In the plans German command the city of Kalinin (now it is my city of Tver) was assigned importance as a major industrial and transport hub, which was planned to be used for a further offensive on Moscow, Leningrad and the north-east of the European part of the USSR.
The enemy came close to the city on October 13, 1941. The inhabitants of the city of Kalinin remembered this day with the roar of shells, explosions of bombs, and the flames of fire. Burned "Proletarka", "Vagzhanovka", Carriage Works. Enemy tanks broke through in the Migalovo area.
The city was defended by units of the fifth and two hundred and fifty-sixth rifle divisions, schools junior lieutenants and fighter battalions. The enemy threw 15 divisions and a third tank group here. The forces were unequal, and on October 14 the enemy managed to capture the city.
The northern part of Kalinin and Zatereche remained under the control of the Red Army. The fighting in the city did not stop for another three days. On October 17, the city completely came under the control of the Germans. 
With the beginning of the occupation, it was formed, with the help of German authorities, the local administration, the Nazi secret services and punitive agencies were active. With Soviet side agents and residencies operated in Kalinin, anti-fascist underground. Throughout the entire period of occupation, battles were fought in Kalinin and in its immediate vicinity, the city itself was under martial law. Due to the importance of the operational area, on October 19, 1941, the Kalinin Front was formed, initially as part of the 22nd, 29th, 30th, and a few days later - the 31st armies. Colonel-General I.S. Konev was appointed commander of the front. At the end of October, the front in the Kalinin region stabilized.
On December 5, 1941, the troops of the Kalinin Front went on the offensive.
It was one of those offensives that dispelled the myth of invincibility to ashes. Hitler's army. The main role in the liberation of Kalinin was assigned to the 29th and 31st armies. Coming from different parties, they were supposed to connect in the village of Negotino.
The enemies did not expect such an onslaught. Hastily leaving their positions, leaving the wounded, the enemies retreated. After 45 minutes of artillery preparation on the morning of December 16, the assault on the city began. By 15 o'clock Kalinin was completely cleared of fascist invaders. 
November 15, 1941 began new stage offensive fascist troops to Moscow. Large German group hit the weakened 30th Army, and by the end of November 17, its troops were divided into three groups: 5th rifle division retreated beyond the Volga, and the German troops reached the Volga reservoir. One of the most tragic and critical moments of the defense of Moscow has come. By decision of the Headquarters, the 30th Army was transferred to the Western front, and the center of gravity of the struggle moved to the lane of his defense. At the end of November, the troops of the Kalinin Front undertook a series of scattered strikes with small forces in separate directions, which did not provide significant assistance to the Western Front. 
During the Kalinin defensive operation attempts by the enemy to make a breakthrough between the Western and Northwestern fronts and the plans of the German command for deep coverage of Moscow from the north were thwarted. Up to 35 thousand were destroyed enemy soldiers and enemy officers. Total losses The Kalinin Front consisted of over 50 thousand people.
Soviet troops managed to stop further development offensive of the Wehrmacht, as well as repeated attempts to liberate the city.
This is how the liberators saw the city. 
The city is largely destroyed, half wounded, but the joy of the first days when the Red Army returned to the city is accurately captured on the faces of the people, and the joy sounds in the upbeat voices of the people, is reflected in free movements, in a lively readiness to tell, help, explain. Touching announcements from the first days, when Proletarskaya Pravda had not yet resumed, have been preserved on fences and shop windows - this newspaper, the brainchild of Kalinin workers, is being published again. These ads on buildings and storefronts can be read in succession like a poem of restoration. They are written in ink by hand, they were written Soviet people who took the lead in rebuilding the city. The Voroshilov Weaving Factory asks all workers, workers, craftsmen to register and announces the hiring of labor. "The health department has resumed its work, it needs construction workers, roofers, glaziers, craftsmen." School number such and such “asks all students and teachers to appear on such and such a date.” “Professors, teachers and students are asked to register Pedagogical Institute". Dozens and dozens of announcements of institutions, enterprises, schools, cooperative artels. Now many of these organizations are already working. 
December 16 is a great day not only for my city, but for the whole country. It was on this day in 1941 that Kalinin was freed from oppression. Nazi German invaders. It is this military operation became one of the first victories Soviet soldiers on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.
November 4, 2010 President Russian Federation Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev signed decrees on awarding Vladivostok, Tikhvin and Tver the title of "City of military glory". Three cities were awarded this title for courage, steadfastness and mass heroism shown by the defenders of the city in the struggle for the freedom and independence of the Fatherland.
