedural law;
c) sectoral, related, in particular, to constitutional law (the function of securing the rights and freedoms of man and citizen), criminal law (the function of determining acts recognized as crimes and establishing penalties for their commission);
d) functions individual norms rights that have a specific focus, associated, for example, with the operation of prohibitive norms in criminal law; incentive norms in labor law, binding norms in administrative law, etc.
All considered functions of law provide normative principles in the life of society, expressing the complex process of legal regulation and legal influence.
role in the life of society.
Modern trends in the development of Russia attach special importance to the value of law. The change in the system of social guidelines and needs necessitated appropriate transformations in all areas of public life. The value of law lies in the fact that, embodying the common (agreed) will of the participants in social relations, it contributes to the development of those relations in which both individuals and society as a whole are interested. The highest social value of law lies in the fact that it has an impact on the behavior and activities of people through the coordination of their specific interests. Law does not level private interest, does not suppress it, but conforms to the general interest. The value of law will be the higher, the more fully it reflects these specific or private interests with its content.
By affirming the ideas of freedom and justice, law acquires a profound personal meaning, becomes a real value for an individual and human society generally.
The value of law lies in the fact that it acts as a powerful factor of progress, a source of renewal of society in accordance with the historical course of social development. Its role especially increases in the conditions of the collapse of totalitarian regimes, the establishment of new market mechanisms. Law in such situations plays a significant role in the creation of a qualitatively new sphere, in which only new forms of communication and activity are able to establish themselves.
Undoubtedly, in the current conditions, law acquires a truly planetary significance. Legal approaches are the basis and the only possible civilized means of solving problems of an international and interethnic nature. Possessing the qualities of a general social regulator, law is an effective tool for achieving social peace and consent, relieving tension in society.
2. Civil legal relations: concept, features, content, participants.
Civil legal relationship and the mechanism of civil law regulation of relations. Civil law norms contained in various normative acts are designed to regulate social relations that are the subject of civil law. The concept of civil law plays an important role here.
A civil legal relationship is a social relationship regulated by a norm of civil law. The subject of civil law includes both property and personal non-property relations.
Civil law deals primarily with property relations that lie in the sphere of the economic basis of society. One of the most important features of a civil property relationship is that it reflects the unity of the legal setting and the economic basis, their connection and relationship.
Art is a creative understanding of the world around talented person. The fruits of this reflection belong not only to its creators, but to all mankind living on planet Earth.
Immortal are the beautiful creations of ancient Greek sculptors and architects, Florentine mosaic masters, Raphael and Michelangelo ... Dante, Petrarch, Mozart, Bach, Tchaikovsky. It captures the spirit when you try to embrace with your mind everything created by geniuses, preserved and continued by their descendants and followers.
ARTS
Depending on the material resources, with the help of which works of art are constructed, three groups of art types objectively arise: 1) spatial, or plastic (painting, sculpture, graphics, art photography, architecture, arts and crafts and design), i.e. those that deploy their images in space; 2) temporary (verbal and musical), i.e. those where images are built in time, and not in real space; 3) spatio-temporal (dance; acting and all based on it; synthetic - theater, cinema, television art, variety and circus, etc.), i.e. those whose images have both length and duration, corporality and dynamism. Each type of art is directly characterized by the way of the material existence of its works and the type of figurative signs used. Within these limits, all its types have varieties, determined by the characteristics of this or that material and the resulting originality of the artistic language.
So, varieties of verbal art are oral creativity and written literature; types of music - vocal and different types instrumental music; varieties of performing arts - drama, music, puppet, shadow theater, as well as stage and circus; varieties of dance - everyday dance, classical, acrobatic, gymnastic, ice dance, etc.
On the other hand, each art form has a generic and genre division. The criteria for these divisions are defined in different ways, but the very existence of such types of literature as epic, lyric, drama, such types of literature is obvious. visual arts as easel, monumental-decorative, miniature, such genres of painting as portrait, landscape, still life…
Thus, art, taken as a whole, is a historically established system of various specific ways artistic development of the world,
each of which has features common to all and individually peculiar.
THE ROLE OF ART IN PEOPLE'S LIFE
All kinds of arts serve the greatest of the arts - the art of living on earth.
Bertolt Brecht
Now it is impossible to imagine that our life would not be accompanied by art, creativity. Wherever and whenever a person lived, even at the dawn of his development, he tried to comprehend the world around him, which means he sought to understand and figuratively, intelligibly pass on the knowledge gained to the next generations. This is how wall paintings appeared in caves - ancient camps of man. And this was born not only by the desire to protect their descendants from the mistakes already passed by their ancestors, but by the transfer of the beauty and harmony of the world, admiration for the perfect creations of nature.
Mankind did not stagnate, it progressively moved forward and higher, and the art that accompanies man at all stages of this long and painful path developed in the same way. If you turn to the Renaissance, you admire the heights that artists and poets, musicians and architects have reached. The immortal creations of Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci still fascinate with their perfection and deep awareness of the role of man in the world, where he is destined to go through his short, but beautiful, sometimes tragic path.
Art is one of the most important steps in human evolution. Art helps a person to look at the world with different points vision. With each epoch, with each century, it is more and more improved by man. At all times, art has helped a person develop his abilities, improve abstract thinking. For centuries, man has tried to change art more and more, to improve it, to deepen his knowledge. Art is great mystery world, in which the secrets of the history of our lives are hidden. Art is our history. Sometimes in it you can find answers to those questions that even the most ancient manuscripts cannot answer.
Today, a person can no longer imagine life without a read novel, without a new movie, without a premiere in the theater, without a fashionable hit and beloved musical group, without art exhibitions ... In art, a person finds both new knowledge and answers to vital important questions, and calm from the daily hustle and bustle, and enjoyment. A real work of art is always in tune with the thoughts of readers, viewers, listeners. The novel can tell about a distant historical era, about people, it seems that there is a completely different way and style of life, but the feelings that people have been imbued with at all times are understandable to the current reader, consonant with him if the novel is written by a real master. Let Romeo and Juliet live in Verona in ancient times. Not the time or place of action determines my perception great love and faithful friendship, described by the brilliant Shakespeare.
Russia has not become a distant province of art. Even at the dawn of its appearance, it declared loudly and boldly about its right to stand next to the greatest creators Europe: "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", icons and paintings by Andrei Rublev and Theophan the Greek, cathedrals of Vladimir, Kyiv and Moscow. We are not only proud of the amazing proportions of the Church of the Intercession on Nerl and Moscow's Intercession Cathedral, better known as St. Basil's Cathedral, but we also sacredly honor the names of the creators.
Not only ancient creations attract our attention. We are constantly confronted with works of art in everyday life. visiting museums and exhibition halls, we want to join that beautiful world, which is available at first only to geniuses, and then to the rest, we learn to understand, see, absorb the beauty that has already become a part of our ordinary life.
Pictures, music, theater, books, films give a person incomparable joy and satisfaction, make him sympathize. Get it all out of your life civilized man, and he will turn, if not into an animal, then into a robot or a zombie. The wealth of art is inexhaustible. It is impossible to visit all the museums of the world, not to listen to all the symphonies, sonatas, operas, not to review all the masterpieces of architecture, not to re-read all the novels, poems, poems. Yes, and nothing. Know-it-alls actually turn out to be superficial people. From all the variety, a person chooses for the soul what is closest to him, which gives ground to his mind and feelings.