Every centimeter of the land of my Tver keeps the memory of battles, heroism, death. And we must remember this. Remember and honor the feat of our ancestors. And the title "City of Military Glory" obliges to honor this feat doubly.
The clouds over Tver lay very low.
Hundreds of tombstones, stones, obelisks
Reminiscent of bloody battles
Somewhere weeping willows yearn,
Putting their branches on the graves.
Quietly rustle about the heroes of the oak forest.
Tver is a city of military glory!
Unhealed wounds of war are aching.
Few veterans left
After all, they won that bloody battle.
Tver is a city of military glory!
A fire will break out in the alley of heroes.
As we sometimes lack grandfathers,
The hands of their loved ones, hot, rough.
Tver is a city of military glory!
Fighters fought to the last breath.
Difficult time, period, era.
The end of the brown lava flow!
Tver is a city of military glory!
The evening is loud, anxious and long
The ringing of bells is streaming over the Volga!
In memory of our brave defenders!
Tver is a city of military glory!
My city is my love and pain, my city rising above the Volga. My city ... You are infinitely dear to me and familiar to each of your streets, to each of your houses. I love your streets. My whole life has been here. Everywhere and always you are in my heart.
Your fate was difficult and difficult. How many hardships have fallen to your lot, with how many lives of your citizens you have paid for your right and happiness to be a Great City on the Great Russian River! 
On December 16, 1970, in the center of Tver, where the Tmaka River merges with the Volga, the Victory Obelisk was opened. He shot up 45 meters up as a symbol sacred memory about those who gave their lives for the Motherland, for our happiness. Burning day and night Eternal flame at the bottom of a granite wall. 
October 10
The Kalinin defensive operation of the troops of the right wing of the Western Front began against Nazi German troops.
October 12
A deep penetration of the formations of the 3rd German Panzer Group between Sychevka and Vyazma and the exit of one motorized corps to the rear of the armies of the right wing of the Western Front forced the Soviet command to withdraw the 29th Army from the front and deploy it along the left bank of the Volga to cover the Rzhev group from the southeast . By order of the Headquarters, seven rifle divisions were withdrawn from the army of the right wing of the front for their transfer to the Mozhaisk line of defense and to the Kalinin region.
October 14
The troops of the Western Front left the city of Kalinin. Formations of the 3rd German tank group, immediately after the capture of the city, tried to develop an offensive on Torzhok, go to the rear of the troops Northwestern Front, but received a rebuff from the operational group of the North-Western Front N.F. Vatutin.
17 October
The Kalinin Front was created from the troops of the right wing of the Western Front (22nd, 29th and 30th armies) and the group of Lieutenant General N.F. Vatutin, headed by Colonel General I.S. Konev. Corps Commissar D.S. was appointed a member of the Military Council of the front. Leonov, chief of staff I.I. Ivanov.
At the direction of the Headquarters, the troops of the Kalinin Front launched a counterattack on the 41st motorized corps of the enemy, which was trying to break through from the Kalinin area to Torzhok, into the rear of the troops of the North-Western Front, and threw it back to its original position. The 8th distinguished itself in battles tank brigade Colonel P.A. Rotmistrov, staffed by Leningrad volunteer workers.
The 21st separate tank brigade made a heroic raid from the area of the village of Turginovo in the direction of Kalinin. 27 T-34 tanks and 8 T-60 tanks headed for Kalinin, but met with heavy fire from anti-tank guns and were subjected to continuous bombardment from the air. Only 8 tanks reached the southern outskirts of Kalinin, and only the T-34 tank under the command of senior sergeant S. Gorobets broke into the city and made a legendary raid on the city. He appeared from the side of the Proletarka, passed through the city, fired at the commandant's office, caused a commotion among the Germans and went to his troops.
During the day of the battle, the brigade destroyed up to 38 tanks, about 70 guns and mortars, 170 vehicles, up to 500 enemy soldiers and officers.
October 19
From the evening message of the Sovinformburo; “In all areas of the Kalinin region captured by the Germans, partisan detachments are actively operating. Their number is growing every day. Dozens and hundreds of workers and employees of enterprises and institutions, hundreds of collective farmers join partisan detachments and, not sparing their lives, fight the fascist invaders.
The 20th of October
From the morning message of the Sovinformburo: “Our unit, operating in one of the sections of the Kalinin direction, destroyed 17 German tanks, 30 vehicles with ammunition and 15 vehicles with fascist infantry. In another section of the Kalinin direction, on October 18, about three hundred German vehicles were destroyed, of which more than 200 vehicles with infantry and about 100 vehicles with fuel and ammunition.
October 30
From the morning message of the Sovinformburo: “In the battles in the area of Kalinin, our units were captured large group German soldiers. Extensive correspondence found among the prisoners speaks of ever-growing discontent populace war against germany Soviet Union»
October 31
From the morning report of the Sovinformburo: "In one of the sections of the Kalinin direction, a long-range battery under the command of Lieutenant Belikov defeated an enemy airfield, destroying 14 enemy aircraft."
Nov. 1
By this day, 56 partisan detachments were operating in the occupied areas of the region. total strength 1724 people.
November 5
From the morning report of the Soviet Information Bureau: “One of our units operating on the Kalinin Front destroyed 15 German tanks, 10 armored vehicles, 13 guns, several mortar batteries and about 600 enemy soldiers and officers in one day of fighting.”
November 7
The Military Council of the Kalinin Front awarded military orders and medals to 88 tankers of the 8th Tank Brigade.
November 17
From the evening message of the Sovinformburo: "... Particularly fierce battles took place on the Kalininsky and one of the sections of the South-Western Front."
“In one of the sectors of the Kalinin direction of the front, our scouts found 20 corpses of German soldiers in the rear of the enemy. As it turned out from the testimonies of the prisoners, these German soldiers were shot for refusing to go on the offensive. Captured Nazis report that over 280 soldiers deserted from the 253rd and 102nd Infantry Divisions within a month. Recently, the order of the German command was read to all units. The order stated that every soldier who lagged behind his unit for whatever reason would be considered a deserter and, if caught, would be shot ... "
November 25
From the evening message of the Soviet Information Bureau: “Parts of Comrade. Maslennikov in 10 days of fighting, they destroyed 38 enemy tanks, 19 guns, 19 mortars, 230 motorcycles and captured 5 tanks, 10 guns, 32 vehicles, 116 motorcycles and 53 enemy machine guns.
December 4
The Kalinin defensive operation of the troops of the Kalinin and Western fronts against German troops 9th Army and 3rd Panzer Group. By the end of the operation, the enemy was stopped at the turn north settlements Selizharovo, Chernogubovo, Mishutino, Moshki, Volintsevo, the northern outskirts of Kalinin, Yuryevskoye.
5th of December
The Kalininskaya offensive(5.12.1941-7.01.1942) of the troops of the Kalinin Front against the troops of the left wing of the Army Group "Center", which marked the beginning of the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops in the battle of Moscow. The front was supposed to strike at the 9th Army of the enemy, free Kalinin and go to the rear of the troops operating against the Western Front.
December 7
The 29th Army of the Kalinin Front, attacking the enemy southwest of Kalinin, crossed the Volga here on ice and wedged into enemy defense.
9th December
The 31st Army of the Kalinin Front, after three days of stubborn fighting, broke through the enemy defenses on the Volga south of Kalinin, reached the Koltsovo, Mozzharino, Chupriyanovka, Koromyslovo line, and cut the Kalinin-Turginovo road.
December 13th
Formations of the 29th Army (commanded by Major General V.I. Shvetsov) and the 31st Army (commanded by Major General V.A. Yushkevich) entered the retreat path of the Kalinin group of Germans. The Nazi garrison in Kalinin was asked to capitulate.
December 16
At dawn, troops of the 31st Army attacked the retreating enemy from the Negotino area, the 252nd division of the 29th Army attacked the enemy north of the village of Danilovskoye. By three o'clock the 243rd division of the 29th army occupied the northern part of Kalinin. By 11 o'clock, the right-flank units of the 256th division broke into the city. By 13 o'clock the city was completely liberated from German troops. It was the first liberated regional center.
“IN THE LAST HOUR. ANOTHER STRIKE ON THE ENEMY TROOPS. After fierce fighting, the troops of the Kalinin Front captured the city of Kalinin. In the battles near the city of Kalinin, our troops inflicted a major defeat on 9 german army Colonel General Strauss, defeating the 86th, 110th, 129th, 161st and 251st Infantry Divisions that were part of this army. The remnants of the defeated enemy divisions retreat to the west. In the battles for the city of Kalinin, the troops of Lieutenant General Comrade Maslennikov and Major General Comrade Yushkevich distinguished themselves. Captured large trophies that are counted. Our troops pursue and destroy the retreating enemy. SOVINFORMBURO.
December 17
“TROPHIES OF OUR TROOPS DURING THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF KALININ. During the capture of the city of Kalinin, according to preliminary and incomplete data, the troops of the Kalinin Front captured the following trophy from the Germans: guns of various calibers - 190, of which 4 are heavy twelve-inch, tanks - 31, aircraft - 9, vehicles - about 1,000, mortars - 160, machine guns - 303, machine guns - 292, bicycles - 1,300, motorcycles - 47, rifles - 4,500, shells - 21,000, mines - 12,500, cartridges - over 500,000, radio stations - 18, battle flags - 4. In addition, two ammunition depots, a warehouse with uniforms, wagons, cable and many other military equipment. The trophy count continues. In the battles in the Kalinin region, the Germans lost only killed more than 10,000 soldiers and officers. SOVINFORMBURO.
December 18
A red flag is solemnly raised on Lenin Square in Kalinin.
The first meeting of the city committee of the CPSU after the liberation of the regional center took place.
27th of December
“TROPHIES OF THE TROOPS OF THE KALININ FRONT FOR THE PERIOD FROM 17 TO 27 DECEMBER. In battles with the German invaders, the troops of the Kalinin Front from December 17 to 27 captured the following trophies: tanks and tankettes - 103, armored vehicles - 6, guns of various calibers - 180, machine guns = 267, machine guns - 135, mortars - 86, flamethrowers, rifles - 659, cars - 1323, motorcycles - 348, bicycles - 213, aircraft - 8, radio stations - 6, carts -115, horses - 130, shells - 12200, mines of various calibers - over 8300, rifle cartridges -778480, grenades - 1270 and other military property.
During the same period, 38 tanks, up to 20 guns, 75 machine guns, 400 vehicles, 23 motorcycles, 295 wagons with cargo and other military equipment were destroyed.
In the city of Kalinin, a bathhouse has been opened.
December 30th
The Kalinin House of the Red Army hosted the presentation of orders and medals to fighters and commanders who distinguished themselves in the battles for Kalinin.
Bibliography
Messages of the Soviet Information Bureau. T.1: June-December 1941 - M.: [Type. gas "Pravda" them. Stalin], 1944. - 456 p.
Chronological information about the fighting of the Red Army for the defense and liberation of the city of Kalinin in 1941 / comp. P.F. Anisimov. - Tver: TSTU, 2000. - 208 p.
Boshnyak Yu.M. Kalinin operational direction in the battle near Moscow: military-ist. essay / Yu.M. Boshnyak, D.D. Slezkin, N.A. Yakimansky // On the right flank of the Moscow battle. - M.: Mosk. worker, 1991. - S. 7-60.
Brief chronicle events // Pages of national feat. - M., 1974. - S. 287-293.
Chronicle of the battles for Kalinin // Political agitation. - 1981. - No. 21-22. - S. 28, 31, 34, 39.41, 54, 57-58.
Khetchikov M.D. Defensive and counter-offensive operations carried out in 1941 on Tver land // M.D. Khetchikov; Tver. region societies. Memor support fund. complex of glory to Siberian warriors. - Tver: Communication. company, 2010. - 158 p.: map.
Khetchikov M.D. Military glory of the Kalinin battles in 1941. - Tver: Pyramid XXI century, 2009. - 54 p.: map.
Kalinin defensive operation [ Electronic resource] // Wikipedia. - Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/Kalinin_defensive operation
Kalinin Front [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia. - Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/Kalinsky_front
Defense of Kalinin [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia. - Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Kalinin
Occupation of Kalinin [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia. - Access mode:
On May 9, 2012, our country celebrated the 67th anniversary of Great Victory. On this day, it is customary to bow to the veterans of the Great Patriotic War, who provided us with a bright future without wars and the loss of our loved ones, without destruction and suffering. It was a time that many now do not understand and do not feel.
On October 13, 1941, the advanced units of the German troops approached the city of Kalinin. The hastily assembled fighter detachments and the militia could not resist the 2nd armies and the mechanized corps of the Wehrmacht. Nazi tanks did not meet worthy resistance of the Soviet troops, the fascist battalions crossed the Volga and came close to Kalinin.
Started up street fighting, by the morning of October 15 Soviet troops left the city. Having captured Kalinin, the Army Group "Center" partially solved the problem, thereby creating dangerous situation for further advance to Moscow. Fierce fighting continued around the city, but Soviet units were forced to retreat. Occupied Kalinin the whole was in the power of the Nazi invaders.
In Kalinin, a very hard life was going on under the occupation. A curfew was set from 8 am to 4 pm. The burgomaster of the city ordered all specialists and workers of the city to appear for registration at the city government. The Council was located on Krasnoarmeiskaya Street (nowadays Street). Crossing the Volga and Tvertsa rivers on ice was strictly prohibited. An order was also issued by the commandant's office to carry out public executions all those suspected of having links with the partisans were to be shot without distinction of gender, those with whom weapons were found, teenagers detained without passes were ordered to be flogged.
The population of the occupied city had no information about the actual state of affairs on the fronts, rumors spread that Moscow was surrounded by the Germans, the Red Army had nothing to fight with, no weapons and food.
Already in October it was frosty and cold in Kalinin. During the day, when it got warmer, the Germans appeared on the streets and walked around the streets in their tunics, without overcoats. Some rode bicycles, with red tires, unusual for us.
As eyewitnesses recall, the Nazis had a clear organization of conducting air defense. Our air raids and shelling continued regularly. Attempts to knock out the Nazis did not stop from the first days of the occupation of the city. Once our troops managed to seize the railway bridge across the Volga, but failed to hold an important strategic object.
The Germans tried to move north, even got to, but were driven back by our troops. Practically there was not a single day or night without shots, explosions, fires. During the days of bombing and shelling, the inhabitants waited in shelters. When repulsing our air raids, the Germans organized a well-coordinated defense.
As soon as a group of our planes appearing in the sky approached a certain line, the city, as if on a single command, seemed to explode, spewing fire trails of bullets and shells towards the planes. Some planes left, dropping bombs anywhere, others lay down on the return course, many of them were shot down. One of our bombers fell in the area of Khlebnaya Square (now Tverskaya) and did not explode.
In the suburbs of Kalinin, the villages of Old and New Kalikino were destroyed. In the surviving houses of Old Kalikino, the Germans settled, who roasted chickens, slaughtered pigs, and drank alcohol. The remaining villagers are forced to cook food, heat stoves, go to the forest local residents was not allowed. Residents, as best they could, hid their property and leftover food from the Nazis.
In the city, on Revolution Square, the monuments of Lenin and Stalin were thrown off their pedestals, in the square on the graves of German soldiers there are many birch crosses. On the pedestal, instead of the statue of the leader, there is a huge swastika. The monument to Pushkin and the bust of Karl Marx were not touched by the Germans.
Soon by December 1941, the intensity of German movement began to increase in the city. The columns stretched towards the Proletarka, it became clear that the Nazis were leaving the city in an organized manner. By the evening of December 15, the Germans blew up the bridges in the city, set fire to many buildings, and Small Peremerki were on fire.
The fighting continued into the night. By 3 o'clock in the morning, the 243rd Rifle Division liberated the northern part of Kalinin, and by morning broke through to the station. By 11 o'clock, December 16, 1941, the city was occupied by our troops.
The city lay in ruins, industries were destroyed, bridges were blown up, railroad station severely damaged, destroyed and the Youth Theater, cinemas, schools, 7700 residential buildings, damaged water supply and sewer network, tram rails, radiotelephone network. At the hands of the Nazis occupied Kalinin more than 2,000 citizens died.
By the end of December 1941, the city began to revive, a bakery and a bathhouse started working, they gave electricity to the residents' houses, and on December 30, orders and medals were awarded to the soldiers of the Red Army, c.
Back in the city local authorities. A canteen was opened on Belyakovsky Lane, a hairdresser's. Films began to be shown in the miraculously surviving Zvezda cinema.
By February 1942, tram traffic was restored, and schools began to open. Life in Kalinin began to gradually improve.
I will be glad to your comments.
We continue the project for the 70th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. Our stories about hero cities and cities of military glory. Today - Tver. The Nazis were able to take this line. But they immediately found themselves in a trap. They were not allowed to go to Moscow from there.
Vladimir Mitrofanov saw the war very close on the streets hometown, which was then called Kalinin, now it is Tver. When the Germans captured the city, he was only 8 years old. What I saw in my childhood stuck in my memory for the rest of my life.
“We ended up on the defensive, where the Germans were. We were on the left bank of the Volga, and on the right bank we were with the Germans. I saw how our planes burned, how the pilots fell. I was also shell-shocked,” recalls home front worker Vladimir Mitrofanov.
It was in October 41st. The Germans, breaking through to Kalinin, planned to continue to advance in three directions at once: Moscow, Leningrad and Yaroslavl. Our troops did not allow this, they fought for Kalinin for two months. At the very beginning of the occupation, the legendary crew of Stepan Gorobets performed their feat. This is a monument to him in the very center of Tver. His T-34, the only one of the entire tank column, was able to break into the captured Kalinin. The rest on the outskirts of him were hit. The crew of Gorobets broke into the city, drove through the central streets, fired on and destroyed German technology. They also shot at their tank, it burned, stalled, but the crew managed to leave the city unharmed.
"There was nothing like this in the whole war. For this unprecedented feat Personally, the commander of the 30th Army, Khomenko, took off the Order of the Red Banner and presented it to the commander of this crew, Stepan," says military historian Vladimir Pyatkin.
The feat was also accomplished by the division under the command of Lieutenant Katsitadze, which defended the Tveretsky bridge and did not give the German tank division break through further to Moscow. The forces were unequal, our troops had only 4 anti-tank guns. But the battery did not retreat and fought off the attacks for three days, until the 256th Rifle Division arrived in time to help.
“The whole point of Kalinin is that the Germans entered, but they didn’t let them out. They rushed to Berzhsk - it didn’t work out, to Moscow - the 5th division lay down with bones, our other divisions approached. They stopped and held for a whole month. If only the Germans broke through to Moscow, it would be a tragedy,” says Vladimir Mitrofanov.
So that they would not break through, on October 19 the Kalinin Front was created under the command of Colonel General Konev. There were constant attempts to liberate the city, but this was only possible in December. On the 14th, soldiers of the 29th and 31st armies bypassed Kalinin from the southeast, cut the Volokolamsk and Turginovskoe highways. By the end next day the ring of Soviet troops near Kalinin almost closed. The Germans, leaving all their equipment, fled the city. On the same day, December 16, a red banner appeared on the House of Officers as a symbol of liberation.
During the two months of occupation, the city changed beyond recognition - entire districts were burned. In the center of the city, the Germans arranged the burial of their soldiers. The symbol of the city - the old Volga bridge, on which cars drive today, was blown up in 1941. It was restored about a year later.
Antonina Gordeeva returned to Kalinin after the occupation and did not even recognize the street where she had lived all her childhood. She left her hometown at the very beginning of the war, along with the hospital, where she came to work as a 17-year-old girl.
“For three days we did not leave the dressing table. Someone would shove a cracker or a biscuit into our mouths from the orderlies, give us something to drink. It was very difficult,” recalls Antonina Gordeeva, a participant in the Great Patriotic War.
Antonina Filippovna remembers how Kalinin began to be restored. All together - women, old people, children - in frosty january went out into the street, sorted out the rubble, cleared the city of German cemeteries. One of the first to work was a glass factory, followed by a car building factory. Both on that, and on another teenagers worked. Kalinin gradually returned to life, albeit not yet peaceful, but outside the occupation. He became the first regional center, which the Red Army liberated during the counteroffensive near Moscow.
Archival documents testify to the courage and steadfastness of the workers of the city of Kalinin and the Kalinin (now Tver) region in the fight against the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945).
Already in July 1941, more than 225 thousand residents of Kalinin and the region went to the front, and in total during the Great Patriotic War over 600 thousand of our fellow countrymen defended their homeland with weapons in their hands as part of units and subdivisions of the Red Army and Navy. Only on the fronts of the war and in partisan detachments 27 8423 natives of our region died
Residents of Kalinin, other cities and towns were evacuated to Siberia, the Urals, and also to eastern regions areas. In July-December 1941, 58 industrial enterprises, equipment and rolling stock of 12 railway junctions, stations; valuables of banks, equipment of a number of hospitals, archives were taken out. However, all valuables could not be saved.
In July-August 1941, about 150 thousand workers from the city of Kalinin and the region worked on the construction of defensive structures on the line Rzhev - Olenino - Selizharovo - Ostashkov. 12 thousand Kalinin residents participated in the construction of defensive lines in Leningrad region.
The actions of the Red Army troops in the Kalinin direction took place in two stages. At first, the Kalinin defensive operation of the troops of the Western and Kalinin fronts took place from October 10 to December 4, 1941 during the Battle of Moscow. The second stage is the Kalinin offensive operation of 1941-1942, the operation of the troops of the Kalinin Front, carried out from December 5, 1941 to April 7, 1942.
Defense
In late September - early October 1941, the Germans launched Operation Typhoon, ultimate goal which was the capture of Moscow. A difficult situation has developed in the Kalinin direction. By October 7-8, the cities of Bely, Andreapol, Nelidovo of the Kalinin region fell. Our armies continued to retreat. By October 10, the 31st Army was forced to retreat to Rzhev, where its headquarters was located, which did not have a clear idea of the situation. Given this, the Military Council of the Western Front (commander Georgy Zhukov and his deputy Ivan Konev) ordered the retreating units of the 31st Army to be transferred to operational management command of the 29th Army (commanded by I.I. Maslennikov). By the evening of October 12, 1941, the Germans took Olenino and Staritsa, and our troops of the 29th Army and the 31st Army were almost surrounded.
The command of the Western Front decided to withdraw the 29th Army to north coast Volga. It was not possible to organize a serious defense near Rzhev, and the troops of the 29th Army left Rzhev without a fight, retreating north, beyond the Volga. The next day, October 14, the Germans captured Rzhev and Kalinin. By October 16, the Soviet troops with battles withdrew beyond the Volga and entrenched themselves at the line of Selizharovo - Staritsa. With the capture of Kalinin, the enemy got the opportunity to strike around Moscow from the north and northeast, as well as to the rear of the North-Western Front.
On October 17, 1941, the Stavka withdrew three right-flank armies from the Western Front - the 22nd, 29th, 30th, forming the Kalinin Front under the command of Colonel General Ivan Stepanovich Konev. Ivan Konev took command of the front in hard days. Kalinin was taken by the Germans. The German 3rd tank group of General Reinhard tried to take Torzhok with one throw, reached Mednoye, took the crossing through Lagovezh, but was soon driven back by Vatutin's group to the northern outskirts of Kalinin.
Despite the superiority of the enemy in forces and means, the troops of the Kalinin Front, in cooperation with the group of troops of the North-Western Front under the command of General N.F. Vatutin defeated an enemy grouping that had broken through from Kalinin in the direction of Torzhok, and forced the Nazi troops in the Kalinin area to go on the defensive. Leading an active defense, the Soviet troops thwarted an attempt made by the enemy on October 24 to break through from Rzhev to Torzhok, and by December 4 they were firmly entrenched on the line east of Selizharov.
As a result of the Kalinin defensive operation, Soviet troops destroyed about 35 thousand enemy soldiers and officers, knocked out and captured 150 tanks, 150 guns, shot down dogfights 50 enemy aircraft. active defense and offensive actions at the end of November 1941, they pinned down 13 Nazi divisions, preventing them from being transferred to Moscow, where at that time decisive battle.
Offensive
The Kalinin Front under the command of Konev occupied an advantageous operational position, deeply enveloping the German fascist troops advancing on Moscow from the north. The troops of the front were opposed by the 9th army of the Nazi troops of the Center group, which outnumbered our troops in artillery and tanks.
On December 5, 1941, the 29th and 31st Armies went on the offensive. Troops of the 31st Army of General V.A. Yushkevich occupied the defense along the left bank of the rivers Darkness and Volga from Tukhan to Kalinin. On December 5, the battalions of the 31st Army crossed the Volga and started fighting with the enemy. The Germans transferred reinforcements, and our troops were forced to leave Emmaus, Myatlevo, Oshurkovo. On December 7, our troops again liberated Emmaus, on December 8 they reached railway near Chupriyanovka, on December 9, they took Koltsovo, Kuzminskoye, cut the Turginovskoye highway. By December 14, units of the 31st Army took Burashevo, Stary Pogost, reached volokolamskoe highway.
At this time, northwest of Kalinin, active fighting led the 243rd Infantry Division under the command of Major General V.S. Polenov. On December 5, during intense battles, units of the 243rd division reached Ogorodny and Isaevsky lanes, cleared Zatverechye, then on the morning of December 16 they reached Artillery lane, captured Nogin Boulevard on the other side of the Volga, captured the Tveretsky bridge, broke into the Stepan Razin embankment and Kooperativny lane ( now Tverskoy Prospekt), cleared the station and took up defense south of the station.
By 11 a.m. on December 16, 1941, fighting in the city of Kalinin no longer took place. The city was basically cleared of the invaders, and the units of the 31st army of General V.A. Yushkevich by 13 o'clock fully ensured the release of Kalinin. On the afternoon of December 17, 1941, the commander of the division, Major General V.S. public organizations Kalinin The Red Banner is a sign of the transfer of power in the city by units of the Red Army to the local Council. This banner was hoisted over the building of the House Soviet army(now the House of Officers).
Waging intense battles, the troops of the Kalinin Front advanced 60-120 km in the southern and southwest directions and by January 7, 1942, they reached the line northwest of Rzhev, where they were stopped by the enemy. "Rzhevsky ledge" failed to break through until March 3, 1943 ...
Release price
The victory near Kalinin came at a high price. More than 20 thousand soldiers of the Red Army died. In Kalinin, 7714 buildings were destroyed, 56% housing stock.
The Nazis blew up, burned, disabled 78 industrial enterprises, destroyed schools, hospitals, burned regional library with funds of half a million volumes. During the occupation during the war years, the population of the Kalinin region decreased by 25% (in 1939 there were 2 million 170 thousand people, in 1946 there were 1 million 611 thousand people). During the occupation of the region, 40846 died civilians.
Writer A. Fadeev in the article " Fiends-destroyers and people-creators“Told about the crimes of the invaders in Kalinin: “Twelve corpses of young people were found in one of the cellars of the city, two of them were no more than sixteen years old. All were killed with a blunt object, some had their eyes gouged out, some were tortured by being hung up by their legs…”
Everything for the front
Despite the difficult situation, the workers of the Kalinin region contributed to the construction tank columns Kalinin Front, Kalinin Komsomolets”and a squadron of aircraft named after the Hero of the Soviet Union E.I. Chaikina 215 million 165 thousand rubles. The main burden of work agriculture during the war lay on the shoulders of women, the elderly and teenagers. Replacing the men who went to war, in 1942, 463 women got behind the wheel of a tractor in the region. In 1943, 894 tractor drivers worked in 128 women's tractor brigades.
Seemed to be required long years in order to recover from such heavy damage that was inflicted on our region by the Nazi invaders. But already in 1950, the industry of the Kalinin region reached the pre-war level of production and began to gain momentum. forward movement forward. From October 1943, an excavator plant began to work, in 1947 the Tver plant of electrical equipment came into operation, in 1949 CHPP-4 was built. In 1950, the first chemical fiber production plants and a sand-lime brick plant were launched in Zaverechye.
For the courage and steadfastness shown by the working people in the struggle against the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War, and for progress made in recovery and development National economy The Kalinin region was awarded the Order of Lenin (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 3, 1966). The Order of the Red Banner of Labor was awarded to the city of Kalinin.
Memory on the city map
In June 2005, the Tver City Duma, by its decision No. 67, granted the petition of veterans of the Great Patriotic War to assign names to two Tver streets in the new development of the Isaevsky residential area in honor of Generals Yushkevich and Polenov. In 2010, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, Tver was awarded high rank"City of Military Glory ".
In July 2011, in the Kalininsky district, at the Khvastovskaya ferry across the Volga, commemorative sign in honor of the soldiers who showed steadfastness, courage and heroism in the battles for the liberation of Kalinin in October 1941. Here, in October 1941, Soviet troops, which included Siberian divisions, created a bridgehead on the right bank of the Volga River and cut the Staritsa-Kalinin highway , thereby violating one of the important communications German troops.
Under constant shelling and bombing German aviation from October 23 to 25, the Red Army crossed from the left to the right bank of the Volga. Many soldiers drowned in ice water. About 3 thousand soldiers died at the Khvastovskaya crossing. The feat of the Russian soldier will now be reminded of the wall of memory at the Khvastovskaya ferry. The obelisk of Victory and the Smolensk military burial were reconstructed, and others were put in order memorable places. A large-scale renovation of the Victory Park has been carried out.
Expositions dedicated to the Great Patriotic War have been created in the city's schools, meetings with war veterans are organized, big job to collect memories of living veterans.
Latest news of the Tver region on the topic:
Tver celebrates the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Kalinin from the Nazi invaders. Chronology of the feat of the inhabitants of the city
On March 1, Governor Igor Rudenya held a meeting with representatives of foreign companies operating in the Upper Volga region at the Government of the Tver Region.
01.03.2019
Ministry of Housing and Public Utilities
By the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin "On encouragement" for labor achievements,
01.03.2019 Kimry Today
February 27 at the Tver State medical university interregional scientific and practical conference"A new paradigm for a healthy future: innovative preventive approaches",
03/01/2019 TSMU 03/01/2019 in the Committee for physical education and sports of the Tver region held a meeting tender committee for conducting competitive selection on the provision from the regional budget of the Tver region to the budgets of the municipal
01.03.2019
Ministry of Housing and Public Utilities
